THE 12 PRINCIPAL TENSES

From / time PRESENT PAST FUTURE

Simple Simple Present Simple past Simple future
Present Past Future
Continuous
continuous continuous continuous
Perfect Present perfect Past perfect Future perfect
Perfect Present perfect Past perfect Future perfect
continuous continuous continuous continuous

THE SIMPLE PRESENT

TO BE
 Form:
 Affirmative forms: (+)

Subject To be
I am
He, she, it and single noun is
You, we, they and plural noun are

 Negative forms: (-)

Subject To be + not
I am not
He, she, it and single noun is not = isn’t
You, we, they and plural noun are not = aren’t
 Question forms: (?)

To be Subject
Am I….?
Is He, she, it and single noun…?
are You, we, they and plural noun…?

Answer:
I am I am not

Yes, He, She, it is No, He, She, it is not

You, they, we are You, they, we are not

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DESCRIPTIONS WITH BE

Conditions and Characteristics

Use be with adjective to describe condition, physical characteristics, age,

1and
Usepersonality.
be with adjective to describe condition, physical characteristics, age, and personality.

Condition Physical Characteristic Age Personality

Jada is sick. The school is big. John is ten (years old). Lee is friendly.

Identifying and Describing Nouns

Use be with nouns to identify or define something, describe occupations, and

describe relationships.

Identifying describing Occupations describing relationship

It’s a map. He’s a game designer. Lisa is my friend

Location and Origin

3A. Use be with prepositions to describe location (where people or things are).
We also use words such as here, there, upstairs, and downstairs.
She’s not in class. She’s at home. They’re not here. They’re upstairs.

Use be with prepositions or adjectives to describe origin (the country where

people or things are from).
With Prepositions: They’re from Chile.
With Adjectives: They’re Chilean.

We use it with be for the time, the day/date, and the weather.

Time Day Weather

It’s eight o’clock. It’s Thursday. It’s cold and windy.

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 VERB
 From:
 Affirmative forms: (+)

Subject 1 +V Subject 1: I, You, we, they and plural noun

Subject 2 + Vs/es Subject 2: He, She, it and single noun
(Verbs end with o, s, x, z, ch, sh → es)

 Negative forms: (-)

Subject 1 + do not +V  do not = don’t

Subject 2 + does not + V  does not = doesn’t

 Question forms: (?)

Do + subject 1 + V…?
Does + subject2 + V…?

Answer:

Yes, subject1 + do No, subject1 + do not

subject2 + does subject2 + does not

 Use:
 To express habits or repeated action
 To express a general truth (which is always true at any time – past, present or
future)
 To express a decided or a planned future action.
 To express a schedule in future. (used in airport, train station, bus station)
Ex:
1. I get up at 5 a.m every morning.
2. The sun rises in the east.
3. Two and two are four.
4. The train leaves at 4 p.m.

 always, usually, often, sometime, rarely, never, every morning / afternoon /

evening / day / week / year

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

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  From:
1. Affirmative forms: (+) Subject + am / is / are + V-ing
2. Negative forms: ( -) subject + am / is / are + not + V-ing

3. Question forms: (?) Am / is / are + subject + V-ing….?

Ex: I am working at prensent.

She isn’t playing volleyball now.
Are you listening?

Answer:

→Yes, I am / No, I’m not

 Use:
 To express an action in progress (happening) at the moment of speaking.
 To express an action in progress, but are not happening at the exact moment of
speaking.
 To express a future planned or a near future action.
 To express a repeated action that annoys the speaker. (use with always)
Ex:
I am flying to London this Friday. I am going to fly to London.

Thứ sáu này tôi sẽ bay sang London. Tôi sẽ bay sang London

(Điều này có nghĩa là tôi đã mua vé (Điều này có nghĩa là việc bay sang
máy bay và đã xắp xếp cho chuyến London chỉ mới là dự định của tôi, chứ
bay này.) chưa nêu rõ là tôi đã xắp xếp mọi thứ
cho chuyến bay.)
 

 now, today, this week, this term, this year, right now, at present , at the
moment, at that time,
 Order sentence (Look, Listen, hurry up…).

Spelling of the verbs ending in -ing

1. For most verbs, add –ing to the base form of the verb.
sleep → slepping talk → talking

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2. If the base form ends in a single e, drop the e and add –ing (exception: be →
being). live → living write → writing

3. If the base form ends in ie, change ie to y add –ing.

die → dyng lie → lying

4. the base form of a one-syllable verbs ends with a single vowel + consonant,
double the final consonant and add –ing.
hit → hitting stop → stopping

(compare two vowels + consonant: eat → eating)

5. If the base form of a verb with two or more syllables ends in a single vowel +
consonant, double the final consonant only if the stress is on the final syllable. Do
not double the final consonant if the stress is not on the final syllable.

ad’mit → admitting be’gin → beginning

Compare:
de’velop → developing ‘listen → listening

6. Do not double the final consonant x, w, and y:

fix → fixing grow → growing obey → obeying

There are four main groups of state verbs that

are rarely used in continuous tenses
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Verbs of the mind and thinking:
Believe; think; assume; consider; understand; suppose…

Verbs of emotion:
Like; love; detest; hate; hope; prefer; wish; want…

Verbs of having and being:

Belong; own; cost; seem; appear; need; have…

Verbs of the senses:

See; hear, taste; smell

Some of these verbs can be used in continuous tenses when the verb
expresses an activity, not a state. However, the meaning changes slightly.
Compare the use of simple and continuous tenses in the following pairs of
sentences:

Ex: I think it’s a great idea. (‘Think’ as opinion → a state)

He’s thinking of emigrating. (“Think” as mental process → an activity)

I see what you mean. (“See” → meaning “understand”)

I’m seeing Jenny this afternoon. (“See” → meaning “meet”)

The soup tastes delicious. (A state)

I’m tasting the soup to see if it needs more salt. (an activity)



PRESENT PERFECT
 Form:
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  Affirmative : Subject + have / has + V3 (Ved )
 Negative : Subject + have / has + not + V3 (Ved)
 Question : Have / has + Subject + V3 (Ved)


Subject 1 : I, you, we, they, plural noun  Have
Subject 2 : He, She, it, singular noun  has

 have not = haven’t

has not = hasn’t

Ex : He has worked
He not worked
Has he worked?

 Use: The present perfect is used to express:

 A past action without definite time.
 An action that has been completed a relatively short time before the
moment of speaking. (usually with “just”)
Ex: I have just come.
 A past action continuing to the present.
 An action that started in the past and finishes or is still happening at the
moment of speaking. (Usually with “for” or “since”).
 The first of two actions in present or future.
Ex: He always does things after he has asked for my advice.
2 1
I’ll come here tomorrow when I have got some money.
2 1

 For + a period of time (duration of time)

Ten years
For
Two years

 Since + a point of time (beginning time)

August
Last year
Since Christmas
1975
Five o’clock

Subject + have/ has + V3/ Ved since S + V2

 Already – yet – just – not ever – never…

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  Already - just: in affirmative statements comes before the past participle
(v3).

Subject + have / has + already + [ verb in the past participle]

Ex: We have already written our reports.

 Yet: comes at the end of a question or a negative sentence.

Subject + have / has + not + [verb in the past participle]...+ yet

Ex: We haven’t written our reports yet

Another option with the use of yet is sometimes possible. In this case,
the verb is positive and adverb yet does not appear at the end of the
sentence.

Subject + have / has + yet + [ verb in infinitive]

Ex: John has yet to learn the material
= John hasn’t learned the material yet.

This use of yet should not be confused with the coordinating conjunction
yet, which means but.
Ex: I don’t have money, yet I really need the computer.
My neighbors never have the time, yet they always want to do
something on Saturday nights.

 Ever is used in question to mean at any time up to now.

 Never = “not ever” isn’t used in questions with the present perfect.



PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

(Thì hiện tại hoàng thành tiếp diễn)

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  From:
✰ Affirmative : Subject + have / has + been + Ving
✰ Negative : Subject + have / has + not + been +Ving
✰ Question : Have / has + Subject + been + Ving.

Ex: We have been working.

We have not been working.
Have you been working?

 Use: The present perfect continuous is used to express an action

 A past action continuing to the present.
 An action that started in the past and finishes or is still happening at the
moment of speaking.
 The present perfect continuous tenses have the same uses as the Present Perfect
Tense but they emphasize the continuous nature of the action.



THE SIMPLE PAST

TO BE

 Form:

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 Affirmative forms: (+)

Subject To be
I was
He, she, it and single noun was
You, we, they and plural noun were

 Negative forms: (-)

Subject To be + not
I Was not
He, she, it and single noun was not = wasn’t
You, we, they and plural noun were not = weren’t

 Question forms: (?)

To be Subject
Was I
Was He, she, it and single noun
were You, we, they and plural noun

Answer:

I was I was not

Yes, He, She, it was No, He, She, it was not

You, they, we were You, they, we were not

VERB

 Form:
✰ Affirmative : Subject + V2 (Ved)
✰ Negative : Subject + did not + V (infinitive)
✰ Question : Did + Subject + V (infinitive)?
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 Ex: He worked.
He did not work.
Did he work?

 Use: The simple past tense is used to express:

 An action that began and ended at a specific time in the past.
 An action that occurred over a period of time and was completed in the past.
Ex: How long were you in the army? → I was in from 1943 to 1946.
 A past habit.

 in (năm) ; from 1945 to 1975

 Yesterday morning / afternoon / evening.
 Last week / month / year.
 two week / three month / one year ago
Spelling of verbs ending in -ed :

 To form the simple past of most regular verbs, add –ed to the base form.
Ex: brush → brushed play → played

 When the verb ends in -e  we add -d

Ex: Love  Loved; use → used

 When the verb ends with a consonant + y → change the y to i and add –ed.
(Compare vowel + y: play → played; enjoy →enjoyed.)
Ex: study  studied; dry → dried

 When a one-syllable verb ends with a single vowel + consonant → double

the final consonant and add -ed
Ex: stop  stopped; plan → planned
 When the verb with two or more syllables ends with a single vowel +
consonant, double the final consonant and add –ed only when the stress is
on the final syllable. Do not double the final consonant if the stress is not on
the final syllable.
Ex : pre’fer  preferred; ‘enter → entered
‘open → opened

NOTE:
- Do not double the final consonants x, w, and y.

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 Ex: fix → fixed; snow → snowed; stay → stayed

Pronunciation of verbs ending in –ed:

 Pronounce “ed” as / t / when the verb ends with the sounds : / f / ; / k / ; / p

/ ; / s / ; / sh / ; / ch /

TRONG“ed”
 Pronounce TRƯỜNG
as / id /HỢP whenKHÔNG
the verbCẦNendsCÓ PHÓ
with the TỪ CHỈ THỜI
sounds: /t/;/d/
GIAN
 Pronounce “ed” ta as
Như chúng / d thì
đã biết, / when
quá khứtheđơnverb
phải ends with với
được dùng themột
sounds:
phó từ /b/ ;
/g/chỉ
; /dʒ/
thời/m/;
gian/n/;
quá/η/;
khứ/l/;xác
/r/; định.
/v/; /z/;
Tuyor with
nhiên,a vowel.
với những trường hợp sau đây,
thì quá khứ đơn không cần có phó từ chỉ thời gian đi kèm:
Khi thời gian của hành động có thể được hiểu ngầm từ một
điều khác hoặc từ kiến thức lịch sử.

Ex: _ This time last year, I was in Paris.
_ How curious! I was there too.
(Thời gian của câu nói thứ hai được hiểu ngầm từ câu nói thứ nhất )
_ Lincoln freed the slaves in America.
(Lincoln đã giải phóng các nô lệ ở Mỹ)
Thời gian của hành động cũng thường được hiểu ngầm thông
qua sự đề cập đến nơi mà hành động đó xảy ra :
Ex: _ I ate spagetti in Rome.
Khi thì hiện tại hoàn thành đã được sử dụng trước:
Ex: James has been to Rome. He was received by several
famous people.
(James đã từng đến La Mã. Anh đã được nhiều người nổi tiếp đón
tiếp)
Khi thì quá khứ đơn đã được dùng trong mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ
thời gian:
Ex:
She learned the piano when she was at schook.
( Mệnh đề chỉ thời gian )Your son has been expelled because he
threw an inkpot at the master.
( Con trai ông đã bị đuổi học vì nó đã ném bình mực vào thầy
giáo )
Trong 2 câu trên, “learned” được dùng thì quá khứ vì nhờ “when
she was at school” là mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian, nhưng “was
expelled” không được dùng thì quá khứ (trừ khi thời gian được hiểu
ngầm) vì “because he threw an inkport …” Không phải là mệnh đề trạng
nữ chỉ thời gian.

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 THE PAST CONTINUOUS
 From:
 Affirmative : Subject + were / was + Ving
 Negative : Subject + were / was + not + Ving
 Question : were / was + Subject + V ing…?
 Subject 1 : we; you; they, and plural noun → were
 Subject 2 : I, He; She; it, and singular noun → was

 Use: the Past continuous is used to express:

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  An action going on for some period of time in the past.
Ex: I was waiting for you all day yesterday.
It was raining all through last night.
Note: all day, all through last night → periods of time
 An activity happening at a particular time in the past.
Ex: It was raining at 4 o’clock yesterday afternoon.
I was staying in Dalat on your birthday.
Note: 4 o’clock, your birthday → points of time.

 Two or more actions are subsequent to another.

(Hai hay nhiều hành động xảy ra nối tiếp nhau)

When
While + subject1 + V2 , subject2 + V2 ………….
Before
after…

Ex:
When the telephone rang, I answered the telephone.
After I did my homework, I went to bed.

 A past action going on when another happened: This new action is express by the
SIMPLE PAST tense.

When + subject1 + V2 + subject2 + were/was +Ving

Or
Subject1 + were/was +Ving when subject2 + V2

Ex: when Mark came home, Martha was watching television.

Martha was watching television when mark came home.

 Two actions were happening at the same time.

Subject1 + were/was +Ving + while + subject2 + were/was +Ving

Or
While + Subject1 + were/was +Ving + subject2 + were/was +Ving

Ex: We were listening to an interesting on the radio while Mother was preparing
dinner.

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 While John was reading a book, Martha was watching television.



THE PAST PERFECT

 From:
 Affirmative : Subject + had + V3 (ed)
 Negative : Subject + had + not + V3 (ed)
 Question : had + Subject + V3 (ed)….?

Ex: He had worked.

He had not worked.
Had he worked?

 Use: Past perfect is used to express:

 An action happened and finished before a definite time in the past.

Ex: By 2000 I had graduated from University

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  The first action was completed before the second one began, the past perfect must
be used for the action that happened first.

Ex: When I had read the paper, I threw it away.

John had gone to the store before he went home.

By Till As soon as
When Until Before
after

The past perfect is used for the first action after these
words: when, after, as soon as, already, before, until …. However,
the simple past can be used with these words in telling a story in
chronologic order (Theo thứ tự thời gian).

Ex: John’s parents separated when he was a boy, and his sister
married and emigrated to Australia.



THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

 From:
 Affirmative : Subject + had + been + Ving.
 Negative : Subject + had + not + been + Ving.
 Question : had + Subject + been + Ving ?

Ex: He had been living here a year.

He had not been living here a year.
Had he been living here a year?

 Use:
 THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS is used to express an action going on
before another past action or point of time in the past.

Ex: He had been living here a year when he decided to move to the suburbs.
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 (cho đến khi anh ấy định dọn về ngoại ô, anh ấy đã sống ở đây được một năm)



THE SIMPLE FUTURE

(thì tương lai đơn)

 From:
 Affirmative : Subject + will + V (Infinitive without To )
 Negative : Subject + will + not + V (Inf without To )
 Question : Will + Subject + V (Inf without To )

 Will not  Won’t

Ex: I will work.

I will not work.
Will I work?

 Use: The future is used to express:

 For a decision made at the moment of speaking.
 For predicting an action in future.

Tomorrow Week
Someday Month
next
Tonight year
soon

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 The simple Future is usually used with some adverbs and follows verbs to express
the opinion and prediction of the speaker.

to think to suppose to hope

to know to assume
to believe to expect

Ex:

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Maybe I’ll go.
I’ll probably go. He’ll possibly come
I think he’ll come. I hope he’ll come soon.
I suppose he ‘ll come I’m afraid he’ll come late.
I guess he’ll come. I’m expect he’ll come.
Perhaps he’ll come.

1
 But: I don’t think he’ll come.
WRONG: I think he won’t come.

Caùch dieãn taû töông lai khaùc

 BE GOING TO: is to used

a. to express an intention that has already been planned or decided before the
moment of speaking.

Ex: I am going to write to her this morning.

b. to predict a future event for which there is some evidence now.

 PRESENT CONTINUOUS:
_ The Present Continuous is used to talk about a future event, which is
already arranged. It commonly occurs with the following verbs: Come
go see leavemeet

Ex: He’s meeting Jane at the theatre tomorrow night.

We’re moving house on the 13th.

 There is often little difference between a future intention and a future

arrangement, and often GOING TO and THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS are
interchangeable.

 SIMPLE PRESENT:
_ The present simple is used to express a future event, which is seen as
certain because of a timetable or calendar.

Ex: The train leaves at 11.00.

The film starts at 7.30.

Predictions:
WILL BE GOING TO
We can use WILL for a prediction about the We use BE GOING TO for prediction when
future we see from the present situation what is
going to happen in the future.

Ex: There isn’t a cloud in the sky. It’s going

Ex: I thinh United will win the game. to be a lovely day.
One day people will travel to Mars.

Decisions and intentions:

WILL BE GOING TO
WILL expresses an intention or decision BE GOING TO expresses a future
made at the moment of speaking. (that intention, plan, or decision thought about
means not planned before) befor the moment of speaking. (that means
we have already decided).
Ex:
I’ll bring you the book tomorrow. (a Ex: We’re going to get married in June.
promise)

VERB FORMS USED FOR THE FUTURE

Simple present (a time table) I leave next week.

Present continuous (an
I am leaving next week.
arrangement)
Simple future (neutral future) I’ll leave next week.
Future continuous (in the course of events) I’ll be leaving next week.
Be going to (an intention) I’m going to leave next week.
Be to I’m to leave next week.
Be about to I’m about to leave next week.
THE FUTURE PERFECT
(Thì tương lai hoàn thành)
 From:
 Affirmative : Subject + Shall/will + have + V3
 Negative : Subject + Shall/will + not + have + V3
  Question : Shall/will + Subject + have + V3 ?

Ex: I will have worked

I will not have worked.
Will I have worked?

 Use: The future perfect is used to express:

 An action that will be finished before a definite time or anther action in the future.
(by = before)

Ex:
1) I’ll have finished this by 2 o’clock tomorrow afternoon.
Point of time
2) By the time the President comes here tomorrow, we’ll have decorared the
room.
(By the time the President comes here tomorrow → another action)

Note: BY>Phrase
By THE TIME> Clause
Compare:

I’ll have finished this work by 2 o’clock.

by the time you come.

 An action occupying a period of time from the past, present or future till another
action or point of future time. (use with “FOR”)
Ex:
1) By next Christmas, I’ll have lived here for 15 years.
2) I’m going to see him now and I’ll have talked to him for two hours before the
conference.
3) My father will have traveled for a month when he arrives in Singapore next week.


THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
(Thì tương lai hoàn thành tiếp diễn)
 From:
 Affirmative : Subject + Shall/will + have been + V3
 Negative : Subject + Shall/will + not + have been + V3
 Question : Shall/will + Subject + have been + V3 ?

 Use:
  The future perfect continous is used to express an action going on before another
future action or point of time in the future.


The future perfect continuous tenses have the same uses as the future Perfect Tense
but they emphasize the continuous nature of the action

Ex: On April 12th , 1990 we shall have been living in this house exactly ten years.
(Vào ngày 12 tháng 4 năm 1990, chúng tôi sẽ ở căn nhà này đúng 10 năm)



Sự phối hợp giữa các Thì 

(THE SEQUENCES OF TENSES)

I. Sự phối hợp các thì : 

1. Simple Present - Be going to 

Eg. He says he is going to do it

2. Simple Present – Simple Future 

Eg. I think it will rain

3. Simple Present – Simple Present 

Eg. He always works so hard and he always feels so tired

4. Simple Present – Present Perfect 

Eg 1. I find that you have made a lot of mistakes in the essay
Eg 2. I have worked hard so I am very tired

5. Present Continuous – Simple Present 

Eg. I am staying at home because I am ill

6. Simple Past – Simple Past 

Eg. I went to my friend’s house because I left my hat there

7. Simple Past – Past Continuous 

- Một hành động đang xảy ra trong quá khứ thì bị một hành động khác “chen ngang
” (khi đang... thì bỗng...).

S1 + was/were + V_ing + WHEN + S2 + P2

Eg. eg. I was watching TV when she came home / When she came home, I was
watching television.

S1 + P2 + WHEN + S + was/were + V_ing

Eg. It rained when I was going home this morning

- Hành động nào bắt đầu trước và đang diễn ra thì dùng tiếp diễn, còn hành
động chen ngang thì dùng quá khứ đơn.

- Nhưng chú ý 1 điều khi hành động diễn ra trước và đang diễn ra đó quá ngắn ta có
thể chia luôn nó ở quá khứ đơn
eg. When I went to the door, the phone rang 
(khoảng cách từ chỗ đó đến cái cửa rất ngắn, nên hành động của người này tuy là
đang đi nhưng nó diễn ra rất nhanh)

8. Past Continuous - Past Continuous

- Hai hành động cùng đồng thời xảy ra trong quá khứ. Trong trường hợp này, mẫu
câu sau được áp dụng:

S1 + was/were + V-ing + WHILE + S2 + was/were + V-ing

eg. Martha was watching television while John was reading a book. 
Or: While John was reading a book, Martha was watching television. 

- Cấu trúc sau đây cũng đôi khi được dùng nhưng không thông dụng bằng hai mẫu
trên, ít khi gặp và ko nên dùng: While John was reading a book, Martha watched
television.

9. Simple Past – Past Perfect 

- Thời quá khứ hoàn thành thường được dùng với 3 phó từ chỉ thời gian là: after,
before và when.
- Hành động nào xảy ra trước dùng thì Quá khứ hoàn thành, hành động xảy ra
sau dùng Quá khứ đơn

S1 + V1 (Simple past) + AFTER + S2 + V2 (Past perfect)

eg. John went home after he had gone to the store
 S1 + V1 (Past perfect) + BEFORE + S2 + V2 (Simple past)
eg. John had gone to the store before he went home

AFTER + S1 + V1 (Past perfect), S2 + V2 (Simple past)

eg. After John had gone to the store, he went home.

BEFORE + S1 + V1 (Simple past), S2 + V2 (Past perfect)

eg. Before John went home, he had gone to the store 

- Phó từ when có thể được dùng thay cho after và before trong cả 4 mẫu trên mà

không làm thay đổi ý nghĩa của câu. Chúng ta vẫn biết hành động nào xảy ra trước
do có sử dụng quá khứ hoàn thành.

eg. The police came when the robber had gone away.

10. Present Perfect - Simple Past 

S1 + V1(Present Perfect) + SINCE + S2 + V2 (Simple Past)
Eg. I have taught at this school since I moved to Bristol

11. Simple Future – Present Perfect 

- Tương như như phần 9: Hành động sẽ xảy ra trước dùng Hiện tại hoàn thành, hành
động sẽ xảy ra saudùng Tương lai đơn 
Eg. I shall go home after I have finished my exercises

12. Future Perfect – Present Simple 

Eg. I will have finished the course by the time the semester ends

II. Một số lưu ý : 

1. Thì hiện tại hoàn thành thường dược dùng với một số cụm từ chỉ thời gian
như sau: 
+ Now that... (giờ đây khi mà...) 
eg. Now that you have passed the TOEFL test successfully, you can apply for the
scholarship.

+ Một số phó từ như till now, untill now, so far (cho đến giờ). Những cụm từ này
có thể đứng đầu câu hoặc cuối câu. 
eg. So far the problem has not been resolved. 

+ Recently, lately (gần đây) những cụm từ này có thể đứng đầu hoặc cuối câu. 
eg. I have not seen him recently. 

+ Before đứng ở cuối câu. 

eg. I have seen him before.

2. Phân biệt cách dùng giữa Hiện tại hoàn thành và Hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp
diễn: 

- Present Perfect: Hành động đã chấm dứt ở hiện tại do đó đã có kết quả rõ rệt.
eg. I've waited for you for half an hour.
Tôi chờ khoảng nửa giờ rồi nhưng giờ thì hết chờ rồi 

- Present Perfect Progressive: Hành động vẫn tiếp diễn ở hiện tại, có khả năng
lan tới tương lai do đó không có kết quả rõ rệt. 
eg. I've been waiting for you for half an hour. 
Tôi đã chờ, đang chờ và sẽ tiếp tục chờ,chả bik là khi nào mới thôi chờ

THE IRREGULAR VERBS

V1 V2
STT V3 Nghĩa
(S.Present) (S.Past)
1 Awake Awoke Awaken Tỉnh giấc, đánh thức
2 Be (am, is, are) Was/were Been Thì, là,ở
3 Bear Bore Born Sinh ra
4 Beat Beat Beaten đánh
5 Become Became Become Trở nên, trở thành
6 Begin Began Begun Bắt đầu
7 Bend Bent Bent Bẻ cong, cúi gập
8 Bite Bit Bit Cắn
9 Bleed Bled Bled Chảy máu
10 Blow Blew Blown Thổi
11 Break Broke Broken Làm vỡ, hư, hỏng
12 Bring Brought Brought Mang lại, đem tới
13 Build Built Built Xây dựng
14 Burn Burnt Burnt Đốt cháy
15 Buy Bought Bought Mua
16 Can Could Có thể
17 Catch Caught Caught Bắt, chụp được
18 Choose Chose Chosen Chọn lựa
19 Come Came Come Đến
20 Cost Cost Cost Trị giá, giá cả
21 Cut Cut Cut Cắt
22 Dig Dug Dug Đào
23 Do Did Done Làm
24 Draw Drew Drawn Vẽ
25 Dream Dreamt Dreamt Mơ mộng
26 Drink Drank Drunk Uống
27 Drive Drove Driven Lái xe
28 Eat Ate Eaten Ăn
29 Feed Fed Fed Cho ăn
30 Fall Fell Fallen Ngã, rơi
31 Feel Felt Felt Cảm thấy
32 Fight Fought Fought Chiến đấu
33 Find Found Found Tìm thấy
34 Fit Fit Fit Thích hợp, vừa
35 Fly Flew Flown Bay
36 Forget Forgot Forgotten Quên
37 Forgive Forgave Forgiven Tha thứ
38 Freeze Froze Frozen Đông lại
39 Get Got Got/gotten Được, trở nên
40 Give Gave Given Cho
41 Go Went Gone Đi
42 Grow Grew Grown Trồng, lớn lên, phát triển
43 Hang Hung Hung Treo, móc
44 Have Had Had Có
45 Hear Heard Heard Nghe
46 Hide Hid Hidden ẩn trốn
47 Hit Hit Hit Đánh, đụng chạm
48 Hurt Hurt Hurt Làm đau, làm hại
49 Hold Held Held Tổ chức, cầm giữ
50 Keep Kept Kept Giữ
51 Know Knew Known Biết
52 Lay Laid Laid Đặt, để, (đẻ trứng)
53 Lead Led Led Dẫn dắt
54 Leave Left Left Bỏ, rời bỏ
55 Lend Lent Lent Cho mượn, cho vay
56 Let Let Let Hãy để, cho phép
57 Lie Lay Lain Nằm, (nói láo)
58 Light Lit Lit Đốt, thắp đèn
59 Lose Lost Lost Mất, đánh mất
60 May Might Có thể
61 Make Made Made Làm, chế tạo
62 Meet Met Met Gặp
63 Pay Paid Paid Trả tiền, thanh toán
64 Put Put Put Đặt để
65 Read Read Read Đọc
66 Ride Rode Ridden Cưỡi (xe đạp, ngựa)
67 Ring Rang Rung Rung chuông
68 Rise Rose Risen Mọc, nổi lên
69 Run Ran Run Chạy
70 Say Said Said Nói
71 See Saw Seen Xem, thấy
72 Seek Sought Sought Tìm, soát
73 Sell Sold Sold Bán
74 Send Sent Sent Gửi
75 Set Set Set Đặt, để
76 Shall Should Sẽ nên
77 Shoot Shot Shot Bắn
78 Show Showed Shown Chỉ, cho xem
79 Shine Shone Shone Chiếu sang
80 Shut Shut Shut Đóng lại
81 Sing Sang Sung Hát
82 Sink Sank Sunk Chìm, đắm
83 Sit Sat Sat Ngồi
84 Sleep Slept Slept Ngủ
85 Slit Slit Slit Chẻ, cắt, bổ đôi
86 Smell Smelt Smelt Ngửi thấy
87 Speak Spoke Spoken Nói
88 Spell Spelt Spelt Đánh vần
89 Spend Spent Spent Tiêu xài
90 Spread Spread Spread Lan ra
91 Stand Stood Stood Đứng
92 Steal Stole Stolen Ăn trộm
93 Stick Stuck Stuck Gắn, dính
94 Sting Stung Stung Chích, đốt
95 Strike Struck Struck Đánh, đập
96 Swell Swelled Swollen Sưng phù lên
97 Sweep Swept Swept Quét
98 Swim Swam Swum Bơi lội
99 Take Took Taken Lấy, dẫn dắt
 100 Teach Taught Taught Dạy
101 Tear Tore Torn Xé rách
102 Tell Told Told Nói, bảo, kể
103 Think Thought Thought Nghĩ
104 Throw Threw Thrown Ném, liệng, quăng
105 Understand Understood Understood Hiểu
106 Wear Wore Worn Mặc, đội, mang
107 Will Would Sẽ
108 Win Won Won Thắng
109 Write Wrote Written Viết

FROMS OF THE VERB

1. BARE INFINITIVE (V)
can, may, must, have to, will, shall, would,
should, would rather, and had better….
1. Sau modal verbs
Ex: I can speak English.
She will visit her grandparents.

1.Let’s, why don’t we …..

2. Have sb do sth (bảo ai làm việc gì)
Help sb do sth* (giúp ai làm việc gì)
2. Trong caáu truùc caâu Let sb do sth (để cho ai làm gì)
Make sb do sth (bắt ai làm gì )

* Occasionally HELP is followed by the infinitive.

Ex: I help her do the housework.
I help her to do the housework.
 Infinitive without “to”
FEEL, HEAR, WATCH, SEE, NOTICE…..
3.
 Verb+ -ing
Ex: We saw him walk out of the room.
We saw him walking out of the room.
 * Các động từ chỉ giác quan cũng có thể theo sau là
“Ving”
2. TO INFINITIVE (TO V)

CARE*, DECIDE, DESERVE, ENDEAVOR,

FORGET, HOPE, LEARN, PLAN…

Ex: we hope to see you soon.

I’m learning to drive a car.
1. verb + to infinitive
* Care usually appears in negative statements or
in questions.

Ex: I don’t care to go.

Do you care to dance?

ADVISE, CAUSE, COMMAND, ENCOURAGE,

FREE, FORCE, GET, INSTRUCT, INVITE,
OBLIGE, ORDER, PERSUADE, REMIND,
TEACH, TELL, URGE, WARN*.

2. verb + noun/pronoun + to infinitive Ex: I advise you to see a doctor.

We finally got the manager to accept our
suggestion.

*After WARN, “not” usually precedes the

infinitive.

ASK, BEG, EXPECT, PROMISE, WANT, WISH,

WOULD LIKE
 verb + to infinitive
3. Ex:
ASK → She asked to come.
 verb + noun/pronoun + (not) to V
She asked us to come.
WANT → They want to visit you soon.
They want you them soon.
4. Trong caáu truùc caâu It + take + O + (time) + to-inf
5. Sau caùc tính töø Glad, happy, ready, kind….
6. Sau phoù töø Enough, too…
7. Bieåu ñaït muïc ñích In order to / so as to

3. VERB – ING
1. Sau moät soá ñoäng töø
 Allow : cho phép Finish : hoàn thành Resent : oán giận
Admit : thừa nhận Imagine : tưởng tượng Resist : chống cự lại
Appreciate :đánh giá cao Keep : cứ tiếp tục Suggest : đề nghị
Avoid : tránh Miss : trượt, bỏ lỡ Can’t help
Consider : xem xét Mind : phiền long, Go : đi
Deny : phủ nhận, Postpone : hoãn lại Look forward to : trông chờ
Enjoy : thích Practice : thực hành
Escape : trốn thoát Quit : từ bỏ

2. Trong caáu truùc caâu: How about / what about,

3. Sau giới từ: with, without, in, on, of……

Note:
Có một số động từ khi được theo sau bởi đại từ thì dùng infinitive còn khi
không có đại từ theo sau sẽ dùng gerund như: “allow, permit, recommend,
advise…..”
Ex : The teacher permitted them to turn the assignments in late.
The teacher permitted going out.
allow
permit
→ S+ recomment + O + to verb
advise

allow
permit
→ S+ recomment + Ving
advise

VERB + INFINITIVE / GERUND

 The verbs listed below may be followed by either an infinitive or a gerund with little or no
change in meaning:

Begin (bắt đầu) Like (thích)

Continue (tiếp tục) Love (ưa thích)
Can’t bear (không thể chịu được) Prefer (thích hơn)
Hate (ghét) Start (bắt đầu, khởi sự)

Ex:
LIKE I like swimming in the sea. PREFER She prefers working at night.
I like to swim in the sea. She prefers to work at night.
Note:
_ Người Anh sử dụng (like + to infinitive) để diễn tả thích một việc gì vì thấy việc đó là đúng hoặc
có lợi.

Ex: I like to go to the dentist’s for a check-up every six months.

_ Họ sử dụng (like + gerund) để nói thích một việc gì không cần phải có lý do là việc đó có tốt hay
không.
Ex: He likes gambling.

 The verbs below may be followed by either an infinitive or a gerund, but it changes the
meaning:
1. “Remember, forget, regret ” khi đi với infinitive hoặc gerund theo sau đều được, nhưng tùy
theo nghĩa của nó trong câu :
 “Remember, forget, reget” _ infinitive  Chỉ hành động ở tương lai.
 “Remember, forget, reget” _ Gerund  Chỉ hành động đã qua.

Ex: Please remember to return the book tomorrow.

I remember putting my hat somewhere in this room.

I’m afraid he will forget to write to me.

I’m never forget seeing him the first time.
2.
 “stop” _ infinitive  Ngừng để làm việc khác.
 “stop” _ gerund  Đang làm việc gì đó thì ngừng lại không làm nữa.

Ex: He stopped to eat. He listened to music.

I’m too tired. I stop working for a moment.

3.
 “try” _ infinitive  Ngụ ý “cố gắng”
 “try”_ gerund  ngụ ý “ thử xem” hay “ thí nghiệm”
Ex: I will try to help you.
He tried gardening, keeping pigs but didn’t succeed in any of them.

4. Các động từ chỉ giác quan: “hear, see, feel, notice, watch,….”

 Khi đi với infinitive là chú ý sự hoàn tất của hành động.

 Khi đi với gerund thì chú ý sự tiếp diễn của hành động.
Ex : I hear him come in.
I see the dog running across the street.


 REPORTED SPEECH
CÁCH ĐỔI MỘT CÂU TRỰC TIẾP SANG CÂU GIÁN TIẾP
Muốn đổi một câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp, ta phải bỏ dấu “ “, thay thế dấu (:)
bằng từ “that” và thay đổi ba yếu tố về:
1. Ngôi
2. Thì của động từ
3. Trạng từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn
 NGÔI
 YOU / YOUR → đổi theo người nghe (object)
 I / WE / MY / OUR / ME / US → đổi theo người nói (subject)
 HE / SHE / IT / Tên người → giữ nguyên không đổi

1st persons 3rd persons

I He, she
Me Him,her
My His, her
Mine His,her
Myself Himself, herself
We They
Us Them
Our Their
Ours Theirs
Ourselves themselves

Note:

 Subject + says to + O no change TENSE

Says
 Ex: Mary says “I come to school by bus”
→ Mary says she comes to school by bus.

 Advise sentence no change TENSE

Ex: My teacher said to me “ You should do more exercises.”

→ My teacher asked me that I should do more excercises.

 Thì của động từ, trạng từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn:
DIRECTED SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH
present simple past simple
present continuous past continuous
present perfect past perfect
present perfect
past perfect continuous
continuous
past simple past perfect
past continuous past perfect continuous
TENSES past perfect continuous past perfect continuous
simple future would + verb (infinitive)
must had to
have to had to
should should
ought to ought to
can could
may might
yesterday the day before / the previous day
ago before
last week the week before / the previous week
now then
TIME
today that day
tonight that night
tomorrow the day after; the next / following day
next week the week after / the following week
PLACE here there
 there there

DEMONSTRATIVE this that

HEADS these those

 command: (Câu mệnh lệnh)

 S + said to + O “ V1… ”

 S + told + O to V1
asked

 S + said to + O “ Don’t V1… ”

 S + told + O not to V1
asked

 Request: (Câu đề nghị)

 S + said to + O “ Can / could + V1… ”

Will / would
 S + told + O to V1
asked

 Advice: (câu lời khuyên)

 S + said + “ S + should + V1… ”

 S + said that S + should + V1

 S + said to + O “ S + should + V1… ”

 S + told + O (that) S + should+ V1

advised

 Yes – No Question
  S + said to + O “ ……………… ”

 S + asked + O if S +V
wanted to know whether
wondered
 Wh question :

S + asked + O + wh question + S + V

PASSIVE VOICE

Active : Subject + Verb + Direct object

Passive : Subject + Be + Past participle + by + object

Active ( chuû ñoäng ) S V O

The thief stole The car

Passive (bò ñoäng) The car was stolen by the thief

 Note:
 Caâu chuû ñoäng ôû thì naøo thì ñoäng töø “BE” trong caâu bò ñoäng ôû thì aáy.
 Khi ñoåi sang caâu bò ñoäng neân boû “by me, by him, by her, ……., by someone, by
people” neáu khoâng muoán neâu roõ taùc nhaân.
 Caùc traïng töø chæ nôi choán ñöôïc ñaët tröôùc “by”
 Caùc traïng töø chæ thôøi gian ñöôïc ñaët sau “by”
 S + be + V3/ed + adv of place + BY + adv of time.
 S + be + adv of maner + V3/ed + BY ………..
Tense Active Passive
Simple Present V1 / Vs-es am, is, are + V3/ed
Present Continuous am, is, are + V-ing am, is, are + being + V3/ed
Present Perfect have/has + V3/ed have/has + been + V3/ed
Simple past V2/ed was, were + V3/ed
Past Continuous was, were + V-ing was, were + being + V3/ed
Past Perfect had + V3/ed had + been + V3/ed
Simple future will + V will + be + V3/ed
Near future am, is , are + going to V0 am, is, are + going to be + V3
Conditional would + V would + be + V3/ed
Perfect
would + have + V3/ed would + have + been+ V3/ed
conditional
Động từ khiếm can + V0 to can + be + V3/ed
 could + V0 to could + be + V3/ed
have to + V0 to have to + be + V3/ed
may + V0 to may + be + V3/ed
might + V0 to might + be + V3/ed
khuyết (Modal) must + V0 to must+ be + V3/ed
should + V0 to should + be + V3/ed
ought + V0 to ought + be + V3/ed
used to + V0 to used to + be + V3/ed
would + V0 to would + be + V3/ed
Modal perfect / Past
MODAL + HAVE + V3 MODAL + HAVE BEEN + V3/ed
modal
Infinitive TO V TO BE + V3/ed
Gerund Ving BEING + V3/ed
SPECIAL PASSIVE VOICE
I. Động từ có hai bổ ngữ:
1. Động từ với giới từ TO: give, lend, send, show, …
Active: John will give me this book. (=John will give this book to me.)
 Passive1: I will be given this book by John.
 Passive2: This book will be given to me by John.

2. Động từ với giới từ FOR: buy, make, get, …:

Active: He bought her a rose. (= He bought a rose for her.)
 Passive1: She was bought a rose.
 Passive2: A rose was bought for her.

II. Đô ̣ng từ chỉ quan điểm (verbs of opinion) (với chủ ngữ là They / People + say / think / believe… that
…):
Các đô ̣ng từ chỉ quan điểm như: think, believe, say, report, know, expect, consider, understand, ...
thường được sử dụng theo các dạng cấu trúc bị đô ̣ng có ngôi và không ngôi (personal / impersonal
construction) như sau:
Active:S1 + say, believe, … + (that) + S2 + V2 + …
Passive1: It + Be + V3 (said, believed …) + that + S2 + V2
Passive2: S2 + Be + V3 (said, believed …) + Vto (V2) + …

Lưu ý: Nếu hành động ở mệnh đề ‘THAT’ xảy ra trước hành động ở mệnh đề chính, chúng ta sử dụng
‘Perfect Infinitive’ (= to have + V3). Nếu hành động ở mệnh đề ‘THAT’ xảy ra sau hoặc cùng lúc với hành
động ở mệnh đề chính, chúng ta sử dụng Vto (nguyên mẫu có TO).

Active: People say that he has lost his job.

 Passive1: It is said (that) he has lost his job. (impersonal construction)
 Passive2: He is said to have lost his job. (personal construction)
Active: People know that she works hard.
 Passive1: It is known (that) she works hard.
 Passive2: She is known to work hard.
Active: People think he left the country last night.
 Passive1: It is thought (that) he left the country last night.
 Passive2: He is thought to have left the country last night.

III. Đô ̣ng từ chỉ tri giác (verbs of perception): see, watch, hear,…
Active: S + V + O + bare infinitive / Ving
Passive: S + Be + V3 + to-infinitive / Ving
Active: People saw him steal your car.
Passive: He was seen to steal your car.
Active: The teacher is watching them work.
Passive: They are being watched working by the teacher.

IV. Đô ̣ng từ cầu khiến (causative verb):

1. Với GET , HAVE (Something done):
Active: S + Have + Complement + V0 + … / S + Get + Complement + Vto + …
Have
Passive: S+ + Complement + V3 + …
Get

Active: Complement = usually person

Active: I’ll have John repair my bicycle.
I’ll get John to repair my bicycle.
Passive: Complement = usually thing
 Passive: I’ll have my bicycle repaired. (= by John)
He has his car washed once a week.
(= Somebody at the garage washes the car for him)

Lưu ý: Các đô ̣ng từ dưới đây khi chuyển sang bị đô ̣ng đều được đưa về hình thức cấu khiền:
tell / ask / order + sb + to do sth.
pay + sb + for doing sth
get / hire / employ + sb + to do sth
Active: arrange + for sb + to do sth
tip + sb + for doing sth
prepare + for sb + to do sth

→ Passive: Have / Get + sth + done.

Active: He is employing a boy to pick up apples.

 Passive: He is having apples picked up.
Active: The Brown have prepared for a man to fix the air-conditioner.
 Passive: The Brown have had the air-conditioner fixed.

2. Với MAKE:
Active: S + Make + O + V0 + …
 Passive: S + Be + made + Vto + …
Active: They made him work hard.
 Passive: He was made to work hard.
Active: The news has made me laugh.
 Passive: I have been made to laugh.

IV. Với NEED:

Active:S (người) + Need + Vto + O (vâ ̣t)

Need + Ving
Passive: S (vâ ̣t) + ….
Need + To be + V3
Active: John and his brother need to paint the house.
 Passive1: The house needs painting
 Passive2: The house needs to be painted.
Active: The floor is dirty.
 Passive1: It (the floor) needs to be cleaned.
 Passive2: It (the floor) needs cleaning.

V. Các đại từ bất định mang nghĩa phủ định: No one, Nobody, Anyone, Anything (dạng Any + / No +):
Active: No one can answer this question. ( đô ̣ng từ khẳng định)
 Passive: This question can’t be answered. ( đô ̣ng từ phủ định)
Active: They haven’t done anything. ( đô ̣ng từ phủ định)
 Passive: Nothing has been done. ( đô ̣ng từ khẳng định)

VI. Với cấu trúc yêu cầu (request) và mê ̣nh lê ̣nh (imperative):
 Câu yêu cầu:
Active: Imperative (V0) + O + Vto
 Passive: Let + O + Be + V3 + Vto
Active: Tell him to wait.
 Passive: Let him be told to wait.
Active: Don’t let the others see you.
 Passive: Don’t let yourself be seen.

 Câu mê ̣nh lê ̣nh:

Active: Imperative (V0) + O + Vto
 Passive: S + must / mustn’t + Be + V3
Active: Close your book.
 Passive: Your book must be closed.
Active: Don't touch this button.
 Passive: This button mustn't be touched.

VII. Với mô ̣t số đô ̣ng từ / cấu trúc đă ̣c biê ̣t:

 begin / continue:
Active: People begin to explore the internet.
 Passive: The internet begin to be explored.
Active: We continued rehearsing the play after the break.
 Passive: The play continued being rehearsed after the break.

 S + like/ love/ expect/ want/ wish + to do sth  S + …. + sth to be done.

S + like/ love/ expect/ want/ wish + so + to do sth  S + …. + sth to be done.
S + like/ love/ expect/ want/ wish + so + to V + O (S = O)  S + …. + to be done.
Active: He likes to take away the books.
 Passive: He likes the books to be taken away.
Active: They expect people to dig the garden.
 Passive: They expect the garden to be dug.
Active: He likes people to call him Proffessor.
 Passive: He likes to be called Proffessor.
Active: She wants you to spend her more money.
 Passive: She wants to be sent more money.

VIII. Với cấu trúc: It is (im)possible to do sth  sth can / can’t be done.
Active: It is possible to type the letter now.
 Passive: The letter can be typed now.
Active: It was impossible to start the machine by electricity then.
 Passive: The machine couldn't be started by electricity then.
It is + one's duty + to do sth  S + be + supposed + to do sth.
(có bổn phận, trách nhiệm phải làm)
Active: It is your duty to clean the room.
 Passive: You are supposed to clean the room.

IX. Cấu trúc bị động sử dụng SHOULD + BE + V3

Active: It is/was important/necessary/essantial/crucial/advisable/better/only right + to do sth
 Passive: It is/was + … + that sth should be + V3
Active: It is necessary to repaint the door.
 Passive: It is necessary that the door should be repainted.

Active: Advise / beg / urge / order + sb + to do sth

 Passive: V… + that sth should be + V3
Active: I advised her to make artificial flowers.
 Passive: I advised that artificial flowers should be made.
Active: Agree/ arrange/ determine/ decide/ demand/ be anxious/ be determined + to do sth
 Passive: V… + that sth should be + V3
Active: We agreed to cut the cake in half.
 Passive: We agreed that the cake should be cut in half.

Active: Insist on / suggest / propose / recommend / advise + V-ing + O

 Passive: V… + that S should be + V3
Active: She suggested taking photographs by the lake.
 Passive: She suggested that photographs should be taken by the lake.

Active: S + love / enjoy / like / hate / mind + people + V-ing + O

 Passive1: S + V… + being + V3 (S = O)
 Passive2: S + V… + having + O + V3 (S  O)
Active: I love people admiring me.
 Passive1: I love being admired.
Active: I love people admiring my house.
 Passive2: I love having my house admired.

THE CONDITIONAL SENTENCE

 TYPE IF CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE
* Present simple: S1 + V
S2 + Vs/es
Present simple: * Future simple: S + will + V
I S1 + V * Modals :
Real condition S2 + Vs/es can
may
S + must +V
ought to
should
Past subjunctive
II S + were
would
Unreal condition S + could +V
S + V2 / Ved
in the present might
should

III past perfect

would
Unreal condition S + could + have + V3/ Ved
S + had + V3/ Ved
in the past might
should

Note:
 Không dùng thì future simple cho mệnh đề if ở câu điều kiện loại I.
 Past subjunctive: dùng hình thức quá khứ của động từ, đối với động từ “to be” dùng
WERE cho tất cả các ngôi.

Ex:
I 1) If I have the money, I will buy a new car.
Real 2) We will have plenty of time to finish the project before dinner if it is only
condition ten o’clock now.
II 1) If I had the time, I would go to the beach with you this weekend,
Unreal (I don’t have the time _ I’m not going to the beach with you)
condition
2) He would tell you about it if he were here.
in the
(He won’t tell you about it _ He’s not here)
present
If we had known that you were there, we would have written you a letter.
III (We didn’t know that you were there _ We didn’t write you a letter)
Unreal
condition She would have sold the house if she had found the right buyer.
in the past (She didn’t sell the house _ She didn’t find the right buyer)
 It is also possible to indicate a past unreal condition without using the word if. In this
case, the auxiliary had is placed before, rather than after, the subject. This clause will usually
come first in the sentence.

Had + subject + { verb in past participle }

Had we known that you were there, We would have written you a letter
Had she found the right buyer, she would have sold the house

HOPE / WISH
These two verbs, while they are similar in meaning, are not at all the same
grammatically. The verb hope is used to indicate something that possibly happened or will
possibly happen. The verb wish is used to indicate something that definitely did not happen
or definitely will not happen. The verb hope can be followed by any tense. The verb wish
must NOT be followed by any present tense verb or present tense auxiliary. Be sure that you
understand the difference in the following sentences wish and hope.
Ex : We hope that they will come.
(We don’t know if they are coming.)
We wish that they could come.
(They are noy coming.)

We hope that they came yesterday.

(We don’t know if they came.)
We wish that they had come yesterday.
(They didn’t come)


FUTURE WISH

Would + verb
 
Subject + wish + (that) + Subject + could + verb
Were + {verb +ing}

Subject can be the same or different.

Ex: We wish that you could come to the party tonight.

(You can’t come.)
I wish that you would stop saying that.
(You probably won’t stop.)
 She wishes that she were coming with us.
(She is not coming with us)

PRESENT WISH
Subject + wish + (that) + subject + simple past tense ……

Ex: I wish that I had enough time to finish my homework.

(I don’t have enough time.)
We wish that he were old enough to come with us.
(He is not old enough.)
They wish that they didn’t have to go to class today.
(They have to go to class.)

PAST WISH

past perfect
Subject + wish + (that) + subject + could + have +{verb in past participle}

Ex: I wish that I had washed the clothes yesterday.

(I didn’t wash the clothes.)

She wishes that she could have been there.

(She couldn’t be there.)

We wish that we had had more time last night.

(We didn’t have more time.)