Topic 1 Preliminaries and basics of character formation leadership management and admiration

Lesson 1 character
Lesson 2 Interpretation of Dreams
Lesson 3 Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality
Lesson 4 Meaning of Leadership and Management
Lesson 5 Levels of Organization

Lesson 1 Definition of character

Character is a psychological notion that refers to all the habitual ways of feeling and reacting that
distinguish one individual from another. Sigmund Freud had a sustained interest in the question of
character formation, since it touches on the major themes that interested him: "anatomo-physiological
destiny," memory traces, and, more generally, the role of acquired traits, as well as the function of
sublimation with regard to the "remains" of the pregenital libido.

Lesson 2 Interpretation of Dreams

In The Interpretation of Dreams (1900a), Freud defined character in relationship to the unconscious:
"What we describe as our 'character' is based on the memory-traces of our impressions; and, moreover,
the impressions which have had the greatest effect on us—those of our earliest youth—are precisely the
ones which scarcely ever become conscious". This definition posits character as a sort of memory, a
collection of traces. Five years later, in Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905d), Freud
emphasized individual psychic activity: "What we describe as a person's 'character' is built up to a
considerable extent from the material of sexual excitations and is composed of instincts that have been
fixed since childhood, or constructions achieved by means of sublimation, and of other constructions,
employed for effectively holding in check perverse impulses which have been recognized as being
unutilizable"

Lesson 3 Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality

In 1920, in an addendum to the Three Essays that reiterates material presented in the article "Character
and Anal Erotism" (1908b), Freud summarized, "Obstinacy, thrift and orderliness arise from an
exploitation of anal erotism, while ambition is determined by a strong urethral-erotic component".
Character derives from instincts, but not directly, since reaction formations and sublimations intervene.
Thus, as Freud noted in "Thoughts for the Times on War and Death" (1915b), "The pre-existence of
strong 'bad' impulses in infancy is often the actual condition for an unmistakable inclination towards
'good' in the adult". With the development of the notion of identification, that of character took on
additional dimensions. Character formation was understood to be based on the mechanism of
identification that is, unconsciously identifying with character traits derived from objects. According to
Freud in The Ego and the Id (1923b), when a lost object is reestablished in the ego, thus allowing an
identification to replace object cathexis, this "makes an essential contribution towards building up what
is called its 'character' "

The notion of character thus evolved in Freud's work. The importance Freud attributed to it can be seen
in his remarks in "Freud's Psycho-Analytic Procedure" (1904a), where he wrote, "Deep-rooted
malformations of character, traits of an actually degenerate constitution, show themselves during
treatment as sources of a resistance that can scarcely be overcome" (p. 254). However, determining
character traits is not easy. In "Some Character-types Met with in Psycho-Analytic Work" (1916d), Freud
noted that it is not the character traits that patients see in themselves, nor those attributed to patients
by persons close to them, that pose the greatest problem for analysts; rather it is the previously
unknown and surprising peculiarities often revealed in the course of analysis. Freud analyzed some of
the character types revealed through analysis, including those of subjects who claim for themselves the
right to perpetrate injustice because they believe they have been subjected to it themselves, subjects
"wrecked by success" (pp. 316 ff), and finally, taking a perspective that changed criminology, "criminals
from a sense of guilt".

Karl Abraham (1925/1953-1955) returned to the specific issue of the anal

Lesson 4 Meaning of Leadership and Management

A simple definition is that leadership is the art of motivating a group of people to act toward achieving a
common goal. In a business setting, this can mean directing workers and colleagues with a strategy to
meet the company's needs.

This leadership definition captures the essentials of being able and prepared to inspire others. Effective
leadership is based upon ideas (whether original or borrowed), but won't happen unless those ideas can
be communicated to others in a way that engages them enough to act as the leader wants them to act.

Put even more simply, the leader is the inspiration for and director of the action. They are the person in
the group that possesses the combination of personality and leadership skills to make others want to
follow their direction.

Management (or managing) is the administration of an organization, whether it is a business, a not-for-

profit organization, or government body. Management includes the activities of setting the strategy of
an organization and coordinating the efforts of its employees (or of volunteers) to accomplish its
objectives through the application of available resources, such as financial, natural, technological, and
human resources. The term "management" may also refer to those people who manage an organization
- individually: managers.

Social scientists study management as an academic discipline, investigating areas such as social
organization and organizational leadership.

Lesson 5 Level of Organization

Larger organizations generally have three levels of managers which are typically organize in a
hierarchical, pyramid structure:

 Senior managers, such as members of a board of directors and a chief executive officer (CEO) or
a president of an organization. They set the strategic goals of the organization and make
decisions on how the overall organization will operate. Senior managers are generally executive-
level professionals, and provide direction to middle management, who directly or indirectly
report to them.
  Middle managers - examples of these would include branch managers, regional managers,
department managers and section managers, who provide direction to front-line managers.
Middle managers communicate the strategic goals of senior management to the front-line
managers.
 Lower managers, such as supervisors and front-line team leaders, oversee the work of regular
employees (or volunteers, in some voluntary organizations) and provide direction on their work.

In smaller organizations, a manager may have a much wider scope and may perform several roles or
even all of the roles commonly observed in a large organization.

Topic 2 Administration system

Lesson 1 Definition of Administration system

 It is a job that requires maintaining and operating a computer system and/or network.
 Activities performed by a system administrator such as monitoring security configuration,
managing allocation of user names and password, monitoring disk space and other resources
use, performing backups, and setting up new hardware and software.
 The subject matter of systems administration includes computer systems and the ways people
use them in an organization. This entails knowledge of Operating systems and applications.

Goals of System Administration

 System administration is
 Putting together a network of computer (workstation, PC’s Supercomputer)
 Getting them running
 Keeping them running – in spite of the activities of user who tend to cause the system to fail.
 System administrator works for the users
 System administrator should not furnish for the benefit of selfish – but for the benefit of a
whole community.

Topic 3 Characters of human being

 Physically or metaphorically
 Affable
 Aloof
 Conscientious
 Reluctant
 disgruntled
 disposition
 enigmatic
 garrulous
 irascible
 laconic
 nemesis
 obstinate
 optimistic
 recluse
  servile
 ungainly
 vilify
 pessimist

Physically or Metaphorically
Physically or metaphorically — can be described using this adjective.

Abrasive
The history of the word abrasive illustrates how a word typically enters the English language and then
changes with time. The English verb abrade, "to wear down by scraping," entered the language from
Latin abradere, "to scrape off," in the late 1600s. Some 200 years later, the adjective form of the word
— abrasive — came into use to describe a type of grinding tool. By the 1920s, abrasive had acquired the
more figurative sense of annoying and infuriating. If you find someone abrasive, he or she grinds away
at your nerves.

Affable
Means friendly, pleasant, and easy to talk to. An affable host offers you something to drink and makes
you feel at home. The adjective affable entered English by way of the Latin word affābilis, which means
"kind, friendly." If you’re stuck on an airplane next to someone affable, the trip won’t be so bad because
that person will be easy to chat with but won’t talk your ear off. Synonyms of affable also refer to a
pleasant and mild friendliness, such as genial, hospitable, and gracious. Affable people generally seem
like they’re in a good mood and are happy to see you.

Aloof
Someone who's aloof isn't warm and friendly, instead being distant and reserved. That emotionally cold
and detached fellow who keeps to himself, drinking espresso and reading French philosophy, would best
be described as aloof.

In Middle English, aloof was originally a nautical term; the loof (now spelled luff) is the windward side of
a ship. Smart sailors wanting to avoid a hazard on the leeward side would give the order, "A loof!" From
this command we get the idea of steering clear of something (or someone). In modern usage the word
has taken on a negative connotation: an aloof person is often considered cold or snobby.

Conscientious
If someone is conscientious, that person strives to do what's right and to carry out her duties.
Conscientious people show care and put in a big effort.

Being conscientious has to do with being careful, thoughtful, and decent. A conscientious doctor will do
everything possible to help a patient. A conscientious teacher will spend extra time with students, just
to make sure they're learning. A boss wishes every worker could be conscientious: it's a rare and
wonderful trait. To be conscientious, you have to be willing to do the right thing even when it's difficult.
Unfortunately, many people aren't conscientious.

Reluctant
A person who is reluctant to accept changes and new ideas. You would never find a conservative person
betting lots of money. Conservative people tend to play it safe and do not try new things.
Disgruntled
In a state of sulky dissatisfaction.

People who are disgruntled feel that they have been attacked wrongly. They are upset because
something happened to them that they feel they did not deserve. (Bad Connotation/Denotation)

Disposition
Your usual mood.

There are some people who are in a constant mood--either good or bad. Although most people fluctuate
between moods, there are some people who always seem to be cheerful or angry. When someone's
disposition is different from their usual one, everyone notices. (Neutral Connotation/Denotation)

Enigmatic - Not clear to the understanding

My enigmatic neighbor doesn't talk to anyone and goes on walks in the middle of the night. A sign on his
door reads, "Please go away."

People who are enigmatic are like puzzles. You never know what they're thinking. (Neutral
Connotation/Denotation)

Exotic
Strikingly strange or unusual

Some people lead exotic lives. They might like music that is not in the mainstream. They might have
things at their home that most people do not, like crazy animals or a bunch of musical instruments. They
and their life would be considered exotic. (Neutral Connotation/Denotation)

Fastidious
Giving careful attention to detail

People who are fastidious about their appearance dress well and are groomed perfectly. They like to
wear the latest fashions and have their hair style up-to-date. (Good Connotation/Denotation)

Garrulous
Full of trivial conversation

Much of the conversations I hear at lunch are garrulous. Most kids are talking about nonsense. (Bad
Connotation/Denotation)

Irascible
Quickly aroused to anger

Irascible people tend to be like a firecracker. One little thing will set them off. (Bad
Connotation/Denotation)

Laconic
Brief and to the point
Someone who is laconic does not say much. Their comments are very short and to the point. (Neutral
Connotation/Denotation)

Nemesis
Something or someone causing misery or death

A nemesis is someone who you despise because they always seem to be against you. You might have a
serious nemesis or you might view your mom as your chief nemesis right now--she is always on you
about your grades and who you're hanging out with. (Bad Connotation/Denotation)

Obstinate
Resistant to guidance or discipline

An obstinate student is one who very bad. These students do not like to do work and are often talking
when others are talking. (Bad Connotation/Denotation)

Optimistic
Hopeful that the best will happen in the future
Someone who is optimistic is always looking at the bright side of things. (Good Connotation/Denotation)

Recluse
One who lives in solitude

A recluse stays away from everyone. They don't like to come out of their house. They usually have little
or no contact with even family members. (Bad Connotation/Denotation)

Servile
Submissive or fawning in attitude or behavior

People who are servile are always trying to please someone. They do so in big showy ways that look
ridiculous. (Bad Connotation/Denotation)

Ungainly
Lacking grace in movement or posture

Although many adults are ungainly, this word might apply to students in middle school who are just
growing into their bodies. During growth spurts, many students become clumsy and awkward looking.
(Bad Connotation/Denotation)

Vilify
Spread negative information about

Someone who is vilified is made to look bad either with truthful or false information. When you spread
rumors about someone you are attempting to vilify them. (Bad Connotation/Denotation)

Pessimist
A person who expects the worst

A pessimist is someone who always looks at the negative side of things. (Bad Connotation/Denotation)