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IS 228-4 (1987): Methods of chemical analysis of steels,

Part 4: Determination of total carbon by gravimetric method
(for carbon greater than or equal to 0.1 percent) [MTD 4:
Wrought Steel Products]

“!ान $ एक न' भारत का +नम-ण”

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“Invent a New India Using Knowledge”

“!ान एक ऐसा खजाना > जो कभी च0राया नहB जा सकता ह”

है”
ह
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“Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen”
 IS:228(Part4)-1987
( ReaIhncd 1997
( Reaffirmed 2002) )

Indian Standard
METHOD FOR
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF STEELS
PART 4 DETERMINATION OF TOTAL CARBON
BY GRAVIMETRIC METHOD
( FOR CARBON r 0.1 PERCENT)

( Third Revision )

I;wflh Reprint NOVEMBER 1998

UDC 669.14 + 669.15-194.2/.3 : 543.21 [546.26]

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002

Gr 2 Aqirst 1987
 IS:228(Part4)-1987

Indian Standard
METHODS FOR
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF STEELS
PART 4 DETERMINATION OF TOTAL CARBON
BY GRAVIMETRIC METHOD
(FOR CARBON > O-1 PERCENT)

( Third Revision )

Methods of Chemical Analysis of Ferrous Metals

Sectional Committee, SlMDC 2

Chuiman Rqmsmting
DR C. S. P. IYLR Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay

Mcmbnr
SHKI G. M. APPAUAO Steel Authority of India Ltd ( Bhilai Steel Plant ),
Bhilai
SIIBX R. D. AOAIIWAL ( AllmW)
SHEI S. V. BHAOW~Y Khandelwnl Ferro Alloy1 Ltd, Nagpur
Sanr D. N. GUPTA ( Aflernnlc )
SEttIP. CHAKRA Indian Metals & Ferro Alloys Ltd, Koraput
CREYWT& METALLVIWUST Ministry of Transport ( Department of Railways)
AINXVTANT RESEARCHOIFIC~~R
(MET-2) RDSO, Luclixow
( Allrmdr )
CHIEW CIIEM~ST Tata Iron 8; Steel Co Ltd, Jamshedpur
AWXSTANT CHIEF CHRMMT ( Allnnat~ )
SIiItIM. K. CEAtiRAVARTY Ministry of Defence (DGI)
Snug P. K. SEN ( Altrrnotr )
DR M. M. CEAKRABO~TY Indian Iron & Steel Co Ltd, Burnpur
SERB M. S. CEATTERJEE ( Altrrnotr )
SERI C. K. D~KOH~T Ordnance Factory Board ( Ministry of Defence ),
Calcutta
SARI S. N. MOITRA ( Abn~tr )
SaRI V.B. KIXANXA Directorate General of Supplies & Disposals,
New Delhi
SHR~ J. N. MUIWERJEE Steel Authority of India Ltd (Durgapur Steel
Plant ). Durgapur
( Cen8inurd 8n porr 2 )

0 whr 1987
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
This publication is protected -under the Itin clrprighl Act ( XIV of 1957 ) and
rrproduction in whole or in part by any means except with written permission of the
publisher shall be deemed to be an infringement of copyright under the said Act.
IS:228(Part4)-1987

Mcmbm Rtpcmting
SHRI P. NABAIN Mabindra Ugine Steel Co Ltd. Bombay
SHRI G. R. Saalar ( Altnncfc)
SHBI N. P. PANDA Steel Autbority of India Ltd (Rourkela Steel
Plant ), Rourkela
SIIIU B. MAIIAPATRA ( Aftn~h )
Da L. P. PANDEY National Metallurgical Laboratory ( CSIR ),

DR D. C. PRASHAR
N

a
p;h-J~r Pbvsical - Laboratorv (CSIR ).
I.
, .
New Delhi’
SHBI J. RAI ( Al~rraa~ )
Saat G. RAJARAO Ferro Alloys Cornoration Ltd. Shreeramaagar
SHRI K. RAMAKBIIHIAN Eurn & Co, Batgalore .
Da J. RAJARAY ( Allma& )
SBRI A. P. !hNEA Steel Authority of India Ltd ( Bokaro Steel
Plant ), Bokaro

SHRI N. V. SUEIBAIIA~APPA ’ Vivervnraya Iron 8t Steel Ltd. Bbadravati

DB P. S~JBBAHYANIAY Dcfence Metallurgical Rewarcb Laboratory,
Hvderabad
,
SHBI T. H. RAO (Al&m& )
DE CR. VENKATLBWARLU Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay
SABI K. RAOHAVENDBAN, Director General, BIS ( Ex-oficio Member)
Director ( Strut St Met )
Slcrrlary
SFIBI M. L. SHARJ~A
Assirtant Director ( Metalr ), BIS

Ferrpus Metals Analysis Subcommittee, SMDC 2 : 3

cono#mr
Ds C. 9. P. IYBR Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay

hitathrr
SHRI S. BASKABAN Bharat Heavy Electricalr Ltd, Hjderahad
SHBI MATA SARAN ( A&m& I )
SHRI B. RAEA (Alternate II )
!&RI U.P.bJB Steel Authority of India Ltd ( Bhilai Steel Plant ),
Bbilai
SIiRI E. M. VERQHEtlE ( Altmatr )
CHlElP CEEMIRT Tata Iron & Steel Co Ltd. Iamrhednur .

AIWSTANT CIIIBP CEBYIST ( A&m& )

DB M. M. CHAKBABORTT Indian Iron & Steel Co Ltd. Burnpur
SHRI L. N. Dbs ( Altmmtr )
SEBI H. K. DAE Steel Authority of India Ltd ( hourkela Steel
Plant ), Rourkela
SHRI K. Bmaror ( Aitrrnats )
SHBI A. K. GIJPTA National Physical Labor&y ( C8IR ),
New Delhi

( Cetttirurd on pap 8 )

2
 IS : ‘228( Part 4 ) - 1987

Indian Standard
METHODS FOR
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF STEELS
PART 4 DETERYlNATlON OF TOTAL CARBON
BY GARVIMETRIC METHOD
(FOR CARBON > O-1 PERCENT )

( Third Revision )
0. FOREWORD

0.1 This Indian Standard ( Part 4 ) (Third R cvision ) was adopted I)y
the Indian Standards Institution on 16 January 1987, afirr the draft
finalized by the Methods of Chemical Analysis of Pcrrous Metals
Sectional Committre had been approved by the Structural and Mct;~ls
Division Council.

0.2 IS : 228, which was issued as a tentative standard in 1952 and

revised in 1959, covered the chemical analysis of pig iron, cast iron and
plain carbon and low alloy steels. For the convenience it was decidctl
to publish a comprehensive series on chemical analysis of steels
including high alloy steels. Accordingly, revision of IS : 228 was
taken-up again and new series on method of chemical analysis of
steels including high alloy steels was published in various parts as
IS : 228 ( Parts 1 to 13 ) ( see Appendix A ) covering separate method
of analysis for each constituent in steels. However, IS : 228-195!)*
version has been rctainc tl for the analysis of pig iron and cast iron till
a separate standard for analysis of pig iron and cast iron is phlishctl.

0.2.1 This revision of IS : 228 (Part 4)-19747 has been undcrtnkcn

on the basis of experience gained during the implementation of \he
standard by the manufacturers and testing laboratories.

0.3 In this revision, method has been updated.

*Methods of chemical analysis of pig iron, cast won and plain carb’on and low
alloy 1teela [ rruiud )*
tMethod1 for chemical analysis of steels: Part 4 Determination of carbon by
gravimetric method ( for carbon > 0.1 percent ) (rend rmi~ion ).

3
 IS : 228 ( Part 4 ) - 1987

8.4 In rr,porting 111~ reslllt of a test or analysis made in accordance

r\.itIl tItis 51;~ntlartl, if the final value, ohservcd or calculated, is to be
I r)~~trcIt~tI011; it >11;111Iw clone in accordance with IS : 2-1960*.

1. SCOPE

1.1 This standard (Part 4) covers the method for determination of

total carljon content of plain carbon, low alloy and high alloy steels
nfO.1 pcrccnt and above by the grnvimctric method.

2. OUTLINE OF THE METHOD

2.1 The sample is burnt in a stream of purified oxygen and the

carhnn dioxide formctl is al~wrlwtl, after purihation, in suitable
ahorhant and tlc~tcrminc~cl.

3. REAGENTS

3.1 Oxygen (On) - 90’5 percent minimum.

3.2 Accarite or Soda Lime -- 0’80 to 2’00 mm.

3.3 Magnesium Perchlorate - Mg (CIO( )2, 0.80 to 2’00 mm.

3.4 Boat/Crucible - Boat/crucible of precise dimension for

accommodating in the r&stance and induction furnace.

3.4.1 Preignitc the boats/crucibles in air or oxygen in a furnace for

an hour at 1 100°C and stnrc in a desiccator and check for consistancy
of the blank values.

3.5 Flux,‘Accelerator - Low carbon copper, red lead ( preignited

at 550’(Z), tin and iron of low carbon content.

4. APPARATUS

4.1 The apparatus recommended in IS : 6226 (Part l)-1971t may be

11setl

4.2 Instead 01‘ the resistance furnace, an induction furnace may also
be used.
---
*Rules for rounding ofl’ numerical valuer ( mid).
tRecommcndation for apparatus for chemical analysis of metals: Put I
Determination of carbon by direct combustion.

4
 IS:228(Part4)-1987

5. SAMPLING
5.1 The sample shall be drawn as prescribed in the relevant Indian
Standards.

5.2 The sample is to be cleaned with analar grade ether and acetone,
dried in an air oven at 100 f 5°C.

6. PROCEDURE
6.1 Assemble the apparatus. Switch on the furnace, if it is a resistance
furnace, and allow it to attain a temperature of 1 05O’C (see Note ), all
the while passing oxygen through the apparatus so that it bubbles
freely at the exit end of the train. Disconnect the absorption bulb, .
keep in a desiccator till it attains room temperature and take the
initial weight. Repeat the operation till a constant weight is
obtained.
NOTB- For high chromium and high nickel rteelr, the temperature of 1 250°C
in recommended for complete comburtion.

6.2 Weigh to the nearest 0’001 g, 2’0 to 3’0 g of the test sample.
Transfer to the preignited combustion boat covered at the bottom
with a thin layer of calcined alumina. Spread the sample evenly over
the top of the alumina and cover it with 2’0 to 3’0 g of the flux.
Introduce the boat slowly In the hot zone of the combustion tube.
6.3 In the case of induction heating, weigh to the nearest 0’001 g, 0’9
to 1’1 g of the sample and transfer to a preignited crucible. Add an
equal quantity of the flux. Place the crucible in Position on the
pedestal post of the furnace, raise to the combustion position and
lock the system. Pass oxygen through the system and ignite the sample.
6.4 Maintain a rapid flow of oxygen ( 800 to 1 000 ml/min) throughout
the combustion, then reduce to 400 to 500 ml per min and maintain
it for another 6 co 8 min in order to sweep out the carbon dioxide.
6.5 Remove the absorption bulb and weigh it after keeping it in
desiccator till it attains room temperature. The increase in weight of
the bulb represents the carbon dioxide.
6.6 Remove the boat or crucible and examine for any incomplete
combustion. If the sample is not thoroughly fused, repeat the
determination with a fresh sample.
6.7 Blank - Charge a prei nited boat or crucible, as the case may be,
with the same amount of Bux used in the determination and follow
the procedure as in 6.2 to 6.5.

5
IS:228(Part4)-1981

7. CALCULATION

7.1 Calculate the total carbon content of the sample as follows:

A-B
Carbon, percent = --x 27’29
c
where
A = increase in mass in g of the absorption bulb due to
carbon dioxide from the sample,

B = increase in mass in g of the absorption bulb due to

carbon dioxide from the blank determination, and

C= mass in g of the sample taken.

8. ACCURACY

8.1 The accuracy of the method is & 0’01 percent for carbon in the
range of 0’1 to 0’75 percent and f 0’02 percent for carbon
above 0’75 percent.

APPENDIX A
( Clause 0.2 )
INDIAN STANDARDS ON METHODS FOR CHEMICAL
ANALYSIS OF STEELS

IS : 228 Methods for chemical analysis of steels:

( Part 1 )-I972 Determination of carbon by volumetric method

( for carbon > 0’1 percent ) ( second revision )

( Part 2)-1972 Determination of manganese in plain carbon and

low alloy steels by arsenite method ( second revision )

( Part 3 )-1972 Determination of phosphorus by alkalimetric method

( second rcvisiorr )

( Part 4 )-1987 Determination of total carbon by gravimetric method

( for carbon ) 0’1 percent ) ( third revision )

( Part 5 )-I974 Determination of nickel by dimethyl lyoxime

ravimetric ) method ( for nickel > 0’5 percent s ( second
?!Xon )

G
 IS : 228 ( Part 4 ) - 1987

(Part S)-1974 Determination of chromium hy persi!ipha?e

oxidation method ( for chromium > 0‘5 percent : I serond
rcuision )

( Part 7 )-1974 Determination of molybdenum by a-bcnzoinoxirne

method ( for molybdenum > 1 pwccnt ) ( ~vtond rFi/iJiott )

( Part 8)-1975 Determination of silicon by the_ ~ravimetric method

( for silicon > 0’ 1 percent ) ( second reutszon )

(Part 9)-1975 Determination of sulphur in plain CW~J(JII steels by

evolution met hod (second revirion )

( Parr 10 )-1976 Determination of molybdenum by thiocyannte

(photometric) method ( for molybdenum up to 1 perwnt )
in low and high alloy steels ( second reviJir,tl )

( Part 11 )-1976 Determination of silicon by photometric method in

carbon steels and low alloy steels ( for silicon 0’01 to 0’05
percent ) ( second relision )

( Part 12 )-I976 Determination Of manganese hy periodate

(photometric) method in low and high i\lloy steels ( for
manganese up to 2 percent ) ( second revision )

( Part 13 )-1982 Determination of arsenic

7
IS : 228 ( Part 4 ) - 1987

RaprcsraIing
Steel Authority of India Ltd (Durgapur Steel
Plant ), Durgapur
SJIRI P. K. BANEHJEE ( Altrrnafr )
SMHI P. NAI~AIN hahindra Ugine Steel CO Ltd, Bombay
SHXI G. 11. SIRMA ( Altrrndr )
SJIRI R. S. NATH Steel Authority of India Ltd (Bokaro Steel
Plant ), Rokaro
8n1u N. GUNL)APPA ( Altarnatr )
1)~ L. P. PANDEY National Metallurgical Laboratory ( CSIR ),
Jamrhedpur _
Sun1 G. Rnnlons Visvervarava Iron & Steel Ltd. Bbadravati
SIIHI R. D. VANDRIWALLA ltalab Pvt ‘Ltd. Bombay
SJIRI J. C. DEY ( Afterme )

8
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