Warr (Sub) - Juanda
Warr (Sub) - Juanda
Warr (Sub) - Juanda
General Information
Sunrise: 2234 Z
Sunset: 1047 Z
Runway Information
Runway: 10
Length x Width: 9843 ft x 148 ft
Surface Type: asphalt
TDZ-Elev: 11 ft
Lighting: Edge, ALS
Stopway: 131 ft
Runway: 28
Length x Width: 9843 ft x 148 ft
Surface Type: asphalt
TDZ-Elev: 8 ft
Lighting: Edge, ALS, REIL
Stopway: 131 ft
Communication Information
ATIS: 128.200
Juanda Tower: 118.100 Secondary
Juanda Tower: 118.300
Juanda Ground: 118.900
Juanda Ground: 119.150 Secondary
Juanda Clearance Delivery: 121.650
Surabaya East Approach: 122.850 Secondary
Surabaya West Approach: 125.100
Surabaya East Approach: 124.000
Surabaya West Approach: 123.550 Secondary
Surabaya Direct (Approach Control Radar): 124.500 Secondary
Surabaya Direct (Approach Control Radar): 123.200
Printed from JeppView for Windows 5.3.0.0 on 05 Mar 2020; Terminal chart data cycle 05-2020; Notice: After 19 Mar 2020, 0000Z, this chart may no longer be valid
2. ARRIVAL
2.1 ARRIVAL PROCEDURES
Pilots shall ensure that they have completed an early review and through briefing of
airport and runway layout before starting the approach, the runway exit point that will
allow minimum runway occupancy shall be nominated during the approach briefing.
ATC will provide additional instruction to exit expeditiously on Rapid Exit Taxiway upon
landing clearance, if there is any doubt when receiving a clearance or instruction,
clarification should be immediately requested from ATC before the clearance or
instruction is enacted.
Upon landing, pilots should use appropriate retardation to exit the runway without delay.
The aim should be to achieve a normal touchdown with progressive smooth deceleration
to exit at a safe speed at the nominated exit point.
To ensure minimum Runway Occupancy Time (ROT) after landed pilots required to vacate
the rwy 10/28 within 60 seconds or less via the first available Rapid Exit Taxiway in
compliance with each aircraft performance/operational requirements or as instructed
by ATC. Target the earliest suitable exit and exit the runway expeditiously.
Pilots are reminded that rapid exit from the runway enables ATC to apply minimum spacing
on final approach that will achieve maximum runway utilization and will minimize the
occurrence of 'go-arounds'.
Aircraft vacating the runway-in-use should not stop on the exit taxiway until the entire
aircraft has passed the runway holding point.
Aircraft taxiing out of runway-in-use shall contact Ground Control upon passing runway
holding point.
Pilots not able to comply with this requirement/request should notify Tower as soon as
possible.
2.2 SPEED RESTRICTIONS
Pilots are requested to adjust maximum aircraft speed as follows:
Speeds (KT)
Aircraft category
Initial approach Final approach
A 140 110
B 190 130
C 190 150
D 190 150
Pilots unable to comply with the speed specified, should inform ATC as soon as possible
and state preferred speed so that alternative action can be taken.
CHANGES: Contingency Procedure moved from 10-1P1. | JEPPESEN, 2018, 2020. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Printed from JeppView for Windows 5.3.0.0 on 05 Mar 2020; Terminal chart data cycle 05-2020; Notice: After 19 Mar 2020, 0000Z, this chart may no longer be valid
CHANGES: Contingency Procedure moved to 10-1P. | JEPPESEN, 2018, 2020. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
When aircraft experiencing transponder failure after departure is operating or expected to operate in Surabaya TMA East,
TMA West, and CTR where the carriage of a functioning transponder with specified capabilities (Mode C) is mandatory,
12
the ATS unit concerned should endeavor to provide for continuation of the flight to the aerodrome of first intended
0N
landing in accordance with the flight plan. However, in certain traffic situations, while en-route, continuation of the flight M
JUANDA
may not be possible, particularly when failure is detected shortly after take-off, and the aircraft may then be required
WARR/SUB
to return to the departure aerodrome or to land at the nearest suitable aerodrome acceptable to the operator concerned and to ATC.
In case of transponder failure, which is detected before departure from an aerodrome where it is not practicable to effect a repair, pilot shall:
-Inform ATS unit as soon as possible, preferably before submission flight plan.
60NM
*SURABAYA Director (R)
-Comply with any published procedures for seeking as exemption from the requirements for carriage of function transponder.
-If so required by the ATS authority of Juanda airport, plan to proceed as directly as possible, to the nearest suitable
aerodrome where repair can be effected.
11'
Apt Elev
3 FEB 12
4000 30NM
07-00 25NM
4000
12000 SURABAYA
10-1R
10000
2000
8000
Juanda
6000
25 N M
4000
12
07-30
6 NM SURABAYA
4000
3 0N
1
M
RADAR
6 7 NM
9 N600
M
M
6500
Trans level: FL 130
2000
0 N 25NM
3
00
41
11500
M
0
13300 11500
N
0
60N
CONTOUR
1 NM
50
M
INTERVALS
NM
60
08-00
NM
120
9 0N
12060'
13000
Trans alt: 11000'
M
90
NM
14
116^ KOLOT
DI
RUPKA
9^
SUM129
RUPK
A 1D
ENTAS 3M [ENTA3M]
1H
131 HOLDING OVER
CELOR KOLTA KOLOT 1E [KOLO1E]
188^
09
LOTEK W32N
8^ KOLTA 1E [KOLT1E]
06-30 256^
MAX 6000 1E
14
49.5
MHA 3000 KOLTA.4
RABOL 3S [RABO3S]
9^
278^ 39
NOT TO SCALE NOT TO SCALE RUPKA 1D [RUPK1D]
20
.0
SUMDI 1H [SUMD1H]
MAX FL130 23.5 BAWEN
MHA 10000
RNAV ARRIVALS
172^
FL220
20.0
(RWY 10)
256^ MADUR
352^
TIRUS 27
40 MAX 230 KT
14000
172^
BLORA 12000
12.5
* 240 BA 24 17
10000
BA PANKA
7500
50
8000
G461
W45 07-00 A RP 6000
105 MAX FL130
^ BL O R
A 3H MHA 10000 4000
35.9 112 292
^ ^
2000
40
21.7
2100 CONTOUR
INTERVALS
SABRE 112 MAX 9000
^ 21.
3 MHA 7000
13 1 MAX 230 KT 280^
H
RAMAT LOTEK
30
100^ 12.9 3500
100^
090^ 270^
10.3
2000
008^
20
1
0
07-30 EPAMA 12.9 NM 12 5 89
FOLKA 10.6 5500
RUJAK 8.2
10
13 5 MAX 230 KT HANKA
280^ PATON
FL130 17.9 ENTAS
13,300 360^ FL220
111-30 112-00 32.4
W34
28 3^ ENTAS 3M
STAR ROUTING 17.2 261^ W43
30 272^
BLORA 3H Arrival W-45, G-461 after BA NDB to SABRE to RAMAT to LOTEK. .4
0
OKANG
Arrival W-43, W-34, after ENTAS to OKANG to PATON to HANKA to
ENTAS 3M PETIS to RUJAK to FOLKA to EPAMA to RAMAT to LOTEK.
Arrival W-31W, after IKAPI to KOLOT to MADUR to TIRUS to PANKA
KOLOT 1E to LOTEK.
30 KORGA
2^ RAB
Arrival W-32N, after KOLTA to BAWEN to MADUR to TIRUS to PANKA OL 3
KOLTA 1E to LOTEK.
MALANG 14.
0
S
Abdulrachman Saleh
10
Arrival W-33 after RABOL to KORGA to HANKA to PETIS to RUJAK to 08-00 WARA 291 RABOL
RABOL 3S FOLKA to EPAMA to RAMAT to LOTEK. ^
W3
Arrival L-511, after RUPKA to CELOR to TIRUS to PANKA to LOTEK.
RUPKA 1D 14 4 12025
10 0 3 13 3
Printed from JeppView for Windows 5.3.0.0 on 05 Mar 2020; Terminal chart data cycle 05-2020; Notice: After 19 Mar 2020, 0000Z, this chart may no longer be valid
SUMDI 1H Arrival M-635, after SUMDI to CELOR to TIRUS to PANKA to LOTEK. 112-30 113-00 113-30 114-00
CHANGES: New procedures at this airport. | JEPPESEN, 2020. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
WARR/SUB JEPPESEN SURABAYA, INDONESIA
JUANDA 24 JAN 20 10-2A .Eff.30.Jan. .RNAV.STAR.
ATIS Apt Elev 1. RNAV 1.
Alt Set: hPa Trans level: FL130
M6 128.2 11 2. GNSS Required.
L5 35
11
1
SUMDI BLORA 3J [BA3J]
W3
RUPKA
ENTAS 3N [ENTA3N]
14
12 IKAPI
9^
1^ IKAPI 1A [IKAP1A]
KOLTA 1F [KOLT1F]
185^
90.5
RU RABOL 3T [RABO3T]
DI
PK
IKAPI 1A
SUM149
1
14
A1 RUPKA 1E [RUPK1E]
8 E
J
KOLTA SUMDI 1J [SUMD1J]
1.5 M W32N
in
RNAV ARRIVALS
280^ MAX FL240 6^
NOT TO SCALE MHA FL220 NOT TO SCALE 22 (RWY 28)
1F
14000
100^ A HOLDINGS OVER
TIRUS 100^ L T .3 SABIT
38.5 KO 41
LARSO 12000
191^
101^
BLORA
FL170 27
MAX 6000
40 24 MAX FL130 10000
17
* 13.0 MHA 3500
240 BA
BA MHA 10000
8000
011^
EMARA SABIT 28 1^
50
G461 6000
W45 07-00 A RP
191^
105
11.8
^ DIRGA 4000
BLOR
A 3J MAX 230 KT 2000
35.9
VERSA
10000 101^
CONTOUR
INTERVALS MAX 9000
40
MHA 7000
SABRE 13 2100
2^ VERSA 28 1^
13 5
27
20.8
.6 SOPRA
30
H 101^
SABIT MAX FL130
090^ 270^ H MHA 10000
3500
2000 10.7 H SOPRA 28 1^
13,300 VERSA MAX 230 KT SOPRA
1
13.5
20
28 1^
BOLTA 21.2 0 FL130
07-30 13 1 100^ NM 12 5
28 1^
8.2 5500
10.5
10.6
RUJAK
10.7
010^
10
FL130 ALONA
WAKAN ENTAS
111-30 112-00 360^ W34
29 12.6
ENTAS 3N
STAR ROUTING 8^ 17.2 261^ W43
Arrival W-45, G-461, after BA NDB to SABRE to BOLTA to RUJAK to SAPAL 268^ OKANG
BLORA 3J PETIS to ALONA to WAKAN to VERSA to SABIT.
0
ENTAS 3N Arrival W-43, W-34, after ENTAS to OKANG to SAPAL to SOPRA to
VERSA to SABIT.
15.8
MALANG
KOLTA 1F Arrival W-32N, after KOLTA to EMARA to DIRGA to VERSA to SABIT. Abdulrachman Saleh
354^
08-00 WARA
Arrival W-33, after RABOL to SAPAL to SOPRA to VERSA to SABIT.
10
RABOL 3T
Arrival L-511, after RUPKA to TIRUS to LARSO to EMARA to DIRGA to
RUPKA 1E VERSA to SABIT. 14 4 10 0 RABOL W3 13 3
3
Arrival M-635, after SUMDI to TIRUS to LARSO to EMARA to DIRGA to 12025
Printed from JeppView for Windows 5.3.0.0 on 05 Mar 2020; Terminal chart data cycle 05-2020; Notice: After 19 Mar 2020, 0000Z, this chart may no longer be valid
1
Apt Elev 1. RNAV 1.
M6 Trans alt: 11000
2. GNSS Required.
W3
35 11
ENTAS 3K [ENTA3K]
RAMPY FANDO 2F [FAND2F]
LASEM 5F [LASE5F]
16.0
RABOL 3Q [RABO3Q]
RAMPY 2F [RAMP2F]
RNAV DEPARTURES
06-30 40 24 27 (RWY 10)
IMANA
FL210
12000
LASEM
10000
17 8000
6000
LA 37.4
4000
SEM
F
5F
Y2
2000
46.2
50
FUSAL CONTOUR
RAMP
30 INTERVALS
2^
FL140
FANDO
10.
0
07-00 291 ERATA
^ 17.9
DORAS
8500
40
17.2
BALMA 0
55.
279^ O 2F
FAND
30
012^
2100 GARDA
LASEM 5F:
^
071
Turn LEFT
3000 .9
13 5 13
090^ 2 ^
270^
20
098^ 05 12 5
2000 10 1^
30.8
ANORA
1
0 LASEM 5F:
07-30 13 1 NM 10 1^ 89
Climb on
heading 098^ MOSKA 27.4 NAMIA
13
10
13,300
AR
FL245
7^
5500
P
22
ENTAS
This SID requires a minimum climb gradient of 3K
ENTAS 3K: 6.2% 360^
0
Gnd speed-KT 75 100 150 200 250 300 10864
Abdulrachman Saleh
.9
WARA
BO
10
18 L 3
RAMPY 2F Climb on course 098^, to ANORA to GARDA to IMANA to RAMPY. 112-30 14 4 113-00 10 0 113-30 114-00 13 3 114-30
CHANGES: New procedures at this airport. | JEPPESEN, 2020. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
WARR/SUB JEPPESEN SURABAYA, INDONESIA
24 JAN 20 10-3A .Eff.30.Jan.
JUANDA .RNAV.SID.
Apt Elev 1. RNAV 1.
Trans alt: 11000
06-30 11 2. GNSS Required.
1
W3
40 M6
35 ENTAS 3L [ENTA3L]
112-00
FANDO 2G [FAND2G]
NOT TO SCALE RAMPY LASEM 5G [LASE5G]
RABOL 3R [RABO3R]
.1
37
LASEM 24 RAMPY 2G [RAMP2G]
RNAV DEPARTURES
27 (RWY 28)
NOBEL
37 FL160
.4 12000
50
17 10000
NOT TO SCALE 30
2^ FUSAL 8000
2G
6000
PY
07-00
.7
FANDO
26
4000
RA M
40
18
2100 2000
.9
50.5
CONTOUR
INTERVALS
6^
02
31
9^
MATRA 096^ FANDO 2G ^
11 071
30
KANES LA 8^ 19.3
SE
21 PRONA
14 M LASEM 5G: .1
.2 5G FL140
Climb on
30 course 278^
4^
278^ hd
g 107
090^ JERAM ^
270^
20
Turn RIGHT: RUGAT131 12 5
13 1 3500 FL140 ^
2000 ENTA
1
0
S 3L
07-30 NM 44.5 89
5500
13,300
10
13 5 NAMIA 10 1^
30.6
A
RP FL245
RA
360^
BO
0
10864
58 L 3
.1 R ENTAS
112-00 112-30
SID INITIAL CLIMB
ENTAS 3L Climb on heading 278^, at or above 3500 turn RIGHT direct to MATRA to RUGAT to NAMIA to ENTAS.
10
FANDO 2G Climb on heading 278^, at or above 3500 turn RIGHT direct to MATRA to PRONA to FANDO.
LASEM 5G Climb on course 278^, to JERAM to KANES to FUSAL to LASEM.
RABOL 3R Climb on heading 278^, at or above 3500 turn RIGHT direct to MATRA to RUGAT to RABOL. 08-00 RABOL
Printed from JeppView for Windows 5.3.0.0 on 05 Mar 2020; Terminal chart data cycle 05-2020; Notice: After 19 Mar 2020, 0000Z, this chart may no longer be valid
RAMPY 2G Climb on heading 278^, at or above 3500 turn RIGHT direct to MATRA to NOBEL to RAMPY. 14 4 113-00 10 0 113-30 114-00 13 3
CHANGES: New procedures at this airport. | JEPPESEN, 2020. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
112-46 112-47 112-48
Apt Elev
07-22 07-22
or instructed by ATC. refer to 10-1P pages.
Departing acft: Taxi out to
Rwy 10 or Rwy 28 via Twys
01^E
HOT SPOTS
131'40m
24 JAN 20
N9 Apron B
NP1
1090
8^ N1 NP2 N10 N3N NP1
NP2 N4 NP1
Elev 11' N2 NP1 N8
NP2 N5N
10-9
S1 N6 NP1
3000m N3S 131'40m
9843'
S2 HS1 N5S Stopway
JEPPESEN
ARP N6
S6 SP2 S3 N7
S2 28
SP2 S4 278^
Cargo
Ground
118.9
West
.Eff.30.Jan.
SP1 S3 S5
07-23 Alarm Elev 8' 07-23
Area
Apron A S4
Terminal 2 East
Alarm
Area
Taxiway S4 for
Navy Hangar
Naval aircraft only
Twy S4 and Twy SP2 between S4 and S3
available for wide body aircraft.
Feet 0 1000 2000 3000 4000
Tower
118.3
Angle from
RWY INTERSECTION TWY Rwy Centerline TORA
N1 90^ 9843' 3000m
N2 30^ 6726' 2050m
N3S 90^ 4462' 1360m
10
S1 30^ 9843' 3000m
S2 30^ 7152' 2180m
S3 30^ 4593' 1400m
N7 90^ 9843' 3000m
N6 30^ 8038' 2450m
N5S 30^ 6726' 2050m
28 N3S 90^ 5381' 1640m
S5 30^ 9843' 3000m
S4 30^ 7152' 2180m
S3 30^ 4593' 1400m
Angle from
RWY ENTRY TWY Rwy Centerline LDA
N7 90^ 9843' 3000m
N6 30^ 8038' 2450m
N5S 30^ 6726' 2050m
10 N3S 90^ 5381' 1640m
S5 30^ 9843' 3000m
S4 30^ 7152' 2180m
S3 30^ 4593' 1400m
N1 90^ 9843' 3000m
N2 30^ 6726' 2050m
N3S 90^ 4462' 1360m
28
S1 30^ 9843' 3000m
S2 30^ 7152' 2180m
S3 30^ 4593' 1400m
HOT SPOTS
For information only, not to be construed as ATC instructions.
HS1 Twy N3S closed for taxi out from Apron to Rwy 10/28 and using for incoming only.
TAKE-OFF
AIR CARRIER (JAA) AIR CARRIER (FAR 121)
LVP must be in Force All Rwys All Rwys
All Rwys
RCLM (DAY only) RCLM (DAY only) Adequate Vis Ref
or RL or RL
A 2
B RVR 250m Eng
RVR 400m 400m
C 3&4
D RVR 300m Eng
CHANGES: Hot spot, glide slope. | JEPPESEN, 2007, 2020. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Printed from JeppView for Windows 5.3.0.0 on 05 Mar 2020; Terminal chart data cycle 05-2020; Notice: After 19 Mar 2020, 0000Z, this chart may no longer be valid
HOT SPOTS
HS1
See 10-9A for description of Hot Spots
360^
Alt Set: hPa Rwy Elev: 0 hPa Trans level: FL 130 Trans alt: 11000'
VOR and DME required. MSA ARP
10
1 2000 within 10 NM
1013'
109'
(IAF)
5
(IF)
098^ LOTEK
D14.0 SBR
MAX 190 KT
D10.5
SBR
[CF1~]
D
SBR
SURABAYA
113.4 SBR 07-20
278^ D5.9
SBR
[FF1~] OM 101^
MM
0
MAX 150 KT
D0.4 SBR 112-50
ISBY
098^ 110.1 ISBY
ILS MISSED APCH FIX
MHA 3500
MAX 190 KT 10
SBR 1
01^
1^
113.4
SABIT 281^
D15.8 SBR
112-30 112-40 3500
5
1300'
^
700' TCH 53'
Rwy 11'
3.5 4.6 2.0 3.5 MDA 0.5
4.0 0.5 0
Gnd speed-Kts 70 90 100 120 140 160
HIALS
ILS GS or SBR
3.00^ 372 478 531 637 743 849
LOC Descent Angle PAPI 113.4 SABIT 3500'
MAP at D0.4 SBR R-101
D5.9 SBR to MAP 5.5 4:43 3:40 3:18 2:45 2:21 2:04
STRAIGHT-IN LANDING RWY 10 CIRCLE-TO-LAND
ILS LOC (GS out)
DA(H) 220'(209') MDA(H) 470'(459')
Max
FULL ALS out ALS out Kts MDA(H)
A 100
520'(509') -2700m
B 135
PANS OPS
Final LNAV/VNAV
TENAN Apt Elev 11'
Apch Crs DA(H)
RNAV 2100
098^ 2000' (1989') 320'(309') Rwy 11'
090^ 270^
MISSED APCH: Direct to SABIT at 3500' or as instructed by ATC. 1
13,300 5500
360^
Alt Set: hPa Rwy Elev: 0 hPa Trans level: FL 130 Trans alt: 11000'
MSA ARP
RNP apch
1. GNSS required. 2. Baro VNAV Not authorized below 15^C (59^F).
1 2000 within 10 NM
10
1013'
109'
(IAF)
LOTEK
MANDATORY
3500 (IF)
5
112-50
MISSED APCH FIX
SABIT
MANDATORY
112-30 112-40 3500
5
WENAK TENAN
2700' 098^
2000'
2.9
0^
RWY1~
700' TCH 50'
MDA
4.5 6.3 Rwy 11'
10.8 6.3 0
Gnd speed-Kts 70 90 100 120 140 160 HIALS MANDATORY
Descent Angle 2.90^ 359 462 513 616 718 821
LNAV/VNAV: MAP at DA PAPI D SABIT 3500'
LNAV: MAP at RWY1~
TENAN to MAP 6.3 5:24 4:12 3:47 3:09 2:42 2:22
STRAIGHT-IN LANDING RWY 10 CIRCLE-TO-LAND
LNAV/VNAV LNAV
DA(H) 320'(309') MDA(H) 460'(449') Max
ALS out ALS out Kts MDA(H)
A 100
520'(509') -2600m
B 135
PANS OPS
Final LNAV/VNAV
BRIEFING STRIP
360^
Alt Set: hPa Rwy Elev: 0 hPa Trans level: FL 130 Trans alt: 11000'
RNP apch MSA ARP
1. GNSS required. 2. Baro VNAV not authorized below 15^C (59^F).
10
07-20
5
RWY28
(IF)
278^ GOLEK 101^
3.4
BERKA 289^
MAX 150 KT 2 350 0
(SM 700
A1
200
) (IAF)
0
SABIT 281^
MANDATORY
LOTEK 07-30
MANDATORY
3500 112-50 113-00
5
BERKA GOLEK
2000' 278^ 2700'
0^
2.9
RWY28
TCH 50'
700'
MDA
Rwy 8' 4.4
6.3
0 6.3 10.7
Gnd speed-Kts 70 90 100 120 140 160 HIALS MANDATORY
Descent Angle 2.90^ 359 462 513 616 718 821
LNAV/VNAV: MAP at DA
REIL
D LOTEK 3500'
PAPI
LNAV: MAP at RWY28
BERKA to MAP 6.3 5:24 4:12 3:47 3:09 2:42 2:22
STRAIGHT-IN LANDING RWY 28 CIRCLE-TO-LAND
LNAV/VNAV LNAV
DA(H) 337'(329') MDA(H) 470'(462') Max
ALS out ALS out Kts MDA(H)
A 100
520'(509') -2700m
B 135
PANS OPS
VOR Final
BRIEFING STRIP
MISSED APCH: Intercept R-277 SBR VOR proceed to LOTEK 3500' for 090^ 270^
holding or as instructed by ATC.
1
13,300 5500
360^
Alt Set: hPa Rwy Elev: 0 hPa Trans level: FL 130 Trans alt: 11000'
DME required. MSA SBR VOR
1 2000 within 10 NM
10
109'
07-20
D
SBR
SURABAYA
113.4 SBR
5
277^ D1.8
[RW28] D8.1
[FF28]
MAX 150 KT (IF)
D12.5 101^
[CF28]
0
(IAF)
MISSED APCH FIX
LOTEK
SABIT
D15.8
281 ^
D14.0 SBR MAX 190 KT
098^ 3500
277^ SBR
113.4
278^ MHA 3500
MAX 190 KT 07-30 112-50 113-00
5
0
2000'
2.9 1200'
700'
TCH 50' MDA
Rwy 8' 6.3 4.4 3.3
MDA(H) 470'(462')
Max
ALS out Kts MDA(H)
A 100
520'(509') -2700m
B 135
1800m 2700m
C 180 870'(859') -4300m
PANS OPS
CHANGES: MInimum altitude and speed restriction on holding LOTEK. | JEPPESEN, 2002, 2020. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.