Anual San Marcos

SEMANA
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INGLÉS
ANUAL SAN MARCOS

WORDS & SENTENCES

WORD CLASSES

All words belong to categories called word classes (or parts of speech) according to the part they play in a sentence. The main
word classes in English are listed below.

VERB

A verb describes what a person or thing does or what happens. For example, verbs describe:
an action – jump, stop, explore
an event – snow, happen
a situation – be, seem, have
a change – evolve, shrink, widen

NOUN

A noun is a word that identifies:

a person (man, girl, engineer, friend)
a thing (horse, wall, flower, country)
an idea, quality, or state (anger, courage, life, luckiness)

ADJECTIVE

An adjective is a word that describes a noun, giving extra information about it. For example:
an exciting adventure
a green apple
a tidy room

ADVERB

An adverb is a word that’s used to give information about a verb, adjective, or other adverb. They can make the meaning of a verb,
adjective, or other adverb stronger or weaker, and often appear between the subject and its verb (She nearly lost everything.)

PREPOSITION

A preposition is a word such as after, in, to, on, and with. Prepositions are usually used in front of nouns or pronouns and they
show the relationship between the noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence. They describe, for example, the position of
something, the time when something happens, or the way in which something is done.

DETERMINER

A determiner is a word that introduces a noun, such as a/an, the, every, this, those, or many (as in a dog, the dog, this dog, those
dogs, every dog, many dogs).
The determiner the is sometimes known as the definite article and the determiner a (or an) as the indefinite article.

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PRONOUN

Pronouns are used in place of a noun that is already known or has already been mentioned. This is often done in order to avoid
repeating the noun. For example:

Laura left early because she was tired.

Anthony brought the avocados with him.
That is the only option left.
Something will have to change.

Personal pronouns are used in place of nouns referring to specific people or things, for example I, me, mine, you, yours,his, her,
hers, we, they, or them. They can be divided into various different categories according to their role in a sentence, as follows:
• subjective pronouns
• objective pronouns
• possessive pronouns
• reflexive pronouns

CONJUNCTION OR LINKING WORD

A conjunction (also called a connective) is a word such as and, because, but, for, if, or, and when. Conjunctions are used to
connect phrases, clauses, and sentences.The two main kinds are known as coordinating conjunctions and subordinating
conjunctions.

SENTENCE STRUCTURE

DEFINITIONS AND EXAMPLES OF BASIC SENTENCE ELEMENTS

Key: Yellow, bold = subject; green underline = verb, blue, italics = object, pink, regular font = prepositional phrase

Independent clause: An independent clause can stand alone as a sentence. It contains a subject and a verb and is a complete
idea.

o I like spaghetti.
o He reads many books.

Subject: A person, animal, place, thing, or concept that does an action. Determine the subject in a sentence by asking the
question “Who or what?”

o I like spaghetti.
o He reads many books.

Verb: Expresses what the person, animal, place, thing, or concept does. Determine the verb in a sentence by asking the ques-
tion “What was the action or what happened?”

o I like spaghetti.
o He reads many books.
o The movie is good. (The be verb is also sometimes referred to as a copula or a linking verb. It links the subject, in this case
the movie, to the complement or the predicate of the sentence, in this case, good.)

Object: A person, animal, place, thing, or concept that receives the action. Determine the object in a sentence by asking the
question “The subject did what?” or “To whom?/For whom?”

o I like spaghetti.
o He reads many books.

Prepositional Phrase: A phrase that begins with a preposition (i.e., in, at for, behind, until, after, of, during) and modifies a word
in the sentence. A prepositional phrase answers one of many questions. Here are a few examples: “Where? When? In what
way?”

o I like spaghetti for dinner.

o He reads many books in the library.

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DIRECT OBJECT

The normal order of an English sentence is subject - verb - object, like this:

subject verb object

He k icked the ball.

In the above sentence, the action or verb is “kicked”. The subject (He) performed the action (kicked). And the object (the ball)
received the action.

Strictly speaking, “the ball” is the direct object, and the direct object directly received the action of the verb. Let’s look at some
more examples:

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Notice that in all the above cases the subject is “doing” the action, and the direct object (D.O.) is receiving or undergoing the
action.

INDIRECT OBJECT

The indirect object of a verb receives the direct object. In effect, the action moves from the subject, through the verb, to the
direct object and then the indirect object.

Sue passed Ann the ball.

Note that the indirect object comes between the verb and the direct object.
Look at some more example sentences:

indirect direct
subject verb object object

The gave the some

teacher class homework.

I read her

John b ought Mary a ring.

John b rought Mary some

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An indirect object can be one word or several words. It is usually:

• noun (They normally give refugees shelter.)

• proper noun (The dealer sold John a fake.)
• noun phrase (They bought their eldest daughter a house.)
• pronoun (Please make her a new dress.)

In general, indirect objects are often people or animals and direct objects are often things.

Indirect Object or prepositional phrase?

In general an indirect object can be rephrased and repositioned as a prepositional phrase starting with “to” or “for”. The exam-
ples above would then become:

subjec direct
t verb object al phrase

The gave s ome to the class.

teache homewor
r k

I read to her.

John b ought a ring for Mary.

John b rough some for Mary.

t

Note that the prepositional phrase is NOT the indirect object—it is just a prepositional phrase.

TEXT 1

STATUE OF LIBERTY
The Statue of Liberty is one of the most famous symbols of America. For people who came to America from other countries in
the early 1900s, “Lady Liberty” meant the start of a new life where anything was possible.

The Statue of Liberty is 305 feet tall and stands on Ellis Island in New York City. When she was built, she was the tallest structure
in New York City. Today, there are hundreds of taller buildings. The Statue of Liberty is made of copper – the same metal that
was once used to make pennies. She looks green, however, because copper turns green over time when it is outside. She is
honored on U.S. coins and countless postage stamps.

Did you know that the Statue of Liberty was a gift to the United States from France for its 100th birthday?

1.- Why is the Statue of Liberty an important symbol of America?

A. Because she was a gift from France

B. Because she is a symbol of freedom and a new life for people who came to America from other countries
C. Because she is made of copper
D. Because she is on countless postage stamps
E. Because she is called “Lady Liberty”

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2.- What is not true about the Statue of Liberty?

A. She looks green

B. She was once the tallest structure in the world
C. There are many taller buildings in New York City
D. She is 305 - feet - tall
E. She was a gift from France

3.- The Statue of Liberty…

A. looks the same color as pennies.

B. was a gift to France.
C. is the tallest structure in New York City.
D. is not called “Lady Liberty”
E. was a gift from France.

4.- Which of the following is a “nickname” used by the author for the Statue of Liberty?

A. Lady Liberty
B. The gift from France
C. The copper statue
D. The statue
E. A penny

5.- When does copper turn Green?

A. When it’s in America

B. When it’s 305 feet
C. When it’s 100 years old
D. When it’s on U.S. coins
E. When it’s outside

TEXT 2

SPIDER STORY
Did you know that spiders are not insects? They are actually called Arachnids, a group of animals related to insects that have
eight legs and that have venom. There are many different kinds of spiders. They live all over the world and can be found in just
about every habitat. Most like dark places, which may include your home, closets, or basement!
Spiders are very interesting. Some spin silk webs to catch and eat prey, while others attack their prey. Some spiders, like ta-
rantulas, are large enough to eat lizards and mice! Many people are afraid of spiders because they bite. Most spiders, however,
will only bite if they think they are in danger and most are harmless. Spiders are actually helpful to people because many eat
insect pests like cockroaches and mosquitoes.

1.- Spiders have ____________ legs.

A. the passage doesn’t say

B. four
C. six
D. eight
E. nine

2.- Which is NOT true about spiders?

A. Spiders like dark places.

B. Some spiders attack their prey.
C. Spiders are actually helpful to people.
D. All spiders are dangerous.
E. Spiders are not insects

3.- Spiders are....

A. tarantulas
B. related to insects
C. all harmful
D. insects
E. prey

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4. Why are spiders helpful to people?

A. They have eight legs.

B. They live all over the world.
C. Some eat lizards.
D. Some eat insect pests.
E. They are arachnids

5. Which question is NOT answered in the passage?

A. How many legs do spiders have?

B. Where would I find a spider?
C. How long do spiders live?
D. What do spiders eat?
E. Where do spiders live?