PROFILE - GENERAL GEOLOGY

CEBU

 The oldest rock unit in Central Cebu is the Tunlob Schist which is probably of Jurassic
age. This consists of chloritic orthoschists and micaceous paraschists belonging to the
albite-epidote-amphibolite facies of moderate grade metamorphism.

 The Mananga Group of Cretaceous to Paleocene age, overlies the Tunlob Schist. This
consists of limestone, clastic sedimentary rocks, andesitic to basaltic pyroclastics and
lava, calcareous mudstone, conglomerate and sandstone. The group includes the
Pandan Formation (Corby et al.), Cansi Volcanics and Tuburan Limestone(Santos Yñigo,
1951).

 Unconformably overlying the Mananga Group are the late(?) Eocene to early Miocene
sedimentary formations consisting of the Lutak Hill Formation, Cebu Formation and
Malubog Formation. The Lutak Hill formation is mainly limestone with basal sandstone
containing Lepidocyclina and Nummulites. An upper Orbitoidal limestone, a lower clastic
unit with coal measures and a basal conglomerate (Guindaruhan) comprise the Cebu
Formation. The Malubog Formation is composed of mudstone, shale and occasional
beds of conglomerate, limestone and coal.

 Middle Miocene rock formations unconformably overlie the older rocks. First in the
sequence is the Luka Formation consisting of interbedded sandstone and mudstone
with conglomerate and limestone lenses. The Uling Limestone comes next and is a
generally hard, massive limestone but partly porous and coralline. A pinkish to reddish
colored facie occurs at places. At the top of the sequence is the Toledo Formation
consisting of thin to thick bedded sandstone and shale with occasional lenses of
conglomeratic limestone and calcarenite.

 The Late Miocene Maingit Formation unconformably overlies the older rocks. The
formation is composed of granule to cobble conglomerate with interbedded shale,
sandstone, limestone and conglomeratic limestone in the lower part.

 Unconformably overlying the older formations is the Barili Formation of Late Miocene to
Early Pliocene age. This consists of a Lower Limestone member which is generally light
brown in color, hard, coralline and porous and an Upper Marl member which is poorly
bedded and slightly sandy.
  The Plio-Pleistocene Carcar Formation occupies the flanks of the island. It is a
dominantly coralline limestone, poorly bedded to massive and partly dolomitic.

 The Quaternary Alluvium occupies the low lying areas and the river banks. This consists
of detrital materials made-up of silt, sand and gravel.

 The Lutopan Diorite intrudes the Mananga Group at places which have been postulated
to have brought the mineralization of economic quantity and quality in the Central Cebu
area.

 The Bulacao Andesite of Late Miocence age also occur at places. This consists of
porphyritic andesite and partly intrusive breccia.

 Serpentinized ultramafic and mafic rocks occurs as diapiric intrusions along the major
faults.

BOHOL

 The Alicia Schist which appears to be Cretaceous, is the lowest formation in Bohol area
and the Ubay Volcanics which appear to be Paleocene are exposed in the eastern to
northern Bohol. Both units were accreted by the Cretaceous Boctol Serpentinite and
they were intruded by the Paleocene Talibon Diorite.

 Formations deposited after Miocene occur extensively in southeastern to western

portions and is overlain by the Pliocene to Pleistocene Maribojoc Limestone. 
The Alicia Schist occurs as elongated shape in N-S trend in eastern flank of Bohol Island
and is accompanied by the Boctol serpentinite. The unit consists of medium grade green
schist and mica schist.

 The unit generally trends N10-60 E, and dips northwest or southwest. Fractures parallel
to the schistosity are observed at exposures with less deformation.
The Ubay Volcanics occurs at the northeastern part of Bohol Island, and consists of
Paleocene dacite, pyroxene andesite and basalt. Various kinds of alteration and various
grades of weathering are observed. The relationship to other formations are not clear.
The Calape Limestone Corby, et al, (1951) and Arco (1962) described Late Eocene
Cameria bearing limestones which occurs the southeast of Tubigon, northwestern Bohol
Island. It is now known that these limestones are not exposed but floated.

 The Ilihan shale is described as steeply dipping unit with interbeds of sandy tuffs and
calcareous volcanic rubble beds, and occurs at Ilihan Sur. Tubigon, the present study
gives an Oligocene age to this unit based on paleontrogical interpretation. (Yolanda,
1988).
 The Wahig Limestone is white to light gray and massive to bedded limestone rich in
small orbitoids. This unit overlies unconformably the Ubay Volcanics which is exposed
widely in the central and northern parts of Bohol and covers the untruded Talibon
Diorite, Arco (1962) reported this unit as Upper Oligocene to Miocene. However, more
recent dating of samples of this unit placed the age as ranging from Early to Middle
Miocene (possible Early Miocene) (E.G. Sajona, et al. 1986).

 The Carmen Formation is distributed mainly in the eastern part of Bohol occupying 30 to
40 percent of the total island area. This low dipping thick sedimentary sequence is
essentially composed of shale, sandstone, slabby to massive limestone, conglomerate,
siltstone, marl and some Tuffaceous and siliceous facies. Arco (1962) reported this
formation to be Middle to Upper Miocene. However, samples obtained during this
survey yielded fossils from Early to Middle Miocene. The conglomerate of this formation
occurs around Dimiao, the southern coast and along Tanguhay River.

 At the northeastern part of the island, occasional coal lenses in association with
Tuffaceous sandstone are observed.
The Sierra Bullones Limestone is massive limestone mainly exposed in the southeastern
part of

 Bohol. The upper part of the formation consists of white tuffaces-calcareous siltstone,
shale and mark. The limestone is mainly composed of medium to thick coralline beds,
biocalcarenite beds and reefal limestone. This formation overlies the Carmen Formation
unconformably. Almost 95 percent of the whole Anda Peninsula, in the southeastern
part of Bohol is covered by this limestone and it’s absence on the western part suggests
the tilting and subsequent submerging of the southeastern part, during the Late
Miocene.

 The Maribojoc Limestone occurs extensively in the western part of Bohol. It is mainly
massive or lagoonal limestone and creamy to brownish yellow. It is also coralline,
porous and in places marly or agglomeratic. The rocks resembles the Carcar Formation
of Cebu. Bedding planes are generally flat though poorly bedded. It is more likely that it
was formed either after the deposition of the Sierra Bullones Limestone during Late
Miocene, or after the Jagna Andesite activity (E.G. Sajona, et al. 1986).

 The Maribojoc Limestone overlies unconformably the Sierra Bullones Limestone. It was
dated Pliocene through fossil studies, but it is inferred that the deposition continued to
Pleistocene (E.G. Sajona, et al. 1986) and this long deposition period suggests that the
environment of this area was stable during this time.
  Alluvium is composed of silts, sands and gravel and is confined in alluvial plains and
coastal parts.

NEGROS ORIENTAL

 Negros Island is made up of volcanic and Sedimentary rocks of Cretaceous to

Pleistocene age.

 The Basak Formation is the oldest rock formation in the island. This consists of mainly of
basalt with intercalated meta-sediments and grayish volcanic wackes (GOP, 1982). The
Pagatban Formation intrudes into the Basak formation. It consists of quztrz diorite and
diorite occurring in medium to coarse grained granular porphyries and very coarse
grained gabbro.

 Unconformably overlying the above formations is the Dacong Cogon Limestone of Early
Miocene to Middle Miocene in age. Overlying this formation is the Cantoray Formation
of middle to late Miocene age. It is a thick sequence of well bedded sandstone and shale
with unsorted grains and shell fragments with carbonaceous composition.

 The middle Miocene Paghumayan Formation overlies the older rocks. This is composed
of andesite and clastic andesitic rocks and tuffaceous rocks. 

 The Talave Formation of late Pliocene age unconformably overlies the older formations.
It consits of an upper limestone and related facies and a lower interbedded sandstone,
siltstone and shale.
The Caliling Limestone Formation unconformably overlies the older formations. It is of
upper Pliocene to Pleistocene limestone sequence. This limestone is usually massive to
thin bedded, coralline to conglomeratic and sometimes dolomitic with occasional lenses
of tuff and bentonitic tuff (Salvado and Buenavista, 1984).

 Quaternary Volcanics and Quternary Alluvium overlie the older rocks. The former
occupies large areas in the southeastern portion of the island and along the northwest
most section of the province. The latter is found along floodplains, beaches, rivers and
riverbanks.

SIQUIJOR

 The geology of Siquijor Area is composed of four formations namely, Kanglasog

Volcanics, Basac Formation, Siquijor Limestone and Alluvium (Sorem, et al., 1851)

 The lowest Kanglasog Volcanics is composed of volcanics breccia, agglomerates and a

small number of volcanic flows and occurs as independent peaks of rugged, sharp
 crested ranges. It is overlain unconformably by the Basac Formation which consists of
the Middle to Upper Miocene sequence of tuffaceous, calcareous and clastic materials.
The formation constitutes undulating foothills elongated towards the coast. The
youngest formation is the gently dipping Siquijor Limestone dated Upper Pliocene to
Pleistocene and occurs as topographically flat-flying coastal plane, sea eroded cliffs and
various terraces.

 The Kanglasog Volcanics occurs at higher parts of the island and the type locality of the
unit is Mt. Kanglasog. The unit is composed of volcanic breccias, agglomerates and a
small amount of volcanic flows. The breccias and agglomerates consist of basaltic to
andesitic and angular to subangular fragments which are amygdaloidal, vesicular and
irregular in size. They are cemented with Tuffaceous sandy matrix. In weathered parts of
the unit, pale colored fragments are scattered in reddish yellow clayey matrix. Steeply
dipping tuff is partly observed in the unit. Dark gray to black tuff exhibits ripple marks
suggesting marine deposition. However, most of the tuff appears to have been
deposited subareally. A small amount of volcanic flow occurs localized and it consist of
amygdaloidal basalt filled with zeolite and calcite in the cavities. Secondary manganese
minerals which occur in fractures and at boundaries of the flows and quartz-calcite
veinlets are also seen. This formation is assigned to Oligocene and covered by the Basac
Formation unconformably.

 The Basac Formation is composed of two intertonguing members of limestone members

of limestone and shall. The limestone member which lies above the shale member is
well exposed at the type locality of Basac. It is hard, cavernous and creamy to buff
colored when fresh and gray to almost black on weathered surface. At the basal part of
the limestone member, brecciated zones contain pieces of volcanic or pyroclastic rocks,
it’s diameter are no longer than one centimeter. Lepoidocyclina (Nephrolepidina)
smatrensis is present in the lower portion of the interbedded member and it indicates
Middle Miocene (R.B. Rovillos, Jr., et al. 1985).

 The Siquijor Formation is considered to be the youngest formation in the island, which
has gently dipping beds.

 This formation is considered with massive, hard cavernous and fossiliferous limestone
and shows creamy to pinkish color on fresh outcrops and pale gray to black on
weathered surface. Clastic limestones, particularly calcarenites, contain large amount of
foraminiferas. Calcirudite consisting of limestone clasts in a sandy matrix are noted in
various localities.
Alluvium consists of mud, clay, silt, sand and gravel and is confined to the coastal parts
and lower stream valleys.