THE 12 PRINCIPAL TENSES

From / time PRESENT PAST FUTURE

Simple Simple past Simple future
Simple
Present
Present Past Future
Continuous
continuous continuous continuous
Present Past perfect Future perfect
Perfect
perfect
Present Past perfect Future perfect
Perfect
perfect continuous continuous
continuous
continuous

THE SIMPLE PRESENT

TO BE
 Form:
 Affirmative forms: (+)

Subject To be
I am
He, she, it and single noun is
You, we, they and plural noun are

 Negative forms: (-)

Subject To be + not
I am not
He, she, it and single noun is not = isn’t
You, we, they and plural noun are not = aren’t
 Question forms: (?)

To be Subject
Am I….?
Is He, she, it and single noun…?
are You, we, they and plural noun…?
Answer:
I am I am not
Yes, No,
He, She, it is He, She, it is not

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 You, they, we
You, they, we are not
are
DESCRIPTIONS WITH
BE

Conditions and Characteristics

Use be with adjective to describe condition, physical characteristics, age,

and personality.
1 Use be with adjective to describe condition, physical characteristics, age, and
personality.
Condition Physical Characteristic Age Personality
Jada is sick. The school is big. John is ten (years old). Lee is friendly.

Identifying and Describing Nouns

Use be with nouns to identify or define something, describe occupations, and

describe relationships.

Identifying describing Occupations describing relationship

It’s a map. He’s a game designer. Lisa is my friend

Location and Origin

3A. Use be with prepositions to describe location (where people or things are).
We also use words such as here, there, upstairs, and downstairs.
She’s not in class. She’s at home. They’re not here. They’re upstairs.

Use be with prepositions or adjectives to describe origin (the country where

people or things are from).
With Prepositions: They’re from Chile.
With Adjectives: They’re Chilean.

We use it with be for the time, the day/date, and the weather.

Time Day Weather

It’s eight o’clock. It’s Thursday. It’s cold and windy.

VERB

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 From:
 Affirmative forms: (+)
Subject 1 + V Subject 1: I, You, we, they and plural noun
Subject 2 + Vs/es Subject 2: He, She, it and single noun
(Verbs end with o, s, x, z, ch, sh → es)

 Negative forms: (-)

Subject 1 + do not +V  do not = don’t

Subject 2 + does not + V  does not = doesn’t

 Question forms: (?)

Do + subject 1 + V…?
Does + subject2 + V…?

Answer:
Yes, subject1 + do No, subject1 + do not
subject2 + does subject2 + does not

 Use:
 To express habits or repeated action
 To express a general truth (which is always true at any time – past,
present or future)
 To express a decided or a planned future action.
 To express a schedule in future. (used in airport, train station, bus station)
Ex:
1. I get up at 5 a.m every morning.
2. The sun rises in the east.
3. Two and two are four.
4. The train leaves at 4 p.m.

 always, usually, often, sometime, rarely, never, every morning /

afternoon / evening / day / week / year

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

 From:
1. Affirmative forms: (+) Subject + am / is / are + V-ing
2. Negative forms: ( -) subject + am / is / are + not + V-
ing

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 3. Question forms: (?) Am / is / are + subject + V-ing….?

Ex: I am working at prensent.

She isn’t playing volleyball now.
Are you listening?

Answer:

→Yes, I am / No, I’m not

 Use:
 To express an action in progress (happening) at the moment of speaking.
 To express an action in progress, but are not happening at the exact
moment of speaking.
 To express a future planned or a near future action.
 To express a repeated action that annoys the speaker. (use with always)

Ex:
I am flying to London this I am going to fly to London.
Friday.
Tôi sẽ bay sang London
Thứ sáu này tôi sẽ bay sang
London. (Điều này có nghĩa là việc bay
sang London chỉ mới là dự định
(Điều này có nghĩa là tôi đã mua của tôi, chứ chưa nêu rõ là tôi đã
vé máy bay và đã xắp xếp cho xắp xếp mọi thứ cho chuyến bay.)
chuyến bay này.)  

 now, today, this week, this term, this year, right now, at
present , at the moment, at that time,
 Order sentence (Look, Listen, hurry up…).
Spelling of the verbs ending in -ing

1. For most verbs, add –ing to the base form of the verb.
sleep → sleeping talk → talking

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2. If the base form ends in a single e, drop the e and add –ing
(exception: be → being). live → living write → writing

3. If the base form ends in ie, change ie to y add –ing.

die → dyng lie → lying

4. The base form of a one-syllable verbs ends with a single vowel +

consonant, double the final consonant and add –ing.
hit → hitting stop → stopping

(Compare two vowels + consonant: eat → eating)

5. If the base form of a verb with two or more syllables ends in a single
vowel + consonant, double the final consonant only if the stress is on the
final syllable. Do not double the final consonant if the stress is not on the
final syllable.

ad’mit → admitting be’gin → beginning

Compare:
de’velop → developing ‘listen → listening

6. Do not double the final consonant x, w, and y:

fix → fixing grow → growing obey → obeying

There are four main groups of state verbs that

are rarely used in continuous tenses
Verbs of the mind and thinking:
Believe; think; assume; consider; understand; suppose…

Verbs of emotion:
Like; love; detest; hate; hope; prefer; wish; want…

Verbs of having and being:

Belong; own; cost; seem; appear; need; have…

Verbs of the senses:

See; hear, taste; smell

Some of these verbs can be used in continuous tenses when the

verb expresses an activity, not a state. However, the meaning changes
slightly.

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 Compare the use of simple and continuous tenses in the following
pairs of sentences:

Ex: I think it’s a great idea. (‘Think’ as opinion → a state)

He’s thinking of emigrating. (“Think” as mental process → an
activity)

I see what you mean. (“See” → meaning “understand”)

I’m seeing Jenny this afternoon. (“See” → meaning “meet”)

The soup tastes delicious. (A state)

I’m tasting the soup to see if it needs more salt. (an activity)



PRESENT PERFECT
 Form:
 Affirmative : Subject + have / has + V3 (Ved )
 Negative : Subject + have / has + not + V3 (Ved)
 Question : Have / has + Subject + V3 (Ved) ?


Subject 1 : I, you, we, they, plural noun  Have
Subject 2 : He, She, it, singular noun  has

 have not = haven’t

has not = hasn’t

Ex : He has worked
He not worked
Has he worked?

 Use: The present perfect is used to express:

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  A past action without definite time.
 An action that has been completed a relatively short time before
the moment of speaking. (usually with “just”)
Ex: I have just come.
 A past action continuing to the present.
 An action that started in the past and finishes or is still happening
at the moment of speaking. (Usually with “for” or “since”).
 The first of two actions in present or future.
Ex: He always does things after he has asked for my advice.
2 1
I’ll come here tomorrow when I have got some money.
2 1

 For + a period of time (duration of time)

Ten years
For
Two years

 Since + a point of time (beginning time)

August
Last year
Since Christmas
1975
Five o’clock

Subject + have/ has + V3/ Ved since S + V2

 Already – yet – just – not ever – never…

 Already - just: in affirmative statements comes before the past
participle (v3).

Subject + have / has + already + [ verb in the past participle]

Ex: We have already written our reports.

 Yet: comes at the end of a question or a negative sentence.

Subject + have / has + not + [verb in the past participle]...+ yet

Ex: We haven’t written our reports yet

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 Another option with the use of yet is sometimes possible. In this
case, the verb is positive and adverb yet does not appear at the end
of the sentence.

Subject + have / has + yet + [ verb in infinitive]

Ex: John has yet to learn the material
= John hasn’t learned the material yet.

This use of yet should not be confused with the coordinating

conjunction yet, which means but.
Ex: I don’t have money, yet I really need the computer.
My neighbors never have the time, yet they always want to
do something on Saturday nights.

 Ever is used in question to mean at any time up to now.

 Never = “not ever” isn’t used in questions with the present
perfect.


PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
(Thì hiện tại hoàng thành tiếp diễn)

 From:
✰ Affirmative :Subject + have / has + been + Ving
✰ Negative :Subject + have / has + not + been +Ving
✰ Question :Have / has + Subject + been + Ving?

Ex: We have been working.

We have not been working.
Have you been working?

 Use: The present perfect continuous is used to express an action

 A past action continuing to the present.
 An action that started in the past and finishes or is still happening
at the moment of speaking.

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 The present perfect continuous tenses have the same uses as the Present
Perfect Tense but they emphasize the continuous nature of the action.



THE SIMPLE PAST

TO BE

 Form:
 Affirmative forms: (+)

Subject To be
I was
He, she, it and single noun was
You, we, they and plural noun were

 Negative forms: (-)

Subject To be + not
I Was not
He, she, it and single noun was not = wasn’t
You, we, they and plural noun were not = weren’t

 Question forms: (?)

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To be Subject
Was I
Was He, she, it and single noun
were You, we, they and plural noun

Answer:

I was I was not

Yes, He, She, it was No, He, She, it was not

You, they, we were You, they, we were not

VERB

 Form:
✰ Affirmative : Subject + V2 (Ved)
✰ Negative : Subject + did not + V (infinitive)
✰ Question : Did + Subject + V (infinitive)?

Ex: He worked.
He did not work.
Did he work?

 Use: The simple past tense is used to express:

 An action that began and ended at a specific time in the past.
 An action that occurred over a period of time and was completed in the
past.
Ex: How long were you in the army? → I was in from 1943 to 1946.
 A past habit.

 in (năm) ; from 1945 to 1975

 Yesterday morning / afternoon / evening.
 Last week / month / year.
 two week / three month / one year ago

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Spelling of verbs ending in -ed :

 To form the simple past of most regular verbs, add –ed to the base
form.
Ex: brush → brushed play → played

 When the verb ends in -e  we add -d

Ex: Love  Loved; use → used

 When the verb ends with a consonant + y → change the y to i and

add –ed.
(Compare vowel + y: play → played; enjoy →enjoyed.)
Ex: study  studied; dry → dried

 When a one-syllable verb ends with a single vowel + consonant →

double the final consonant and add -ed
Ex: stop  stopped; plan → planned

 When the verb with two or more syllables ends with a single vowel
+ consonant, double the final consonant and add –ed only when
the stress is on the final syllable. Do not double the final consonant
if the stress is not on the final syllable.
Ex : pre’fer  preferred; ‘enter → entered
‘open → opened

NOTE:
- Do not double the final consonants x, w, and y.

Ex: fix → fixed; snow → snowed; stay → stayed

Pronunciation of verbs ending in –ed:

 Pronounce “ed” as / t / when the verb ends with the sounds : / f / ;

/ k / ; / p / ; / s / ; / ch / ; / sh /

 Pronounce “ed” as / id / when the verb ends with the sounds: / t / ;

/d/

 Pronounce “ed” as / d / when the verb ends with the sounds:

/b/ ; /g/ ; /dʒ/ /m/; /n/; /η/; /l/; /r/; /v/; /z/; or with a vowel.

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 

TRONG TRƯỜNG HỢP KHÔNG CẦN CÓ PHÓ TỪ CHỈ THỜI

GIAN
Như chúng ta đã biết, thì quá khứ đơn phải được dùng với một phó từ
chỉ thời gian quá khứ xác định. Tuy nhiên, với những trường hợp sau đây,
thì quá khứ đơn không cần có phó từ chỉ thời gian đi kèm:
Khi thời gian của hành động có thể được hiểu ngầm từ một
điều khác hoặc từ kiến thức lịch sử.
Ex: _ This time last year, I was in Paris.
_ How curious! I was there too.
(Thời gian của câu nói thứ hai được hiểu ngầm từ câu nói thứ nhất )
_ Lincoln freed the slaves in America.
(Lincoln đã giải phóng các nô lệ ở Mỹ)
Thời gian của hành động cũng thường được hiểu ngầm thông
qua sự đề cập đến nơi mà hành động đó xảy ra :
Ex: _ I ate spagetti in Rome.
Khi thì hiện tại hoàn thành đã được sử dụng trước:
Ex: James has been to Rome. He was received by several
famous people.
(James đã từng đến La Mã. Anh đã được nhiều người nổi tiếp đón
tiếp)
Khi thì quá khứ đơn đã được dùng trong mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ

thời gian:
Ex:
She learned the piano when she was at schook.
( Mệnh đề chỉ thời gian )Your son has been expelled because he threw an
inkpot at the master.
( Con trai ông đã bị đuổi học vì nó đã ném bình mực vào thầy giáo )
Trong 2 câu trên, “learned” được dùng thì quá khứ vì nhờ “when
she was at school” là mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian, nhưng “was
expelled” không được dùng thì quá khứ (trừ khi thời gian được hiểu
ngầm) vì “because he threw an inkport …” Không phải là mệnh đề trạng
nữ chỉ thời gian.

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 THE PAST CONTINUOUS
PAST CONTINUOUS

 From:
 Affirmative : Subject + were / was + Ving
 Negative : Subject + were / was + not + Ving
 Question : were / was + Subject + V ing…?
 Subject 1 : we; you; they, and plural noun → were
 Subject 2 : I, He; She; it, and singular noun → was

 Use: the Past continuous is used to express:

 An action going on for some period of time in the past.
Ex: I was waiting for you all day yesterday.
It was raining all through last night.
Note: all day, all through last night → periods of time
 An activity happening at a particular time in the past.
Ex: It was raining at 4 o’clock yesterday afternoon.
I was staying in Dalat on your birthday.
Note: 4 o’clock, your birthday → points of time.

 Two or more actions are subsequent to another.

(Hai hay nhiều hành động xảy ra nối tiếp nhau)

When
While + subject1 + V2 , subject2 + V2 ………….
Before

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 after…

Ex:
When the telephone rang, I answered the telephone.
After I did my homework, I went to bed.

 A past action going on when another happened: This new action is

express by the SIMPLE PAST tense.

When + subject1 + V2 + subject2 + were/was +Ving

Or
Subject1 + were/was +Ving when subject2 + V2

Ex: when Mark came home, Martha was watching television.

Martha was watching television when mark came home.

 Two actions were happening at the same time.

Subject1 + were/was +Ving + while + subject2 + were/was +Ving

Or
While + subject1 + were/was +Ving + subject2 + were/was +Ving

Ex: We were listening to an interesting on the radio while Mother was

preparing dinner.

While John was reading a book, Martha was watching television.



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 THE PAST PERFECT

 From:
 Affirmative : Subject + had + V3 (ed)
 Negative : Subject + had + not + V3 (ed)
 Question : had + Subject + V3 (ed)….?

Ex: He had worked.

He had not worked.
Had he worked?

 Use: Past perfect is used to express:

 An action happened and finished before a definite time in the past.

Ex: By 2000 I had graduated from University

 The first action was completed before the second one began, the past
perfect must be used for the action that happened first.

Ex: When I had read the paper, I threw it away.

John had gone to the store before he went home.

By Till As soon as
When Until Before
after

The past perfect is used for the first action after

these words: when, after, as soon as, already, before, until

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…. However, the simple past can be used with these words in
telling a story in chronologic order (Theo thứ tự thời gian).

Ex: John’s parents separated when he was a boy, and his

sister married and immigrated to Australia.

THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

 From:
 Affirmative : Subject + had + been + Ving.
 Negative : Subject + had + not + been + Ving.
 Question : had + subject + been + Ving ?

Ex: He had been living here a year.

He had not been living here a year.
Had he been living here a year?

 Use:
 THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS is used to express an action going on
before another past action or point of time in the past.

Ex: He had been living here a year when he decided to move to the suburbs.

(cho đến khi anh ấy định dọn về ngoại ô, anh ấy đã sống ở đây được một
năm)



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 THE SIMPLE FUTURE
(thì tương lai đơn)
 From:
 Affirmative : Subject + will + V (Infinitive without To )
 Negative : Subject + will + not + V (Inf without To )
 Question : Will + Subject + V (Inf without To )?

 Will not  won’t

Ex: I will work.
I will not work.
Will I work?

 Use: The future is used to express:

 For a decision made at the moment of speaking.
 For predicting an action in future.

Tomorrow Week
Someday Month
next
Tonight year
soon

 The simple Future is usually used with some adverbs and follows verbs to
express the opinion and prediction of the speaker.

to think to suppose to hope

to know to assume
to believe to expect

Ex:
Maybe I’ll go. Perhaps he’ll come.
I’ll probably go. He’ll possibly come
I think he’ll come. I hope he’ll come soon.
I suppose he‘ll come I’m afraid he’ll come late.
I guess he’ll come. I’m expect he’ll come.
But: I don’t think he’ll come.
WRONG: I think he won’t come.
Caùch dieãn taû töông lai khaùc

 BE GOING TO: is to used

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 a. to express an intention that has already been planned or decided before the
moment of speaking.

Ex: I am going to write to her this morning.

b. to predict a future event for which there is some evidence now.

 PRESENT CONTINUOUS:
_ The Present Continuous is used to talk about a future event, which is
already arranged. It commonly occurs with the following verbs: Come go
see leave meet

Ex: He’s meeting Jane at the theatre tomorrow night.

We’re moving house on the 13th.
 There is often little difference between a future intention and a future
arrangement, and often GOING TO and THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS
are interchangeable.

 SIMPLE PRESENT:
_ The present simple is used to express a future event, which is seen as
certain because of a timetable or calendar.

Ex: The train leaves at 11.00.

The film starts at 7.30.


Predictions:
WILL BE GOING TO
We can use WILL for a prediction We use BE GOING TO for prediction
about the future when we see from the present situation
what is going to happen in the future.

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 Ex: There isn’t a cloud in the sky. It’s
Ex: I thinh United will win the game. going to be a lovely day.
One day people will travel to
Mars.

Decisions and intentions:

WILL BE GOING TO
WILL expresses an intention or BE GOING TO expresses a future
decision made at the moment of intention, plan, or decision thought
speaking. (that means not planned about befor the moment of speaking.
before) (that means we have already decided).

Ex: Ex: We’re going to get married in

I’ll bring you the book tomorrow. (a June.
promise)

VERB FORMS USED FOR THE FUTURE

Simple present (a time table) I leave next week.

Present continuous (an
I am leaving next week.
arrangement)
Simple future (neutral future) I’ll leave next week.
Future continuous (in the course of
I’ll be leaving next week.
events)
Be going to (an intention) I’m going to leave next week.
Be to I’m to leave next week.
Be about to I’m about to leave next week.
THE FUTURE PERFECT
(Thì tương lai hoàn thành)
 From:
 Affirmative : Subject + Shall/will + have + V3
 Negative :Subject + Shall/will + not + have + V3
 Question :Shall/will + Subject + have + V3 ?

Ex: I will have worked

I will not have worked.

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 Will I have worked?

 Use: The future perfect is used to express:

 An action that will be finished before a definite time or anther action in
the future. (by = before)

Ex:
1) I’ll have finished this by 2 o’clock tomorrow afternoon.
Point of time
2) By the time the President comes here tomorrow, we’ll have
decorared the room.
(By the time the President comes here tomorrow → another action)

Note: BY>Phrase
By THE TIME> Clause
Compare:

I’ll have finished this work by 2 o’clock.

by the time you come.

 An action occupying a period of time from the past, present or future till
another action or point of future time. (use with “FOR”)
Ex:
1) By next Christmas, I’ll have lived here for 15 years.
2) I’m going to see him now and I’ll have talked to him for two hours before
the conference.
3) My father will have traveled for a month when he arrives in Singapore
next week.


THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
(Thì tương lai hoàn thành tiếp diễn)
 From:
 Affirmative : Subject + Shall/will + have been + V3
 Negative : Subject + Shall/will + not + have been + V3
 Question : Shall/will + subject + have been + V3 ?

 Use:
 The future perfect continous is used to express an action going on before
another future action or point of time in the future.

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 
The future perfect continuous tenses have the same uses as the future
Perfect Tense but they emphasize the continuous nature of the action

Ex: On April 12th, 1990 we shall have been living in this house exactly ten
years.
(Vào ngày 12 tháng 4 năm 1990, chúng tôi sẽ ở căn nhà này đúng 10 năm)



Sự phối hợp giữa các Thì 

(THE SEQUENCES OF TENSES)
I. Sự phối hợp các thì : 

1. Simple Present - Be going to 

Ex : He says he is going to do it.

2. Simple Present – Simple Future 

Ex : I think it will rain.

3. Simple Present – Simple Present 

Ex : He always works so hard and he always feels so tired.

4. Simple Present – Present Perfect 

Ex : 1. I find that you have made a lot of mistakes in the essay.
2. I have worked hard so I am very tired.

5. Present Continuous – Simple Present 

Ex :. I am staying at home because I am ill.

6. Simple Past – Simple Past 

Ex : I went to my friend’s house because I left my hat there.

7. Simple Past – Past Continuous 

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- Một hành động đang xảy ra trong quá khứ thì bị một hành động
khác “chen ngang ” (khi đang... thì bỗng...).

S1 + was/were + V_ing + WHEN + S2 + P2

Ex : I was
watching TV when she came home / When she came home,
I was watching television.

S1 + P2 + WHEN + S + was/were + V_ing

Ex : It rained when I was going home this morning

- Hành động nào bắt đầu trước và đang diễn ra thì dùng tiếp diễn,
còn hành động chen ngang thì dùng quá khứ đơn.

- Nhưng chú ý 1 điều khi hành động diễn ra trước và đang diễn ra
đó quá ngắn ta có thể chia luôn nó ở quá khứ đơn
Ex : When I went to the door, the phone rang 
(khoảng cách từ chỗ đó đến cái cửa rất ngắn, nên hành động của
người này tuy là đang đi nhưng nó diễn ra rất nhanh)

8. Past Continuous - Past Continuous

- Hai hành động cùng đồng thời xảy ra trong quá khứ. Trong trường
hợp này, mẫu câu sau được áp dụng:

S1 + was/were + V-ing + WHILE + S2 + was/were + V-ing

Ex : Martha was watching television while John was reading a book. 
Or: While John was reading a book, Martha was watching television. 

- Cấu trúc sau đây cũng đôi khi được dùng nhưng không thông dụng
bằng hai mẫu trên, ít khi gặp và ko nên dùng: While John was
reading a book, Martha watched television.

9. Simple Past – Past Perfect 

- Thời quá khứ hoàn thành thường được dùng với 3 phó từ chỉ thời
gian là: after, before và when.
- Hành động nào xảy ra trước dùng thì Quá khứ hoàn thành, hành
động xảy ra sau dùng Quá khứ đơn

S1 + V1 (Simple past) + AFTER + S2 + V2 (Past perfect)

Ex : John went home after he had gone to the store

S1 + V1 (Past perfect) + BEFORE + S2 + V2 (Simple

past)

Ex : John had gone to the store before he went home

AFTER + S1 + V1 (Past perfect), S2 + V2 (Simple past)

Ex : After John had gone to the store, he went home.

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 BEFORE + S1 + V1 (Simple past), S2 + V2 (Past perfect)
Ex : Before John went home, he had gone to the store 

- Phó từ when có thể được dùng thay cho after và before trong cả 4

mẫu trên mà không làm thay đổi ý nghĩa của câu. Chúng ta vẫn biết
hành động nào xảy ra trước do có sử dụng quá khứ hoàn thành.

Ex : The police came when the robber had gone away.

10. Present Perfect - Simple Past 

S1 + V1 (Present Perfect) + SINCE + S2 + V2 (Simple Past)
Ex : I have taught at this school since I moved to Bristol

11. Simple Future – Present Perfect 

- Tương như như phần 9: Hành động sẽ xảy ra trước dùng Hiện tại
hoàn thành, hành động sẽ xảy ra saudùng Tương lai đơn 
Ex : I shall go home after I have finished my exercises

12. Future Perfect – Present Simple 

Ex : I will have finished the course by the time the semester ends

II. Một số lưu ý : 

1. Thì hiện tại hoàn thành thường được dùng với một số cụm từ chỉ
thời gian như sau: 
+ Now that... (giờ đây khi mà...) 
Ex : Now that you have passed the TOEFL test successfully, you can
apply for the scholarship.
+ Một số phó từ như till now, untill now, so far (cho đến giờ):
Những cụm từ này có thể đứng đầu câu hoặc cuối câu. 
Ex : So far the problem has not been resolved. 

+ Recently, lately (gần đây) những cụm từ này có thể đứng đầu
hoặc cuối câu. 
Ex : I have not seen him recently. 

+ Before đứng ở cuối câu. 

Ex : I have seen him before.

2. Phân biệt cách dùng giữa Hiện tại hoàn thành và Hiện tại
hoàn thành tiếp diễn: 

- Present Perfect: Hành động đã chấm dứt ở hiện tại do đó đã có

kết quả rõ rệt.
Ex : I've waited for you for half an hour.
Tôi chờ khoảng nửa giờ rồi nhưng giờ thì hết chờ rồi 

- Present Perfect Progressive: Hành động vẫn tiếp diễn ở hiện

tại, có khả năng lan tới tương lai do đó không có kết quả rõ rệt. 

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 Ex : I've been waiting for you for half an hour. 
` Tôi đã chờ, đang chờ và sẽ tiếp tục chờ,chả bik là khi nào mới
thôi chờ

THE IRREGULAR VERBS

V2
STT V1 (S.Present) V3 Nghĩa
(S.Past)
1 Awake Awoke Awaken Tỉnh giấc, đánh thức
2 Be (am, is, are) Was/were Been Thì, là,ở
3 Bear Bore Born Sinh ra
4 Beat Beat Beaten đánh
5 Become Became Become Trở nên, trở thành
6 Begin Began Begun Bắt đầu
7 Bend Bent Bent Bẻ cong, cúi gập
8 Bite Bit Bit Cắn
9 Bleed Bled Bled Chảy máu
10 Blow Blew Blown Thổi
11 Break Broke Broken Làm vỡ, hư, hỏng
12 Bring Brought Brought Mang lại, đem tới
13 Build Built Built Xây dựng
14 Burn Burnt Burnt Đốt cháy
15 Buy Bought Bought Mua
16 Can Could Có thể
17 Catch Caught Caught Bắt, chụp được
18 Choose Chose Chosen Chọn lựa
19 Come Came Come Đến
20 Cost Cost Cost Trị giá, giá cả

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21 Cut Cut Cut Cắt
22 Dig Dug Dug Đào
23 Do Did Done Làm
24 Draw Drew Drawn Vẽ
25 Dream Dreamt Dreamt Mơ mộng
26 Drink Drank Drunk Uống
27 Drive Drove Driven Lái xe
28 Eat Ate Eaten Ăn
29 Feed Fed Fed Cho ăn
30 Fall Fell Fallen Ngã, rơi
31 Feel Felt Felt Cảm thấy
32 Fight Fought Fought Chiến đấu
33 Find Found Found Tìm thấy
34 Fit Fit Fit Thích hợp, vừa
35 Fly Flew Flown Bay
36 Forget Forgot Forgotten Quên
37 Forgive Forgave Forgiven Tha thứ
38 Freeze Froze Frozen Đông lại
39 Get Got Got/gotten Được, trở nên
40 Give Gave Given Cho
41 Go Went Gone Đi
Trồng, lớn lên, phát
42 Grow Grew Grown
triển
43 Hang Hung Hung Treo, móc
44 Have Had Had Có
45 Hear Heard Heard Nghe
46 Hide Hid Hidden ẩn trốn
47 Hit Hit Hit Đánh, đụng chạm
48 Hurt Hurt Hurt Làm đau, làm hại
49 Hold Held Held Tổ chức, cầm giữ
50 Keep Kept Kept Giữ
51 Know Knew Known Biết
52 Lay Laid Laid Đặt, để, (đẻ trứng)
53 Lead Led Led Dẫn dắt
54 Leave Left Left Bỏ, rời bỏ
55 Lend Lent Lent Cho mượn, cho vay
56 Let Let Let Hãy để, cho phép
57 Lie Lay Lain Nằm, (nói láo)
58 Light Lit Lit Đốt, thắp đèn
59 Lose Lost Lost Mất, đánh mất
60 May Might Có thể
61 Make Made Made Làm, chế tạo
62 Meet Met Met Gặp

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 63 Pay Paid Paid Trả tiền, thanh toán
64 Put Put Put Đặt để
65 Read Read Read Đọc
66 Ride Rode Ridden Cưỡi (xe đạp, ngựa)
67 Ring Rang Rung Rung chuông
68 Rise Rose Risen Mọc, nổi lên
69 Run Ran Run Chạy
70 Say Said Said Nói
71 See Saw Seen Xem, thấy
72 Seek Sought Sought Tìm, soát
73 Sell Sold Sold Bán
74 Send Sent Sent Gửi
75 Set Set Set Đặt, để
76 Shall Should Sẽ nên
77 Shoot Shot Shot Bắn
78 Show Showed Shown Chỉ, cho xem
79 Shine Shone Shone Chiếu sang
80 Shut Shut Shut Đóng lại
81 Sing Sang Sung Hát
82 Sink Sank Sunk Chìm, đắm
83 Sit Sat Sat Ngồi
84 Sleep Slept Slept Ngủ
85 Slit Slit Slit Chẻ, cắt, bổ đôi
86 Smell Smelt Smelt Ngửi thấy
87 Speak Spoke Spoken Nói
88 Spell Spelt Spelt Đánh vần
89 Spend Spent Spent Tiêu xài
90 Spread Spread Spread Lan ra
91 Stand Stood Stood Đứng
92 Steal Stole Stolen Ăn trộm
93 Stick Stuck Stuck Gắn, dính
94 Sting Stung Stung Chích, đốt
95 Strike Struck Struck Đánh, đập
96 Swell Swelled Swollen Sưng phù lên
97 Sweep Swept Swept Quét
98 Swim Swam Swum Bơi lội
99 Take Took Taken Lấy, dẫn dắt
100 Teach Taught Taught Dạy
101 Tear Tore Torn Xé rách
102 Tell Told Told Nói, bảo, kể
103 Think Thought Thought Nghĩ
104 Throw Threw Thrown Ném, liệng, quăng
105 Understand Understood Understood Hiểu

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 106 Wear Wore Worn Mặc, đội, mang
107 Will Would Sẽ
108 Win Won Won Thắng
109 Write Wrote Written Viết

FROMS OF THE VERB

1. BARE INFINITIVE (V)
can, may, must, have to, will, shall,
would, should, would rather, and had
better….
1. Sau modal verbs
Ex: I can speak English.
She will visit her grandparents.

1. Let’s, why don’t we …..

2. Have sb do sth (bảo ai làm việc gì)
Help sb do sth* (giúp ai làm việc gì)
2. Trong caáu truùc caâu Let sb do sth (để cho ai làm gì)
Make sb do sth (bắt ai làm gì )

* Occasionally HELP is followed by the

infinitive.
Ex: I help her do the housework.
I help her to do the housework.
 Infinitive without “to”
FEEL, HEAR, WATCH, SEE, NOTICE…..
3.
 Verb+ -ing
Ex: We saw him walk out of the room.

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 We saw him walking out of the room.
* Các động từ chỉ giác quan cũng có thể
theo sau là “Ving”

2. TO INFINITIVE (TO V)

CARE*, DECIDE, DESERVE,

ENDEAVOR, FORGET, HOPE, LEARN,
PLAN…

Ex: we hope to see you soon.

I’m learning to drive a car.
1. verb + to infinitive
* Care usually appears in negative
statements or in questions.

Ex: I don’t care to go.

Do you care to dance?

ADVISE, CAUSE, COMMAND,

ENCOURAGE, FREE, FORCE, GET,
INSTRUCT, INVITE, OBLIGE, ORDER,
PERSUADE, REMIND, TEACH, TELL,
URGE, WARN*.

2. verb + noun/pronoun + to infinitive Ex: I advise you to see a doctor.

We finally got the manager to
accept our suggestion.

*After WARN, “not” usually precedes

the infinitive.

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 ASK, BEG, EXPECT, PROMISE, WANT,
WISH, WOULD LIKE
 verb + to infinitive Ex:
3. ASK → She asked to come.
 verb + noun + (not) to V She asked us to come.
pronoun
WANT → They want to visit you soon.
They want you to visit them
soon.
4. Trong caáu truùc caâu It + take + O + (time) + to-inf
5. Sau caùc tính töø Glad, happy, ready, kind….
6. Sau phoù töø Enough, too…
7. Bieåu ñaït muïc ñích In order to / so as to
3. VERB – ING
1. Sau moät soá ñoäng töø
Allow : cho phép Finish : hoàn thành Resent : oán giận
Admit : thừa nhận Imagine : tưởng tượng Resist : chống cự lại
Appreciate: đánh giá cao Keep : cứ tiếp tục Suggest : đề nghị
Avoid : tránh Miss : trượt, bỏ lỡ Can’t help
Consider : xem xét Mind : phiền long, Go : đi
Deny : phủ nhận, Postpone : hoãn lại Look forward to : trông chờ
Enjoy : thích Practice : thực hành
Escape : trốn thoát Quit : từ bỏ

2. Trong caáu truùc caâu: How about / what about,

3. Sau giới từ: with, without, in, on, of……

Note:
Có một số động từ khi được theo sau bởi đại từ thì dùng infinitive
còn khi không có đại từ theo sau sẽ dùng gerund như: “allow,
permit, recommend, advise…..”
Ex : The teacher permitted them to turn the assignments in late.
The teacher permitted going out.
allow
permit
→ S + recomment + O + to verb
advise

allow
permit

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 → S+ recomment + Ving
advise

VERB + INFINITIVE / GERUND

 The verbs listed below may be followed by either an infinitive or a gerund with
little or no change in meaning:
Begin (bắt đầu) Like (thích)
Continue (tiếp tục) Love (ưa thích)
Can’t bear (không thể chịu được) Prefer (thích hơn)
Hate (ghét) Start (bắt đầu, khởi sự)
Ex:
LIKE I like swimming in the sea. PREFER She prefers working at night.
I like to swim in the sea. She prefers to work at night.
Note:
_ Người Anh sử dụng (like + to infinitive) để diễn tả thích một việc gì vì thấy việc đó
là đúng hoặc có lợi.

Ex: I like to go to the dentist’s for a check-up every six months.

_ Họ sử dụng (like + gerund) để nói thích một việc gì không cần phải có lý do là việc
đó có tốt hay không.
Ex: He likes gambling.

 The verbs below may be followed by either an infinitive or a gerund, but it

changes the meaning:
1. “Remember, forget, regret ” khi đi với infinitive hoặc gerund theo sau đều
được, nhưng tùy theo nghĩa của nó trong câu :
 “Remember, forget, reget” _ infinitive  Chỉ hành động ở
tương lai.
 “Remember, forget, reget” _ Gerund  Chỉ hành động đã
qua.

Ex: Please remember to return the book tomorrow.

I remember putting my hat somewhere in this room.

I’m afraid he will forget to write to me.

I’m never forget seeing him the first time.
2.
 “stop” _ infinitive  Ngừng để làm việc khác.
 “stop” _ gerund  Đang làm việc gì đó thì ngừng lại không làm
nữa.

Ex: He stopped to eat. He listened to music.

I’m too tired. I stop working for a moment.

3.
 “try” _ infinitive  Ngụ ý “cố gắng”
 “try”_ gerund  ngụ ý “ thử xem” hay “ thí nghiệm”
Ex: I will try to help you.
He tried gardening, keeping pigs but didn’t succeed in any of them.

30
 4. Các động từ chỉ giác quan: “hear, see, feel, notice, watch,….”

 Khi đi với infinitive là chú ý sự hoàn tất của hành động.

 Khi đi với gerund thì chú ý sự tiếp diễn của hành động.
Ex : I hear him come in.
I see the dog running across the street.


REPORTED SPEECH
CÁCH ĐỔI MỘT CÂU TRỰC TIẾP SANG CÂU GIÁN TIẾP
Muốn đổi một câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp, ta phải bỏ dấu “ “, thay
thế dấu (:) bằng từ “that” và thay đổi ba yếu tố về:
1. Ngôi
2. Thì của động từ
3. Trạng từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn
 NGÔI
 YOU / YOUR → đổi theo người nghe (object)
 I / WE / MY / OUR / ME / US → đổi theo người nói (subject)
 HE / SHE / IT / Tên người → giữ nguyên không đổi

1st persons 3rd persons

I He, she
Me Him,her
My His, her
Mine His,her
Myself Himself, herself
We They
Us Them
Our Their
Ours Theirs
Ourselves themselves

Note:

 Subject + says to + O no change TENSE

Says

31
 Ex: Mary says “I come to school by bus”
→ Mary says she comes to school by bus.

 Advise sentence no change TENSE

Ex: My teacher said to me “You should do more exercises.”

→ My teacher asked me that I should do more excercises.
 Thì của động từ, trạng từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn:
DIRECTED
REPORTED SPEECH
SPEECH
present simple past simple
present continuous past continuous
present perfect past perfect
present perfect
past perfect continuous
continuous
past simple past perfect
past continuous past perfect continuous
TENSES past perfect
past perfect continuous
continuous
simple future would + verb (infinitive)
must had to
have to had to
should should
ought to ought to
can could
may might
yesterday the day before / the previous day
ago before
the week before / the previous
last week
week
now then
TIME
today that day
tonight that night
the day after; the next / following
tomorrow
day
the week after / the following
next week
week

32
 here there
PLACE
there there

DEMONSTRATIVE this that

HEADS these those

 command: (Câu mệnh lệnh)

 S + said to + O “ V1… ”

 S + told + O to V1
asked

 S + said to + O “ Don’t V1… ”

 S + told + O not to V1
asked

 Request: (Câu đề nghị)

 S + said to + O “ Can / could + V1… ”

Will / would
 S + told + O to V1
asked

 Advice: (câu lời khuyên)

 S + said + “ S + should + V1… ”

 S + said that S + should + V1

 S + said to + O “ S + should + V1… ”

 S + told + O (that) S + should + V1

advised
 Yes – No Question

 S + said to + O “ ……………… ”

 S + asked + O if S +V
wanted to know whether
wondered
33
  Wh question :

S + asked + O + wh question + S + V

PASSIVE VOICE

Active : Subject + Verb + Direct object

Passive : Subject + Be + Past participle + by + object

Active ( chuû ñoäng ) S V O

The thief stole The car

Passive (bò ñoäng) The car was stolen by the

thief
 Note:
 Caâu chuû ñoäng ôû thì naøo thì ñoäng töø “BE” trong caâu bò ñoäng ôû
thì aáy.
 Khi ñoåi sang caâu bò ñoäng neân boû “by me, by him, by her, ……., by
someone, by people” neáu khoâng muoán neâu roõ taùc nhaân.
 Caùc traïng töø chæ nôi choán ñöôïc ñaët tröôùc “by”
 Caùc traïng töø chæ thôøi gian ñöôïc ñaët sau “by”
 S + be + V3/ed + adv of place + BY + adv of time.
 S + be + adv of maner + V3/ed + BY ………..

34
 Tense Active Passive
Simple Present V1 / Vs-es am, is, are + V3/ed
Present Continuous am, is, are + V-ing am, is, are + being + V3/ed
Present Perfect have/has + V3/ed have/has + been + V3/ed
Simple past V2/ed was, were + V3/ed
Past Continuous was, were + V-ing was, were + being + V3/ed
Past Perfect had + V3/ed had + been + V3/ed
Simple future will + V will + be + V3/ed
Near future am, is , are + going to V0 am, is, are + going to be + V3
Conditional would + V would + be + V3/ed
Perfect
would + have + V3/ed would + have + been+ V3/ed
conditional
can + V0 to can + be + V3/ed
could + V0 to could + be + V3/ed
have to + V0 to have to + be + V3/ed
may + V0 to may + be + V3/ed
Động từ khiếm might + V0 to might + be + V3/ed
khuyết (Modal) must + V0 to must+ be + V3/ed
should + V0 to should + be + V3/ed
ought + V0 to ought + be + V3/ed
used to + V0 to used to + be + V3/ed
would + V0 to would + be + V3/ed
Modal perfect / Past
MODAL + HAVE + V3 MODAL + HAVE BEEN + V3/ed
modal
Infinitive TO V TO BE + V3/ed
Gerund Ving BEING + V3/ed
SPECIAL PASSIVE VOICE
I. Động từ có hai bổ ngữ:

1. Động từ với giới từ TO: give, lend, send, show …

Active: John will give me this book. (=John will give this book to me.)
Passive1: I will be given this book by John.
Passive2: This book will be given to me by John.

2. Động từ với giới từ FOR: buy, make, get, …:

Active: He bought her a rose. (= He bought a rose for her.)
Passive1: She was bought a rose.
Passive2: A rose was bought for her.

II. Đô ̣ng từ chỉ quan điểm (verbs of opinion)

 với chủ ngữ là They / People + say / think / believe… that …):
 Các đô ̣ng từ chỉ quan điểm như: think, believe, say, report, know, expect,
consider, understand, ... thường được sử dụng theo các dạng cấu trúc bị đô ̣ng có
ngôi và không ngôi (personal / impersonal construction) như sau:

35
 Active:S1 + say, believe … + (that) + S2 + V2 + …
Passive 1: It + Be + V3 (said, believed …) + that + S2 + V2
Passive 2: S2 + Be + V3 (said, believed …) + Vto (V2) + …

Lưu ý: Nếu hành động ở mệnh đề ‘THAT’ xảy ra trước hành động ở mệnh đề chính,
chúng ta sử dụng ‘Perfect Infinitive’ (= to have + V3). Nếu hành động ở mệnh đề
‘THAT’ xảy ra sau hoặc cùng lúc với hành động ở mệnh đề chính, chúng ta sử dụng Vto
(nguyên mẫu có TO).

1) Active: People say that he has lost his job.

Passive 1: It is said (that) he has lost his job. (impersonal construction)
Passive 2: He is said to have lost his job. (personal construction)

2) Active: People know that she works hard.

Passive 1: It is known (that) she works hard.
Passive 2: She is known to work hard.

3) Active:People think he left the country last night.

Passive 1: It is thought (that) he left the country last night.
Passive 2: He is thought to have left the country last night.

III. Đô ̣ng từ chỉ tri giác (verbs of perception): see, watch, hear,…
Active: S + V + O + bare infinitive / Ving
Passive: S + be + V3 + to-infinitive / Ving

1) Active: People saw him steal your car.

Passive: He was seen to steal your car.

2) Active: The teacher is watching them work.

Passive: They are being watched working by the teacher.

IV. Đô ̣ng từ cầu khiến (causative verb):

1) Với GET , HAVE (Something done):

Active: S + Have + Complement + Vo + … / S
+ Get + Complement + to V + …/ S

Have
Passive: S+ + Complement + V3 + …
Get

Active: Complement = usually person

Passive: Complement = usually thing

Active: I’ll have John repair my bicycle.

I’ll get John to repair my bicycle.

Passive: I’ll have my bicycle repaired. (= by John)

He has his car washed once a week.
(= Somebody at the garage washes the car for him)

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 Lưu ý: Các đô ̣ng từ dưới đây khi chuyển sang bị đô ̣ng đều được đưa về hình thức cấu
khiền:

tell / ask / order + sb + to do sth.

pay + sb + for doing sth
get / hire / employ + sb + to do sth
Active: arrange + for sb + to do sth
tip + sb + for doing sth
prepare + for sb + to do sth

→ Passive: Have / Get + sth + done.

1) Active: He is employing a boy to pick up apples.

Passive: He is having apples picked up.

2) Active: The Brown have prepared for a man to fix the air-conditioner.
Passive: The Brown has had the air-conditioner fixed.

2) Với MAKE:

Active: S + Make + O + V0 + …
Passive: S + Be + made + to V + …

1) Active: They made him work hard.

Passive: He was made to work hard.

2) Active: The news has made me laugh.

Passive: I have been made to laugh.

IV. Với NEED:

Active: S (người) + Need +to V + O (vâ ̣t)

Need + Ving
Passive: S (vâ ̣t) + Need + To be + V3

1) Active: John and his brother need to paint the house.

Passive1: The house needs painting
Passive2: The house needs to be painted.

2) Active: The floor is dirty.

Passive1: It (the floor) needs to be cleaned.
Passive2: It (the floor) needs cleaning.

V. Các đại từ bất định mang nghĩa phủ định: No one, Nobody, Anyone, Anything
(dạng Any + / No +):

1) Active: No one can answer this question. ( đô ̣ng từ khẳng định)
Passive: This question can’t be answered. ( đô ̣ng từ phủ định)

37
 2) Active: They haven’t done anything. ( đô ̣ng từ phủ định)
Passive: Nothing has been done. ( đô ̣ng từ khẳng định)

VI. Với cấu trúc yêu cầu (request) và mênh

̣ lênh
̣ (imperative):
 Câu yêu cầu:
Active: Imperative (V0) + O + Vto
Passive: Let + O + Be + V3 + Vto

1) Active: Tell him to wait.

Passive: Let him be told to wait.

2) Active: Don’t let the others see you.

Passive: Don’t let yourself be seen.

 Câu mê ̣nh lê ̣nh:

Active: Imperative (V0) + O + Vto
Passive: S + must / mustn’t + Be + V3

1) Active: Close your book.

Passive: Your book must be closed.

2) Active: Don't touch this button.

Passive: This button mustn't be touched.

VII. Với mô ̣t số đô ̣ng từ / cấu trúc đă ̣c biêt:̣

 begin / continue:
1) Active: People begin to explore the internet.
Passive: The internet begins to be explored.

2) Active: We continued rehearsing the play after the break.

Passive: The play continued being rehearsed after the break.

 S + like/ love/ expect/ want/ wish + to do sth  S + …. sth to be done.

S + like/ love/ expect/ want/ wish + so + to do sth  S + … sth to be done.
S + like/ love/ expect/ want/ wish + so + to V + O (S = O)  S + … to be done.

1) Active: He likes to take away the books.

Passive: He likes the books to be taken away.

2) Active: They expect people to dig the garden.

Passive: They expect the garden to be dug.

3) Active: He likes people to call him Proffessor.

Passive: He likes to be called Proffessor.
4) Active: She wants you to spend her more money.
Passive: She wants to be sent more money.

VIII. Với cấu trúc: It is (im)possible to do sth  sth can / can’t be done.
1) Active: It is possible to type the letter now.
Passive: The letter can be typed now.
2) Active: It was impossible to start the machine by electricity then.
Passive: The machine couldn't be started by electricity then.

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It is + one's duty + to do sth  S + be + supposed + to do sth.
(có bổn phận, trách nhiệm phải làm)

Active: It is your duty to clean the room.

Passive: You are supposed to clean the room.

IX. Cấu trúc bị đô ̣ng sử dụng SHOULD + BE + V3

Active: It is/was important/necessary/essantial/crucial/advisable/better/only right
+ to do sth
Passive: It is/was + … + that sth should be + V3

Active: It is necessary to repaint the door.

Passive: It is necessary that the door should be repainted.

Active: Advise / beg / urge / order + sb + to do sth

Passive: V… + that sth should be + V3

Active: I advised her to make artificial flowers.

Passive: I advised that artificial flowers should be made.

Active: Agree/ arrange/ determine/ decide/ demand/ be anxious/ be determined +

to do sth
Passive: V… + that sth should be + V3

Active: We agreed to cut the cake in half.

Passive: We agreed that the cake should be cut in half.

Active: Insist on / suggest / propose / recommend / advise + V-ing + O

Passive: … + that S should be + V3

Active: She suggested taking photographs by the lake.

Passive: She suggested that photographs should be taken by the lake.

Active: S + love / enjoy / like / hate / mind + people + V-ing + O

Passive1: S + V… + being + V3 (S = O)
Passive2: S + V… + having + O + V3 (S  O)

Active: I love people admiring me.

Passive1: I love being admired.

Active: I love people admiring my house.

Passive2: I love having my house admired.

39
 THE CONDITIONAL SENTENCE

TYPE IF CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE

* Present simple: S1 + V
S2 + Vs/es
Present simple: * Future simple: S + will + V
I S1 + V * Modals :
Real condition S2 + Vs/es can
may
S + must +V
ought to
should

Past subjunctive would

II S + were S + could +
Unreal condition S + V2 / Ved V
in the present might
should

III past perfect

would
Unreal condition S + had + V / V S+ could + have + V3/ Ved
3 ed
in the past might
should

Note:
 Không dùng thì future simple cho mệnh đề if ở câu điều kiện loại I.

40
  Past subjunctive: dùng hình thức quá khứ của động từ, đối với động từ “to
be” dùng WERE cho tất cả các ngôi.

Ex:
I 1) If I have the money, I will buy a new car.
Real 2) We will have plenty of time to finish the project before dinner
condition if it is only ten o’clock now.
II 1) If I had the time, I would go to the beach with you this
Unreal weekend,
condition (I don’t have the time _ I’m not going to the beach with
you)
in the
present
2) He would tell you about it if he were here.
(He won’t tell you about it _ He’s not here)
If we had known that you were there, we would have written
you a letter.
(We didn’t know that you were there _ We didn’t write you a
III letter)
Unreal
condition She would have sold the house if she had found the right
in the past buyer.
(She didn’t sell the house _ She didn’t find the right
buyer)

 It is also possible to indicate a past unreal condition without using the word
if. In this case, the auxiliary had is placed before, rather than after, the subject.
This clause will usually come first in the sentence.

Had + subject + { verb in past participle }

Had we known that you were there, We would have written you a letter
Had she found the right buyer, she would have sold the house

HOPE / WISH
These two verbs, while they are similar in meaning, are not at all the same
grammatically. The verb hope is used to indicate something that possibly
happened or will possibly happen. The verb wish is used to indicate something
that definitely did not happen or definitely will not happen. The verb hope can
be followed by any tense. The verb wish must NOT be followed by any present
tense verb or present tense auxiliary. Be sure that you understand the difference
in the following sentences wish and hope.
Ex : We hope that they will come.
(We don’t know if they are coming.)

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 We wish that they could come.
(They are not coming.)
We hope that they came yesterday.
(We don’t know if they came.)
We wish that they had come yesterday.
(They didn’t come)

FUTURE WISH

Would + verb
 
Subject + wish + (that) + Subject + could + verb
Were + {verb +ing}

Subject can be the same or different.

Ex: We wish that you could come to the party tonight.

(You can’t come.)
I wish that you would stop saying that.
(You probably won’t stop.)
She wishes that she were coming with us.
(She is not coming with us)

PRESENT WISH
Subject + wish + (that) + subject + simple past tense ……

Ex: I wish that I had enough time to finish my homework.

(I don’t have enough time.)
We wish that he were old enough to come with us.
(He is not old enough.)
They wish that they didn’t have to go to class today.
(They have to go to class.)

PAST WISH

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 past perfect
Subject + wish + (that) + subject + could + have +{verb in past participle}

Ex: I wish that I had washed the clothes yesterday.

(I didn’t wash the clothes.)

She wishes that she could have been there.

(She couldn’t be there.)

We wish that we had had more time last night.

(We didn’t have more time.)

COMPARISON
1. So sánh ngang bằng

Cấu trúc sử dụng là as .... as

S + V + as + {adj/ adv} + as + {noun/ pronoun}

My book is as interesting as yours.

His car runs as fast as a race car.
Nếu là câu phủ định, as thứ nhất có thể thay bằng so.

He is not as tall as his father.

He is not so tall as his father.

Khi so sánh bằng danh từ, sử dụng cấu trúc sau:

S + V + the same + (noun) + as + {noun/ pronoun}

My house is as high as his.

My house is the same height as his.

Chú ý rằng ngược nghĩa với the same...as là different from... Không bao giờ
dùng different than. Sau đây là một số ví dụ khác về so sánh bằng danh từ.

These trees are the same as those.

He speaks the same language as she.
Her address is the same as Rita’s.
Their teacher is different from ours.
She takes the same course as her husband.

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2. So sánh hơn kém

Chú ý: 

1. Chỉ một số phó từ là có đuôi –er, bao gồm: faster, quicker, sooner, latter. 
2. Nhớ dùng dạng thức chủ ngữ của đại từ sau than, không được dùng dạng
tân ngữ. 
Ví dụ về so sánh không ngang bằng:

John’s grades are higher than his sister’s.

Today is hotter than yesterday.
This chair is more comfortable than the other.
He speaks Spanish more fluently than I. (không dùng than me)
He visits his family less frequently than she does.
This year’s exhibit is less impressive than last year’s.

So sánh không ngang bằng có thể được nhấn mạnh bằng cách thêm much
hoặc far trước cụm từ so sánh.

A waterlemon is much sweeter than a a lemon.

His car is far better than yours.

Henry’s watch is far more expensive than mine.

That movie we saw last night was much more interesting than the one on TV.
She dances much more artistically than her predecessor.
He speaks English much more rapidly than he does Spanish.

Danh từ cũng được dùng để diễn đạt phép so sánh ngang bằng hoặc
hơn/kém. Chú ý dùng tính từ bổ nghĩa đúng với danh từ đếm được hoặc
không đếm được.

44
 He earns as much money as his brother.
They have as few classes as we.
Before payday, I have as little money as my brother.

I have more books than she.

February has fewer days than March.
Their job allows them less fredom than ours does.

Khi so sánh một người/ một vật với tất cả những người hoặc vật khác phải
thêm else sau anything/anybody...

He is smarter than anybody else in the class.

Lưu ý: 

 Đằng sau as và than của các mệnh đề so sánh có thể loại bỏ chủ ngữ nếu nó
trùng hợp với chủ ngữ thứ nhất, đặc biệt là khi động từ sau than và as ở dạng
bị động. Lúc này than và as còn có thêm chức năng của một đại từ quan hệ
thay thế. 
        Their marriage was as stormy as had been expected 
        (Incorrect: as it had been expected).
        He worries more than was good for him.
        (Incorrect: than it/what was good for him).

 Các tân ngữ cũng có thể bị loại bỏ sau các động từ ở mệnh đề sau THAN và
AS: 
        Don’t lose your passport, as I did last year. 
        (Incorrect: as I did it last year).
        They sent more than I had ordered. 
        (Incorrect: than I had ordered it).
        She gets her meat from the same butcher as I go to.
        (Incorrect: as I go to him).

3. Phép so sánh không hợp lý 

Khi dùng câu so sánh nên nhớ các đối tượng dùng để so sánh phải tương
đương nhau: người với người, vật với vật. Các lỗi thường mắc phải khi sử
dụng câu so sánh không hợp lý được chia làm 3 loại: sở hữu cách, that of và
those of.

45
Sở hữu cách:

Incorrect: His drawings are as perfect as his instructor. 

                (Câu này so sánh các bức tranh với người chỉ dẫn)
Correct: His drawings are as perfect as his instructor’s. 
                (instructor's = instructor's drawings)

4. So sánh bội số

So sánh bội số là so sánh: bằng nửa (half), gấp đôi (twice), gấp ba (three
times),...

Không được sử dụng so sánh hơn kém mà sử dụng so sánh bằng, khi so
sánh phải xác định danh từ là đếm được hay không đếm được, vì đằng trước
chúng có many/much 

This encyclopedy costs twice as much as the other one.

Jerome has half as many records now as I had last year. 
At the clambake last week, Fred ate three times as many oysters as Bob.

Các lối nói: twice that many/twice that much = gấp đôi ngần ấy... chỉ được
dùng trong khẩu ngữ, không được dùng trong văn viết.

        We have expected 80 people at that rally, but twice that many showned
up. (twice as many as that number).

5. So sánh kép

Là loại so sánh với cấu trúc: Càng... càng... Các Adj/Adv so sánh phải đứng ở
đầu câu, trước chúng phải có The. Dùng một trong hai mẫu câu sau đây để so
sánh kép:

The + comparative + S + V + the + comparative +

S+V

The hotter it is, the more miserable I feel.

(Trời càng nóng, tôi càng thấy khó chịu)
The sooner you take your medicince, the better you will feel.
(Anh càng uống thuốc sớm bao nhiêu, anh càng cảm thấy dễ chịu bấy nhiêu)
The bigger they are, the faster they fall.
(Chúng càng to bao nhiêu thì càng rơi nhanh bấy nhiêu)

The more + S + V + the + comparative + S + V

46
 The more you study, the smarter you will become.
(Càng học, anh càng thông minh hơn)
The more I look into your eyes, the more I love you.
(Càng nhìn vào mắt em, anh càng yêu em hơn)

Sau The more ở vế thứ nhất có thể thêm that nhưng không mẫu câu này
không phổ biến.

The more (that) you study, the smarter you will become.

Trong trường hợp nếu cả hai vế đều có chủ ngữ giả it is thì có thể bỏ chúng đi

The shorter (it is), the better (it is).

Hoặc nếu cả hai vế đều dùng to be thì bỏ đi

The closer to the Earth’s pole (is), the greater the gravitational force (is).

6. So sánh bậc nhất (từ 3 đối tượng trở lên)

Dùng khi so sánh 3 người hoặc 3 vật trở lên, một trong số đó là ưu việt nhất
so với các đối tượng còn lại về một mặt nào đó. Để biến tính từ và phó từ
thành dạng so sánh bậc nhất, áp dụng quy tắc sau:

 Đối với tính từ và phó từ ngắn: thêm đuôi -est. 

 Đối với tính từ và phó từ dài: dùng most hoặc least. 

 Trước tính từ hoặc phó từ so sánh phải có the. 

 Dùng giới từ in với danh từ số ít đếm được. 

 Dùng giới từ of với danh từ số nhiều đếm được. 

John is the tallest boy in the family.

Deana is the shortest of the three sisters.
These shoes are the least expensive of all.
Of the three shirts, this one is the prettiest.

Sau cụm từ one of the + so sánh bậc nhất + noun phải đảm bảo chắc chắn
rằng noun phải là số nhiều, và động từ phải chia ở số ít.

One of the greatest tennis players in the world is Johnson.

Kuwait is one of the biggest oil producers in the world.

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Các phó từ thường không có các hậu tố -er hoặc –est. Chúng được chuyển
sang dạng so sánh tương đối bằng cách thêm more hoặc less; sang dạng so
sánh tuyệt đối bằng cách thêm most hoặc least phía trước chúng. 

Sal drove more cautiously than Bob.

Joe dances more gracefully than his partner.
That child behaves most carelessly of all.

Một số các tính từ hoặc phó từ mang tính tuyệt đối thì không được dùng so
sánh bậc nhất, hạn chế dùng so sánh hơn kém, nếu buộc phải dùng thì bỏ
more, chúng gồm: unique/ extreme/ perfect/ supreme/ top/ absolute/prime/
primary 

His drawings are perfect than mine.

TAG-QUESTION
(Câu hỏi đuôi)
Công thức : S + V + O , [] + ĐẠI TỪ ?

Trong đó :

Đại từ : Lấy chủ từ câu đầu đổi thành đại từ

Đàn ông ---> he
Đàn bà ----> she
Vật (số ít ) --- -> it
There --- -> there
This --- -> it
That --- -> it
These --- -> they
Those --- -> they
Số nhiều ----> they 

Các đại từ như : they, he she ... thì giữ nguyên

[] : nhìn ở câu đầu nếu có động từ đặc biệt thì chuyển thành [] nếu
không có thì mựơn trợ động từ do.does ,did 

Những động từ đặc biệt có thể chuyển ra vị trí [] mà không cần phải
mượn trợ động từ là:
- is, am, are, was, were 
- wil, would 
- can, could 
- may, might 
- should 
- had ( better) 
- have, has, had ( + p.p) - lưu ý nếu phía sau không có p.p ( cột 3)
thì không được xem là động từ đặc biệt

- Nếu câu đầu có NOT, hoặc các yếu tố phủ định như : never, rarely,
no, hardly ...., thì [] không có NOT, nếu câu đầu không có

48
NOT thì [] có NOT

CHÚ Ý:

I am --------> Aren't I ? (nhưng nếu là : I am not ... thì lại

dùng : am I ? )
Let's ....--------> shall we?
Nobody, no one, everyone, everybody ...-----------------> [] they?
Someone, somebody -------------> [] he

- Câu mệnh lệnh (không có chủ từ ) -------> Will you ?

Ex:
Lan can go, can't she? (Động từ đặt biệt đem can ra sau)
Tom likes it, doesn't he? (Không có động từ đặt biệt nên mượn trợ
động từ does)
the dogs won't run, will they? (Câu đầu có not nên câu sau không có
not)
Go out with me, will you? (Câu mệnh lệnh)
Don't take it, will you? (Mệnh lệnh, dù có not hay không cũng
dùng will you)
I am a student, aren't I?

MỘT SỐDẠNG ĐẶC BIỆT

1) Câu đầu là I WISH:

Dùng MAY 

Ex: I wish to study English, may I ?

2) Chủ từ là ONE:

Dùng you hoặc one

Ex: One can be one’s master, can’t you/one?

3) Câu đầu có MUST:

Must có nhiều cách dùng cho nên tùy theo cách dùng mà sẽ có câu
hỏi đuôi khác nhau

*Must chỉ sự cần thiết: => dùng needn’t

Ex: They must study hard, needn’t they?

49
*Must chỉ sự cấm đoán: => dùng must

Ex: You mustn’t come late, must you?

*Must chỉ sự dự đoán ở hiện tại: => dựa vào động từ theo sau must

Ex: He must be a very intelligent student, isn’t he?

(anh ta ắt hẳn là 1 học sinh rất thông minh, phải không ?)

* Must chỉ sự dự đoán ở quá khứ (trong công thức must +have+

p.p): => dùng [ ] là have/has

Ex: You must have stolen my bike, haven’t you?

(bạn chắc hẵn là đã lấy cắp xe của tôi, phải không?)

4) Let đầu câu:

Let đầu câu có nhiều dạng cần phân biệt:

* Let trong câu rủ (let’s): dùng shall we ?

Ex: Let’s go out, shall we? 

* Let trong câu xin phép (let us /let me): dùng will you?

Ex: Let us use the telephone, will you?

Let me have some drink, will you?

* Let trong câu đề nghị giúp người khác (let me): dùng may I?

Ex: Let me help you do it, may I?

5) Câu cảm thán:

Lấy danh từ trong câu đổi thành đại từ, [ ] dùng is, am, are

Ex: What a beautiful dress, isn’t it?

What a stupid boy, isn’t he?

How intelligent you are, aren’t you?

6) Câu đầu có I + các động từ sau: think, believe, suppose, figure,

assume, fancy, imagine, reckon, expect, seem, feel + mệnh đề phụ:

50
Lấy mệnh đề phụ làm câu hỏi đuôi.

Ex: I think he will come here, won’t he?

I don’t believe Mary can do it, can she? (lưu ý mệnh đề chính

có not thì vẫn tính như ở mệnh đề phụ) 

Cùng mẫu này nhưng nếu chủ từ không phải là I thì lại dùng mệnh
đề đầu làm câu hỏi đuôi.

Ex: She thinks he will come, doesn’t she?

7) Câu đầu có It seems that + mệnh đề 

Lấy mệnh đề làm câu hỏi đuôi.

Ex: It seems thatyou are right, aren’t you?

8) Chủ từ là mệnh đề danh từ:

Dùng it

Ex: What you have said is wrong, isn’t it?

Why he killed himself seemsa secret, doesn’t it?

51
 RELATIVE CLAUSES

I. RELATIVE PRONOUNS :

Chữ đứng trước

Chỉ người Chỉ vật
Chức năng
Chủ ngữ (Subject) WHO/THAT WHICH/THAT
Tân ngữ (Object) WHOM /THAT WHICH/THAT
Sở hửu (possessive) WHOSE OF WHICH (WHOSE)

Ex:
1) I saw the woman. She wrote the book.

 I saw the woman who wrote the book.

2) I know the man. You wat to meet him.

 I know the man whom you want to meet.

3) The girl is my sister. You took the girl’s picture.

 The girl whose picture you took is my sister.

4) He showed me his car. The engine of the car is good.

 He shows me his car, the engine of which is good.

II. RELATIVE ADVERBS:

Relative adverb Meaning Use

Refers to a time expression WHEN at / in / on which
Refers to a place WHERE at / in / at which
Refers to a reason WHY for which

Ex:
1) Monday is the day. We will come then.
 Monday is the day when we will come.

2) I never forget the village. I was born there

 I never forget the village where I was born.

 Not be used in cases that:

+ After prepositions:
Ex: The girl to (whom / that) I was talking yesterday is my sister.
—» The girl to whom I was talking yesterday is my sister.

52
 + Clause relations are not limited:
Ex: Mary, (who / that) sits next to me, is good at maths.
—» Mary, who sits next to me, is good at maths.

 Required to use that in these cases:

+ After nouns both human and animals, things
Ex: I saw a lot of people and vehicles that were moving to the
market.

+ After the word extreme in comparison superlative:

Ex: Yesterday was one of the hottest days that I have ever known.

+ After the opening by saying 'It is / was ...'

Ex: It is the teacher that is Important, not the kind of school he
teaches in.

+ After 'all, everybody, everything, nothing, nobody...'

Ex: Answer all the questions that I Asked.

53
 SUBJECT & VERB AGREEMENT
I. Singular Verb:

1). Each/Every/either/neither + singular noun  singular

verb

Ex: Each student has a book.

2). Each /Every + singular noun + Each/Every + singular

noun  singular verb

Ex: Every girl and every boy has book.

3). More than one + singular noun  singular verb

Ex: More than one person has know the news

4). Hai danh từ cùng chỉ một đối tượng.

Ex: My best friend and adresser, Jonh, is coming tonight

Bread and butter are my favorite breakfast food.

5). Chủ từ là Gerund hoặc to infinitive thì đi với động từ

chia ở ngôi số ít

Ex: Making early career decisions is important.

To make early career descions is important.

II. Singular or plural verb :

1). Either / Neither / None + OF N Plural Verb

Singular verb

2). No + Singular noun singular verb

Plural noun plural verb

Ex : No people look alike.

No student is in the class

54
3). All, some, plenty, Singular noun Singular
verb
+ OF
Half, part, a lot Plural noun plural verb

4). A number of + plural noun + plural verb

The number of + plural noun + singular verb...

Ex: A number of students are going to the class picnic.

The number of days in a week is seven.

5). Động từ được chia theo noun đứng gần nó

Not only but also

Neither N1 nor N2 V(N2)
Either or
Not but

Ex: Neither you nor I am right

Not Jonh but his brothers go to the party

With
As well as
N1 Together with N2 V ( N1)
Besides
Accompanied by
In addition to

The manager, accompanied by his staff, is coming to the meeting

room.

The mother with her children is doing shopping in the market.

55
 CÁC QUY TẮC TRỌNG ÂM TRONG TIẾNG ANH
1. Most English words, having 2 or 3 syllables, are stressed on the
first syllable.
Hầu hết những chữ trong Tiếng Anh, có 2 hay 3 âm tiết, được nhấn vào âm
tiết đầu.
Ex: garden, student (2 syllables)
gardener, murderer (3 Syllables)

2. Words, having 2 syllables, are stressed on the 1st if they are

nouns or adjectives and on the 2nd if verbs.
Những chữ có 2 âm tiết được nhấn mạnh vào âm tiết thứ nhất nếu chữ đó là
danh từ hay tính từ và vào âm tiết thứ 2 nếu là động từ.

Ex: import, frequent (noun, adj)

become (verb)

3. The stress falls on the last syllable if the words are ended by :
Dấu nhấn rơi vào âm tiết cuối cùng nếu chữ tận cùng bằng :

AIN : ob’tain, re’tain,

AIRE : millio’naire
ADE : lemo’nade
EE : emplo’yee
EEN : canteen
EER : engi’neer
OO : bam’boo
ETTE : ciga’rette
ESE : VietNa’mese
OON : bal’loon
IQUE : tech’nique

Ex : de'gree, engi'neer, chi'nese, re'main, questio'naire, tech'nique (kĩ thuật),

pictu'resque

4. Dấu nhấn rơi vào âm tiết thứ 2 đếm ngược từ âm tiết cuối có chứa các vần
sau:

IT : in’herit
IA : encyclo’pedia
IAL : ma’terial
IAN : mu’sician
IAR : fa’miliar
IC : pa’cific; ’graphic
ICS : mathe’matics
IENCE : ex’perience

56
 IENT : con’venient
IER : ’soldier
ION : at’tention
IOUS : re’ligious
ENTAL: conti’nentaL
SURE : ’pleasure
UAL : ’factual

* Exceptions (ngoại lệ) :

arabic, catholic, choleric, arithmetic, lunatic, politics, rhetoric, benefit, deficit,
impoverish

5. Dấu nhấn rơi vào âm tiết thứ 3 đếm ngược từ âm tiết cuối có chứa
các vần sau:

ACY : de’mocracy,
ATE : ‘candidate; ‘celebrate; ‘concentrate
AL : ‘national; tra’ditional; inter’national
ETY : va’riety
ENCE : e’quivalence
ENT : ’government
ENTARY : ele’mentary
IZE : ’organize
ICAL : eco’nomical
INAL : o’riginal
ISON : com’parison
ITOR : ’editor
ITURE : ’furniture
ITY : ne’cessity
LOGY : tech’nology
OMY : e’conomy
PHY : pho’tography
OUS : ’humorous
TUDE : ’attitude
TRY : ’chemisrty
TURAL: ’natural
ULAR : ’popular
Cy, gy, phy : ‘tendency; bi’ology; ge’ography;

6. The stress remains unchange if the words are added by a prefix or

suffix or both of them.
Dấu nhấn không thay đổi nếu chữ được thêm một tiếp đầu ngữ, một tiếp vĩ
ngữ hay cả hai.

Ex: happy -----> unhappy

happy -----> happiness

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

57
 SAMPLE SENTENCES
 1. PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF RESULT

A. PHRASES OF RESULT: CỤM TỪ CHỈ KẾT QUẢ

1. Quá …..không thể
S + V + TOO + ADJ/ADV + (FOR somebody) + to verb
Hình thức TOO …… to verb: (Quá …..không thể) được dùng để chỉ một
nguyên nhân đưa tới một kết quả phủ định
I couldn’t buy the furniture because it was too expensive.

......................................................................................................................
 The tea was so hot that I couldn’t to drink it.

......................................................................................................................
 I can’t get my feet into these shoes.

......................................................................................................................

2. Đủ …. Để có
S + V + ADJ/ADV + ENOUGH + (FOR somebody) + to verb

(Hình thức ENOUGH …… to verb được dùng để chỉ một nguyên nhân đưa tới
một kết quả tất nhiên)

 I’m shot. I wasn’t chosen to play for the school basketball team

......................................................................................................................
 The bread was so stale that we couldn’t eat it.

......................................................................................................................
 The boy is just 4 years old. He can’t stay at home alone.

......................................................................................................................

B. CLAUSES OF RESULT: MỆNH ĐỀ CHỈ KẾT QUẢ

1. Dùng với tính từ và phó từ:

 The river is too dirty for us to swim in.

58
 ......................................................................................................................
 The work is very hard. I can’t finish it on time.

......................................................................................................................
 This song is very simple. All of us can sing it..

......................................................................................................................
2. Dùng với danh từ đếm được số nhiều: 

Cấu trúc vẫn là so ... that nhưng phải dùng many hoặc few trước danh từ đó.

 I have a lot of students. I can’t remember all their names.

......................................................................................................................
 She bought a lot of clothes that she couldn’t wear them all.

......................................................................................................................
3.   Dùng với danh từ không đếm được:

Cấu trúc là so ... that nhưng phải dùng much hoặc little trước danh từ đó.

 It snowed a lot that we couldn’t go out.

There was ....................................................................................................

 He has invested a lot of money in the project. He can’t abandon it now.

......................................................................................................................

4. Such ……. that (quá nhiều …..đến mức là)  

Dùng với danh từ đếm được số ít:

S + V + such + a + adjective + singular count noun + that +

S+V

HOẶC

S + V + so + adjective + a + singular count noun + that +

S+V

59
  The exercise was so difficult that we couldn’t do it.

It was ............................................................................................................
 He has invested a lot of money in the project. He can’t abandon it now.

......................................................................................................................
It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors.
It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors.
It was such an interesting book that he couldn’t put it down.
It was so interesting a book that he couldn’t put it down.

5. Dùng such trước tính từ + danh từ:

They are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one.
This is such difficult homework that I will never finish it

 2. PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF CONCESSION

(CỤM TỪ VÀ MỆNH ĐỀ CHỈ SỰ NHƯỢNG BỘ)

A. PHRASES OF CONCESSION:

IN SPITE OF + N / N PHRASE / GERUND PHRASE

DESPITE
B. CLAUSES OF CONCESSION:

ALTHOUGH
THOUGH + S + V
EVEN THOUGH

 In spite of the noise, we kept studying.

We kept ........................................................................................................
 Jack remained disappointed although I encouraged him.

In ..................................................................................................................
 She has prepared everything but she still worried.

She is ...........................................................................................................

 3. PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF REASON

(CỤM TỪ VÀ MỆNH ĐỀ CHỈ LÝ DO)

A. PHRASES OF REASON:

BECAUSE OF
DUE TO + NOUN / NOUN PHRASE / GERUND PHRASE

60
 OWING TO
ON ACCOUNT OF

B. CLAUSES OF CONCESSION:

BECAUSE
SINCE + S + V
AS

 Everybody loves him because he behaves well.

......................................................................................................................

 The workshop was successful because she had prepared carefully.

.....................................................................................................................
 We were late because of the heavy traffic.

......................................................................................................................

 4. PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF PURPOSE

(CỤM TỪ VÀ MỆNH ĐỀ CHỈ MỤC ĐÍCH)

A. PHRASES OF PURPOSE:

IN ORDER TO
SO AS TO + V. BARE
TO

IN ORDER NOT TO
SO AS NOT TO + V. BARE

IN ORDER FOR + O + to-inf

 Mary gets up early every morning. She wants to learn her lessons.

......................................................................................................................
 We lower he volume of the radio. We don’t want to bother our
neighbours

......................................................................................................................

B. CLAUSES OF PURPOSE:

S + V(Present) + SO THAT + S + WILL/CAN + V. bare

+ IN ORDER THAT

S + V(Past) + SO THAT + S + WOULDL/COULD + V.bare

+ IN ORDER THAT

61
  She wore sunglass so that no one could recognize her.

......................................................................................................................
 Mary hid the novel under her pillow. She didn’t want her father to see it

......................................................................................................................

 5. IT + TAKES/TOOK + Sb + TIME + TO VERB

 My sister spent two days designing thar dress.

.....................................................................................................................
 I spend three hours doing my exercise.

......................................................................................................................

 6. SPEND / WASTE + TIME/MONEY + V.ING

SPEND / WASTE + TIME/MONEY + ON Sth

 It took me half an hour to go to school.

.....................................................................................................................
 It took him 2 months to finish the painting.

......................................................................................................................

 7. IT + BE + ADJ + (FOR Sb) + TO VERB

 Roses can’t possibly grow in such poor soil.

It is................................................................................................................
 Students don’t need to wear uniform today.

It is................................................................................................................

 8. S + BE + ADJ + (THAT) + S + V

 You didn’t study hard. You made me disappointed.

.....................................................................................................................
 You are going to visit us. We are delighted

......................................................................................................................

 9. PRESENT PERFECT AND SIMPLE PAST

1) S + V (Present Perfect) + SINCE + S + V ( Simple past)

 The last time I met her was when we attended an English course

.....................................................................................................................

62
2) IT + IS / HAS BEEN + (TIME) + SINCE + S + LAST + V (Simple Past)

 I haven’t spoken French for ages.

.....................................................................................................................
 The last time I went swimming was two years ago

......................................................................................................................

 She started going to the gym 2 weeks ago.

.....................................................................................................................

3) THE LAST TIME + S + V(Simple Past) + WAS + TIME + AGO

 I haven’t seen her for two years.

.....................................................................................................................
 It’s almost 2 years since I last met her.

......................................................................................................................

4) THIS IS THE FIRST / SECOND / THIRD TIME + S + V (Present Perfect)

THIS IS THE SUPERLATIVE + S + V (Present Perfect)

 This is my first visit to China.

.....................................................................................................................
 I have been here twice before.

This is............................................................................................................
 This is the first time I have tasted turkey.

I have............................................................................................................
 The orchestra has never performed outside London before.

This is the orchestras....................................................................................

5) HOW LONG IS IT SINCE + S + V (Simple Past) ?

 When did you buy this house?

......................................................................................................................

6) HOW LONG AGO + DID + S + V (Bare) ?

 When did you buy this house?

......................................................................................................................

7) S + HAVE/HAS + NOT + BEEN + IN + (PLACE)

 S + HAVE/HAS + NOT + GONE + TO + (PLACE)

63
  S + HAVE/HAS + NOT + LIVE + IN + (PLACE)

 The last time he went to America was over five years. Now he is in
France.

......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................

 10. HAVE / FACE (NO) DIFFICULTY / TROUBLE (IN) + V.ing

 Tom passed the test easily.

Tom had no...................................................................................................

 11. S1 + WOULD RATHER + S2 + V (Simple Past)

 I don’t want you to smoke in my room.

.....................................................................................................................

 She would like you to lay the table.

......................................................................................................................

 12. BE USED TO + V(Bare)

BE USED FOR + V.ing

 We use money to buy the food.

......................................................................................................................
 People use metal to make coins.

......................................................................................................................

 13. MAKE + S.O + V.bare

BE MADE + TO INF

 They made the boy work hard.

......................................................................................................................

 14. S + advise + O + to V

 If I were you, I would + V1

 You had better + V1
 You should (ought to ) + V1

Ex : I advise you to give up smorking.

 You had better give up smorking

64
  15. SUGGEST + V.ING
SUGGEST + THAT + S + SHOULD + V. bare
SUGGEST + THAT + S + V. bare

 “Why don’t you do morning exercise?” said my doctor.

......................................................................................................................
 The teacher said, “Let us elect Ha Long Bay t be one of the World
Wonders.

The teacher suggested that Ha Long Bay....................................................

 16. (not) necessary + for s.o + to V

 (not) need/have + to V
 There (be) no need + (for s.o) + to V

Ex : It isn’t necessary to finish the work today.

 You don’t have to finish the work today.

 You don’t need to finish the work today.
 There is no need for you to finish the work today.

 17. IT’S TIME + S + V (Simple Past)

IT’S ABOUT TIME + S + V (Simple Past)
IT’S HIGH TIME + S + V (Simple Past)
IT’S TIME + (For + O) + Infinitive
IT’S HIGH TIME + (For + O) + Infinitive
Ex : It’s ime you started to work.
It’s high time we set out.
It’s time we reviewed our lesson.
It’s time for her to go to bed.
It’s time to buy a car.

 18. INVERSION
1) If S should V1 = Should S V1
2) Is S were = Were S
3) If S had V3 = Had S V

Ex: If I hadn’t been there = Had I not been there

Trong một số trường hợp các phó từ không đứng ở vị trí bình thường của nó
mà đảo lên đứng ở đầu câu nhằm nhấn mạnh vào hành động của chủ ngữ.
Trong trường hợp đó ngữ pháp sẽ thay đổi, đằng sau phó từ đứng đầu câu là
trợ động từ rồi mới đến chủ ngữ và động từ chính:

John hardly remembers the accident that took his sister's life.
Hardly does John remember the accident that took his sister's life. 

65
 Never have so many people been unemployed as today.
    (So many people have never been unemployed as today)
Hardly had he fallen asleep when he began to dream of far-way lands.
    (He had hardly fallen asleep when he began to dream of far-way lands.)
Rarely have we seen such an effective actor as he has proven himself to be.
    (We have rarely seen such an effective actor as he has proven himself to
be.)
Seldom does class let out early.
    (Class seldom lets out early.)
Only by hard work will we be able to accomplish this great task.
    (We will be able to accomplish this great task only by hard work.)

 19. STRUCTURE

1) Cấu trúc

A therefore / so B
If (A), M(B)
A that’s why B

A because B If (B), M (A)

2) Thì:
 Hiện tại loại 2
 Quá khứ Loại 3

3) Thể:
 Khẳng định phủ định
 Phủ định khẳng định
EX:
a. He announced the news so late. That’s why she got upset thinking that her
husband had died.
 If he hadn’t announced the new so late, she wouldn’t have got upset
thinking that her husband had died.
b. The children are sick now because they played in rain for hours.
 If the children hadn’t played in rain for hours, they wouldn’t be sick now.
c. They didn’t do homework; the teacher would have punised them.

66
  If they had done homework, the teacher wouldn’t have punised them.

 IF  UNLESS = IF ….NOT

Ex:
a. If you study hard, you will pass the exam
 Unless you study hard, you won’t pass the exam.

b. If you don’t water the trees, they will die.

 Unless you water the trees, they will die.

 Unless luôn ở thể khẳng định

 If Unless : chỉ đổi thể của 1 mệnh đề

 If (khẳng định)  Unless (khẳng định), M (đổi sang thể ngược lại)
 If (phủ định)  Unless (khẳng định), M (giữ lại)

 20. No sooner + auxiliary + S + V + than + S + V

S1 + had + no sooner + V3/Ved + than + S2 + V2/Ved

Ex :
No sooner had we started out for California than it started to rain.

No sooner will he arrive than he will want to leave.

 21. Not only ..... but also (không những ... mà còn)

1). Robert is not only talented but also handsome. (adjective-adjective)

2). He writes not only correctly but also neatly. (adverb-adverb)
3). She can play not only the guitar but also the violin. (noun-noun)
4). She not only plays the piano but also composes music. (verb-verb)

67
 Thành phần sau but also thường quyết định thành phần sau not only.

Incorrect: He is not only famous in Italy but also in Switzerland. 

Correct: He is famous not only in Italy but also in Switzerland. 

 22. either... or (hoặc...hoặc) và neither... nor (không...mà cũng

không)

S1 + neither + nor + S2 + V
S1 + either + or + S2 + V

Điều cần lưu ý nhất khi sử dụng cấu trúc này là động từ phải chia theo danh
từ đi sau or hoặc nor. Nếu danh từ đó là số ít thì động từ chia ở ngôi thứ 3 số
ít và ngược lại. Nếu or hoặc nor xuất hiện một mình (không có either hoặc
neither) thì cũng áp dụng quy tắc tương tự (như đã đề cập ở phần trên)

Neither John nor his friends are going to the beach today.
Either John or his friends are going to the beach today.
Neither the boys nor Carmen has seen this movie before.
Either John or Bill is going to the beach today.
Neither the director nor the secretary wants to leave yet.

 23. More & most

 More + noun/noun phrase: dùng như một định ngữ 

        We need more time.
        More university students have to borrow money these days.

 More + of + personal/geographic names 

        It would be nice to see more of Ray and Barbara.
        (Rất hay khi được gặp Ray và Barbara thường xuyên hơn.)
        Five hundred years ago, much more of Britain was covered with trees.
        (500 năm trước đây, đa phần nước Anh phủ nhiều rừng hơn bây giờ
nhiều)

 More of + determiner/pronoun (a/ the/ my/ this/ him/ them...) 

        He is more of a fool than I thought. 
        (Nó là một thằng ngu hơn tôi tưởng nhiều)
        Three more of the missing climbers have been found. 
        Could I have some more of that smoked fish.
        I don’t think any more of them want to come. 

 One more/ two more... + noun/ noun phrase 

        There is just one more river to cross.

 Nhưng phải dùng cardinal number (số đếm) + noun + more (Five dollars
more) nếu more mang nghĩa thêm nữa. 
        He has contributed $50, and now he wants to contribute $50 more.

68
 Most + noun = Đa phần, đa số 
        Most cheese is made from cow’s milk.
        Most Swiss people understand French.

 Most + determiner/ pronoun (a, the, this, my, him...) = Hầu hết... 
        He has eaten 2 pizzas and most of a cold chicken.
        Most of my friends live abroad.
        She has eaten most of that cake.
        Most of us thought he was wrong. 

 Most cũng được dùng thay cho một danh từ, nếu ở trên, danh từ hoặc
chủ ngữ đó đã được nhắc đến. 
        Some people had difficulty with the lecture, but most understood.
        Ann and Robby found a lot of blackberries, but Susan found the most.

 Most + adjective khi mang nghĩa very (không phổ biến) 

That is most kind of you.
Thank you for a most interesting afternoon.

 Almost + all / every + N

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