CHEMISTRY

Stage 3

WACE Examination 2012

Marking Key

Marking keys are an explicit statement about what the examiner expects of candidates
when they respond to a question. They are essential to fair assessment because their
proper construction underpins reliability and validity.

When examiners design an examination, they develop provisional marking keys that can
be reviewed at a marking key ratification meeting and modified as necessary in the light
of candidate responses.

Copyright © School Curriculum and Standards Authority 2012

CHEMISTRY 2 MARKING KEY
STAGE 3

Section One: Multiple-choice 25% (25 Marks)

Question No. Answer

1 A
2 B
3 A
4 B
5 B
6 C
7 B or D
8 C
9 B
10 C
11 C
12 B
13 C
14 D
15 B
16 D
17 B or D
18 C
19 D
20 D
21 A
22 C
23 D
24 A
25 C

End of Section One

CHEMISTRY 3 MARKING KEY
STAGE 3

Section Two: Short answer 35% (70 Marks)

Question 26 (6 marks)

Consider the following substances, and place each in the appropriate column of the table below
based on their most significant type of intermolecular force.

Dispersion Dipole-dipole Hydrogen bonding Ion-dipole

F2 H2S CH3OH
C6H12 PF3 HNO3

Description Marks
1 mark for each correct substance in correct column. 1–6
Total 6

Question 27 (4 marks)

Examine the data in the table below. Use your knowledge of intermolecular forces to explain
the differences in boiling points of the three compounds listed in the table.

Notes: The difference in boiling points is not primarily due to differences in molar masses. The
differences arise due to differences in the strengths of their intermolecular forces (IMFs). Both
butanol and butanoic acid have hydrogen bonding as their predominant intermolecular force
which is the strongest type of IMF and hence have higher boiling points than butanal which has
weaker dipole-dipole forces. Butanoic acid has a higher boiling point than butanol because it
also has stronger dipole-dipole forces (as well as hydrogen bonding) associated with its
carbonyl group, which is lacking in butanol.

Description Marks
Recognition that differences in bpts is primarily due to differences in IMFs. 1
Recognising butanol and butanoic acid have H-bonding. 1
Recognising butanal has dipole-dipole forces that are weaker than H-bonding. 1
Recognising butanoic acid has dipole-dipole associated with carbonyl group making
1
its IMFs stronger than butanol
Total 4
Note: Statement 1 must be explicitly made in answer.
OR Butanoic acid has the capacity to form multiple H-bonds between its molecules (or
dimers are formed).
Note: Reference to increasing dispersion forces due to more electrons not to be allocated a
mark.
CHEMISTRY 4 MARKING KEY
STAGE 3

Question 28 (7 marks)

Consider the following reaction.

CO2(g) + NO(g) → CO(g) + NO2(g) ∆H = + 226 kJ, Ea = 360 kJ

(a) On the axes below draw a potential energy diagram for this reaction. Label the
activation energy (Ea) and enthalpy change (∆H) for the reaction. Include a scale on the
vertical axis. (5 marks)

On the same axes, use a dashed line to show a possible catalysed pathway.
Potential Energy (kJ)

Catalysed

∆H = + 226 kJ

Progress of reaction

Description Marks
1 mark for an appropriate vertical scale (relatively accurate) 1
1 mark for shape of graph 1
1 mark for correctly labelled ΔH equal to +226 kJ (or 226 kJ) 1
1 mark for correctly labelled Ea equal to 360 kJ 1
One mark for correct possible catalysed pathway 1
Total 5
Note: Allocate 3 marks if shape incorrect but all labels are correct.

(b) (i) How much energy is consumed when 2.5 mol of CO2(g) is reacted with 2.5 mol
of NO(g)? (1 mark)

(ii) What is the activation energy when 2.5 mol of CO2(g) is reacted with 2.5 mol of
NO(g)? (1 mark)

Description Marks
(i) +565 kJ (or 565 kJ) 1
(ii) 360 kJ 1
Total 2
CHEMISTRY 5 MARKING KEY
STAGE 3

Question 29 (6 marks)

Complete the table below by indicating the direction of the expected shift in equilibrium
immediately following the changes stated in the table. Give the reason for the shift.

Direction of shift in
equilibrium
Test tube Change Reason for shift
(‘left’, ‘right’ or ‘no
change’)

2 moles of ions on each side of

3 mL of water is
A no change equation
added

[H+] is increased
A few drops of
Equilibrium shifts to decrease the
B concentrated nitric right
imposed change, so favours
acid is added
forward reaction

Ag+ + C-  AgC (s)

A few drops of [C-] is decreased
concentrated
C right Equilibrium shifts to counteract the
silver nitrate
imposed change so shifts to
solution are added
increase the [Cℓ-] by favouring
products

If direction of shift incorrect, no mark for reason.

Description Marks
1 mark for each correct direction of equilibrium shift 1–3
1 mark for each explanation for reason for shift direction 1–3
Total 6
Note: Minimum answers for reasons given in bold in table above (for 1 mark)
Accept arrows for direction shift.

Correct application of rates is valid for full marks.

For test-tube A: if a dash(–) is used to show direction of shift and the reason is correct,
allocate 1 mark.
Reasons referring to amounts rather than concentrations in both B and C award 3 marks out
of 4.
CHEMISTRY 6 MARKING KEY
STAGE 3

Question 30 (6 marks)

(a) On the axes below, draw separate curves to show how the concentrations of NH3(aq)
and [Ag(NH3)2]+(aq) change with time as the system approaches, and finally reaches,
equilibrium (Time E1). Clearly label your curve for NH3(aq) and your curve for
[Ag(NH3)2]+(aq). Continue your curves from Time E1 to Time C. (3 marks)

[NH3(aq)]

[Ag(NH3)2+(aq)]

Description Marks
Curves of correct shape for NH3(aq) and [Ag(NH3)2]+( (aq) 1
Straight line (concentration constant) at E1 to C 1
Correct final position of reactant and product concentrations relative to each
1
other at E1 (i.e. conc. (NH3) < conc. [Ag(NH3)2]+(aq))
Total 3
Notes: Change in concentration shown correctly (i.e., reactant decreasing and product
increasing) but shown as straight lines rather than curves), award one mark.

(b) At Time = C, as shown on the axis, a small quantity of concentrated NaC solution is
added to the system, and the system is then again allowed to reach equilibrium at Time
E2. On the same axes above, show how the concentrations of NH3(aq) and
[Ag(NH3)2]+(aq) would change in response to the addition of NaC solution from Time C
until equilibrium is reached at Time E2. (3 marks)

Description Marks
Curves of correct shape for NH3(aq) and [Ag(NH3)2]+ (aq) 1
Correct direction of concentration change for both NH3(aq)
1
and [Ag(NH3)2]+ (aq)
Equilibirium reached at E2 and not before 1
Total 3
CHEMISTRY 7 MARKING KEY
STAGE 3

Question 31 (4 marks)

Examine the two compounds below. Compound 1 is the naturally occurring flavouring agent
vanillin. Compound 2 is the local anaesthetic procaine. Name the functional groups circled in
these 2 compounds.
Aldehyde
O
Alcohol
(hydroxyl HO C
or hydroxy group)
H

H3C O

Compound 1 - vanillin

Ester
O
Amine
(amino)
H2N C CH3

O CH2 N

CH3

Compound 2 - procaine

Description Marks
1 mark for each correctly named functional group 1–4
Total 4
CHEMISTRY 8 MARKING KEY
STAGE 3

Question 32 (3 marks)

The vanadium redox battery is an electrochemical cell that is being developed to store
electricity produced by solar or wind on a large scale.

The general structure of the vanadium redox battery is shown below. In this battery, VO2+(aq) is
converted to VO2+(aq) at one electrode, while V3+(aq) is converted to V2+(aq) at the other.

Electrolyte tank
Electrolyte tank

porous membrane
H2O() + VO2+(aq) → VO2+(aq) + 2 H+(aq) + e– V3+(aq) + e– → V2+(aq)
Anode Cathode

(a) In the boxes above, identify and label both the anode and cathode. (1 mark)

Description Marks
Cathode and anode correctly identified and labelled 1
Total 1
Note: No mark if one electrode labelled and remaining box left blank

(b) Draw an arrow on the diagram to indicate the direction of electron flow. (1 mark)

Description Marks
Appropriate arrow as shown in diagram (i.e. from anode to cathode) 1
Total 1
Note: If anode and cathode identified and labelled incorrectly but electron flow correct
(based on correct identification of anode and cathode) do not award mark.

(c) State briefly how the porous membrane functions to complete the circuit. (1 mark)

Description Marks
The porous membrane enables flow of ions 1
Total 1
Notes: ‘To close the circuit’ (or variations on this) is not acceptable. Answer must show
some appreciation of the role of the membrane in allowing ion flow.
CHEMISTRY 9 MARKING KEY
STAGE 3

Question 33 (7 marks)

(a) Write the oxidation and reduction half equations, and the overall redox equation, for this
reaction. (6 marks)

Oxidation half-equation:
Mn2+(aq) + 4 H2O() → MnO4–(aq) + 8 H+(aq) + 5 e–

Reduction half-equation:
BiO3–(aq) + 6 H+(aq) + 2 e– → Bi3+(aq) + 3 H2O()

Overall redox equation:

2 Mn2+(aq) + 5 BiO3–(aq) + 14 H+(aq) → 2 MnO4–(aq) + 5 Bi3+(aq) + 7 H2O()

Description Marks
Correct oxidation half-equation
Award one mark for a correct equation (i.e. correct species) incorrectly 1–2
balanced
Correct reduction half-equation
Award one mark for a correct equation (i.e. correct species) incorrectly 1–2
balanced
Overall redox equation correctly balanced based on provided half-equations.
1–2
If H+ and H2O not simplified, 1 mark
Total 6

Notes:
• State symbols are not required for full marks
• If both half-equations are correct but in the wrong boxes give 3 out of 4.
• Award 2 marks if half-equation are reversed but balanced correctly i.e. products
are shown as reactants

(b) In redox titrations involving permanganate or dichromate, the permanganate and

dichromate must often be acidified. State why concentrated HC is not suitable for
acidifying permanganate or dichromate solutions in redox titrations. (1 mark)

Description Marks
C will be oxidised to C2(g) or C– will react with MnO4–/Cr2O72-
–
1
Total 1
CHEMISTRY 10 MARKING KEY
STAGE 3

Question 34 (6 marks)

Write the equations and observations for each of the following. Include in your equation only
those species that react. In each case, describe in full what you would observe, including:

(a) Excess sodium sulfide solution is mixed with copper(II) sulfate solution. (3 marks)

Equation Cu2+(aq) + S2–(aq) → CuS(s)

Blue colour fades rapidly
Observation
Black precipitate is formed

Description Marks
Correct equation
Award 1 mark for a balanced formula equation such as 1–2
CuSO4(aq) + Na2S(aq) → CuS + Na2SO4(aq)
Black precipitate formed and blue solution colour fades 1
Total 3
Note: State symbols not required for full marks
Where 1 ion charge incorrect but equation correctly balanced for that ion award
1 mark

(b) Approximately 6 mol L–1 sulfuric acid is added to sodium acetate solution. (3 marks)

Equation H+(aq) + CH3COO–(aq) → CH3COOH(aq)

Observation Vinegar smell detected/pungent odour detected

Description Marks
Correct equation
Award 1 mark for a balanced molecular equation such as 1–2
H2SO4(aq) + 2 NaCH3COO(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2 CH3COOH(aq)
Vinegar smell detected/pungent odour detected 1
Total 3
Note: State symbols not required for full marks
CHEMISTRY 11 MARKING KEY
STAGE 3

Question 35 (6 marks)

(a) Write the equation for the ionisation of acetylsalicylic acid in the space below, and
identify the conjugate acid and base pairs in the reaction. Connect the acid-base pairs
with a line, and label the conjugate acid in the pair ‘A’, and the conjugate base ‘B’.
(3 marks)

A B
O
O O
HO C C

O + H2O O + H3O
H3C C H3C C
O B O A

Description Marks
Correct ionisation reaction RCOOH + H2O  RCOO– + H3O+
1
R does not need to be correct
2 × connections of acid-base pairs 1
1 or both pairs correctly labelled 1
Total 3

(b) Acetylsalicylic acid is a weak acid, and only partly ionises in water. It is poorly soluble in
water, and far less soluble than a related compound, acetic acid (CH3COOH). Explain
why the water solubility of molecular acetylsalicylic acid is poor relative to that of
CH3COOH. (3 marks)

Notes: Although the carboxylic acid functional group may form hydrogen bonds with
water, the acetylsalicylic acid molecule is composed of large non-polar functional groups
that are not water-soluble. These groups compose a significant proportion of the
molecule. While acetic acid also contains non-polar groups, these groups make up a
smaller proportion of the molecule.

Description Marks
Recognition of predominance of dispersion forces between acetylsalicylic
1
acid and water
Recognition of predominance of H-bonding between acetic acid and water 1
Statement about solute-solvent interactions being sufficient to overcome
1
solute-solute/solvent-solvent interactions
Total 3
OR
Description Marks
Recognition of proportion of polar to non-polar 1
For acetylsalicylic acid there is only limited interaction between
1
solute-solvent particles
For acetic acid, as it is a predominantly polar molecule there will be
1
significant interactions between solute-solvent particles
Total 3
CHEMISTRY 12 MARKING KEY
STAGE 3

Question 36 (6 marks)

Water is able to react with itself in the process known as ‘self-ionisation’ or ‘auto-ionisation’.

(a) Write the equation for the self-ionisation of water. (1 mark)

Description Marks
H2O() + H2O()  H3O (aq) + OH–(aq) or H2O()  H+(aq) + OH–(aq)
+
1
Total 1
Note: state symbols not necessary.

(b) At 25°C, KW is approximately 1.0 × 10–14. At 10°C, KW is approximately 2.9 × 10–15.

(2 marks)

What are the relative concentrations of H+ and OH– ions in a neutral water solution at
25°C? Circle the correct answer.

Description Marks
+ –
[H ] = [OH ] 1
Total 1

What are the relative concentrations of H+ and OH– ions in a neutral water solution at
10°C? Circle the correct answer.

Description Marks
+ –
[H ] = [OH ] 1
Total 1

(c) Consider the values of KW at 10°C and 25°C, and state whether the self-ionisation of
water is an endothermic or exothermic process. Give a reason to support your answer.
(3 marks)

Notes: KW decreases as temperature is decreased. This implies that the reaction shifts
to the left to produce heat, in turn implying that the forward reaction is endothermic.

Description Marks
Endothermic 1
Identify from KW that formation of products is favoured by increase in
1
temperature
LCP predicts that endothermic direction favoured by increase in
1
temperature
Total 3
Note: If candidate states ‘endothermic’ only, award one mark.
If reasoning correct but exothermic, max 2 marks.
Note: Explanation may refer to increasing temperature.
Student may refer to Le Chatelier’s Principle
CHEMISTRY 13 MARKING KEY
STAGE 3

Question 37 (9 marks)

Oxalic acid dihydrate (H2C2O4•2H2O) is a primary standard used to standardise potassium

permanganate solutions, which can be used for volumetric analysis.

(a) List two properties of oxalic acid that make it a good primary standard. (2 marks)

Description Marks
One mark each for any two of:
• Available in solid form
• Available with high degree of purity
• Not hygroscopic
• High molar mass 1–2
• High solubility
• Readily available
• Stable
• Known formula
Total 2

(b) A student was to prepare a standard solution of oxalic acid of approximate

concentration 0.05 mol L–1. The equipment listed below was available.

electronic balance distilled water (20 L)

beakers (20 mL, 50 mL, 100 mL, 250 mL) stirring rod
volumetric flasks (250 mL, 500 mL) wash bottle
oxalic acid (H2C2O4•2H2O) (5 g) weighing boats

Give a step-by-step, detailed description of a procedure for preparing the standard

oxalic acid solution. Perform and include any necessary calculations. (7 marks)

Description Marks
Weigh out required mass into a beaker. 1
Dissolve H2C2O4•2H2O in small quantity of distilled water
1
(No mark for just ‘water’ throughout response)
(Quantitatively) transfer solution from beaker to volumetric flask, with
1
sufficient rinsing with distilled water
Fill volumetric flask to the mark with distilled water 1
Thoroughly mix solution (e.g. by multiple inversions of flask) 1
Calculation of mass
(Candidate may choose either the 250 mL or 500 mL volumetric flask)
M(H2C2O4•2H2O) = 126.068 g mol–1
n = cV = 0.05 mol L–1 × 0.250 L = 0.0125 mol req’d
1–2
∴ m(H2C2O4.2H2O) req’d = 0.0125 mol × 126.068 g mol–1 = 1.57 g
or
n = cV = 0.05 mol L–1 × 0.500 L = 0.025 mol req’d
∴ m(H2C2O4.2H2O) req’d = 0.025 mol × 126.068 g mol–1 = 3.15 g
Total 7

End of Section Two

CHEMISTRY 14 MARKING KEY
STAGE 3

Section Three: Extended answer 40% (80 Marks)

Question 38 (6 marks)

A plot showing the successive ionisation energies of sulfur is given below.

(a) Define ionisation energy, and explain the gentle increase moving from the first ionisation
energy to the sixth ionisation energy for sulfur. (2 marks)

Description Marks
Ionisation energy: energy needed to remove an electron from an atom or ion
(Strict definition: energy required to remove the least tightly bound electron
1
from one mole of atoms or ions in the gaseous state)
Note: strict definition not needed for 1 mark.
The steady increase in moving from 1st to 6th ionisation energy is
accounted for by the decreasing number of electrons being held in the ion 1
by the same nuclear charge, meaning more energy is required for removal.
Total 2
Note: Increasingly positive relative charge attracts remaining electrons is acceptable.

(b) Explain why the significant increase in moving from the sixth to the seventh ionisation
energy for sulfur. (2 marks)
Description Marks
The increase is suggestive of removal of electrons from a shell that is closer
1
to the nucleus [consistent with electron configuration (2,8,6)].
More energy is required as the attraction is greater closer to the nucleus. 1
Total 2
CHEMISTRY 15 MARKING KEY
STAGE 3

(c) On the same axes above, sketch the graph you would anticipate for the first eight
successive ionisation energies of oxygen. (2 marks)
See above
Description Marks
Plot in correct position relative to sulfur (i.e. same position above the sulfur) 1
Plot of (approximate) correct shape 1
Total 2

Question 39 (18 marks)

Qualitative analysis of an organic compound showed that it contained carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen only. A quantitative study of the same compound was performed, in which a 0.5096 g
sample was burnt in excess oxygen to produce 0.4160 g of water and 700.7 mL of carbon
dioxide, collected at 100.0°C and 102.8 kPa.

(a) Determine the empirical formula of the compound. (10 marks)

Description Marks
PV 102.8 × 0.7007
=
n(C)=n(CO 2 )= = 2.3218 × 10 −2 mol 1
RT 8.314 × 373.15
m(C) = 12.01 × 2.3216 × 10–2 = 0.27885 g 1
0.416
n(H2O) = = 2.3090586 × 10 −2 mol 1
18.016
n(H) = 2 × 2.3090586 × 10-2 = 4.6181 × 10-2 mol 1
m(H) = 1.008 × 4.6181 × 10–2 = 4.655 × 10–2 g 1
m(O) = 0.5096 – (0.27885 + 4.655 × 10–2 ) = 0.18423 g 1
0.18423
n(O) = = 1.1514 × 10 −2 mol 1
16.00
C H O
0.02319 0.04618 0.011514
0.02319 0.04618
÷ by smallest 1.000
0.011514 0.011514 1–2
2.014 4.011 1.000
2 4 1
1 mark for ÷ by smallest; 1 mark for rounding
Thus EF is C2H4O 1
Total 10
Note:
If students don’t multiply H × 2
Ratio 1.79 1.79 1
EF is C2H2O 8 marks
C9H9O5 9 marks

If students divide H by 2
EF is C7H6O5 9 marks
C4H2O5 9 marks
CHEMISTRY 16 MARKING KEY
STAGE 3

(b) A second 0.4832 g sample of the compound was heated to 261°C. The vaporised
sample was found to exert a pressure of 241 kPa in a 100.0 mL container. Use this
information to determine the molecular formula of the compound. (4 marks)

Description Marks
PV 241 × 0.100
=
n(sample)= = 5.4268 × 10 −3 mol 1
RT 8.314 × 534.15
m 0.4832
=
m(sample) = = −
89.04gmol −1 1
n 5.4268 × 10 3

Since Empirical formula mass = 44.052

1
Then MF is 2 × EF
1
= C4H8O2
Total 4
Note: If E.F. is incorrect max 3 marks.

(c) When the compound was reacted with acidified ethanol it produced a fruity smelling
liquid. Infer the structure of the original compound, and draw its structure in the box
below. Name the original compound. (2 marks)

H H H O
H C C C C OH
H H H
butanoic acid methylpropanoic acid

Description Marks
Correct structure 1
Correct name 1
Total 2
Note: Award one mark for correct name for incorrect structure, or incorrect name for
correct structure. Must be carboxylic acid structure.

(d) Describe briefly and give observations for an additional chemical test to confirm the
identity of the functional group in the original compound. (2 marks)

e.g. Test: reaction with a carbonate or Mg or Na

Observation: effervescence

Description Marks
Any correct chemical test.
e.g. react with acid
1
suitable indicator that changes colour at appropriate pH (e.g. Universal
Indicator, but not phenolphthalein)
Any correct observation 1
Total 2
Note: addiction of MnO 4 − and ‘no reaction’, is not acceptable
CHEMISTRY 17 MARKING KEY
STAGE 3

Question 40 (16 marks)

(a) Calculate the concentration of sulfur dioxide in the wine in grams per millilitre (g mL–1).
Assume all the sulfur dioxide exists as hydrogensulfite ion in solution, and express your
answer to the appropriate number of significant figures. (6 marks)

Description Marks
Vav(I2) = 12.82 mL (N.B. Titration 1 not included in the calculation of this
1
value) or 12.86 if all titrations used
n(I2) = 0.0107 × 0.01282 = 1.3717 × 10-4 mol 1
In 50 mL wine, n(SO2) = n(HSO3–) = n(I2) = 1.3717 × 10-4 mol 1
m(SO2) = 64.06 × 1.3717 × 10-4 = 8.7874 × 10–3 g 1
8.7874 × 10 −3
Concentration in g mL–1 = = 1.7575 × 10 − 4 g mL-1 1
50
Concentration is 1.76 × 10–4 g mL–1 (3 s.f.) 1
Total 6
Note: If HSO3– used instead of SO2 2.22 x 10-4 g mL-1 5 marks

(b) Given that the density of the wine is 0.975 g mL–1, determine the concentration of sulfur
dioxide in the wine in parts per million (ppm) and state whether the manufacturing
process is producing wine with sulfur dioxide at the desired concentration. (4 marks)

Express your answer to three significant figures. Note: You must show sufficient
working to justify your answer.

Description Marks
m(1 mL wine) = 0.975 g = 9.75 × 10–4 kg 1
1.7575 × 10 −1
Concentration in ppm = = 180.25 ppm 1
9.75 × 10 − 4
Concentration = 180 ppm (3 s.f.) (1.80 × 102 ppm) 181 1
Yes, the manufacturing process is operating correctly 1
Total 4

1 mL of wine contains 1.7575 × 10–4 g of SO2

i.e. 1 mL of wine contains 0.17575 mg of SO2

and 1 mL of wine weighs 0.975 g i.e. 9.75 × 10–4 kg

1.7575 × 10 −1
thus ppm = = 180.25 ppm
9.75 × 10 − 4

If HSO3– used 228 ppm 4 marks follow through

+ no, the manufacturing process is not operating correctly.
CHEMISTRY 18 MARKING KEY
STAGE 3

(c) Draw the Lewis structures of SO2 and SO3 in the boxes below. You must show all
valence electrons in your structure. (2 marks)

SO2 SO3

O
S
O O S
O O

Description Marks
1 mark for each correct structure 1–2
Correct structure but non-bonding electrons around the oxgens not shown 1
Total 2

(d) Compare the water solubility of these gases: that is, predict which one would be more
soluble in water. Give reasoning to support your answer, and discuss briefly the
relevance of their solubilities to acid rain. (4 marks)

Notes: SO2 would be more soluble in water than SO3. SO2 is a bent molecule and is
polar. SO3 is a trigonal planar molecule and is non-polar. The polar SO2 molecule and
SO2 (g) is more readily soluble in H2O, and is likely to be a more significant contributor
to acid rain than SO3(g).

Description Marks
SO2 is (bent and) polar 1
SO3 is (trigonal planar) and non-polar 1
Predict that SO2(g) is more soluble in water than SO3(g) 1
SO2(g) is more likely to contribute to acid rain that SO3(g) because of its
1
water-solubility
Total 4
Note: Shape of molecule not necessary for 1 mark in first two rows

Or

Description Marks
Both SO2 and SO3 react will react with H2O 1
SO2 is less reactive (reacts slower) than SO3. 1
The acid formed by SO2 is weaker than acid formed by SO3 1
∴ SO3 will contribute more to acid rain due to the strength of its acid. 1
Total 4
CHEMISTRY 19 MARKING KEY
STAGE 3

Question 41 (12 marks)

(a) How many moles of NH4NO3 are produced by the reaction of one mole of CH4? (1 mark)

Description Marks
2 moles of NH4NO3 are produced by 1 mole of CH4 1
Total 1

(b) Calculate the mass of CH4 required to produce 2.50 × 105 tonnes of NH4NO3. Assume
all reactions are 100% efficient and express your answer to three significant figures.
(6 marks)

Description Marks
M(NH4NO3) = (2 × 14.01) + (3 × 16) + (4 × 1.008) = 80.052 g 1
6
2.5 × 10 5 × 10
n(NH4NO3) = = 3.12297006 9 × 10 9 mol NH4NO3 1
80.052
3.122970069
n(CH4) req’d = =
× 10 9 1.561485035 × 10 9 mol 1
2
M(CH4) = 12.01 + (4 × 1.008) = 16.042 g mol–1 1
∴ m(CH4) req’d = 1.561485035 × 109 mol × 16.042 g mol–1
1
= 2.504934293 × 1010 g
i.e. m(CH4) req’d) = 2.50 × 1010 g (3 s.f.) 1
Total 6
Note: other methods with fewer steps should be awarded full marks

If ratio of ½ from (a)

(b) 1.00 × 1011g 6 marks

ratio of 1 from (a)

(b) 5.01 × 1010g 6 marks
CHEMISTRY 20 MARKING KEY
STAGE 3

(c) The equation for Step 3 of the process is reproduced below. It is an exothermic reaction
(∆H = - 1130 kJ) and is carried out at 900°C and atmospheric pressure. Use your
understanding of reaction rates and Le Chatelier’s principle to explain why these
conditions are employed for this reaction. (5 marks)

4 NH3(g) + 5 O2(g) 4 NO(g) + 6 H2O(g)

Description Marks
• The forward reaction is exothermic, so would be favoured by low
temperature
• Although low temperature favours the forward reaction, a high
temperature is used. The high temperature increases the rate of the
reaction
• There are 9 moles of gas on the LHS and 10 moles of gas on the right
1–5
hand side; low pressure favours the forward reaction (marginally)
• The reactions will proceed reasonably well at atmospheric pressure. The
difference in moles of gas on the left and right hand sides is not
significant enough to justify the cost of lowering the pressure.
• The high temperature used is a compromise between rate and yield.
• High pressure favours high rate.
Total 5
Students to give 5 or 6 points for full marks.

Question 42 (12 marks)

Large public swimming pools are often chlorinated using chlorine gas. The gas is bubbled
through the water forming the equilibrium reaction shown below.

C2(aq) + H2O() HOC (aq) + H+(aq) + C–(aq) (Reaction 1)

The equilibrium constant for this reaction, at 25°C, is 3.94 × 104.

(a) What can be said about the relative amounts of chlorine and hypochlorous acid at
equilibrium at 25°C? (1 mark)

Description Marks
The quantity of hypochlorous acid is much greater than chlorine 1
Total 1

The hypochlorous acid can dissociate as shown in the equilibrium below to give
hypochlorite ion.

HOC (aq) + H2O() H3O+(aq) + OC–(aq) (Reaction 2)

CHEMISTRY 21 MARKING KEY
STAGE 3

(b) The pH of swimming pools is kept at approximately 7.5. A reason for this is to maximise
the concentration of the hypochlorous acid, most effective disinfectant form of chlorine
in water. Explain, using the appropriate chemistry concepts, why a pH of about 7.5 will
maximise hypochlorous acid concentration. Your explanation should consider
equilibrium Reactions 1 and 2. (3 marks)

Description Marks
At low pH (less than 7), in equilibrium (1) the reverse reaction is favoured
1
which results in less hypochlorous acid.
For equilibrium (2) a pH less than 7 will favour the reverse reaction which
1
leads to more hypochlorous acid
Thus as a compromise a pH slightly above 7 is used. At this pH, equilibrium
(1) moves forward whilst for equilibrium (2) the forward reaction will not be 1
strongly favoured thus maximising production of hypochlorous acid
Total 3
For equilibrium (1) at a high pH the forward reaction is favoured resulting in more
hypochlorous acid. (1 mark)

(c) If the concentration of hypochlorous acid is to be 1.50 mg L–1, what volume of chlorine
gas, at standard pressure and 25°C, is required for an Olympic size swimming pool with
a volume of water of 2.50 × 106 L? Assume all the chlorine gas reacts to produce
hypochlorous acid. (5 marks)

Description Marks
m(HOC) = 1.5 × 2.5 × 10 = 3.75 × 106 mg = 3750 g
6
1
3750
n(HOC) = = 71.49 mol 1
52.458
n(C2) = n(HOC) = 71.49 mol 1
nRT
Rearrangement of PV = nRT to V = 1
P
71.49 × 8.314 × 298
V(C2) = = 1.77 × 10 3 L 1
100
Total 5
If P = 101.3 V = 1.75 × 103 L (5 marks)

(d) Write a balanced equation showing the reaction of hypochlorite ion with ammonia to
give nitrogen trichloride and hydroxide ion. (1 mark)

NH3(aq) + 3 OC–(aq) NC3(aq) + 3 OH–(aq)

Description Marks
Equation as given above (state symbols not required for the mark) 1
Total 1
CHEMISTRY 22 MARKING KEY
STAGE 3

(e) Organic chloramines are produced by the reaction of an amine with hypochlorite ion.
Give the structure of and name the primary amine with 2 carbon atoms. Show all atoms
in your structure, and draw your structure in the box below. (2 marks)

H H H

H C C N

H H H

ethanamine

Description Marks
Structure as given above or condensed structure acceptable (no mark
1
awarded if H atoms not shown)
Name as above (ethyl amine also acceptable) 1
Total 2
Note: ethan-1-amine; 1-ethanamine okay.
‘aminoethane’ is unacceptable

Question 43 (16 marks)

(a) The domestic water supply in Perth contains 65.0 mg L–1 calcium ions together with
hydrogencarbonate ions. A large, tea-drinking family boils and consumes, on average,
4.2 L of water per day. Determine the mass of scale that will deposit in the household
kettle during a 365-day year. Assume all calcium ions are removed from solution during
boiling. (5 marks)

Description Marks
4.2 L of water contains
1
4.2 L × 65 mg L–1 Ca2+ = 273 mg Ca2+
0.273
n(Ca2+) = = 6.8113 × 10 −3 mol 1
40.08
n(CaCO3) = n(Ca2+)
1
∴n(CaCO3) = 6.8113 × 10–3 mol
m(CaCO3) = 6.8113 × 10–3 × (40.08 + 12.01 + 48) = 0.68174 g per day 1
∴ mass CaCO3 per year = 0.68174 × 365 = 248.83 g = 249 g 1
If students assume scale is Ca(HCO3)2 m = 403 g Total 5

If students assume scale is Ca(HCO3)2

m(Ca(HCO3)2) = 1.104 g per day
∴ per year m(Ca(HCO3)2) = 403 g (5 marks)
CHEMISTRY 23 MARKING KEY
STAGE 3

(b) What volume of CO2(g), measured at the boiling point of water, is produced during
boiling of 1.00 L of this water at standard pressure? (3 marks)

Description Marks
0.065
1 L of water contains 65 mg Ca2+ == 1.62176 × 10 −3 mol 1
40.08
∴ n(CO2) = 1.62175 × 10 mol
–3
1
PV = nRT
nRT (1.62175 × 10 −3 )(8.314)(373)
V= =
P 100 1
= 0.050292
= 5.03 × 10-2 L CO2
Total 3
If P = 101.3 used, V = 4.96 × 10 L
-2
(3 marks)

In the liming process, the pH of water is raised when Ca(OH)2(s) is added.

(c) Calculate the pH of a 1.05 × 103 L water solution to which 125 mg of Ca(OH)2 have
been added. Assume all added Ca(OH)2 dissolves. (3 marks)

Description Marks
0.125
n(Ca(OH)=
2) = 1.687000678 × 10 −3 mol 1
74.096
1.687000678 × 10 −3 mol
[Ca(OH)2] = = 1.606667284 × 10 −6 mol L–1
1050 L 1
∴ [OH–] = 3.213334567 × 10–6 mol L–1
pOH = -log (3.213334567 × 10–6) = 5.49
1
∴ pH = 14 – 5.49 = 8.51
Total 3
–
don’t double [OH ] pH = 8.21 (2 marks)

(d) Explain what is meant by the term ‘buffering capacity’. (1 mark)

Description Marks
The extent to which a solution can resist changes in pH
or 1
The extent to which a solution can resist the effects of added OH– or H+
Total 1

(e) Write two equations that demonstrate the buffering capacity of hard water containing
HCO3–. (2 marks)

Description Marks
HCO3– + H3O+ H2CO3 + H2O 1
HCO3– + OH– CO32– + H2O 1
Total 2
Or accept as well:
HCO3– + H2O CO32– + H3O+ 1
HCO3– + H2O H2CO3 + OH- 1
Total 2
CHEMISTRY 24 MARKING KEY
STAGE 3

(f) Write equations to show how the addition of OH– shifts the equilibria of the carbonate
species in water. (2 marks)

Description Marks
–
H2CO3 + OH HCO3– + H2O 1
HCO3– + OH– CO32– + H2O 1
Total 2

End of questions