Qualitative Aspects of Spoken Language Use

Qualitative aspects of spoken language use - Table 3 (CEFR 3.
3): Common Reference levels

The chart in this table was designed to assess spoken performances. It focuses on different qualitative aspects of language use.

RANGE ACCURACY FLUENCY INTERACTION COHERENCE
C2 Shows great flexibility Maintains consistent Can express him/herself Can interact with ease and Can create coherent
reformulating ideas in grammatical control of spontaneously at length skill, picking up and using and cohesive
differing linguistic forms to complex language, even with a natural colloquial non-verbal and intonational discourse making full
convey finer shades of while attention is flow, avoiding or cues apparently effortlessly. and appropriate use of
meaning precisely, to give otherwise engaged (e.g. in backtracking around any Can interweave his/her a variety of
emphasis, to differentiate forward planning, in difficulty so smoothly contribution into the joint organisational
and to eliminate ambiguity. monitoring others' that the interlocutor is discourse with fully natural patterns and a wide
Also has a good command reactions). hardly aware of it. turntaking, referencing, range of connectors
of idiomatic expressions allusion making etc. and other cohesive
and colloquialisms devices.
C1 Has a good command of a Consistently maintains a Can express him/herself Can select a suitable phrase Can produce clear,
broad range of language high degree of fluently and from a readily available smoothly-flowing,
allowing him/her to select grammatical accuracy; spontaneously, almost range of discourse functions well-structured
a formulation to express errors are rare, difficult to effortlessly. Only a to preface his remarks in speech, showing
him/ herself clearly in an spot and generally conceptually difficult order to get or to keep the controlled use of
appropriate style on a wide corrected when they do subject can hinder a floor and to relate his/her organisational
range of general, occur. natural, smooth flow of own contributions skilfully patterns, connectors
academic, professional or language. to those of other speakers. and cohesive devices.
leisure topics without
having to restrict what
he/she wants to say.
B2 Has a sufficient range of Shows a relatively high Can produce stretches of Can initiate discourse, take Can use a limited
language to be able to give degree of grammatical language with a fairly his/her turn when number of cohesive
clear descriptions, express control. Does not make even tempo; although appropriate and end devices to link his/her
viewpoints on most errors which cause he/she can be hesitant conversation when he / she utterances into clear,
general topics, without misunderstanding, and as he or she searches for needs to, though he /she coherent discourse,
much conspicuous can correct most of patterns and may not always do this though there may be
searching for words, using his/her mistakes. expressions, there are elegantly. Can help the some "jumpiness" in a
some complex sentence few noticeably long discussion along on familiar long contribution.
forms to do so. pauses. ground confirming
comprehension, inviting
others in, etc.
B1 Has enough language to Uses reasonably Can keep going Can initiate, maintain and Can link a series of
get by, with sufficient accurately a repertoire of comprehensibly, even close simple face-to-face shorter, discrete
vocabulary to express frequently used though pausing for conversation on topics that simple elements into a
him/herself with some "routines" and patterns grammatical and lexical are familiar or of personal connected, linear
hesitation and circum- associated with more planning and repair is interest. Can repeat back sequence of points.
locutions on topics such as predictable situations. very evident, especially part of what someone has
family, hobbies and in longer stretches of said to confirm mutual
interests, work, travel, and free production. understanding.
current events.
A Uses basic sentence Uses some simple Can make him/herself Can answer questions and Can link groups of
2 patterns with memorised structures correctly, but understood in very short respond to simple words with simple
phrases, groups of a few still systematically makes utterances, even though statements. Can indicate connectors like "and,
words and formulae in basic mistakes. pauses, false starts and when he/she is following "but" and "because".
order to communicate reformulation are very but is rarely able to
limited information in evident. understand enough to keep
simple everyday situations. conversation going of
his/her own accord.
A Has a very basic repertoire Shows only limited Can manage very short, Can ask and answer Can link words or
1 of words and simple control of a few simple isolated, mainly pre- questions about personal groups of words with
phrases related to personal grammatical structures packaged utterances, details. Can interact in a very basic linear
details and particular and sentence patterns in with much pausing to simple way but connectors like "and"
concrete situations. a memorised repertoire. search for expressions, communication is totally or "then".
to articulate less familiar dependent on repetition,
words, and to repair rephrasing and repair.
communication.

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Qualitative aspects of spoken language use - Table 3 (CEFR 3.

3): Common Reference levels

RANGE ACCURACY FLUENCY INTERACTION COHERENCE

he/she wants to say.

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