4.

0 GENERAL GEOLOGY
The land regional area lies within the ______ underlined by ______(Review of the
Geology of Singapore by PWD (1976), DSTA (2009) and BCA (2021) ).

According to the updated geological Map, Singapore effectively divides into two main
parts by large long-lived faults (Bukit Timah Fault Zone, BTFZ) where each representing a
different component of the arc history. Briefly, the records of Singapore are given from the
oldest exposed rock from Sajahat Formation in the Late Carboniferous age. Then, Bukit Timah
Centre emplacement in central and eastern Singapore may have commenced in late Permian
(285 Ma) time to Middle Triassic (230 Ma). The marine-dominated Jurong Group strata were
deposited in the Middle Triassic followed by the Sentosa Group which was mostly fluvial
deposited during the Upper Triassic period. Bukit Batok Formation and Kusu Formation are
distinct, post-orogenic deposited in turn during Lower Cretaceous. Then, the Bedok Formation
covers much of eastern mainland Singapore during Neogene to Lower Pleistocene period and
Kallang Group was the youngest part of the stratigraphy of Singapore which deposited of
marine to coastal and fluvial sediment during late Pleistocene until Holocene and recent.
 Plutonic igneous rock covered three-fifth mainland of Singapore. There are evidences
of assimilation, mineral segregation and the production of several phases of hybrid rock, and a
mixing of the hybrid rock types can be observed. The updated lithological intrusive rock has
Bukit Timah Centre which comprises of five plutons (Choa Chu Kang Granodiorite-tonalite
Pluton, Gombak Gabbro-granite Pluton, Dairy Farm Granite-microgranite Pluton, Pulau Ubin
Granite Pluton and Simpang Granite Pluton). Most of the intrusive rocks are coarse-grained,
undeformed and composed mainly of quartz, alkali feldspar and plagioclase.

Choa Chu Kang Granodiorite-tonalite Pluton, is the oldest pluton in Bukit Timah Centre,
which consist almost entirely of light to medium grey granodiorite and tonalite. It’s believed
that the age of this pluton was in the late Permian. The observed this type of granitic rock
normally is mingled and mixed with patches of dark grey mafic rock. It has a block of glassy
metasandstone which is locally abundant in Punggol. The original shape of the pluton cannot
now be determined because it has been dissected by faults and younger intrusion.

Gombak Gabbro-granite Pluton existed during Late Permian to Middle Triassic, is a

massive, equigranular gabbronorite consisting almost entirely of greenish plagioclase and
black to russet-brown pyroxene which together gives the rock a mottled, dark greyish green
character. The gabbroic rock has a range of grain sizes and sheets with chilled margins
suggesting the pluton was assembled incrementally, by multiple injections of magma.

Dairy Farm Granite-microgranite Pluton, formed in Middle Triassic to Upper Triassic, has
two distinct textural variants which are non-porphyritic rock dominantly at the western part,
and porphyritic rock dominantly at the eastern part. For non-porphyritic, essentially
equigranular typically have light grey colour, homogenous and of monzogranite composition
whereas porphyritic rock is characterised by a markedly inequigranular. The best-developed
example of inequigranular rocks, consist phenocryst of plagioclase, alkali feldspar, biotite and
quartz, as well as fragments of plagioclase-rich rock, set in a quenched groundmass of very
fine, equigranular quartz and feldspar.

Pulau Ubin Granite Pluton consists of grey monzogranite and the composition may extend
to granodiorite composition locally. It’s aged from Middle Triassic to Upper Triassic. The
presence locally of a groundmass indicates that some parts of magma chamber periodically
were subjected to rapid crystalization. The pluton also has compositionally similar to Dairy
Farm pluton and share some textural features while it shows contrast to Simpang plutons in
term of their textural and composition features.
Simpang Granite Pluton, formed in the Upper Triassic period is the youngest intrusion in the
Bukit Timah Centre consisting mainly equigranular syenogranite and monzogranite. Both a
porphyritic character and a subtle banded or layered character are developed locally. The rock
formed by mingling and mixing of basic and siliceous magmas is also a widespread and
characteristic feature of the pluton. Besides, the recovered rock sample commonly have
yellowish crystal of alkali feldspar which are probably indicative of generally weak but
pervasive rock alteration due to the action of hydrothermal fluid.

Pulau Sekudu Quartz-Monzonite Pluton, forms a relatively small outcrop, most of

which is offshore. It’s exposed during Upper Cretaceous age. The rock consists of hornblende
and biotite bearing quartz-monzonite with abundant mafic enclaves. The quartz and alkali
feldspar are partly intergrown to form a weak granophyric texture. Biotite and hornblende are
in broadly equal proportions and the rock is very fresh and essentially unrecrystallised.
 Sajahat Formation, is named after Pulau Sajahat which lithologically metamorphosed
quartz-rich sandstone and mudstone. The formation strata also commonly preserve the
evidence of thermal contact metamorphism, believed to be the result of emplacement of the
Permo-Triassic plutons.

Jurong Group, comprising four distinctive lithostratigraphical formations (Tuas

Formation, Pulau Ayer Chawan Formation, Pandan Formation and Boon Lay Formation)
which underlie most of the western parts of mainland Singapore. From those formations, three
of the formations also identified the new volcanic members. Volcaniclastic rocks are the
significant component of the Jurong Group succession. This formation deposited in the period
of Middle Triassic (242Ma).

Tuas Formation, is a shallow marine carbonate environment characterised by a mixture of

low-energy carbonate deposits and composed of interbedded, cyclic successions of limestone
and siliciclastic sediments and includes subordinated thin layer of tuff. Besides, it also records
the shallowing-upwards pattern. The cyclical nature of carbonate and siliciclastic deposits is
likely related to variations in relative sea level and siliciclastic supply. The limestone unit is
predominantly micritic, with subordinate patches of allochem-rich zone that include oncoids
and peloids. Sandstone unit area is typically dark grey with clay grade material in the matrix
besides its form coarsening upwards sequences, which have parallel laminated, well sorted and
medium grained.

Pulau Ayer Chawan Formation is a deep to shallow marine environment which mostly
encountered in the south-western part of Singapore. It comprises interbedded sandstone and
mudstone, with subordinate but upwardly increasing occurrences of pyroclastic rock (tuff and
lapilli-tuff), volcaniclastic rock (tuffite) and conglomerate. The sandstone units are typically
quartz-rich, subangular to subrounded and very fine-grained to medium-grained, but
occasionally coarse grained. Mudstone units are often dark grey in colour, parallel laminated
and weakly bioturbated while conglomerate units are typically structureless and matrix support
(poorly sorted). The Nanyang Member comprises pyroclastic rocks in unit of hydroclastic
(quenched) lapilli-tuff and lapillistone. It was likely formed through a series of eruptions from
subsea vent. It was clast supported with formed of brownish grey to green andesitic rock. The
lower boundary is conformable with the upper part of the Pulau Ayer Chawan Formation.
Pandan Formation, is a shallow marine carbonate environment which typically lacks of
carbonate allochems. It comprises thick bedded carbonate rock with subordinate interbedded
sandstone, mudstone and pyroclastic rock. The carbonate rock is dominantly limestone micritic
and recrystallised to varying degrees, with subordinate dolomite. The sandstone and mudstone
that interrupt the carbonate deposition are typically dark greys, moderately well sorted and
have carbonate cement. The Kent Ridge Member comprises mainly lapilli-tuff with
subordinate proportions of tuff, lapillistone and minor conglomerate and sandstone. Typically
the rock is an ash grade matrix, enclosing broadly similar proportions of lithic fragments and
crystal. The clasts usually are green but the shade orange, grey, green and brown in colour,
while the crystal component consists of roughly equal proportions of bluish-grey quartz and
white to pinkish feldspar. It is interpreted to be a pyroclastic flow deposit that is produced by
a very large, probably caldera-forming, eruption.

Boon Lay Formation, is a shallow marine to terrestrial environment which encountered

mostly in the western and northern parts of Singapore. The lithological has dominantly
sandstone with subordinate interbedded mudstone and pyroclastic rock. The sandstone is
usually banded, very fine to medium-grained with clay-rich laminae. This formation displays
evidence for short lived rises in relative sea level throughout, represented by periodic marine
transgressions into marginal marina and fluvial settings. The Clementi Member is dominantly
siliciclastic rocks comprises mainly of interbedded mudstone, siltsone, sandstone and tuff. It is
the fully terrestrial part of Boon Lay Formation which its unit consists mainly of paleosol,
typically interbedded andisol (soil formed in volcanic ash) and (ultisol weathered soils). The
range colour alterations associated with paleosol formed from weak red or reddish brown to
reddish grey.

Sentosa Group are assigned to two distinct formations that namely Tanjong Rimau
Formations and Fort Siloso Formation which deposited during Upper Triassic age. These two
formations shared spatial and temporal relationship. Geographically its extent largely at
offshore but also crops out in the Southern Island and Western Island planning area. Its
lithology has sandstone, conglomerate and sandstone. The boundary between Jurong Group
and Sentosa Group is interpreted to be unconformity based on the distinct and abrupt upwards
change in sedimentology and depositional environment.
Tanjung Rimau Formations is fluvial braided to meandering system environment which have
cycles of fine to very coarse-grained sandstone, conglomerates and mudstone. Its located on
the north-westernmost point of Sentosa Island. The conglomerates beds have a distinctive clast
assemblage that includes conspicuous white vein-quartz, volcanic rocks, extra -formational
siliciclastic rocks and metamorphic rocks. The mudstone units typically dark to light grey, thin
bedded and sometimes display well developed, starved, asymmetrical ripple lamination.

Fort Siloso Formation, is marginal marine to fluvio-deltaic environment which composed

dominantly of clay to silt grade, siliciclastic mudstone interbedded with very fine to fine
grained, very well sorted, very mature sandstone with sub-angular sand grains. The mudstone
colour commonly has red to brown, mottled and bioturbated. The transition from the Tanjong
Rimau Formation into overlying Fort Siloso Formation depositional environment is marked by
the final dominance of the marine process over fluvial processes and upwards absence of
coarse-grained sediments.

Buona Vista Formation, is the alluvial and fluvial process of depositional

environment, most likely forming in an alluvial fan setting. It formed during Late Upper
Triassic (209Ma) to possibly Lower Jurassic (198Ma). It comprises of interbedded of
sandstone, conglomerate and volcaniclastic rock. The sandstone is coarse to very coarse-
grained, pebbly and often displays metre-scale planar cross bedding. The conglomerate can be
clast supported matrix supported and is characterised by rounded, cobble-grade clasts of
diverse lithologies, which include probably eroded fragments of volcanic rock, granitic rock,
quartz and extraformational sandstone and mudstone.

Kusu Formation, is a braided fluvial environment whose distribution is mainly

throughout southeastern and eastern Singapore. This formation was deposited in Lower
Cretaceous (145Ma) after the period of hiatus in the Middle to Upper Jurassic. It comprises
sandstone and subordinate conglomerate. The sandstone is coarser-grained with white, grey or
reddish brown and quartz-rich, containing scattered floating pebbles clasts of metamorphic
rock and is typically thick bedded massive. The rocks are not deformed or metamorphosed,
and therefore lack the recrystallisation and penetrative fabric that would be associated with
deformation and metamorphism.
 Bukit Batok Formation, is stratigraphical unit name after the Bukit Batok planning
area in west-central Singapore and its known distributions are restricted to small, often-
bounded areas in central to western Singapore. It is a distributive river delta (fluivio-deltaic)
depositional environment. The formation comprises interbedded sandstone and mudstone
along with subordinate conglomerate and volcaniclastic rock. The sandstone is fine to medium
grained and well to very well sorted. Mudstone is dark grey to black in colour and rich in
organic matter.
 Bedok Formation, is named after Bedok planning area mainly found in south-east
Singapore. It was deposited in the Neogene to Early mid Pleistocene period. It’s probably
mainly alluvial fans that interfingered with the literally adjacent fluvial system environments.
The lithology comprises an extensive sheet of weakly consolidated to consolidated, chaotically
bedded gravel, sand, silt and clay. The formation lithology is also often heavily altered and
oxidised by the effects of tropical climate weathering and is sometimes found cemented to
varying degrees. Detritus may have been locally sourced and most likely deposited in alluvial
fan cones that interfingered with the laterally adjacent fluvial system. The mineralogy of the
formation is mainly composed of qartzo-feldspathic with feldspar weathering to Clay to
different depths. This formation consists predominantly of clayey coarse granular sand with
sub-rounded pebbles and Silty Sand layers. The pebbles found are mainly composed of quartz.
The quartz pebbles are generally more angular, the others sub-rounded to rounded. The top part
of the formation is weathered during warm interglacial ages while the deep and fresh part of
the formation is cemented but cementation is not as strong as a rock.
 Kallang Group, is extensively found in river valleys, river mouths, river plains, coastal
areas and near the offshore in Singapore. It’s being formed in the late Pleistocene to Holocene
period. It also represents the youngest part stratigraphy in Singapore.
Jalan Besar Formation previously referred as the “Alluvial Member”, is the most extensive
of Kallang Group units occurring at the surface. The formation represents the fluvial and
channelised parts of the Kallang Group that prograde and regress with relative fluctuations of
sea level during Quaternary period. The formation also comprises silt to coarse sand with
occasional traces of organic matter and pebbles while the colour ranges from brown and red to
light grey.
Kranji Formation, deposited were previously assigned to “Transitional Member”, which
confined largely to river mouths and tidal (typically mangrove) swamps on the coastal fringes
of Singapore. The formation comprises of black to blue grey colour of peat-rich clay and silt
containing decomposed wood and fragments of vegetation. Besides, the formation also
interfingers with the Rochor Clay, Jalan Besar and Tanjung Rhu Clay formations.
Tanjung Rhu Clay Formation was previously assigned to the “Lower Marine Clay Member”,
dominantly comprised of clay with shell fragments and organic material (peat), which formed
in a near-shore and shallow marine environment. Normally it shows green-grey to dark-blue in
colour. The formation is capped by a highly weathered and compacted stiff Clay layer derived
from weathering (oxidation) and desiccation of Marine Clay. Marina South Member locally
and informally known as the ‘stiff clay unit’. The unit comprises of mottled, stiff, reddish
brown, silty clay with occasional beds of loose sand.
Rochor Clay Formation, deposited were previously assigned to the “Upper Marine Clay
Member”, which is extensively deposited at low lying part such as at near shore and shallow
marine environment. It comprises soft, blue-grey mud (clay and silt) with thin beds of sand and
peat.
Tekong Formation, previously recognised as “Littoral Member”. The formation is dominantly
composed of gravel or fine to coarse sands, which the sand component essentially quartz,
locally with additional lateritic, lithic and shell fragments. The formations deposited in active
coastal regions and also includes beach deposits laid down immediately offshore and tidal
sandbanks during past sea level.
Semakau Formation, previously assigned to the “Reef Member”, which the formation is
confined largely to present-day reefs fringing island to the south, south-west and west of
mainland Singapore. The formations constitute coral reef material and comprises 99.9%
calcareous sand with also presents grains of quartz and heavy minerals.

(1.1) Geology condition of Project Site