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b]zsf] ;j{tf]d'vL ljsf; u/L ;s];Dd rfF8f] cGo ljsl;t d'n'sx¿sf] bfFhf]df k'¥ofpg]
/fi6«gfos >L % dxf/fhflw/fh ;/sf/af6 pTs6 clenfiff /fvL aS;L To; ;DaGwdf
df};"kmaf6 ;do ;dodf k|of;x¿ ul/aS;]sf] s'/f ;a} ljlbt} 5 . jfl~5t kl/0ffd xfl;n
ug{sf nflu b]zdf cGo Joj:yfsf ;fy} sfg"gL /fHo :yfkgf ug{ clt cfjZos ePsf] x'Fbf
To;sf] lgldQ cg's"n jftfj/0f Pj+ kl/l:yt tof/ ug{ cGo sltko s'/fsf] cltl/St k|rlnt
sfg"gL Joj:yfdf klg ;dofg"s"n ;'wf/ ub}{ n}hfg] nIo /flvaS;]sf] xf] . ablnFbf] ;dosf]
k|efjn] xfd|f] /fli6«o r]tgf / wfl{d{s Pj+ ;fdflhs dfGotf, Jojxf/ Pj+ b'li6sf]0fdf klg a/fa/
kl/jt{g cfO/xg] x'Fbf To;df cldNbf] ePsf k|rlnt sfg"gL Joj:yfx¿df j/fj/ ;'wf/ x'Fb}
uPsf] klg 5 . ToxL l;nl;nfdf df};"kmaf6 ut b'O jif{ cl3 gofF d'n'sL P]g k|bfg ul/jS:of] .
xfd|f] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] Oltx;sf] ;f] rf}yf] d'n'ls P]g ;jf{lws dxTjk"0f{dfq xf]Og ;aeGbf
k|ultzLn Pj+ qmflGtsf/L sfg"g klg xf] . of] s'/fsf] ;+k'li6 ljut tLgj6f d'n'sL P]gx¿sf]
k|f/De / tT;DaGwL Oltxf;sf] k|Tofjnf]sg ugf{n] x'g ;Sb5 .
/fi6« lgdf{tf >L % a8f dxf/fh k[YjL gf/of0f zfxn] Pp6f lj:t[t e"efusf] ¿kdf
g]kfnsf] gj–lgdf{0f ug'{ eGbf cl3 of] b]z ;fgf ;fgf /fHodf ljeSt lyof] . tL dWo] clwsf+z
/fHox¿ cfÇgf]–cfÇgf] clwsf/ If]qdf :jtGq lyP / cfÇgf] /Llt l:ylt / wfld{s k/Dk/f
cg';f/ /fHo ;~rfng ub{y] . /fHosf] Joj:yf / dflg;x¿sf] cfk;L ;Dks{ Pj+ Jojxf/
d'VotM wd{, wfld{s k/Dk/f Pj+ ;fdflhs /Llt lyltaf6} lgwf{l/t x'GYof] . To;a]nf k|rlnt wd{
zf:qdf d'Votof k|frLg j]b, k'/f0f tyf :d[ltx¿ -dg', of1, aNSo, gf/b, a[x:klt OToflb_ sf
s[ltx¿ / :yfgLo k|rng /Llt lylt k/Dk/fx¿ ;dflji6 x'Gy] . æhflthfgkbfGwdf{g\ >]0fL
wdf{Zr wd{ljt\ . ;dLIo s'nwdf{Zr :jwd{ k|ltkfbo]t\ -k|To]s hflt b]z ;d'bfo /
kl/jf/x¿sf] /Llt k/Dk/fsf] 5fgaLg u/]/ k|To]snfO{ ;'xfpFbf] u/L dfGotf lbP/ Joj:yf ug'{
kb{5_ .Æ eGg] jfSoåf/f tTsfn wd{ zf:qf] dxQf / pkfb]otf, l;4 ub{5 . h'Dnfsf /fhf
k[YjLdNn b]jsf] zfs] !@*) sf] tfdfkqdf klg æufUof{o0f uf}tdflb k|0fLt /fhgLlt zf:qd\
k|lji7 k|i7Æ eÙ] pNn]v kfOG5 . h;af6 dg', j[x:klt , of1jNSo, uf}td, ufUo{ cflb Clif
d'lgx¿sf] :d[lt jrgx¿sf] cfwf/df zf;g k4lt, Gofo zf:q / /fHo Joj:yf ;~rfng
ePsf] :ki6 x'G5 . cfly{s Joj:yfsf ;DaGwdf tL /fhf /hf}6fx¿n] ljleÙ t/Lsfx¿
ckgfPsf] b]lvP tfklg Gofo ;Dkfbg / sfg"gL Joj:yfsf ;DaGwdf ljz]if c? a9L Joj:yf
u/]sf] b]lvb}g .
sf7df8f}+ pkTossf ;fdflhs ;'wf/df k|j[Q x'g] tTsfnLg dNn /fhfx¿df hol:ylt
dNnsf] ljz]if rrf{ kfOG5 . a'4 wd{sf k|rf/ / aÍfnsf ;'ntfg zdz'2Lgsf] cfqmdsf] df/n]
l5ÙleÙ ePsf hflt k|yfnfO{ pgn] cfo{ lxGb"sf] j0f{ Joj:yf cg';f/ k'gu{7g u/] . 3/ /
hUufsf] gfk hfFrsf] Joj:yf, d"No lgwf{/0f t/Lsf, h:tf ;fdflhs Joj:yfdf ;'wf/ u/]sf
lyP . pbfx/0ffy{ o;} k':tssf] hUuf hdLgsf] dxnsf] #* / $) g+= cjnf]sgLo 5g\ .
ck/fwLx¿nfO{ zf/Ll/s b08sf cltl/St cfly{s b08 lbg] gLlt klg logn] j;fn] ;f] b]lif
jfx]s Gofo Joj:yf ;DjlGw s'/fnfO O{= !#*) df ædfgj Gofo zf:qÆ eÙ] gfdn] gf/b
:d[ltnfO{ tTsfn k|rlnt efiff / lnlkdf cg'jfb k'l:tsf n]vfP hf] cBfjlw jL/
k':tsfnodf ;'/lIft 5 pgL eGbf s]xL kl5sf /fhf dx]Gb| dNnn] klg :yfgLo ;'wf/x¿ u/]sf
lyP .
ltgtfsf uf]vf{ /fHodf klg b|Jo zfxsf j+zhsf] zf;g sfn lyof] . jxfF klg zf;g
Joj:yf d'Votof wd{ zf:qaf6 :yfgLo /Llt lylt k/Dk/f cg';f/ rlncfPsf] lyof] . wd{
zf:qdf lgk'0f kl08tx¿ sf] /fo ;Nnfx g';f/ zf;g Joj:yf rnfO{ cfPsf] / ;fdflhs
Joj:yf klg wd{ zf:qs} cg'¿k u7g / ;~rfng e}/x]sf] x'Fbf s'g ck/fw xf] s'g xf]Og /
ck/fwLnfO{ s] s:tf] k|sf/sf] ;hfo lbg' kb{5 eÙ] s'/f wd{zf:qaf6} lgwf{l/t x'GYof] . hUuf
hdLg n]gb]g u'7L OToflb s'/f klg :yfgLo rng cg';f/ rln cfPsf] lyof] . u'7L hUufx¿
/fVbf tfdfkq jf s'g} lnvt kq ubf{ klg s[ldÆ OToflb k|tL1f /fvL To;sf] c;/ wd{zf:q
adf]lhd k~r dxfkfts nfUg] u/L lbPsf] 5 . sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf hol:ylt dNn em}+ uf]vf{
/fHodf klg /fhf /fd zfxsf] zf;gsfndf :yfgLo ;'wf/sf] ;DaGwdf uxlsnf] sbd
rflnPsf] kfOG5 . /fhgLlt1 /fhf /fd zfxaf6 ;"qsf] ?kdf @^ j6f l:yltx¿sf] pNn]v u/L
;fdflhs ;'wf/tkm{ k|ultzLn ljrf/ ckgfPsf] b]lvG5 . :yfgLo k|rngdf eg]{ k|yfdf afF;sf
9'ª\u|f, 8fnf, cfîf} OToflbsf] rng lyof] . ;f] cJofjxfl/s b]v]/ dfgf kfyL tyf tf]nf, df;f,
wfgL{ lj;f}nLsf] rng rNtL a;flnof] . o; k|sf/ /fhf /fd zfxaf6 cGo sltko
Joj:yfx¿nfO{ gofF ?k lbOP/ wd{ zf:qsf Joj:yfdf cg'ko'St ePsfnfO{ vfl/h ul/of] . ;f]
l:yltaf6 k|efljt eP/ l5d]sL tyf k/ k/ ;Ddsf /fhfx¿n] klg ;f]xL l:ylt ckgfPsf]
b]lvG5 . o; l:yltn] Gofo zf:qdf h'g ¿kdf gf}nf] b]g lbof] Tof] clåtLo 5 . t;y{ ljz]if
hfgsf/Lsf] nflu Oltxf; k|sf; gfds u|Gysf] c+s @ efu # df pNn]lvt ;f] l:yltx¿nfO{
;f]xL ¿kdf o; lstfasf] cGTo kl/lzi6df k|sfz ul/Psf] 5 .
o;/L g]kfnsf ljleÙ /fHox¿df clwsf/ bfloTj Pj+ ck/fw / ;hfo OToflb s'/f /Llt
lylt / wfld{s u|Gyx¿af6} lgwf{l/t x'g] ePsf] x'Fbf Pp6} lsl;dsf] ck/fwdf klg leÙ leÙ
;hfo x'g' :jfefljs} lyof] . tL ;fgf–;fgf /fHox¿nfO{ Pstfsf] ;"qdf afwL aS;]kl5 >L %
k[YjL af6 klg dx;"; ul/alS;of] . df};"kmaf6 ;fdflhs ;'wf/ / cfGtl/s k|zf;gsf
;DaGwdf sltko l:yltx¿sf] pNn]vgsf] ;fy} df};"kmsf] OR5fx¿ lbJo pk b]zdf o; k|sf/
JoSt ul/aS;]sf] 5 –æ/fhf /fd zfxn] jf+Wof lylt klg x]/L= ;s]= /fhf hol:ylt dNnn]
jf+Wofsf] lylt klg x]/L ;s] /fhf dlxGb| dNnn] jf+Wof lylt klg x]/L ;s] OZj/n] lbof] eGof=
d klg= o:tf jGb]hsf]= jfî= xhf/sf] lylt jf+wL hfnf eGGof cljnfiff=lyof]Æ. df};"kmsf]= of]
;lbR5f g]kfn clw/fHosf] u2Ldf cf/f]x0f ul/aS;]sf] % jif{ d} lgwg ePsf] x'Fbf df};"kmaf6}
k"/f ug{ ;lsaS;]g . ;f] lbJo pkb]zdf df};"kmaf6 h'g k|sf/sf] l:ylt bzf{O{ alS;of] ;f] l:ylt
jt{dfg b[li6sf]0faf6 x]bf{ ;d]t Hofb} b"/blz{tf tyf a'l4dtfk"0f{ kfOG5 .
To; a]nf;Dd n]vj4 sfg'g gePsf] / wd{zf:q adf]lhd zf;g Joj:yf rnfpg] u/L
cfPsf] s'/f klg df};"kmsf] lbJo pkb]zdf o; ?kdf kfOG5 . æcbfntdf klg 7s'/L hfrL
lb7\7f /fig'= du/ hfrL, ljrf/L, yfDg', srx/L lk5] os os kl08t,/flv, lg`f, zf:q=
adf]lhd= cbfnt= rnfpg'=cbfntsf k};f b/jf/ leq gxfNg'Æ . o;} d'tflas kl5 .>L %
/0faxfb'/sf] ljleÙ nfndf]x/x¿åf/f l:ylt aGb]h u/L b]zsf] zf;g Joj:yfsf] l:ylt afFwL
aS;]sf] lyof] . bf;Tj k|yfdf aGb]h u/L b]zsf] zf;g Joj:yfsf] l:ylt afFwL aS;]sf] lyof] .
bf;Tj k|yfdf lgoGq0f, c5fdsf] l:yt ;jfn, df]xL txl;+sf] Joj:yf, /sd b:t"/sf] k|rlnt
/Llt lylt eGbf Hofb} k|ultzLn lyof] .
o;k|sf/af6 xfd|f] sfg"gL kl/kf6Lsf] k[i7e"ld s'g} n]vj4 ¿kdf tof/ ge} ;do
;dosf] cfjZostf cg';f/ hf/L ul/Psf] ljleÙ nfndf]x/x¿åf/f aGb} uP . nfndf]x/åf/f
Joj:yf gul/Psf]df wd{ zf:qsf] k|wfgtf eg] ToxL ¿kdf /xL /èf] . ;fdlos cfjZostfnfO{
k"lt{ ug'{ kbf{ wd{zf:qsf dfGo jrg / /Lltlylt k/Dk/fnfO[ ;+zf]wg ug]{ k|of; To;a]nf klg
ePsf] lyof] . efph" a]xf]g]{ k/Dk/f rn]sf] lyof] / To;nfO{ aGb ug{ tfdfkq nfndf]x/ OToflb
ul/P . n]vj4 sfg"gsf] k|0ffnL To;a]nf ;Dd s'g} Ps ¿ktfaf6 k|f/De ePg, ;DejtM k|of;
klg ul/Pg . To:tf] ;dofg';f/ ul/Psf] Joj:yfsf] pbfx/0ffy{ /fhf /fdzfxaf6 afFwL aS;]sf]
l:ylt cltl/St ;+jt\ !**#, !**& / !*(# sf] >L % /fh]Gb|sf] kfnfsf] nfndf]x/ / ?Ssfx¿
klg kl/lzli6df k|sfz ul/Psf 5g\ .
sf]t kj{sf] pk;+xf/ kl5 b]zleq cs}{ jftfj/0f tof/ eof] . b]zsf ef/fbf/df k|d'v
JolStx¿sf] ;j{gfz e};s]sf] lyof] . hÍaxfb'/ / pgsf efO e} ofb afx]s c? sf]xL klg
pgsf k|ltåGbL hLljt g/x]sf]n] zf;g Joj:yfdf Ps dgf b[li6 lbg ;Dej ePsf] lyof] ;do
;dodf l:ytL jGb]h nfndf]x/ ¿ksf OToflbsf] afx'Notf / /Llt lylt k/Dk/f Pj+ wd{zf:qdf
n]lvPsf d'n'ssf] clglZrttfn] ubf{ / ;fy} ;dosf] kl/jt{gn] ubf{ kg{ cfPsf s'/fdf wd{
zf:qsf jrgx¿ ckof{Kt ePsf]n] zf;g ;+rfng ug{ Hofb} cK7\of/f] k/]sf] e};s]sf] lyof] .
t;y{ To:tf lylt jGb]hsf lnvtx¿ / wd{zf:qsf] s'/fnfO{ klg Wofgdf /fv]/ ltgLx?nfO{
;+sng / ;+zf]wg ug]{ u/L Pp6f lstfa tof/ ug]{ / To; lstfadf n]lvP adf]lhd zf;g
Joj:yf rnfpg] To;df n]lvPsf] ck/fwdf dfq ;hfo x'g] u/L clw/fHoe/ ;fdfGo ¿kn]
nfu" x'g] Joj:yf ug{ tTsfnLg >L % dxf/fhf/flw/fh ;'/]Gb| ljqmd zfxb]aaf6 k|wfg dGqL
hÍaxfb'/nfO{ x's"d aS;]sf] lyof] . ;f] x's"d d'tflas dGqL hÍaxfb'/n] tTsfnLg ;fdflhs
hLjgsf ljleÙ kIf tyf cfjZostfsf] ljrf/ u/L sfod /fVg' kg]{ l:ylt /LltnfO{ ;f]xL ¿kdf
sfod /fvL Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{ s'/fnfO{ hf] rflx+bf] ¿kdf Joj:yf u/L d;f}bf tof/ u/L ;+jt\
!(!) kf}if ;'bL & sf lbg >L % dxf/fhflw/fh ;'/]Gb| jL/ ljqmd zfxb]jaf6 ;f] P]g
clw/fHoe/ nfu' ul/jlS;of] . oxL d'n'sL P]g g} xfd|f] g]kfnsf] ;j{ k|yd n]va4 sfg"gsf]
lstfa ePsf] x'Fbf ;f] x:tlnlvt k|ltnfO{ k':tssf ¿kdf k|sfz ul/Psf] 5 . o; P]gsf]
k':tsdf nfu]sf 5fk nufot k|:tfjdf n]lvPsf] a]xf]/f ;d]tsf] lrq0f u/L o;}df k|sfz
ul/Psf] 5 .
o; d"n lstfasf] k|:tfjgfdf plNnlvt a]xf]/f adf]lhd ;+zf]wg u/L ;/sf/jf6 ug]{
clwsf/ k|wfg dGqL / sf}znsf ef/bf/x?nfO{ lbOPsf] lyof] . >L % ;'/]Gb| s} zf;g sfndf
klg !(!) kl5 ;do ;dodf ;f] P]gdf yk36 ul/of] . >L % ;'/]Gb|sf] :juf{/f]x0f ePkl5 >L %
k[YjL aL/ laqmd zfxb]jsf zf;g sfndf klg o; d'n'sL P]gsf sltko dxn / bkmfx¿ yk
eP . To;sf] ;fy} Hofb} nfdf] a]xf]/f ePsf] / Pp6} s'/f b'O–tLg 7fpFdf kg{ uPsf] x'Fbf ;f]
d'n'sL P]gnfO{ k'gM PsLs/0f u/L dxnx?nfO{ laifosf] Plss/0f u/L kfFrj6f d"n efux?df
laeSt ul/P/ !($# ;fndf s]xL k':ts ?k lnO{ hf/L eof] . To;kl5 >L % lqe'jg jL/
ljqmd zfxb]jsf zf;g sfndf ;f] P]gdf pNn]v ul/Psf ck/fwx?sf] ;do ;'xfpFbf] JofVof
ul/P/ ;f]xL d'tfljs ;hfox?sf] lgwf{/0f u/L ck|rlnt ePsf ck/fwx? vf/]h u/]/ cf} gofF
k|sf/sf ck/fwx? ;dfj]z u/]/ !((@ ;fndf ghflgbf] leÙ ¿k lnO{ hf/L eof] . ;f] !((@
sf] d'n'sL P]g jt{dfg >L % dxf/fhflw/fh dx]Gb| aL/ laqmd zfxb]aaf6 ut @)!( ;fn r}qdf
hf/L ul/aS;]sf] d'n'sL P]gåf/f vf/]h eof] .
gfds/0faf6 ;fb[Zo ePtfklg ut ztfAbLb]lv rlncfPsf] d'n'sL eGbf at{dfg d'n'sL
P]gdf laNs'n} ;}4flGts leÙtf 5 / To;sf] sfd lgDg lnlvt\ 5g\M–
!_ /f0ff zf;gsf] ;dfKt e} k|hftflGqs zf;gsf] k|fb'ef{j,
@_ ;fdflhs / wfld{s dfGotfdf kl/jt{g,
#_ sfg"gL k|0ffnLsf] cfjZostf Pj+ sfg"gL /fHosf] clej[l4,
$_ ;+a}wflgs Joj:yfg's"n sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f,
%_ eljiosf] lgldQ ;'xfpFbf] jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf .
o;/L k"/f gofF ¿kdf t}of/ kf/L hf/L ul/Psf] jt{dfg d'n'sL P]g qmflGtsf/L
kl/l:yltsf] xfd|f] sfg"gL kl/kf6L pko{'St ljj/0faf6 yfxf x'G5 .
of] k':tssf] d"n ¿k s] s:tf] lyof] eÙ] s'/fdf ut @)!# ;fn ;Dd klg s;}n] Wofg
lbPsf] lyPg . To:tf] s'g} P]g 5 jf 5}g eÙ] s'/f klg k'/fgf ef/bf/ jf sfl/Gbf e} sfd u/]sf
Ps b'O JolSt afx]s s;}nfO{ yfxf lyPg . vf/]h eO;s]sf] j]sDdf ¿kdf /xg' ePsf ld=;'=
>L xl/axfb'/ / lbj+ut sfhL >L s[i0faxfb'/sf] ;"rgf adf]lhd tT;DaGwdf latfax¿
ToxfFaf6 NofO{ sfg"g dGqfndof /x]sf] lyof] . rflxbf] dflkms ;'/lIft cj:yfdf /xg
g;s]sf]n] o;sf s]xL c+z jf k[i7x¿ 5'6\g uPsf klg x'g ;St5g\ t/ k|:t't k':tsdf k|fKt
x'g ;s];Ddsf] k+lStx¿ pknAw u/fOg s]xL s;/ afFsL /flvPsf] 5}g .
;f] !(!) df n]lvPsf] d"n k|lt ;fy} Tof] eGbf kl5 nueu !(@@–====lt/ n]lvPsf]
csf]{ k|lt klg ;f] ;fy} o; dGqfnonfO{ k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . t/ o; k|ltdf ;f] calw leq
ylkPsf / vf/]h ePsf ;d]t ldnfO{ n]lvPsf b]lvG5 . o;df klg /fhsfh / ufyu2Lsf]
dxn k"/} gePsf] t/ c¿ dxnx¿ rflx+ d"n k|lt eGbf s]xL a9L ePsf] ¿kdf k|fKt ePsf] x'Fbf
o; k|sfzgsf] nflu kl5Nnf] k|ltnfO{ lnOPsf] 5 .
o; k':tssf] d'b|0f ubf{ efiff / z}nL x:tlnlk adf]lhd x'ax' pxL ¿kdf d'b|0f ul/Psf]
5 . t/ s'g} s'g} cIf/sf] n]vfO{ cg'¿k 6fOk k|fKt x'g g;s]sf]n] ;f] s'/fdf ldNbf] 6fOk k|of]u
ul/Psf] 5 . bkmfx¿sf] qmd l;nl;nf tn dfly k/]sf]df klg ;f]xL d'tflas oyf¿k /flvPsf]
5 . vf/]h egL hlgPsf] bkmfdf klg kfOP;Dd ;f] vf/]hL bkmf klg oyf:yfgdf k|sfz ul/Psf]
5.
o;/L x'ax' d"n ¿kdf s'n'sL P]gsf] k|frLg ¿k sfg"g k|]dLx¿sf] ;dIf Nofpg]
cfjZostf lsg kg{ cfof] eÙ] s'/f :jtM :ki6 5 . sfg"gL /fHodf k|ltlbg sfg"g ljz]if1sf]
;+Vof dfq xf]Og cWoog klg lj:t[t x'Fb} hfg] s'/f :jefljs} xf] . o;}n] b]zsf] sfg"gL
Joj:yfsf] qmlds lasf; s;/L x'Fb} cfof] eÙ] s'/fsf] 1fg k|fKt ug'{ k|To]s cGj]if0fsf/L
5fqx¿sf] lgldQ cfaZosLo s'/fx'g hfG5 . olb sfg"g ;DaGwL pknAw ePsf k|frLg
;fdu|LnfO{ k|sfzdf Nofpg ;lsPg eg] sfnfGt/df tL ;fdu|Lsf] nf]k x'Fb}uO{ efjL lk+8Lx¿sf]
lgldQ o;If]qsf] 1fg cw"/f] ¿kdf g} /xG5 / Oltxf;n] Tof] bf]if lat]sf lk+8Ldf y'kfb{5 . log}
s'/fsf] ljrf/ u/L k'/fgf sfg"gL ;fdu|LnfO{ k|sflzt u/L sfg"g k|]dLx¿sf] ;dIf/fvL lbg]
sfo{qmd g]kfn sfg"g cfof]uaf6 eO/x]5 . k|:t't k':tssf] k|sfzg o;} l;nl;nfsf] k|yd
s[lt xf] / eljiodf c? s[ltx? klg k|sflzt x'g]5g\ eÙ] cfzf ul/Psf] 5 .
o; k':tssf] k|sfzg ;DaGwL sfo{df kl/>d ug]{ ;DalGwt ;a} k|lt s[t1tf 1fkg ub}{
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/fhL – >L db|fhs'df/ s'df/fTdh >L hg/n s[i0f axfb'/ s'j/ /f0ffhL========
/fhL – >L db|fhs'df/ s'df/fTdh >L hg/n /0fp2Lk l;+x s'j/ /f0ffhL========
/fhL – >L db|fhs'df/ s'df/fTdh >L hg/n/ huT;D;]/ hÍ s'j/ /f0ffhL========
/fhL – >L db|fhs'df/ s'df/fTdh >L hg/n wL/;D;]/ hÍ s'j/ /f0ffhL========
/fhL – >L db|fhs'df/ s'df/fTdh >L hg/n/ eSt aL/ s'j/ /f0ffhL========
/fhL – >L db|fhs'df/ s'df/fTdh >L sDof08/ s0f]{n jift\ hÍ s'j/ /f0ffhL========
/fhL – >L db|fhs'df/ s'df/fTdh >L j8f s0f]{n hut\ hÍ s'j/ /f0ffhL ===========
/fhL – >L db|fhs'df/ s'df/Tdh >L s0f]{n eLd hÍ s'j/ /f0ffhL ==========
/fhL – >L db|fhs'df/ s'df/Tdh >L s0f]{n hLt hÍ s'j/ /f0ffhL =========
/fhL – >L db|fhs'df/ s'df/Tdh >L s0]f{n v8\u axfb'/ s'j/ /f0ffhL =========
/fhL – >L db|fhs'df/ s'df/Tdh >L s0f]{n s[i0f Wjh s'j/ /f0ffhL =============
/fhL – >L db|fhs'df/ s'df/Tdh >L s0f]{n s]bf/ g/l;+x s'j/ /fhfhL ========
/fhL – >L db|fhs'df/ s'df/Tdh >L 5f]6f s0f]{n k[YjL wf]h s'j/ /f0ffhL ==========
/fhL – sfhL /0f;]/ ;fx
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/fhL – >L u'? /fhkl08t >L gu]Gb| /fh kl08tHo" =========
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/fhL – >L rf}tl/of s'nrGb| ;fx==========
/fhL – sfhL x]dbn yfkf
/fhL – sfhL s'Ndfg l;+ jG:oft ==============
/fhL – sfhL l8lNn l;+ a:Goft ============
/fhL – sfhL pdfsfGt pkfWof
/fhL – sKtfg kmQhÍ axfb'/ s'j/ /f0ffhL
/fhL – >L db|fhs'df/ s'df/fTdh >L j8f sKtfg dsWjh s'j/ /f0ffhL
/fhL – >L db|fhs'df/ s'df/fTdh >L j8f sKtfg tf]/0fWjh s'j/ /f0ffhL
/fhL – >L j8f sKtfg ;gs l;+ ift[
/fhL – >L ifhf+lr lzjk|;fb cHof{n
/fhL – j8f ;bf{/ lst{jL/ sfsL{
/fhL – ;bf{/ sgs l;+ dxt\
/fhL – ;bf{/ r]t l;+ a:Goft
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/fhL – sKtfg aneb| dfemL
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/fhL – sKtfg xl/eSt s'j/ /f0ffhL
/fhL – n]km6g kmQ] jxfb'/ s'j/ /f0ffhL
/fhL – sKtfg sflnbf; yfkf
/fhL – sKtfg bLk axfb'/ s'j/ /f0ffhL
/fhL – sKtfg aa/ hÍ s'j/ /f0ffhL
/fhL – sKtfg k|lt dg s'j/ /f0ffhL
/fhL – sKtfg /fd' cfn]
/fhL – sKtfg t]s axfb'/ s'j/ /f0ffhL
/fhL – sKtfg ;D;]/
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/fhL – sKtfg kxNdfg l;+ a:Goft
/fhL – sKtfg dbgdfg l;+ a:Goft
/fhL – sKtfg k|;fb l;+ e+8fl/
/fhL – sKtfg xl/dfg l;+ a:Goft
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/fhL – sKtfg ;'/t hÍ s'j/ /f0ffhL
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/fhL – sKtfg >L eSt if8sf
/fhL – sKtfg eSt s]z/ kfF8]
/fhL – sKtfg nfnl;+ ift[
/fhL – sKtfg ;'hfg l;+ j:Goft
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/fhL – dL/ ;'Jjf /Tgdfg l;+ /fhe8fl/
/fhL – ;'Jjf laZj]Zj/ pkfWof
/fhL – ;'Jjf sfzLgfy pkfWof
/fhL – ;'JJff ljZjgfy pkfWof
/fhL – ;'Jjf OZj/L k|;fb cHof{n
/fhL – ;'AAff Xbo /Tg
/fhL – ;'Aaf d]x]/dfg l;+ /fhe8fl/
/fhL – ;'Aaf laig' bf; j}/fuL
/fhL – ;'Aaf wg;'Gb/
/fhL – ;'Aaf r]tgfy pkfWof
/fhL – ;'Jjf a|hdf]xg pkfWof
/fhL – ;'Aaf nIdLklt h}l;
/fhL – ;'Aaf tf/flgwL k'8f;}gL
/fhL – ;'Aaf kb\dgfy hf]l;
/fhL – ;'Jjf lzjg/l;+ª
/fhL – ;'Jjf avtl;+ ift[
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/fhL – n]km6]g e}/j l;+ s'j/ /f0ffhL
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/fhL – n]km6]g k|e' clwsfl/
/fhL – n]km6]g OGb| jL/ ift[
/fhL – n]km6]g ;Gdfgl;+ ift[
/fhL – n]km6]g e}/j l;+ if8sf
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/fhL – n]km6]g nIdg u'?ª
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/fhL – n]km6]g ;GtjL/ j:Goft
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/fhL – n]km6]g u0f]z Wjh s'j/ /f0ffhL
/fhL – n]km6]g ;D;]/ Wjh s'j/ /f0ffhL
/fhL – n]km6]g ;]js /fd yfkf
/fhL – n]km6]g bnjL/ lji6
/fhL – n]km6]g u'dflG+; sfsL{
/fhL – n]km6]g uh/fh yfkf
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/fhL – n]km6]g s/jL/ ift[
/fhL – n]km6]g /0fWjh sfsL{
/fhL – n]km6]g r+kl;+ 3lt{
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/fhL – l8ˆf lslt{dfgl;+ /fh8fel/
/fhL – l8ˆf b]jL eSt 9'FUofn
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/fhL – l8ˆf lxidt\ l;+ clwsfl/
/fhL – OG;fo]g kmTol;+ sfsL{
/fhL – afn' ift[
/fhL – OG;fo]g rGb| jL/ yfkf
/fhL – OG;fo]g wgdfg sfsL{
/fhL – OG;fo]g /g;'/ lji6
/fhL – OG;fo]g ;'/t lul/
/fhL – OG;fo]g bL3{dfg ift[
/fhL – OG;fo]g u?8 wf]h sfsL{
/fhL – OG;fo]g h+u jL/ e8fl/
/fhL – OG;fo]g g/jL/ sfsL{
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ >L ljnf; kfWof
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ uf]kfn ift[
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ b]ljl;+ 7fs'/
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ kmTo] l;+ yfkf
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ xif{ jxfb'/ s'j/ /f0ffhL
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ d]3 wf]h clwsfl/
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ sf;L/fd s'j/ /f0ffhL
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ rGb| jL/ j:Goft
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ ;'dGt yfkf
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ s'n/fh s'j/ /f0ffhL
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ jn jL/ e8fl/
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ cd/ ljqmd e8fl/
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ c}j0f{ j:Goft
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ zD;]/h+u yfkf
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ jfgf;'/ yfkf
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ ?b| k|;fb kfWof
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ >Ldfg j:Goft
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ hutl;+ u'?ª
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ j'l4dfg yfkf
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ g}gl;+ j:Goft
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ cg'kl;+ ift[
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ cg'kl;+ ift[
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ ef/t ift[
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ hujL/ /f0ffhL
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ k|;fb l;+ if8sf
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ 3f]sn yfkf
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ hub jxfb'/ ift[
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ ;GtjL/ sfls{
/fhL – Hof]ltifL ?b| nf]xgL
/fhL – Hof]ltifL O5f /fd hf]l;
/fhL – Hof]ltifL lslt{dfwf}
/fhL – ifl/bf/ dgf]x/ kfWof
/fhL – ifl/bf/ wLh{g/l;+
/fhL – ifl/bf/ b;/yl;+
/fhL – ifl/bf/ hLtdfg
/fhL – ifl/bf/ j'l4dfg
/fhL – ifl/bf/ gf/fg bQ kfWof
/fhL – ifl/bf/ hf]ug/l;+ /fhe8fl/
/fhL – ifl/bf/ sfzL bQ kfWof
/fhL – ifl/bf/ jifTdfg l;+ /fh e8fl/
/fhL – ifl/bf/ bf}ntl;+
/fhL – ifl/bf/ efh'jL/
/fhL – ifl/bf/ ;j{hLt
/fhL – ifl/bf/ glGb s];/
/fhL – ifl/bf/ b]j gf/fg pkfWof
/fhL – ifl/bf/ ejgfy pkfWof
/fhL – ifl/bf/ nIdL eSt pkfWof
/fhL – ifl/bf/ k[YjLw/ pkfWofo
/fhL – ifl/bf/ v8fgGb pkfWofo
/fhL – ifl/bf/ 1fg dfg
/fhL – ifl/bf/ k"0ff{gGb
/fhL – ifl/bf/ eLd g/;L+
/fhL – ifl/bf/ s[ig dLq
/fhL – d'ifLof /fhjL/
/fhL – d'ifLof hf]dufg
/fhL – d'ifLof jift jf/
/fhL – d'ifLof l;jfgGb
/fhL – d'ifLof eLd?b| Wjh Hjf]l;
/fhL – d'ifLof uhfw/
/fhL – d'ifLof /3'jL/
/fhL – d'lifof ;+s/bf;
/fhL – d'lifof /fd gf/fg\
/fhL – d'lifof lj3«/fh
/fhL – ifbf{/ /dfsfGt kfWof
/fhL – åf¥ofj;Gt a'9f
/fhL – åf¥ofdugl;+
/fhL – bf/f]uf;xfgL /fhjL/
/fhL – rf]kbf/ /ljnfn h};L
/fhL – d'lifof /fd ;'Gb/
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ d]x/dfg yfkf
/fhL – d'lifof hTg l;+
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ cd[t dxt
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ sdfgl;+
/fhL –;'jb] f/ s/jL/ yfkf
/fhL –;'j]bf/ kb\dgfy kfWof
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ OGb| jL/ j:Goft
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ h'4jL/ yfkf
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ j[ifwf]h ift[
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ bn db{g yfkf
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ eufgL eSt lji6
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ u+eL/ u'?ª
!= bQ u'7L
@= hUuf hdLGsf]
#= df]xL 6nl;+sf]
$= afn gltGof{ df]xLsf]
%= afln laqmLsf]
^= /}/sDsf]
&= @@ ;fn b]ifL cl3sf /sd a'emfpGof c}g
*= /sd\ a+bf]a:t
(= ldgfxf df]h/fsf]
!)= jfls gltGof{
!!= emf/f if]tfnf
!@= bb{ bdf{xf
!#= hfuL/bf/sf jxfnL jiff{;L
!$= jflnufhL ;fx' lt/fpGof
!%= ;fx' l/0fLsf]
!^= ;fx' ltgf{sf]
!&= bfO{hf] k]jfn] ;fx' ltgf{sf]
!*= ;fx' c;fdLsf]
!(= lwtf] ;dfpGofsf]
@)= lwtf] n]iffpFbfsf]
@!= bfdf ;xLsf]
@@= c+; a+8f afa' 5f]/fsf]
@#= c+;j+8fsf]
@$= nf]UGof :jfl:gsf]
@%= ljw'jfsf c+; wgsf]
@^= jS; lkmtf{ u/fofsf] jf8gfsf]
@&= bfOhf] k]jf
@*= ck'tfnLsf]
@(= wd{k'qsf]
#)= rnGsf]
#!= Ond\/f]lhsf]
#@= ?ifsf6\Gof
##= sfuh hfr\sf]
#$= lsTof{sfuh
#%= cbfnltsf]
#^= s}bL lemsfpGofsf]
#&= sfongfdf n]vfpGofsf]
#*= hdflg uGof{
#(= bjfxfsf]
$)= s}lb eufpGofsf]
$!= KofbfnfO{ x'n uGof{
$@= d'8\bf bfdn ubf{sf]
$#= ;j{:j ubf{sf]
$$= b:t'/ lnGofsf]
$%= cbfntsf lkm¥oflbsf]
$^= cbfnt / cdfnLsf] emu/f
$&= Dofbsf]
$*= bkm] cbfntsf lkm/fbLsf]
$(= lg`f xnfpGofsf]
%)= b+8 s}b ugf{sf]
%!= ;f6f] s}b j:5' e+Gofsf]
%@= tkm] b+8 s}b
%#= l;wf lbGof ;8s iff]bfpGof
%$= Onfh uGof{sf]
%%= l;l7 h'emsf]
%^= s'6 lk6 Ho" hifd\
%&= ufnL u/f u/sf]
%*= s'6lk6sf]
%(= afa'5f]/fsf] s'6kL6
^)= gfn g/s
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^@= y'sGofsf]
^#= sf65' elg xltof/ lemsGof
^$= Hofgdf/fsf]
^%= eljtJodf Hofg dfGof{sf]
^^= uf]jw uGof{
^&= if';f{lgsf]
^*= rf]l/sf]
^(= gfzf] w/f]6\
&)= x/fofsf] kfpGof
&!= rf}kfo
&@= ;jf/Lsf]
&#= cfuf] nfpGof
&$= af]s:of/f]sf]
&%= h'jfsf]
&^= 3/ jgfpGofsf]
&&= ;f]nf ykGof
&*= sNof0f wg\sf]
&(= ulNn ;kmf
*)= jfwf sdf/f eufpGofsf]
*!= sdf/f sdf/L j]rtfsf]
*@= Ho" df;Gof a]rGof
*#= afnif /= cfdf 5'6\ofO a]rGof
*$= :jfl:g a]rGofsf]
*%= la/fdL rfs/= lgsfn\Gof
*^= dfl;Gof Ho" cdflnn] lngfsf]
*&= dbkfg c5'lt
**= kmls/l;t d'l8Gof
*(= wdf{lwsfsf]{
()= eftdf af]Gof{sf]
(!= hg} lbGofsf]
(@= jfnifsf] tS;L/
(#= u/Lj s+ufn
($= ;lt hfGofsf]
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(^= d¥of] egL ;'GofpGof
(&= cf;f}r jfGof{sf]
(*= 9f]u e]6sf]
((= ljxfj/Lsf]
!))= sGof rf]/L ljxfuGof{
!)!= sGof bf]xf]/f] lbGof
!)@= /f]lunfO s+Goflb+g e+Gof
!)#= dfUofls s+Gof ljxf ulb{g e+Gof
!)$= hftsf] /Lt eof kl5 ljxf gx'b} cl3 lju|Gof
!)%= ljxf gx'b+ cl3 lju|Gof
!)^= cf;o s/l0f
!)&= s/l0fsf cf;on] xft kft uGof{sf]
!)*= d]l/ :jfl:g xf] d}n] s/l0f u¥of{ e+Gofsf]
!)(= s/l0fsf cfzon] 9's\Gof
!!)= 3/ ifflk ;'tGof
!!!= d'if klttsf]
!!@= s/0fLsf cfzon] xftkft u¥ofsf] hfx]/ uGof{
!!#= pkfWofsf] xf8gftf
!!$= /hk'tsf] xf8gftf
!!%= h}l; afx'g\sf]
!!^= tfufwfl/ If]qLo hft\
!!&= gdfl;Gof dt'jfln
!!*= dfl;Gof dt'jfnLsf]
!!(= l56f] xfng' gkGof{
!@)= l56f] xfNg' kGof{
!@!= /fhift\ nfUGof xf8gftf jfx]s c? ;gx]df sl/0f uGof{sf c}g\
!@@= xf8 gftfsf j]:of eofsfsf] s/l0f uGof{ tfufwfl/sf]
!@#= P]= gdfl;Gofsf]=
!@$= P] dfl;Gofsf]
!@%= P] kflg grnGofsf]
!@^= uf];'jf/fsf]
!@&= j]:of :jfl:gsf] ue{
!@*= emul/of :jfl:gsf] sl0f{ uGof{
!@(= sdfl/ :jfl:g /fifGof
!#)= u'lKt j]:ofsf] s/l0f uGof{
!#!= kf]nfxf
!#@= hj/hl:tsf
!##= hj/hl:tsf]
!#$= hfl/sf]
!#%= kb]{; hfGofsfsf] hfl/ uGof{
!#^= kmnfgfl;t ljU¥of eGofsf]
!#&= t]>f] kl/ s/l0f uGof{sf]
!#*=rf}yf] b]lv pef] kl/ /fiofsfsf] hfl/ uGof{
!#(= dfl;Gof hftsf] hfl/ uGof[
!$)= :jfl:gsf d'ifn]dfq elg= hf/ sf6\Gofsf]
!$!= hfl/sf] km'6\s/
!$@= cf;f /f8Lsf] s/l0f uGof{sf]
!$#= hfts\ df/fsf]=
!$$= kfr's] uGof{
!$%= ld;f ift\sf]
!$^= 36L jl9 hftsf] pkfWofsf]
!$&= 36L a9L hftdf s/0fL uGof{ /hk"tsf]
!$*= P]hg\df s/l0f uGof{ h}l;hftsf]
!$(= 3l6 al9 hftdf s/l0f uGof{ k/jTof tfuwfl/sf]
!%)= 3l6 jl9 hftdf s/l0f uGof{ b]jefh' u}¥xsf]
!%!= P] s/l0f uGof{ b; gfd u}¥xsf]
!%@= P]= s/l0f uGof{ gdfl;Gofsf]
!%#= P] df s/l0f uGof{ dfl;Gofsf]
!%$= P]= s/l0f uGof{ l56f] xfng' gkGof{ hfTsf]
!%%= 3l6 al9 l56f] xfng' kGof{
!%^= kflg grnGof hftsf] s/l0f uGof{sf]
!%&= 3l6 hftdf ldN5' elg hfGofsf]
!%*= s'n'sf]
!%(= l56f] xfng' gkGof{
!^)= kflg grnGof 3l6 jl9 hftsf]
!^!= sdf/fsf]
!^@= jfwfsf]
!^#= kz' s/l0f

kl/lzi6 -s_
kl/lzi6 -v_
kl/lzi6 -u_
kl/lzi6 -3_
kl/lzi6 -ª_
kl/lzi6 -r_
kl/lzi6 -5_
:jl:t>L lul//fh rqmr"8fdl0f g/gfof0f]
Toflb= ljljw lj?bfjnL, lj/fhdfg dfgf]Ùt
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;'/]Gb| ljqmd zfx axfb"/= ;D;]/ h+u b]jfgf+
;bf ;d/ ljhoLgfd\ ––

:jl:t>L lul//fh rqmr'8fdl0f :jl:t>L lul//fh rqmr"8fdl0f

g/gf/fo0f]Toflb ljljw lj?bf g/gf/fo0f]Toflb ljljw lj?bf
jnL lj/fhdfg dfgf]Ùt jnL lj/fhdfg dfgf]Ùt
>L dGdxf/fhflw/fh >L >L >LdGdxf/fhflw/fh= >L >L
>L dxf/fh /fh]Gb| ljqmd ;fx >L dxf/fh q}nf]So jL/ ljqmd
axfb'/= ;D;]/ hÍ b]jfgf+ ;D;]/ hÍaxfb'/ ;fx axfb'/
;bf ;d/ljhlogfd\ – – – – b]jfgf+ ;bf ;d/ljhlogfd\ ––

cfu] xfd|f e/d'n's= ;b/ df]km;ndf /xGof ef/fbf/, sfdbf/, uf]8f uf}8f= cbfnt
7fgf sf}l;= s'dfl/rf]s= wdf{lwsf/= d'n'ssLiffgf= ;b/ bkmb/= s+k"kN6g= s+klgsf
bkmb/ u}î= srxl/ srxl/df /xGof xflsd sfdbf/ cdfln åf¥of Ohf/fbf/ 7]sbf/ ;jf{s
dfkmL hufsf u'l7of/ ljt{jf/= d7wf/L ;+tdx+t d'lifof lhDdfjfn rf}wl/ yl/ dxtf}=
dLemf¥of /}ot\ u}îkft ch;Dd d/dfldnf ubf{ Ps} ljxf]/fdf= s;}nfO{ sld= s;}nfO a9tf
;hfo x'g hfGof x'bf= t;y{= ca pk|fGt 5f]6f j8f k|hf k|fl0f ;a}nfO ift hft dflkms= Ps}
;hfo xj;\= ca pk|fGt 5f]6f j8f k|hf k|fl0f ;a}nfO ift hft dflkms= Ps} ;hfo xj;\=
36L a9L gk/f];\ eÙf lgldQ= tkl;n adf]lhdsf= ef/fbf/;d]t /flif sf};n ul/= sf};n
df 7x¥of adf]lhd\sf c}g tof/ ug'{ elg= >L # dxf/fh hÍ axfb'/ /f0fflh= l;lj=
k|fOd\ldlgi6/ of08 sDof08/= OglrkmnfO{ x's'd\ aS;L aGofsf c}g= xfld ltg\ k':tfaf6
klg d+h'/ ul/ ;Djt\ !(!) ;fn\ ldlt kf}if ;'lb & /f]h % sf lbg\ n]lifofsf lstfjdf
xfd|f /f]xj/df= sf};nsf thjLHdf ;Rofpgf= iff]/h uGof{ 7x¥ofsf= ;RofO iff/]h u/L g`f
eofsf= c}g ylk ;a}n] o;} c}gdf n]lifof adf]lhd\ sfhsfd lg;fkm ug'{ o; lstfadf
n]lifof adf]lhdsf] lg;fkm gul/= 3l6 al9 kfl/= sfh sfd lg;fkm uGof{nfO= p;} s'/fsf
c}Gdf n]lvof adf]lhd b08 ;hof ug'{ lstfadf n]lvofsfdf P]g ;Rofpg' yKg' kbf{ xfd|f
k|fOdldlgi6/= sf}zn jl;= c}giffgfsf l86\7fn] ykg' d]6\g' ;Rofpg' x'+5 O jfx]s c/= ;b/
df]km;n srxl/df= lbofsf lstfadf= s;}n] ykGof d]6Gof ul/ snd\ 3l6 a9L kf¥ofsf]
7x¥of= hfuL¥of /x]5 eGof hflu/ iff]l; * jif{ 9fqm\of /x]5 eGof t];} * jif{ s}b ug'{
Dofbsf ?k}of glng'= cf}= xfd|f] ljxQ/ x'Gof k|hf k|fl0fnfO{ ;'lj:tf /Iff x'Gof= sfd s'/fsf
c}g c? klg ldlgi6/ sf};lnof ef/fbf/n]= thlah ul/= a9fpg'= ykg' ul/ lstfa n]ifb}
ug'{ g`f ylkofsf c}g aif{ aif{ lbgsf Hdf ul/= Ps} km]/f >L k||fOd\ldlgi6/sf] 5fk nufO=
huf hufdf k7fpg'= elg xfld ltg k':tf al;= xfld b]lif /}ot tnsn] o; c}g adf]lhddf
/xg' eGof x's'd aS;f}= >L k|fOd\ldlgi6/ nufot o;} sfh sfd uGof{ sfl/+bfsf o;} c}g
adf]lhd\ sfh sfd ug'{=

tkl;n

/fhL – >L db|fhs'df/ s'df/fTdh >L sDkf08/ OgrLkm

hg/n aDaxfb'/ s'j/ /f0ffhL========
/fhL – >L db|fhs'df/ s'df/fTdh >L hg/n s[i0f axfb'/ s'j/ /f0ffhL========
/fhL – >L db|fhs'df/ s'df/fTdh >L hg/n /0fp2Lk l;+x s'j/ /f0ffhL========
/fhL – >L db|fhs'df/ s'df/fTdh >L hg/n/ huT;D;]/ hÍ s'j/ /f0ffhL========
/fhL – >L db|fhs'df/ s'df/fTdh >L hg/n wL/;D;]/ hÍ s'j/ /f0ffhL========
/fhL – >L db|fhs'df/ s'df/fTdh >L hg/n eSt aL/ s'j/ /f0ffhL========
/fhL – >L db|fhs'df/ s'df/fTdh >L sDkf08/ s0f]{n jift\ hÍ s'j/ /f0ffhL========
/fhL – >L db|fhs'df/ s'df/fTdh >L j8f s0f]{n hut\ hÍ s'j/ /f0ffhL ===========
/fhL – >L db|fhs'df/ s'df/fTdh >L s0f]{n eLd hÍ s'j/ /f0ffhL ==========
/fhL – >L db|fhs'df/ s'df/fTdh >L s0f]{n hLt hÍ s'j/ /f0ffhL =========
/fhL – >L db|fhs'df/ s'df/fTdh >L s0f{n v8\u axfb'/ s'j/ /f0ffhL =========
/fhL – >L db|fhs'df/ s'df/fTdh >L s0f]{n s[i0f Wjh s'j/ /f0ffhL =============
/fhL – >L db|fhs'df/ s'df/Tdh >L s0f]{n s]bf/ g/l;+x s'j/ /f0ffhL ========
/fhL – >L db|fhs'df/ s'df/fTdh >L 5f]6f s0f]{n k[YjL wf]h s'j/ /f0ffhL ==========
/fhL – sfhL /0f;]/ ;fx
/fhL – >L u'? /fhkl08t >L wdf{lwsf/ ljho/fh kl08tHo" ==========
/fhL – >L u'? /fhkl08t >L gu]Gb|/fh kl08Ho" ==========
/fhL – k'/f]lxt tLy{ /fh kl08t
/fhL – rf}tl/of ;D;]/ hÍ ;fx=========
/fhL – >L rf}tl/of s'nrGb| ;fx==========
/fhL – sfhL x]dbn yfkf
/fhL – sfhL s'Ndfg l;+ aG:oft ==============
/fhL –sfhL l8lNn l;+ a:Goft =============
/fhL – sfhL pdfsfGt pkfWof
/fhL – sKtfg kmQhÍ axfb'/ s'j/ /f0ffhL
/fhL – >L db|fhs'df/ s'df/fTdh >L j8f sKtfg ds/Wjh s'j/ /f0ffhL
/fhL – >L db|fhs'df/ s'df/fTdh >L j8f sKtfg tf]/0fWjh s'j/ /f0ffhL
/fhL – >L j8f sKtfg ;gs l;+ ift[
/fhL – >L ifhf+lr lzjk|;fb cHof{n
/fhL – j8f ;bf{/ lst{jL/ sfsL{
/fhL – ;bf{/ sgs l;+ dxt\
/fhL – ;bf{/ r]t l;+ a:Goft
/fhL – sKtfg h'4 jL/ clwsf/L
/fhL – sKtfg aneb| dfemL
/fhL – sKtfg ;t/fd ift[
/fhL – sKtfg ha/ if8sf
/fhL – sKtfg ha/ sfsL{
/fhL – sKtfg xl/eSt s'j/ /f0ffhL
/fhL – n]km6g kmQ] jxfb'/ s'j/ /f0ffhL
/fhL – sKtfg sflnbf; yfkf
/fhL – sKtfg bLk axfb'/ s'j/ /f0ffhL
/fhL – sKtfg aa/ hÍ s'j/ /f0ffhL
/fhL – sKtfg k|lt dg s'j/ /f0ffhL
/fhL – sKtfg /fd' cfn]
/fhL – sKtfg t]s axfb'/ s'j/ /f0ffhL
/fhL – sKtfg ;D;]/
/fhL – sKtfg >L s[i0f ;fxL
/fhL – sKtfg /gl;+ ift[
/fhL – sKtfg j'l4dfg l;+ a:Goft
/fhL – sKtfg kxNdfg l;+ a:Goft
/fhL – sKtfg dbgdfg l;+ a:Goft
/fhL – sKtfg k|;fb l;+ e+8fl/
/fhL – sKtfg xl/dfg l;+ a:Goft
/fhL – sKtfg bn hLt lji6
/fhL – sKtfg ;'/t hÍ s'j/ /f0ffhL
/fhL – sKtfg hUo axfb'/ 3lt{
/fhL – sKtfg >L eSt if8sf
/fhL – sKtfg >L eSt s]z/ kfF8]
/fhL – sKtfg nfnl;+ ift[
/fhL – sKtfg ;'hfg l;+ j:Goft
/fhL –sKtfg bn db{g yfkf
/fhL – sKtfg ;D;]/ hª ift[
/fhL – sKtfg h;wL/ l;+ a:Goft
/fhL – sKtfg dxf?b| ift[
/fhL – sKtfg akmf{ g/l;+ a:Goft
/fhL – sKtfg eLdn cfn]
/fhL – jsLn xl/eSt ift[
/fhL – jsLn ;'Jjf lji0f' k|;fb kl08t
/fhL – cldg ;'Jjf l;l4dfg l;+ /fhe8fl/
/fhL – dL/ ;'Jjf /Tgdfg l;+ /fhe8fl/
/fhL – ;'Jjf laZj]Zj/ pkfWof
/fhL – ;'Jjf sf;Lgfy pkfWof
/fhL – ;'Jjf ljZjgfy pkfWof
/fhL – ;'Jjf OZj/L k|;fb cHof{n
/fhL – ;'AAff Xbo /Tg
/fhL – ;'Aaf d]x]/dfg l;+ /fhe8fl/
/fhL – ;'Aaf laig' bf; j}/fuL
/fhL – ;'Aaf wg;'Gb/
16
/fhL – ;'Aaf r]tgfy pkfWof
/fhL – ;'Aaf a|h df]xg pkfWof
/fhL – ;'Aaf nIdLklt h}l;
/fhL – ;'Aaf tf/flgwL k'8f;}gL
/fhL – ;'Aaf kb\dgfy hf]l;
/fhL – ;'Aaf lzjg/l;+ª
/fhL – ;'Aaf avt l;ª vqL
/fhL – cdL/ d'G;LnIdL bf;
/fhL – n]km6]g eLd;]g /fgf
/fhL – n]km6]g e}/j l;+ s'j/ /f0ffhL
/fhL – n]km6]g /g;'/ if8sf
/fhL – n]km6]g lj?wf]h e8fl/
/fhL – n]km6]g k|e' clwsfl/
/fhL – n]km6]g OGb| jL/ ift[
/fhL – n]km6]g ;Gdfgl;+ ift[
/fhL – n]km6]g e}/j l;+ if8sf
/fhL – n]km6]g e}/j nfn emf
/fhL – n]km6]g lzj ;+s/ kfWof
/fhL – n]km6]g nIdg u'?ª
/fhL – n]km6]g OGb| l;+ clwsfl/
/fhL – n]km6]g ;GtjL/ j:Goft
/fhL – n]km6]g jn jxfb'/ kf8]
/fhL – n]km6]g u0f]z Wjh s'j/ /f0ffhL
/fhL – n]km6]g ;D;]/ Wjh s'j/ /f0ffhL
/fhL – n]km6]g ;]js /fd yfkf
/fhL – n]km6]g bnjL/ lji6
/fhL – n]km6]g u'dflG+; sfsL{
/fhL – n]km6]g uh/fh yfkf
/fhL – n]km6]g cd[t l;+ clwsfl/
/fhL – n]km6]g b]jLbf; kfWof
/fhL – n]km6]g eb|jL/ ift[
/fhL – n]km6]g s/jL/ ift[
/fhL – n]km6]g /0fWjh sfsL{
/fhL – n]km6]g r+kl;+ 3lt{
/fhL – d]h/ clh6g ug{ l;+ ift[
/fhL – j}B u+ufgfy
/fhL – j}B rqmkfl0f
/fhL – l8ˆf glGb s];/ kfWof
/fhL – l8ˆf ?b| jL/
/fhL – l8ˆf sflnbf;
/fhL – l8ˆf OGb| l;ª
/fhL – l8ˆf j]0fLdfwf] kfWof
/fhL – l8ˆf lslt{dfgl;+ /fhe+8f/L
/fhL – l8ˆf b]jL eSt 9'FUofn
/fhL – l8ˆf cjL/ if8sf
/fhL – l8ˆf wd{ l;ª
/fhL – l8ˆf lxDdt jxfb'/ ;]g
/fhL – l8ˆf /]jtL /d0f ;Tofn
/fhL – l8ˆf sLlt{ /fd lji6
/fhL – l8ˆf lxidt\ l;+ clwsfl/
/fhL – OG;fo]g kmTol;+ sfsL{
17
/fhL – OG;fo]g rGb| jL/ yfkf
/fhL – OG;fo]g wgdfg sfsL{
/fhL – OG;fo]g /g;'/ lji6
/fhL – OG;fo]g ;'/t lul/
/fhL – OG;fo]g bL3{dfg ift[
/fhL – OG;fo]g u'?8 wf]h sfsL{
/fhL – OG;fo]g h+u jL/ e8fl/
/fhL – OG;fo]g g/jL/ sfsL{
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ >L ljnf; kfWof
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ b]ljl;+ 7fs'/
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ uf]kfn ift[
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ kmTo] l;+ yfkf
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ xif{ jxfb'/ s'j/ /f0ffhL
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ d]3 wf]h clwsfl/
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ sf;L/fd s'j/ /f0ffhL
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ rGb| jL/ j:Goft
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ ;'dGt yfkf
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ s'n/fh s'j/ /f0ffhL
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ jn jL/ e8fl/
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ cd/ ljqmd e8fl/
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ c}j0f{ j:Goft
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ jfgf;'/ yfkf
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ ?b| k|;fb kfWof
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ >Ldfg j:Goft
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ hutl;+ u'?ª
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ j'l4dfg yfkf
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ g}gl;+ j:Goft
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ cg'klt+ ift[
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ cg'kl;+ ift[
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ ef/t ift[
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ hujL/ /f0ffhL
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ k|;fb l;+ if8sf
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ 3f]sn yfkf
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ hub jxfb'/ ift[
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ ;GtjL/ sfls{
/fhL – Hof]ltifL ?b| nf]xgL
/fhL – Hof]ltifL O5f /fd hf]l;
/fhL – Hof]ltifL lslt{dfwf}
/fhL – ifl/bf/ dgf]x/ kfWof
/fhL – ifl/bf/ wLh{g/l;+
/fhL – ifl/bf/ b;/yl;+
/fhL – ifl/bf/ hLtdfg
/fhL – ifl/bf/ j'l4dfg
/fhL – ifl/bf/ gf/fg bQ kfWof
/fhL – ifl/bf/ hf]ug/l;+ /fhe8fl/
/fhL – ifl/bf/ sfzL bQ kfWof
/fhL – ifl/bf/ jifTdfg l;+ /fh e8fl/
/fhL – ifl/bf/ bf}ntl;+
/fhL – ifl/bf/ efh'jL/
/fhL – ifl/bf/ ;j{hLt
/fhL – ifl/bf/ glGb s];/
18
/fhL – ifl/bf/ ejgfy pkfWof
/fhL – ifl/bf/ nIdL eSt pkfWof
/fhL – ifl/bf/ k[YjLgGb pkfWofo
/fhL – ifl/bf/ 1fg dfg
/fhL – ifl/bf/ k"0ff{gGb
/fhL – ifl/bf/ eLd g/;L+
/fhL – ifl/bf/ s[ig dLq
/fhL – d'ifLof /fhjL/
/fhL – d'ifLof hf]dufg
/fhL – d'ifLof jift jf/
/fhL – d'ifLof l;jfgGb
/fhL – d'ifLof eLd?b| Wjh Hjf]l;
/fhL – d'ifLof uhfw/
/fhL – d'ifLof /3'jL/
/fhL – d'lifof ;+s/bf;
/fhL – d'lifof /fd gf/fg\
/fhL – d'lifof lj3«/fh
/fhL – ifbf{/ /dfsGt kfWof
/fhL – åf¥ofj;Gt a'9f
/fhL – åf¥ofudgl;+
/fhL – bf/f]uf;xfgL /fhjL/
/fhL – rf]kbf/ /ljnfn h};L
/fhL – d'lifof /fd ;'Gb/
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ d]x/dfg yfkf
/fhL – d'lifof hTg l;+
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ cd[t dxt
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ sdfgl;+
/fhL –;'j]bf/ s/jL/ yfkf
/fhL –;'j]bf/ kb\dgfy kfWof
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ OGb| jL/ j:Goft
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ h'4jL/ yfkf
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ j[ifwf]h ift[
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ bn db{g yfkf
/fhL – ;'j]bf/ u+eL/ u'?ª

d'n'ssf] clglZrttfn] ubf{ / ;fy} ;dosf] kl/jt{gn] ubf{ kg{ cfPsf xfd|f wd{ zf:qsf
jrgx¿ ckof{Kt ePsf]n] zf;g ;+rfng ug{ Hofb} s7Lg e};s]sf] lyof] . t;y{ To:tf lylt
jGb]hsf lnvtx¿ / wd{zf:qsf] s'/fnfO{ klg Wofgdf /fv]/ ltgLx?nfO{ ;+sng / ;+zf]wg
ug]{ u/L Pp6f lstfa tof/ ug]{ / To; lstfadf n]lvP adf]lhd zf;g Joj:yf rnfpg] To;df
n]lvPsf] ck/fwdf dfq ;hfo x'g] u/L clw/fHoe/ ;fdfGo lx;fan] nfu" x'g] Joj:yf ug{
tTsfnLg >L % dxf/fhf/flw/fh ;'/]Gb| ljqmd zfxb]aaf6 k|wfg dGqL hÍaxfb'/nfO{ x's"d
aS;]sf] lyof] . ;f] x's"d d'tflas k|wfgdGqL hÍaxfb'/n] tTsfnLg ;fdflhs hLjgsf ljleÙ
kIf tyf cfjZostfsf] ljrf/ u/L sfod /fVg' kg]{ l:ylt /LltnfO{ ;f]xL ¿kdf sfod /fvL
Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{ s'/fnfO{ hf] rflx+bf] ¿kdf Joj:yf u/L d;f}bf tof/ ;+jt\ !(!) kf}if ;'bL & sf
lbg >L % dxf/fhflw/fh ;'/]Gb| ljqmd af6 ;f] P]g clw/fHoe/ nfu" ul/alS;of] . oxL d'n's
19
P]g g} xfd|f] b]zsf] ;j{ k|yd n]va4 sfg"gsf] lstfa ePsf] x'Fbf ;f] x:tlnlvt k|ltnfO{
k':tssf ¿kdf k|sfz ul/Psf] 5 . o; P]gsf] k':tsdf nfu]sf 5fk nufot k|:tfjdf
n]lvPsf] a]xf]/f ;d]tsf] lrq0f u/L o;}df k|sfz ul/Psf] 5 .
o; d"n lstfasf] k|:tfjgfdf plNnlvt a]xf]/f adf]lhd ;+zf]wg u/L u7g ug]{ clwsf/
k|wfgdGqL / sf}znsf ef/bf/x?nfO{ lbOPsf] lyof] . >L % ;'/]Gb| s} zf;g sfndf klg !(!)
kl5 ;do ;dodf ;f] P]gdf yk36 sfuh ul/of] . >L % ;'/]Gb|sf] :juf{/f]x0f ePkl5 >L %
k[YjL aL/ laqmd zfxb]jsf zf;g sfndf klg o; d'n'sL P]gsf sltko dxn / bkmfx¿ yk
eP . To;sf] ;fy} Hofb} nfdf] a]xf]/f ePsf] / Pp6} s'/f b'O–tLg 7fpFdf kg{ uPsf] x'Fbf ;f]
d'n'sL P]gnfO{ k'gM PsLs/0f u/L dxnx?nfO{ laifosf] Plss/0f u/L kfFrj6f d"n efux?df
laeSt ul/P/ !($# ;fndf s]xL k':ts ?k lnO{ hf/L eof] . To;kl5 >L % lqe"jg jL/
ljqmd zfxb]jsf zf;g sfndf ;f] P]gdf pNn]v ul/Psf ck/fwx?sf] ;do ;'xfpFbf] JofVof
ul/P/ ;f]xL d'tfljs ;hfox?sf] lgwf{/0f u/L ck|rlnt ePsf ck/fwx? vf/]h u/]/ cf} gofF
k|sf/sf ck/fwx? ;dfj]z u/]/ !((@ ;fndf ghflgbf] leÙ ¿k lnO{ hf/L eof] . ;f] !((@
sf] d'n'sL P]g jt{dfg >L % dxf/fhflw/fh dx]Gb| aL/ laqmd zfxb]aaf6 ut @)!( ;fn r}qdf
hf/L ul/aS;]sf] d'n'sL P]gåf/f vf/]h eof] .
gfds/0faf6 ;fb[Zo ePtfklg ut ztfAbLb]lv rlncfPsf] d'n'sL eGbf at{dfg d'n'sL
P]gdf laNs'n} ;}4flGts leÙtf 5 / To;sf] sfo{Gjog lgDg lnlvt\ 5g\M–
!_ /f0ff zf;gsf] ;dfKt e} k|hftflGqs zf;gsf] k|fb'ef{j,
@_ ;fdflhs / wfld{s dfGotfdf kl/jt{g,
#_ sfg"gL k|0ffnLsf] cfjZostf Pj+ sfg"gL /fHosf] clej[l4,
$_ ;+a}wflgs Joj:yfg's"n sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f,
%_ eljiosf] lgldQ ;'xfpFbf] jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf .
o;/L k"/f gofF ¿kdf t}of/ kf/L hf/L ul/Psf] jt{dfg d'n'sL P]g qmflGtsf/L
kl/l:yltsf] xfd|f] sfg"gL kl/kf6L pko{'St ljj/0faf6 yfxf x'G5 .
of] k':tssf] d"n ¿k s] s:tf] lyof] eÙ] s'/fdf ut @)!# ;fn ;Dd klg s;}n] Wofg
lbPsf] lyPg . To:tf] s'g} P]g 5 jf 5}g eÙ] s'/f klg k'/fgf ef/bf/ jf sfl/Gbf e} sfd u/]sf
Ps b'O{ JolSt afx]s s;}nfO{ yfxf lyPg . vf/h] eO;s]sf] a]Ssdf j;Gtk'/ uf]Zjf/f txl;n
c8\8fdf kl8/x]sf] lyof] . sfg"g dGqfnodf ;Nnfxsf/sf ¿kdf /xg' ePsf dL= >L xl/axfb'/
/ lbj+ut sfhL >L s[i0faxfb'/sf] ;"rgf adf]lhd tT;DaGwdf latfax¿ ToxfFaf6 NofO{ sfg"g
dGqfndof /x]sf] lyof] . rflxbf] dflkm ;'/lIft cj:yfdf /xg g;s]sf]n] o;sf s]xL c+z jf
k[i7x¿ 5'6\g uPsf klg x'g ;St5g\ t/ k|:t't k':tsdf k|fKt x'g ;s];Ddsf] k+lStx¿ pknAw
u/fOsg s]xL s;/ afFsL /flvPsf] 5}g .
;f] !(!) df n]lvPsf] d"n k|lt ;fy} Tof] eGbf kl5 nueu !(@@–@# lt/ n]lvPsf]
csf]{ k|lt klg ;f] ;fy} o; dGqfnonfO{ k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . t;y{ o; k|ltdf ;f] calw leq
ylkPsf / vf/]h ePsf ;d]t ldnfO{ n]lvPsf b]lvG5 . o;df klg /fhsfh / ufyu2Lsf]
dxn k"/} gePsf] t/ c¿ dxnx¿ rflx+ d"n k|lt eGbf s]xL a9L ePsf] ¿kdf k|fKt ePsf] x'Fbf
o; k|sfzgsf] nflu kl5Nnf] k|ltnfO{ lnOPsf] 5 .
o; k':tssf] d'b|0f ubf{ efiff / z}nL x:tlnlk adf]lhd x'ax' pxL ¿kdf d'b|0f ul/Psf]
5 . t/ s'g} s'g} cIf/sf] n]vfO{ cg'¿k 6fOk k|fKt x'g g;s]sf]n] ;f] s'/fdf ldNbf] 6fOk k|of]u
ul/Psf] 5 . bkmfx¿sf] qmd l;nl;nf tn dfly k/]sf]df klg ;f]xL d'tflas oyf¿k /flvPsf]
5 . vf/]h egL hlgPsf] bkmfdf klg kfOP;Dd ;f] vf/]hL bkmf klg oyf:yfgdf k|sfz ul/Psf]
5.
o;/L x'ax' d"n ¿kdf d'n'sL P]gsf] k|frLg ¿k sfg"g k|]dLx¿sf] ;dIf Nofpg]
cfjZostf lsg kg{ cfof] eÙ] s'/f :jtM :ki6 5 . sfg"gL /fHodf k|ltlbg sfg"g ljz]if1sf]
;+Vofdfq xf]Og cWoog klg lj:t[t x'Fb} hfg] s'/f :jefljs} xf] . o;}n] b]zsf] sfg"gL
Joj:yfsf] qmlds lasf; s;/L x'Fb} cfof] eÙ] s'/fsf] 1fg k|fKt ug'{ k|To]s cGj]if0fsf/L
5fqx¿sf] lgldQ cfaZosLo s'/f x'g hfG5 . olb sfg"g ;DaGwL pknAw ePsf k|frLg
;fdu|LnfO{ k|sfzdf Nofpg ;lsPg eg] sfnfGt/df tL ;fdu|Lsf] nf]k x'Fb}uO{ efjL lk+8Lx¿sf]
lgldQ o;If]qsf] 1fg cw"/f] ¿kdf g} /xG5 / Oltxf;n] Tof] bf]if lat]sf lk+8Ldf y'kfb{5 . log}
s'/fsf] ljrf/ u/L k'/fgf sfg"gL ;fdu|LnfO{ k|sflzt u/L sfg"g k|]dLx¿sf] ;dIf/fvL lbg]

20
sfo{qmd g]kfn sfg"g cfof]uaf6 eO/x]5 . k|:t't k':tssf] k|sfzg o;} l;nl;nfsf] k|yd
s[lt xf] / eljiodf c? s[ltx? klg k|sflzt x'g]5g\ eÙ] cfzf ul/Psf] 5 .
o; k':tssf] k|sfzg ;DaGwL sfo{df kl/>d ug]{ ;DalGwt ;a} k|lt s[t1tf 1fkg ub}{
oyfof]Uo wGoafb k|bfg ub{5' .
Ho]i7 @(, @)@@
>L % sf] ;/sf/ ;"o{axfb'/ yfkf
sfg"g tyf Gofo d+qfno cWoIf, d+qLkl/ifb
Pj+
sfg"g tyf Gofo d+qL

bQ u'7L

!= csf{sf/fHodf lzjfno wd{zfnf jgfO{ ;bfjt{/fiftf= cfkm}d'iTof/ eofsf cfkm' u'?

eofsf #).$) jif{ sfl; j:ofsf u'? /+ugfy k+8Lt h:tf cfkm} sfl; u} hldg sLgL nfif
8]9 nufO{ . l;jfno wd{zfnfdf tfnrf nfUGof P:tf] sRrful/ csf{sf] huf j]rGofnfO{=
c+u|]hsf b/jf/jf6 ;hfo gx'Gof= >L % j8fdxf/fh /0fjxfb'/= ;fxjf6 cfkm'g' d'n's 5b}
>L s]bf/df lgTo g}ldlts k'hfnfO{ =/= hfq' nfO{ iffg lbgfnfO{= /fHofsf] u'7L ;bfjt{sf]
huf c+u|]hn] hkmt ul/ lnof= wd{nfO /fiofsf] huf sLg hkmt ul/ lnof} egL >L %
;sf{/af6 c+u|]h /hL8+6;fx]jnfO{= ofbbf:t hfFbf ltd|f d'n'ssf]dhLg= t+d|f] if';x'G5=xfd|f
d'n'ssf] hdLg\ xfd|f] if'; x'G5 egL /lh8+6 ;fx]jn] hjfjlbof= >L u'? ljho/fh
k+08Lt=Ho"n] wd{sf= lgldQ !) xhf/ ?k}ofsfl;df c+u|]hnfO{ lb ;os/f % ?k}+of;'b
sj'n s/fO{ lbofdf kl5 ;os/f $ ?k}of ;'blbof= s]lxlbgdf Tof]= ;'b ;os/f # ?k}+of
x'Gof5= kl5 cfÇg';fp+ klg kfl`Gof5}g sbflrt\ kl5 cfÇgf5f]/fx? dl/ ;+tfg\ sf]xL
eofgGeGof xfd|fc}gdf 5f]/L eof 5f]/Ln] wgiffg' egL n]ifLofsf] 5= lj/fgf d'n'sdf eof
kl5= jfl/;jfnf 5}gGegL Tof] wg 5f]l/=n] kgL vfg kfpFb}gg\ t]xL wg ck'tfln k¥of] eGof
cfÇgf >L % dxf/fhjf6 klg lng kfpb}gg\ t;y{ j]kf/nfO{ = rfxLbf] ;'b nf]6 lng' lbg'
uGof{ sfd ug'{ hu]/f/flif Jofh iffGof sfd gug'{= lxb'FM /fh uf]xTof gx'Gof :qL xTof gx'Gof=
j|éxTof gx'Gof= P:tf] c}g eofsf] bjf{/ lxdjt\ if+8 af;'sL If]q cfTof{lty{ of]ltd{o
>Lkz'klt ln+u >Lu'x]Zj/L= lk7 o:tf] k'0oe"dL cfÇgf] d'n's 5bf 5b} slndf lx+b'sf] /fh
o]xL d'n'sdfq}5= cj pk|fGt h:sf l;jfno wd{;fnf jgfpgfsf] O/fbf5= u'l7;bfjt{
/fifg O/fbf5= cfkmgf /fHodf lty{kfO{ lzjfno wd{;fnf agfpg'u'7L;bfjt{/fifg' lj/fgf
d'n'sdf /fhfb]lif /}ot\;+d s;}n] lzjfno wd{zfnf gjgfpg'= wd{zfnf jgfofsf] cfh p
hdL+g sRrf 7xl/Gof lzjfno @# u'7L ;bfjt{ g/fifg' lsg eGof cfkmgf /fHodf jgfof
yf]/} eTSofkgL cfkm\gf ;+tfgn] 6fNx 6f]n ul/ jgfpgkfpGof= cfkm\g' b]z /fd|f] u'nhf/
x'Gof= hf}g d'n'sdf wd{Hofbf eof] t]; d'n'sdf /f]u Joflw b];fÙcfpGof= clgsfn gkGof{
x'+5 cfkm\g' b];df lslt{ j+bf ;f]ef x'Gof cfkm\gf b]zsf sfl/u9 l;kfn' x'Gof= Hofnf dh'l/
kfpgfn] ul/j s+ufnsf] kfngf x'+5= cfkmgf d'n'ssf] wg lj/fgf d'n'sdf hfb}g cfÇgf
d'n'sdf ;bfjt{ /fiof cfÇg} d'n'ssf sfgf iff]/+8f n'nf n+u8f a'9f a'9L cfÇgf
knflkofsf ;+tfg\ cfÇgf gftfs'6Djsf knflkotfsf ;+tfg lj/fgf b];sf ctLt
21
 cEofutb'Mlif s+ufln o];b];df lhjgj[ltsf] O5f /flif cfp~ofnfO{ kfngf x'Gof h:n]
;bfjt{/fiof] p:sf tnsf ;ft k':tf ;+dsf s'nsf] p4f/ x'Gof h:n] s[igfk{0f ul/ hf}
dflysf ;ft k':tf ltn s'z nL ;+sNkj¥ofsf] hldg5 Tof] hldg iff]nfn] iffof] eGof Tof]
k'0o t]xL iff]nfjf6 kfO+5 s]xL lbg kl5iff]nfn] 5f8\of] eGof cfkmg' hldg 5b}5= sbflrt\
cgljj]sL /fhf s'd+qLn] Tof] hldg x¥of eGof ltg}jf6 Tof] k'0o kfO5 kl5 lt /fhf
d+lqnfO{ cfkm'n] / cfkmgf ;+tfgn] l/emfpg' ;Sof hldg klg kfO{5 zf:qn] gLtLn]
nf]ssf cg'ejn] jgfofsf] c}g xf] cjpk|f+t lzjfno wd{zfnf kfl6 kf}jf k'n ;f3' 3f6
s'jf wf/f] kf]ifl/ jf6f rf}tf/f ju}rf u}î cfkmg} /fHodf jgfpg' :yfkgf ug'{= u'l7;bfjt{
/fifg'= cfÇgf d'n'sdf :yfkgf gul/ csf{sf] d'n'Sdf :yfkgf uGof{ hf]xf] Tof] nf]ssf]
b'lgofsf] /fHosf] if/fr uGof{ xf] egL /fhf / d+qLn] lj/fgf d'nSdf :yfkgf ug{ glbg'
cfkm\gf d'n'Sdf :yfkgf uGof{nfO{ ;+l3 ;k{g gkGof{ /}s/ k§ jfemf] x]l/ d'gfl;j dflkms
lbg'= csf{sf] u'7L ;bfjt{ xGof{ cgljj]ls /fhf s'd+qL hf] x'g\= :ju{hfGof jf6fsf] tfnrf
nfpGof= gs{ hfGof jf6f] iff]nGof nf]ssf] xf:o u/fO{ dfuGof wd{ uGof{sf] k'0o x/0f ug{
g;SGof cfkm' kfkGof 8'j\Gof x'g\=
@= ul/j u'jf{ kmls/ kms]8fnfO{ ;bfjt{ / b]jb]jtfsf lgTo g}ldlQs jif{ a+wg k'hfnfO{=h;n]
u'l7 ;+sNk ul/ /fiofsf]5 /fifGof xj;\ /fifGofsf ;+tfgn] xj;\ /fhif ul/ csf{sf]
Hofgdf¥ofsf] iftnfuf];\ tfklg Hofg lnGof Joxf]/fdf Hofg lng' wgsf] ;hfo x'Gof j]xf]/f
eof wg lng' s/l0fsf] ift u¥ofdf c}g adf]lhd ;hfo ug'{= P:tf u'l7 s;}n] gxg'{= hf] cl3
b]lif rln cfofsf]5 ;f] adf]lhd= wd{rnfpg'= u'7Lx/g gug'{= h:sf df]xf]/ b:ift\n] xnf{ Tof]
kfk p;}nfO{ nfu\nf Tof] ;f/f c}g ifnn ul/ c}g gf3Gof xf]=
#= s;}n] kfl6 kf}jf ;f3'wf/f b]jfno u}î jgfO{ cfÇg' ljtf{ u'l7 /fiof] kl5 eTSof] ljU¥of] /
p:sf ;+tfg\n] jgfpg ;s]g eGof t]; hufdf lh0ff]{4f/ ul/ jf= g`fF jgfp5' e+g
cfpGofnfO{ jgfpg lbg'= cfkm'n] ljtf{ lslg/fiofsf u'7L kl5 jgfpGofn] kfpb}g= h:sf
k'iff{n] u'7L /fiofsf] xf] p:sf ;+tfgn] lh0ff]{+4f/ ug{ ;SofkgL g;Sof klg cfkmgf k'iff{sf]
wd{ yfdL u'l7sf hufsf] ;]if /xØfsf] iffg kfp5g= j]rg kfpb}gg= j]rGofnfO{ t];} hufsf !
;fnsf pj\hlg adf]lhd b08 ug'{ ?k}ofF glt¥of d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf bn]{ s}b ug'{=
$= s;}n] kfl6 kf}jf ;f3'wf/f b]jfno u}î jgfO{= ;sf{/ jS;fO{ u'7L /fiof] k5L Tof] jgfofsf]
ljU¥of] eTSof] / p:sf ;+tfgn] jgfof] eGof u'l7sf] wd{ rnfO{= iffg kfp5 p:sf ;+tfgn]
jgfpg ;s]g /= t];} hufdf c? s;}n] lh0ff]{4f/ ul/ jgfof] eGof= Tof] u'l7 t];} wd{zfnf
b]jfo jgfpGofn] rng ug'{= cl3 jgfpGof u'7Lof/sf ;+tfgn] ;sf{/ jS;fO{= /fiofsf
u'7Lsf huf iffg rng ug{ kfpb}gg\ =
%= uff]iff{ >L % dxf/fh b|Jo zfxsf kfnf b]lif u2L gl;b dxf/fh dxf/fgLx¿sf jfx'nLjf6
;+sNk ul/ /fiofsf /fhu'7Lsf hufsf emu/fsf] cfDbfgL cbfnt 7fgf cdfn srxl/jf6
emu/f l5Gofsf]= /x]5 eGof kgL cfDbfgL= 5}l6 b;f}blj;f}b s]xLglng'= lnofsf] eofkgL=
hf}g b]jtfsf] u'l7 xf] ;f]xL u'7Ldf O{g;fkm ul/ ln hf}g b]jtfsf u'7Lsf] cfDbfgL xf] ;f]xL
b]jtfnfO{= ;sf{/sf gfpFdf uxgf jgfO{ rîfO{ lbg'= P:tf ljxf]/fsf cfDbfgLn] uxgf jgfO{
rîfofsf] xf] e+Gof jlxdf n]ifL /fifg'= xfdLn] cfdbfgL= u¥ofsf] xf] egL cbftn 7fgf cdfn
srxl/jf6 glng'=
^= /fh u'7L /fh d7 /fh ;bfjt{sf] huf d]/f] xf] egL sf]xL s/fpg cfof] / lg;fkm ubf{ p:sf]
7x/]g eGof t]:tfnfO{ t];} hufsf ! ;fnsf pjhgL adf]lhd= b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of d}Gxfsf
% ?k}ofsf bn]{ s}b ug'{=
&= cfkm"n] / cfkmgf jfj' j/fHo"n] huf sLlg /fiofsf u'7L ;bfjt{ d7sf huf d]/f] xf] egL
sf]xL s/fpg cfof]= / lg;fkm ubf{ p:sf] 7x/]g eGof t];nfO{ t];} hufsf ! ;fnsf pjhgL
adf]lhd= b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf bn]{ s}b ug'{=
*= vf/]h -s;}sf k'iff{n] b]jfn kfl6 kf}jf ;f3' wf/f u}¥x jgfO{ cfkm\gf ljtf{ u'7L /fiofsfdf
c? s;}n] xfdL u'l7of/ x'+ egL eof] jf hj/h:tL u/L eof] uhfsf] jfnL cs}{ iffbf] /x]5
h:sf k'iff{n] jgfofsf] xf] . p:sf ;+tfgn]=iffg kfofsf] /x]g5 eGof Tof] u'7L u'7L /fifGofsf
;+tfgn] iffg kfp5g\= hj/h:tL ul/= ldlr iffGofn] wd{ rnfO{ iffofsf] eof ! ;fnsf
jfnLsf ljuf jdf]lhd b+8 ug'{= wd{ grnfO{ iffofsf] /x]5 eGof= hlt jif{ ldlr iffofsf]5
plt ;fnsf ldlr iffofsf= jfnLsf] ljuf] e/fO{= lju} jdf]lhd b+8 ug'{= ?k}+of glt¥of

22
 d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf bn]{ s}b ug'{ huf u'l7 /fifGofsf ;+tfgnfO{= ljxf]/fO{ lbg'= csf{n]
kfpb}g=_
(= cfkm"n] jgfofsf kfl6 kf}jf u'l7 /fiofsf hufdf jfn nfUofsf] /x]5 eGof t];jfnn] t]lx
wd{zfnf b]jfno u'l7sf] 3/ eTSof] ljU¥ofsf] jgfpg' /èfsf] hf}g u'7Lsf hufsf] jfnxf]
jgfpGofsf ;+tfgn] p7fO{= p;} u'7Lsf sfddf= nfpg' ljrdf s;}n]= iffofsf] /x]5 /
jgfpGofsf ;+tfg lkm/fbug{ cfof eGof iffGofnfO{ hlt jif{sf] jfnL ldlr iffofsf] 7x5{ plt
jif{sf] jfnLsf] ljuf] e/fO{ lju} jdf]lhd b+8 ul/= lhtGof jf6 b+8sf] rf}yfO{= lhtfpl/ ln
h:sf= k'iff{n]= /fiofsf] u'l7 xf] p;}sf ;+tfgnfO{= ljxf]/fO{ lbg' .
!)= h:sf jfj' j/fHo"n]= OZj/ lk|lt ul/= b'lgofF k|Llt ul/ l;jfno wd{zfnf kfl6 kf}jf k'n
3f6 wf/f u}î hu]/f lgldQ / gLTo g}dLlts= k'hf ;bfjt{= >f4 u'7L /flif= hf} ltn s'; ln
;+sNkul/ ;lx ;gb ul/= h;n] /fiofsf] 5= p:sf ;Gtfg s'j'l4sf h'jf¥of g;fjfb
j]OndL a]/f]huf/ e} sdfO{= iffg ;fdy{ geofsfn] cfkm\gf jfj' j/fHo"n]= /fiofsf u'l7
;bfjt{df t]:tfsf hxfg ;d]tn] ! dfg' iffg' / PsnQf nfpg kfp5g\= lgTo gdLlts j++b
ul/= kmdf{o;L ul/ iffg kfpb}gg\= j]Rof jfwf /fiof= ls+Gof j]rGof b'j}sf] sRrf x'+5=P:tf
hufdf ;fx'sf] kgL nfu\ wfu\ nfUb}g= /fh ift c? u}î iftdf kgL ;sf{/ nfUb}g=
!!= cfkmgf jfj' jfHofn] /fiofsf=u'7Ldf 6N;L+ jf]l6df= wd{ rnfp5' huf sdfO{= df]xL jf]l6
cfkm' iff+5' eGof= cfkmgf u'l7sf= s'l/of p7fO{ j:g/= df]xL iff]l;= if]t sdfpg kfp5=
g]kfnsfn] b;}sf l6sf b]lif l;l7 ;+d / kj{tsfn]= b;}sf l6sfb]ifL >Lk+rdL;+d iff];g
kfp5= jfxf pk|fGt iff];g x'b}g s'ofddf iff]:of] eGof= t];} hufsf ! ;fnsf jfnL jdf]lhd=
b+8 ug'{= ofddf iff]l;ofsf df]xLn]= s'ofddf iff]:of] egL s/fpg cfof] eGof= @.. ?k}+of b+8
ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf b/n] s}b ug'{=
!@= cfkmgf hGdfpGof jfj' cfdf k'iff{sf u'l7 ljtf{ cfu+ k'hfxfl/sf] kk{hlg ubf{ ;B 5f]/f eof
;Bn]= geof sd;n 5f]/fn] sd;n 5f]/f kgL geof ck'tfnL 5f]/LnfO{ n]liflbofsf] eof
5f]/Ln]= n]iofsf]= geof Psf jfh]jf6 hGDofsf bfHo" efO{sf ;+tfgn] P:tf kgL geof=
sfuh n]liflbofsf] geof= kgL 5f]/Ln] khgL ul/= wd{ rnfpg'= Plt 5+Hofn= c?
ck'tflniffGof= 6f9fsfn] kfpb}gg\= Pltdf sf]xL geof= 6f9fsfdf bfO{ofbf/=n] wd{ rnfO{=
khlg ug'{=
!#= rf/j0f{ 5lt;} hftsf cfkm"n] / cfkmgf k'iff{n]=/fiofsf u'l7 ;bfjt{ / cfu+ b]jfln k'hf u'l7
>f4 u'l7 u}î bfgbftJodf hfb}+g+= Psf jfHofsf ;+tfg 5+ eGof pg}n] kfp5g\= p:tf /x]g5+
cyjf ck'tfln 5f]l/n] iffofkl5 u'l7 u}î klg xfldnLbf}g egL 5f8\ofeGof / jfj' cfdf dl/
ck'tfln kl/ c}g jdf]lhd ck'tfln 5f]/L / 5f]/Lsf 5f]/fn] kfof eGof cfkmgf k'iff{n]=/fiofsf]
u'l7df= cl3 jfj'n]=rnfO{ cfof jdf]lhd= sf] wd{ rnfO{= cfkmgf jfj'sf efu jdf]lhd iffg
kfp5g\= ck'tfln iffGof bfHo" efO{n]= iffg kfpb}gg\=
!$= u'l7sf tfjfkq l;nfkq nfndf]x/= bfgkqdf n]iof adf]lhd /f]hL+ bf jf8g' eGofsfdf=
dfug cfpGof 5bf 5b}= /f]lh+bf jf8]g= 9]/} n]iofdf yf]/} jf8\of] eGof bftf / bftfsf ;+tfg
jfx]s c? sfl/+bf u'l7of/n] iffofsf] ljuf] 7x¥of ljuf jdf]lhd !.@ d'l7 dfq} rf]l/iffofsf]
7x¥of] eGof= t]:tfnfO{ % ?k}of b+8 ul/= sfd b]lv iff]l;lbg'=
!%= /fh u'l7 /fh ;bfjt{ /= b'gLofn] /fiofsf u'l7 ;bfjt{jf6 /}s/ huf dLTofsf] /x]5 eGof=
ldRofsf] hlt /}s/ hufs§f ul/= /}s/} hUuf ldRofsf] /x]5eGof ldRofsf] hlt /}s/ hUuf
s6\6f u/L /}s/} u/fO{ lb ldrGof u'l7of/nfO{ ldRofsf hufsf ! ;fnsf= pjhgL adf]lhd
=b+8 ug'{= u'7L ;bfjt{sf] huf hf}g wd{sf] xf]= p;}df yfdLlbg' u'l7sf]= huf s§f x'b}g=
!^= k'/fgf u'l7sf huf j]lr g`f huflsgL u'l7 /fif5' egL k'/fgf u'7L j]Rof] eGof gofF hufsf]
k}bf; ldnfO{= p;} dLNbf] huflslg= u'7L /iffO{= k'/fgf j]rfpg'= P:tf jLxf]/fl;t j]Rofsf]
kSsf 7x5{= k'/fgf u'7L j]Rof] g`f sLg]g ?k}of df:of] egof=k'/fgfu'l7=u'7L yfdL u'7L
ls+Gofsf] y}ln= t];} c;fldjf6 e/fO{= lbg' ?k}of ltg{ ;s]g eGof= kmf5\of{kq km/fO{= skfln
td;'s ul/= j]rGofnfO{= t];} hufsf]= ! ;fnsf pjhgL jdf]lhd= b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of
d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf b/n] s}b ug'{=
!&= s;}sf k'iff{n] /fiofsf u'l7df u'l7of/sf ;+tfgn] j]Rof] /= sf]xL ;fx'n] lsGof] eGof= t];
u'7Lsf bfgkq l;nfkq ;gb x]l/= u'l7 7x¥of] eGof= t];n] j]Rofsf] jb/= lsGofsf] klg
jL;xL= hf}gf sfdsf] u'l7 xf] pxL wd{ rnfpg 7flgG5 cf;fdLl;tsf ?k}of skfnL x'G5
ToxL cf;fdL ;fx'nfO{ ;f}lklbg'= ;sf{/sf] s]xL /s+ sn+dsf] afFsL 5 eGof klg b'lgofsf]
23
 sf/f]jf/= 5 eGof kgL= u'l7sf huf ;dfpg x'b}g= u'l7hfgL ls+Gof ;fx' /x]5 eGof= ;fx'
c;fdL b'j}nfO{ !.! ;fnsf pjhgL jdf]lhd= b+8 ug'{ ?k}of lt/]g eGof d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf
b/n] s}b ug'{=
!*= cfkm'nfO{ ;sf{/sf] jfls kgL nfUofsf] 5}g= l/g klg nfUofsf] 5}g= c? b'lgofsf] jf+sL kgL
nfUofsf] 5}g=t]:tfjiftdf cfkmgf wg ;+klQn] hUuf lsgL eof] jf cfkmgf ljtf{ eof] u'l7
/fiofsf] /x]5 kl5 s]xL /s+sf] ;sf{/sf] jf+ls / l/g nfUg uo]5 cyjf c? b'gLofsf]= l/g /
jf+sL nfu]5 eGof= ;sf{/jf6 / ;fx'n] uflh lng kfpb}gg\= u'l7 ;b/ x'+5= ;sf{/jf6 kgL
c? b'gL`fn] kgL ;dfpg kfpb}gg=jfsL / l/g hf] 7x5{ p:sf c? wg ;klt jf6 p7fO{
lbg'= wg ;+klt geof= skfnL td;'s u/fO{ lbg'= -l/g klg nfUofsf] 5}g=_
!(= cfkm'nfO{= ;sf{/sf]=jf+sL / l/g nfUofsf] /x]5= cyjf c? b'gL`fsf] jf+sL / l/g nfUofsf]
/x]5= jf+sL / l/g nfUofk5L= u'7L /fif]5 eGof Tof] u'7L /fhf / ;fx' 9f6g /fiofsf] 7x5{= ;b/
x'b}g=;sf{l/of xj;\= b'gL`fsf] xj; h:sf] l/g / jf+sL 5= p;}n] Tof] g`f /fiofsf] u'l7sf
hufn] xj; jf= ?k}of p7fO{ n]j;= cfkmgf ?k}of cg';f/ lng kfp5= bfgkq tfjfkq
u/fofsf] eofkgL jb/ x'+5=cbfnt 7fgf= cdfnjf6 w'nfO{ lbg'=
@)= c;fdLn]=u'7Lsf]=hufljtf{ xf] egL= 9f6L ;fx' lt¥of]= j+ws /fiof] eGof= u'7Lsf] huf lb ;fx'
ltg{ x'b}g= u'l7sf] yfdL lbg'= t]:tf td;'s Rofltlbg'= u'l7sf] huf lbO ;fx' ltGof{nfO{= 9f+6L
lt¥of j+ws/fiof jfjt= 3/ if]t n§L k§Ln] ;fx'sf] y}ln p:sf wgjf6 lt/fO{ lbg'= ltg{
;s]g eGof= skfnL= td;'s u/fO{ ! ;fnsf pjhgL jdf]lhd= b+8 ul/ lng' ;fx'sf] y}nL /
b+8sf ?k}of lt¥of ln 5f8g]= ltg{ ;s]g eGof d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf b/n] s}b ug'{ -c}g
jdf]lhd !
@!= s;}n] u'7Lsf hufnfO{= ljtf{ xf] egL j]Rof] j+ws/fiof] eGof= Tof] j]Rofsf] / j+ws= /fiofsf]
cbfnt 7fgf cdfn jf6 lsGof j+ws= lnGof= lbGofsf] td;'s Roflt c}g jdf]lhd= ydfO{
lbofsf u'l7sf khlg bfO{ofbf/= bfHo" efO{= /xØf 5GeGof= pg}nfO{= yfld lb pg}af6 wd{
rnfO= lbg'= bfOofbf/ bfHo" efO{ geof pGsf] rln cfofsf] wd{ yfdL ;sf{/jf6 khgL ug'{
j]rGofn] kfpb}g= t]:tfnfO{ iff/]h ul/= u'7L rnfpGof Odf+bf/ wd{ lr+îf dflg; 7x/fO{= kq
kfq jdf]lhDsf] wd{rnfO{ lbg'=
@@= u'l7nfO{ ljtf{ xf] egL j]rGofnfO{= Ps;fnsf= pjhgL jdf]lhd= b+8 ul/ lng'= b+8sf ?k}of
ltg{ ;s]g eGof= d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf b/n] s}b ul/=Dofb k'Uof kl5 5f8Llbg'=
@#= u'7L xf] egL hfgL hfgL u'7LnfO{ ljtf{ xf] egL lsGof /x]5 eGof t]:tfsf] y}ln e'l;+5=
@$= ;gb kq ljtf{sf] 5= t]xL ;fx' l;t= wLtf] /flif ?k}of sfl9 lnof] j+ws dWo] ljtf{ n]liflbof]
kl5 Tof] huf u'l7df 5 eGof] eGof= Tof] c;fdL em'§f ;xL= td;'s x]l/ ;fx'sf] kSsf ul/=
huf jLxf]/fO{ lbg'= 9f6\of jfjt= ljuf j/fj/ b+8 ul/ lng'= b+8 ltg{ ;s]g eGof d}Gxfsf=%
?k}ofsf bn]{ s}b ug'{=
@%= ;gb kq ul/ uf}r/ /fiofsf] hf] 5 kmnfgfsf] uf}r/= kmnfgfn] /fiofsf] xf] elg= ;gb kq
b]iffof] e+g cfof] eGof= Tof] uf}r/ cfkmgf wgn] lsgL sg /fiofsf] /x]5 sL cfkmgf lktf
k'iff{sf ljtf{df/fiofsf] /x]5 ;gb= x]l/ 7x¥of= uf}r/ yfdg'= lsg'jf /x]5 eGof lsGof
j]rGofs]f ;bg x]l/ uf}r/ yfdg' ;sf{/jf6 kfO{sg /fiof /x]5 eGof= nfndf]x/ tfjfkq x]g'{
geof RofFu|f sf};Ldf df]xf]/sf] gsn x]l/= uf}r/ yfdg' uf}r/df l;nfkq /x]5 eGof kgL
t]xL ;gb x]l/ yfdg'= Pltl/tsf] uf}r/ hf] 5g\= kl5 h:n] kfofsf] 5 pg}n] uf}r/ /fiofsf]
/x]5 eGof= kgL yfdL lbg' Pltl/lt eLq sf uf}r/ df s;}n] ljtf{ kfofsf] /x]5 Tof] uf}r/
csf{n] sdfofsf] /x]5 eGof= cbfntsf xflsdn] j‰ofO lbg' jlem/n] ;6\6f lbg' o;tf
uf}r/ hUufdf cbfntsf xflsdn] tnf; ul/ ;gb x]l/ jem\ofofg+ eGof cbfntsf
xflsnfO{ kfknfunf jem\ofofsf P:tf hufsf] ;§f glbof jhL/nfO{ kfk nfu\nf=
uf]iff{ ;sf{/jf6 :jbQf+ k/bQf+ ul/ /fiofsf/ b'lgof u}în]
ljtf{ ul/ lbofsf u'l7df uGof{ c}g ===========
@^= s;}sf k'iff{n] b]jfno kfl6 kf}jf ;f3'wf/f tnfp+ s'jf jf6f] ;bfjt{ wd{;fnf>f4 u'l7c6\sf
kj{ kj{sf] lgTo g}ldlts k'hf u'l7ehgL`f u'l7 kfgL u'7L ;j{t u'l7 l;wf jf8Gof eft
ksfO{ if'jfpGof Ifq u'l7 l;jfno kfl6 kf}jf tnfp+ s'jf jf6f] eTSof lju\¥ofsf] jgfpGof
hu]/f u'l7 u}îjgfO{ cfkmg' ljtf{ u'l7 /fifL tfjfkq lznfkq tf/kq b:ift ;lx;gbgdf Plt
hufsf] cfDbfgLn] Plt Plt s'/fsf] k'hf rnfpg' Plt ljxf]/fn] ;bfjt{ rnfpg' Plt
ljxf]/fn] eTSof lju\¥ofsf] jgfpg' egL sfuhkq tfjfkq lznfkq tf/kq ul/ n]lifof
24
 jdf]lhd rnfp ltldnfO{ bfg ul/ lb`f ltd|f ;+tfg b/;+tfgn] sfd= ug'{= ef]u ug'{ egL
b]jtf ;fl5 ! dg'io ;fl5 @ h;n] xnf{ k+r dxfkfts # :jbQf+ k/btf+ jf e+Gof l;nf]s $
bfg ul/ lb~o" ltd|f ;Gtfg b/;+tfgn] ef]uug'{ %= Plt % s'/fdf ! s'/f] dfqn]lifofsf] eof
kgL u'l7 /fifGof / u'l7 /fifGofsf ;+tfgn] cfkm'n] sfd ul/ iff+5' e+g kgL kfpb}gg\=khgL ul/
csf{nfO{ lbg kgL kfpb}gg\= ;sf{/jf6 /= cbfnt 7fgf cdfn u}îjf6 kgL P:tf u'l7 lemls
u'l7 /fifGofsf ;+tfgnfO{ /= c? s;}nfO{ glbnfpg'= P:tf ul'7sf] g}JoB / ;]if /èfsf] bfg
kfpGofn] / p:sf ;+tfgn] n]lifof jdf]lhdsf] sfd ul/ iffg kfp5g\= P:tf ljtf{ u'l7 7x5{g\=
P:tf u'l7 h:n] bfg kfofsf] 5 Tof] bfg kfpGofdf dfg' g5'6\ofO{ hlt efO{ Psf 3/df
j:ofsf 5g\= pltn] c+; gul/ c}g jdf]lhd kfnkfnl;t tfdfkq tf/kq lznfkq sfuh
kqdf n]lifof jdf]lhDsf] sfd rnfO{ iffg kfpF5g\ bfg kfpGof / bfgkfpGofsf ;Gtfgn]
j]rof5g\ afwf /fVof5g\ cyjf n]lvof adf]lhdsf] sfd grnfO{ wd{ nf]k ul/ iffof5g\
eGof u'l7 kfpGofsf ;+tfgn] hfxf j]Rof j+ws /fiofsf]5 ;fx'nfO{ j]rGof j+ws /fifGofsf
gfpFdf skfnL tk;'s u/fO o:tf u'7Lsf huf gj]rGof aGws g/fvGof n]lifof jdf]lhdsf]
wd{ rnfpGofx? /= bfg kfpGof / bfg kfpGofsf efO{ 5f]/f ;+tfgn] dfq kfnf l;t iffg
kfp5g\= j+ws /fifGof j]rGof wd{ grnfO{ iffGof / pGsf ;+tfgn] vfg kfpb}gg u'l7
kfpGofsf] ck'tfln k¥of] eGof klg u'7L /fGofsf ;Gtfgn] rng ug{ / csf{nfO{ lbg
kfpb}gg\ bfg ul/ csf{nfO{ lbofsf] x'gfn] /fh u'l7 7x5{= ;sf{/jf6 u'l7 srxl/dfkm{t
n]lifof jdf]lhd= sfd rnfO{ lbg'= P:tf ljtf{ u'l7 kfpGofsf ;+tfg 5b} nfndf]x/
d'ifTof/sf ?Ssf b:ift ul/ xj;\ cbfnt 7fgf cdfn u}î jf6 csf{nfO{ lbnfO{ lbofsf]
/x]5 eGof kgL c+Gofo xf] csf{sf gfpFdf eofsf df]xf]/ ?Ssf b:ift w'nfO{= ;gbkq Roflt
ljtf{ u'l7 kfpGofsf ;+tfgnfO{ lbnfO{ lbg' P:tf hufdf d kfp5' egL emu/f ug{ cfpGofnfO{
p;} hufsf Ps ;fnsf pjhgLsf] ;os/f @.. ?k}of b+8 ul/ 7f]sL lbg'=
;sf{/jf6 /= c? /fhf /hf}6f b'lg`fu}x jf6 k'hfxfl/ u'l7of/
/fifL Plt Plt sfd ug'{ egL /fiofsf u'l7df uGof{ c}g –––
@&= s;}sf k'iff{n] b]jfno kfl6 kf}jf ;f3' wf/f tnfp s'jf ;bfjt{ wd{zfnf >f4 u'l7 c8\sf
kj{ kj{sf] lgTo g}ldlQssf] k'hf u'l7 ehlg`f u'7L kfgL u'7L ;j{t u'7Ll;wfjf8\Gof eft
ksfO{ if'jfpGof Ifq u'l7 lzjfno kfl6 kf}jf tnfp s'jf jf6f] eTSof lju\¥ofsf] jgfpGof
hu]/f u'l7 u}î jgfO{ cfkmgf ljtf{ u'l7 /fiofsfdf sfd rnfpGof sfl/+bf s;}sf k'iff{n]
/fiofsf] /x]5 / sfl/+bf u'l7of/ k'hfxfl/n] sfd j];ul/ grnfO{ u'l7 /fiofsf hufsf]
cfDbfgL cfkm'n] iffGof p8fpGof j]rGof j+ws /fifGof sfdsfddf 7]lsofsf] snd j+b ul/
cfkmgf ;+tfgnfO{ c+z ul/ lbGof u'l7of/ /= j]xfg Jon'sf lgTog}ldlQssf] k6n k4lt
jdf]lDsf] k'hf guGof{ k'hfxfl/nfO{ h;n] h:sf k'iff{n] /fiofsf] 5= p;\n] p:sf c+z sf]
bfOof eofsf ;+tfgn] c}g jdf]lhDsf] ljuf] if8f u/fO{ b+8 ul/ lng x'5+=Ogjf6 sfd eo]g
Ogsf] jbnf csf{nfO{ /fif5' eGof kgL Ogn] s]xL lj/fofsf] 5}gtfkgL=OgnfO{ iff];5'+
eGofkgL iff];g kfp5g= xfd|f k'iff{n] /fiofsf] u'7Lxf] n]lifof jdf]lhDsf] sfdul/ s;/ jfsL
/èfsf] cfkm} iff+5' eGof klg c+zsf] bfOof eofsf ;+tfgx?n] ;fn ;fnsf] kfnfl;t wd{
rnfO{ iffg kfp5g\= cfwf sfd ltld u/ cfwf sfd xfdL u5f}{ egL huf jf8L iffg
kfpb}gg\= k'iff{n] /fiofsf u'l7sf] n]ifLof jdf]lhdsf] sfd guGof{ u'l7of/ sfl+/bf k'hf/L
iff]l; cfÇgf 3/af6 sfd rnfp+5g tfklg c? sfl/Gbf /flif sfd rnfp5+ tfkgL c}g
jdf]lhd c+; iffGof ;+tfgsf] if'l; k'iff{n] /fiofsf u'7Ldf wd{ nf]k uGof{ j]rGof j+ws
/fifGofn] / p:sf ;+tfgn] iffg kfpb}gg\= wd{ rnfpGof huf gj]rGofx?n] / p:sf ;+tfgn]
dfq kfnf l;t wd{ rnfO{ iffg kfp5g\= P:tf b'lg`f u'7L ;bfjt{ u}î ;sf{/sf df]xf]/=
d'ifltof/sf ?Ssf b:ift srxl/sf ;gbn] khgL ug{ x'b}g= ;gb ul/ lbofsf] eof kgL
;b/ x'b}g= a'l4 gk'Uofsfn] / c+Gofo uGof{n] ul/ lbofsf df]xf]/ ?Ssf b:ift w'nfO{
;gbkq Roflt OGsf ;+tfgnfO{ lbnfO{ lbg'= h:sf k'iff{n] u'l7 /fiofsf] xf] p;}sf ;+tfgn]
cfkm'n] sfd rnfpg' / csf{nfO{ /fifL sfd rnfpg' u'7L /fifGofsf ;+tfgsf] if';L x'+5
cfkmgf k'iff{sf] wd{ yfdg pg} hf+b5g\= P:tf hufsf u'7Lof/ sfl/+bf k'hfxfl/x?n] xfdL
kfpGof x'+ egL s/fpg cfof eGof p;} hufsf p;n] iffg kfpGof ! ;fnsf jflnsf]
;os/f @.. sf b/n] b+8 ul/ 7f]sL lbg'=

25
hUuf hdLGsf]

!= /}s/ /fh u'7L lsk6hktL lhNnfdf b'lgof/}ltnfO{= if]tsf] /}j+bL ubf{= sf nfj+h/= kmfl8
jfemf] kmf]l/ s'nf] emLsL ju/ ljîfO{= ljîfpGofn] sdfO{ iffofsf huf /}j+bLsf efu e+bf
a9tf eof kgL=ljîfpGofnfO{= yfdL= c? cjfbL if]tdf ;j} /}ltnfO{ lgsf glgsf if]tsf]
j+bf]j:t kf/L hxfgjncg';f/= jfl8 /}j+bL=ul/=lbg'= jfemf] ljîfofsf hufn] /}j+bLsf] efu
k'u]g eGof= ufp+Nof ;/xsf]]efu cjfbLjf6 k'¥ofO{ lbg'= ljîf}6fn] efu k'Uofsf] eof= pgnfO{
c? if]tlbg' kb{}g= ljîf}6f giff];g cfkmg' ljîf}6f] cl3 b]ifL csf{n] sdfofsf] /x]5= d]/f]
ljîf}6L egL= k5L kfpb}g= cfkm'n] rng ul/=iffO{ cfofsf ljîf}6f iff];GofnfO{= ! ;fnsf
pJhgL jdf]lhd b+8 ul/= yfdLlbg'= b+8sf] rf}yfO{ lhtfp/L lng'=
@= nfndf]xf]/=/= d'ifTof/sf b;ift gu/fO{ ;sf{/ gaS;fO{= ef/fbf/ /sdL hfrsL sfl/+bf
s;}n] j];gb cfkmgf b;\ift k'hL{n] jf= p;} ljtf{ u'7L j]ifs kmLu6f/ d/f]6\5fk dfgfrfjn=
3/jf/L Ho"gL egL /}s/ huf s;}nfO{=lbofsf] eof ;b/ x'b}g= t]:tf huf ;sf{/nufO{=
lbGofnfO{ pxL huf df]nL df]n adf]lhd b+8 ug'{= huf kfpGofaf6 kfofsf] if]t kfiff hufsf
hlt ;fnsf] jflniffofsf] 5 plt jif{sf] 6nl;+ jf]6L s't ;]df{ dx;'n=hf]xf] j'lem lng' b+8
kb}{g=
#= jhL/ / jhL/sf efO{ 5f]/f=x¿ c? b'gL`fbf/ u}î s;}n] cjfb geof sf] jfemf] sfnfj+h/
huf jfî ;fn b]ifL= a9 ljîfO{= cjfb u¥of eGof=k+r ;fnf b'j} jf]6L ljîfGofn] kfO{= jfxf
pk|fGt dfndf b/fO{ lbg'= jfemf] sfnf j+h/= cjfb uGof{nfO{= b'gL`f ;/xsf] cjfb u¥ofsf
!) if+8sf] ! if+8 ljtf{ lbnfO{ lbg'=
$= s;}nfO{ ;gbkq ul/= lbofsf hufdf= kl5 s;}n] hfrtf a'embf !) /f]kgLdf ! /f]kgL ;+d
a9tf lg:Sofsf] p;}sf] x'+5 yfdL lbg'=
%= !()( ;fn b]ifL k§ jfemf] /}s/ hufdf nfndf]xf]/= b:ift k§f u/fO{, 7]ls rf/ bfd/fifL
cfkmgf cftsf jnn]= cjfb u'n\hf/ ul/= Ps ;o ?k}of k}bf x'Gof t'Nofof] eGof= !) ?k}of
t]; cjfb uGof{nfO{= iffguL lbg'= huf hfr ul/= 6N;L+ jf]6L huf jfnfn]= iffg'= df]xL jf]6L
sdfpGofn] iffg'= if]t hufsf] 7]sbfl/= d'iofln t];}= nfO{ lbg'=6N;L+ jf]6L / nfUofsf] lt/f]
e/f] u/+Hofn= ;+d t];sf] huf iff];g x'b}g= iff]iof] eGof= t];} hufsf= ! ;fnsf k}bf
jdf]lhd= b+8 ul/= sdfpGofnfO{ yfdL lbg'=
^= ;sf{/jf6 b/jf/ agfpbf ul9 lsNnf cbfnt d]uhLg\ kN6Gsf] 5fpgL jf?biffgf l;niffgf
6'l8v]n bkmb/ jgfpbf l;jfno wd{zfnf kf6L kf}jf kf]if/L= wf/f s'jf Ogf/ 3f6 k'n
agfpbf ;8s af6f] au}rf rf}tf/f agfpbf= b'gL`fsf u'7L ljtf{ u}î huf lng' k¥of] eGof
hf}g hufdf if'l;/fhLn] b'gLofdf hf}g hf}g df]ndf lng' lbg' ul/= huf sf] kl/ifb ljqmL rnL
cfofsf] 5 p;} hufsf= ;x{ jdf]lh+sf] df]n bL huf= lng' hufsf wgLn]= df]n ln+g=hu} ;§f
dLnf];\ eGof] eGof= hufsf] p7tL /= gfkL ldnfO{ hu} ;Qf lbg' Plt s'/f agfp+bf=b'gL`fsf]
huf k¥of] eGof xfdL huf lbbf}g= e+g kfpb}gg\=
&= ;sf{/jf6 ;]/f u'7L /fifgnfO{= / bfOhf] ljtf{ lbgnfO{ b'gLofsf huf ls+g' k¥of] eGof= hUufsf
wlg nfO{ /fhLv'zL u/fO{ lng' wlgn] d]/f] hUuf lbGg eGof P:tf s'/fdf s/ nufO{ ;sf{/jf6
b'gL`fsf huf lng x'b}g=
*= /}s/ hufdf s;}n] uf}r/ /fif5' egL= /fifg kfpb}gg\ /}s/ hufdf= ;8s jf6f] lgsf; kfgL
3f6= ;+l3 ;k{g\ /fifL huf ljîfO{= iffF5f} eGof= ljîfofsf hufsf]= b'gL`fFdf rNofsf] lt/f] e/f]
ul/ rng ul/ iffg kfpF5g\= ;+3L ;k{g af6f] lgsf;= kflg3f6 y'gLof] elg sf]xL s/fpg
cfof] eGof /= hfrtf y'lgofsf] 7x¥of] eGof= % ?k}of b+8 ul/ ln= jf6f] kfgL 3f6 lgsf;=
;+l3 ;k{g /iffO{ lbg'=
26
(= ;8s jf6f] eGofsf] ;sf{/sf] / b'gL`fFsf] ;femfxf]= ;8s jf6f] ljul/ ;sf{/ jf6 kgL if]t
ljîfOGof 5}g= b'lg`fx?n] kgL gljîfpg'= ;8s ljufl/= ljîfofsf] 7x¥ofsf hufsf
pjhgL jdf]lhd= b+8 ul/= ;8s ydfO{ lbg'= jfln nfofsf] /x]g5 eGof= % ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
!)= gofF s'nf] lemsL if]t ljîfpFbf= jfemf] hufjf6 s'nf] lemsL= if]t ljlîof /x]5 eGof s'nf]
emLstf /}s/ ljtf{ u}î s;}n]= y'+g= x'b}g g`f s'nf] lemsL jfemf] ljîfpg kfp5g\= cjf8L
if]taf6 s'nf] NofpFbf ! if+08 af6 s'nf] lemls # if+08 a9\tf ljîGof /x]5 eGof= cjfbL /}s/
ljtf{ u}î sfl6 s'nf] Nofpg x'+5= # if+8 sfl6 s'nf] Nofpbf= ! if+8dfq ljîLGof /x]5 eGof
cjfbL if]t sfl6 s'nf] Nofpg x'b}g glbg'=
!!= b'lg`fF u'7L ;bfjt{ ljtf{ j]iflkm6f/= 5fk dfgf rfjn d/f]6 Ho"gL kmdf{o;L egf{ eof
p+dfxf]xl/ofsLk6 ;]jf ljtf{ /hjfwfgfgsf/= sf] if]t kfiff] hf] 5= cl3 b]ifLsf] xj;= o;
ljxf]/f l;t=kl5kfofsf] xj;= Plt sn+sf if]t kfiff] Jofªjfnf jf]l; 3fl;sdL{ uf]Nof=
jf?b iffgf= sfuTof yfkNof x'nfsL rf}sL olt sfdsf /sdLnfO{ c3L bl/ofsf] 5}g eGof
k5L gbg'{= sbflrt s;}n] b¥of eGof= df]xf]/?Ssf b:ift= jf6 lemls lbg' bl/lbGof nfO{= !
;fnsf= pjhgL jdf]lhd b+8 ug'{=
!@= Jofªjfnf jf]l; wfl;sdL{ uf]Nkf= jf?biffgf= sfuTof yfkNof x'nfsL rf}ls Plt sfdsf
/sdLnfO{= cl3 b]ifL cfh ;+d ;gb e} ;gbdf bl/of sf] /fh u'l7 b'gL`f u'7L d7 ;bfjt{
j]ifkmLu6f/= 5fkdfgf rfjn d/f}6\ Ho"gL= k]6Lof if]r{ kmdfo;L egf{eofkfp+ df]xl/of= sLk6
;]jf ljtf{= hflu/ dx;'Nof/hjfwfgfgsf/ ;]/fsfif]tkfiffdf= cl3 b]ifL cfh ;+dltl/ cfof
e+bf s't Ohf/f j9fO{ xj;= s]xL gj9fO{= xj; ;sf{sf] sfd x/h ul/ iff]l; khgL ug{
kfpb}g= cl3 /}s/ 5bf Og} /s+df bl/ofsf kl5 /fh u'l7 b'lg`fF u'l7 d7 ;bfjt{ ljtf{ j]if
kmLu6f/= 5fk dfgf rfjn d/f}6 Ho"gL /hjfwfgfgsf/= ;]/f kmdfo;L egf{ dkfp+ u}îsf j]xf]/f
;+u k5L s;}n]kfof eGof= pgn] kgL= iff]l; khgL ug{ kfpb}g= s;}n] iff]l; khlg u¥of
eGof t]; hufsf] ! ;fnsf df]xLn] iffgkfpGof pjhgL= jdf]lhd hl/jfgf ug'{ hl/jfgfsf
?k}of ltg{ ;s]g, eGof= d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf= b/n] s}b ug'{=
!#= b'lg`fn]= huf hldg 3/if]t sL+bf j]rtf=df]n tf]n e}= kmf5\of{ kq eof kl5 ;'qmL ljqmLsf]
df]xf]/=u/fO{ b]p eÙ cfpFbf sf]xL hUufdf uxfsL jemfp+bf p:n] ?k}+of j9tf lbof] huf
p;}nfO{ lbnfO{= df]xf]/ u/fO{ lb+bf /èf5g= p;}nfO{ 5fkL+e+bf /èf5g\= cj pk|fGt h:n]
df]nl5gL kmf5\of{kq u¥ofsf] p;nfO{= glb 5fkL+ eGof /s+dnfO{=j9tf ?k}of lbg cfpGof
n'RrfnfO{= huf bLnfO{= lbGofnfO{ hlt ?k}of j9tflnofsf] 7x5{ ljuf] e/fO{ ljuf jdf]lhd
hl/jfgf ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf b/n] s}b ug'{=
!$= s;}n] cfkmgf c+zdf cfofsf/ cfkmgf kf}/ifn] sdfofsf huf hdLg= jfwf ljtf{ 3/jfl/
if]t j]rtf cfkmgf xsjfnf c+l;of/=efO{ nfO{ d}n] kmnfg' s'/f] j]rgnfUof= ltldx¿ ln+5f}
eGof b]l;n] lbofsf] y}lnlb ltldn]p ltldx¿ lnb}g eGof c?nfO{ lbG5' eÙ' /=xs jf
c+lzof/ efO{=n] ln+5 eGof= Og}n] kfp+5g\= b]l;n] kfpb}gg\=c+;Lof/ efO{ eGof= 6f9f/èf5g
cfkm'nfO{ uh{kbf{ a]r]5 eGof j]rGofn] c+l;of/ efO{nfO{= n]ifL k7fpg' ls+Gofn] kgL
j]rGofsf xsjfnf c+;Lof= / efO= nfO{ n]ifL k7fpg' / #% lbg leqdf lgif+g cfof] eGof=
cnLkq eofsf] eof kgL p:sf] k/n ?k}ofF ;f}+kL c+;Lof/= efO{Nf] lgifgL lng kfp+5 #% lbg
;+ddf y}nL ltg{ cfo]g eGof= efO{ ;f5L j:ofsf= geof kgL= uf}/fO{ iffofsf] geof kgL=
j]Rof ls+Gofsf] ;b/ x'+5= #% lbg gf£of k5L cfpGof efO{n]= lgifÙ kfpb}gg\=
!%= hUuf hldg u}î lhgL:sf] lng lbg ubf{= df]n k6s uf}/fO{ j}gf u¥ofsf lbgdf= ;fn ;/g
j:t' ;/g eofsf] /x]5 eGof / t/td;'s= eofs]f /x]5 eGof= lnGofsf] dfn ;b/
j]rGofnfO{ lnift jdf]lhd= y}lnsf] ;fp+Jofh e/fO{ lbg'= uf}/fO{ jGxflbof] dfn= bftfsf
3/df 5= d}Gxf ! ;+ddf uf}/fO{ j}GxflbGofn]= y}ln;f}kL= cfkm'n] dfn n} uo]g= eGof= k5L
lng kfpb}gg\= dfn dfns} wgLn] rnug'{= uf}/fO{ j}Gxflbofsf] xf] egL=! d}Gxf pk|f+t= emu8f
ug{ cfpGofnfO{= ljufsf ;os/f=% ?k}ofsf b/n] b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of= c}g jdf]lhd=s}b
ug'{= lnofsf] uf}/fO{= j}Gxf lkmtf{ ug'{ kb}{g=
!^= s;}sf c+;ge}Psf 3/df ;+uj:ofsf efO{df c? bfHo" efO{{= l;t ;Nnfx gul/=Psf efO{=n]
dfq 3/ if]t huf hdLg=j]r]5= / c? efO{n]= P;n] j]rL xfd|f= c+; hfGof xf]Og egL ph"/
u¥of eGof hfxfg kfnbf j]Rofsf] eof /= cfkmgf efudf= cfpGof c+;hlt j]Rofsf] eof=
;b/ x'+5= cfkmgf efu e+bf j9tf /= efO{ l;t ;Nnfx gul/= j]Rofsf] /x]5= 3/sf hxfg
kfngfnfO{= j]Rofsf] kgL= /x]g5= eGof /= xfdLPs} 3/df yL~o"FxfdL l;t ;Nnfx gul/= xfd|f]
27
 efu g/fifL= P;n] dfq j]rL hfGof xf]og=egL=3/df /èfsf efO{n]= ! jif{ eLq=df /= jif{ lbg
gf£of kl5 kb]{; uofsf]= efO{ cfO{ k'Uof] eGof= cfO{ k'Uofsf lbg= #% leqdf ph'/ u¥of]
eGof=j]rGofjf6 lsGofsf] lkmtf{ u/fO{ hUUff efO{nfO{ lbnfO{ lbg' a]rGofaf6 y}nL k'u]g
eGof= skfnL td;'s= u/fO{ lbg'= e/fofsf h+dfsf] b;f}b lj;f}b lng'=
!&= ;sf{/ nufot\= pd/fj ef/fbf/= /}ot= u}î s;}n]= 3/ if]t sdf/f sdfl/= rf}ifof gub
lhg;Lcsf{l;t ;§fk§ ubf{= wgLsf] lrQ j'emfO{= if'l; /fhLn] dfq} ;§fk§fug'{=s/
gnufpg'= s/ nufOsg / hj{h:tL u/L s;}n] s]xL s'/f] ;f6\km]/ u/L lnof] / wgLn]
s/fpg= cfof] eGof= s/nufO{= lnGofnfO{= ljuf jdf]lhd b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of d}Gxfsf=
% ?k}ofsf b/n] s}b ug'{=
!*= hufhdLg= rf}kfof hjfx]/= u}î hLlg;dfn= u}î ;f5L ;'tf{ ul/ xj;= cfkmgf /fhLn] xj;
@ hgfsf dgf]dfgn] ! km]/f ;f6f;f6 ul/= cfkm' cfkm'n]= dfn rng u¥of kl5= t]/f] dfn
glgsf] ljs+jf /x]5= dln+g elg= kmL/fpg kfpb}g cl3 ;§fk§f ul/ lnofsf]= ;b/ x'+5 kl5
emu/f ug{ cfpGofnfO{ ljufsf b;f}bsf bn]{ b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g= jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
!(= s;}sf efO{ efO{ c+zsf emu/fdf= c+l3 c+; gkfpGof xf];= egL emu/f eof] lg;fkm ubf{
c+; kfp+Gof 7x¥of]= kl5 t];} efO{sf= c+zsf ljtf{ nfO{ emul/of efO{n] . Tof] huf /}s/= e+Gof]
eGof /}s/ eGofsf] c+; ljtf{ /}s/ u/fO{ lbg' p:sf] ljtf{ hfb}g yfldlbg'=
@)= ;sf{/sf ljtf{ j]if5fk d}/f}6\ kmLu6f/ u}î huf nfndf]x/= b:ift u/fO{
9f+6Liffofsf]/x]5eGof=df]xf]/ b:ift w'nfO{= 9f+6L iffofsf] huf h:sf] xf] p;nfO{=
ljxf]/fO{=lbg'= p;} hufsf df]n ljuf jdf]lhd b+8 ug'{= /}s/ huf 9f6L iffofsf] eof=
/}s/huf emLsL ! ;fnsf pjhgL jdf]hLd b+8 ul/ /}s/ xf] egL hfx]/ ug{
cfpGofnfO{nfUofsf] lt/f] e/f] u/+Hofn p:sf b/;tf+g ;DdnfO{ iff]; df]; gug'{= e+Gof
>Lk|fo+dLgLi6/= sf] b:ift= u/fO{ huf lbnfO{ lbg'=
@!= nfndf]x/=b:ift gu/fO{= csf{sf= cjfb huf hdLg 9f+6L iffofsf] /x]5 eGof= 9f+6L iffofsf]
jdf]lhd= sf] ljuf] e/fO{ ljuf jdf]lhd hl/jfgf ug'{=
@@= u'7L ljtf{j]ifsf= df]lx /}ltn]= cfkm'n] s;}sf] ;;f{kl6 iffO{= cfkm'n] sdfof sf] if]tkfiff]=
csf{l;t= jw+s/fiof] eGof jw+s/fiofsf]= td;'s RotfO{ p;sf gfp+df= skfnL
td;'s=n]iffO{ lbg'= wgLn] t]:tf df]xLnfO{= iff]l; khgL ug{ wlgsf] if';= j]rGofnfO{ hlt
;fnsf] jfnL=c6sfofsf] 5 plt ljuf jdf]lhd b+8 ug'{= jfnL c8sfofsf] /x]g5 eGof=
Ps ;fnsf jfnL adf]lhd b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf b/n] s}b ug'{=
@#= s;}n] lsk6Lof khf{x?nfO ?k}of sfhf{ lb p:sf] lsk6 huf ef]u b[li6 j+ws n]iffO{=
nLofsf] 5= kl5 Tof] ?k}of iffGof efuL dl/uof] /= huf cdfln åf¥of yl/ dLemf/ uf}?x?n]
khgL ul/= csf{ /]ltnfO{= lb csf{n] nfUofsf] lt/f]e/f] u/L iffofsf] /x]5= Tof] huf
xfdLnfO{= n]ifLlbofsf] 5= egL ;fx'n]= huf ufhg cfof kfpb}gg\ lsk6 huf lwtf] ln=
?k}of shf{ lbofsf] y}nL c;fdL /= c;fdLsf ;+tfgn] ?k}of lt¥of lt/fO{=lbg' ltg{ ;s]g
eGof p;}sf gfp+df skfln td;'s u/fO{ lbg'= lsk6 huf khgLul/= nfUofsf] /}/sd=
j'emfO{= 8f]sf] jf]sf] rnfpGof /}ltnfO{= lbg'=
@$= ljtf{ 3/ if]t huf hdLg=s;}n] cl3 jf6 PsfnfO{= b'li6 ef]u j+ws= ul/ jfkmf5\of{ ul/
s;}nfO{ lbofsf] /x]5= p:sf] y}nL= gltl/= pxL huf cs}{ ;fx'nfO{= j+ws n]liflbo]5 jf=
;'qmL ljqmL ul/= j]r]5 /= Dofb leqdf e+g cfof] eGof= huf cuf8Ljfnf= ;fx'sf] ;b/
x'+5= ;'qmL ljqmLsf] df]xf]/ u/fofsf] eof kgL= df]xf]/ w'nfO{= ;gbkq eof=km/fO{=cuf8L
jfnfnfO{ ljxf]/fO{ lbg'= k5f8Ljfnfsf] y}nf] ltg{ ;sGof /x]5 eGof= ljuf] e/fO{= y}nLltg{
;sGof /x]g5 eGof= skfnL td;'s n]iffO{ lbg k5LNnf sf y}nLsf ljuf adf] lhd= b+8
ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf bn]{ s}b ug'{=
@%= kf]tflt¥ofsf ;'gfljtf{ if]t kfiffdf= iff]nf k}/f] nfUof]= jfemf] eof]= kf]tf ltg{ ;sLg eGof]
eGof= t]:sf] /fhLgfdf n]iffO{ ln= kf]tfdf ldGxf u/fO{ lbg'= k5L cjfb eof kl5= d]/f] huf
xf] ;nfdL= kgL lbG5'=kf]tf kgL lt5'{= eGof= Tof] huf ljtf{jf/n] kfpb}g= /}s/ x'+5= jfln
;sf{/ nfU5= iff]nf] k}/f] jfemf] eof k5L kgL= kf]tfltb}{ /xGofsf= ljtf{ iff]nfn] 5f8\of k5L=
ljîLof] eGof= ljtf{jf/n] kfp5 huf p;}nfO{ lbg'= kf]tf ltg{ ;sLg egL= kf]tf d]6fO{=
/fhLgfdf n]ifL= 5f8\ofsf] huf= d]/f] xf] elg= rn+uGof{nfO{=! ;fnsf= pjhgL jdf]lhd= b+8
ul/ nL hUuf /}s/ u/fO{ lbg'=

28
@^= s;}sf ;'gfljtf{sf Ps}hufdf sf]xL hufsf] ;gb /x]5= sf]xL hufsf] ;gb /x]g5= kf]tf
j/fj/ ltl/ cfof /x]5 eGof kf]tf ;gb jdf]lhDsf]= huf ljt{jf/sf] x'+5= yfdL lbg' kf]tf
;gb jfx]ssf] huf /}s/ u/fO{ lbg'= ;sf{l/of x'+5= ! ;fnsf ljuf jdf]lhd b+8 ul/= lng'=
?k}of glt¥of d}Gxfsf %= ?k}ofsf b/n] s}b ug'{=
@&= lsk6jfnfsf] kgL cfkmgf lsk6 cfkm}n]= rng ul/ /}s/ uhf lsk6 eLq xfnL rf]¥of]
rfKof] eg] hlt /}s/ rfKofsf] 5 plt hdLg= adf]lhd= p:sf] sLk6 kgL /}s/} u/fO{ lbg'=
@*= jLtf{jf/sf] 3/ ljtf{df 5}g= ljt{fjf/ 6f9f 5= df]xLn] rnubf{ ljtf{jf6 /}s/ huf rfkL rf]l/
lnofsf] 7x¥of] eGof= lt df]lxnfO{= hdLgsf pjhgL adf]lhd= b+8 ul/= rf]¥ofsf] huf
lemls lng'= b+8sf ?k}of= glt¥of=d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf bn]{ s}b ul/= 5f]8L lbg'= ljtf{jf/sf]=
ljtf{ hkmt x'b}g= yfdL lbg'=
@(= ljtf{ j]if5fk dfgf rfjn lkmu6f/ d/f}6 Ho"gL k]6L= of= ifr{sf hufaf6 huf jfnfn] cfkm'n]
/}s/ lsk6 huf rfkL= rf]/L nL= ofsf] 7x¥of] eGof= rf]¥of jfkt Tof] huf ;sf{/ jf6 /}s/
rfKofsf] /}s/ u/fO{= rfKofsf huf htL p;sf] ljtf{:d]t ls= nfpif]nL gfk adf]lhd s§f
u/L= /}s/ u/fO{ lbg'= rfKofsf /}s/ hlt= p:sf] ljtf{= n] k'u]g eGof= cGt p:sf] huf /x]5
eGof p;} hufjf6 egf{ lng'= cGt huf /x]g 5 egof eofhlt huf lng' b+8 kb}{g jfj'
jfHof bfHo"sf kfnfdf ldRofsf] /x]5 efO{ ;+tfgn]= ldRofsf] /x]g5= eGof= /}s/ ldRof
hlt= huf s§f ul/ ln ! ?k}of b+8 ug{'=
#)= ljtf{lsk6 u'l75fk j]iflkmu6f/ d/f}6 dfgf rfjn u}î huf hldGsf ;fwsf emu/fdf=
s;}sf] ;gb /x]5 s;}sf] /x]g5 eGof= ;gb x'GofnfO{ ;gb eof adf]lhdsf] hUUff a]xf]/fO
lbg' ;gb kq gx'Gofn] csf{sf ;gb afx]ssf] hUuf rng ug'{ b'j}sf ;bg kq s]xL /x]g
5eg] / = !^ jif{ ;Dd cbfnt cdfndf= s'/f] k¥ofsf] /x]g5eGof= h:n] ef]u ul/
cfofsf]5 p;}sf] ;b/ ul/= jxflnu/fO{ lbg'= emu/fug{ cfpGofnfO{= t];} hufsf=! ;fnsf
k}bfjf/ jdf]lhd=b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of= c}g jdf]lhd=s}b ug'{ hLtGofnfO{=b+8sf]
rf}yfO{=lhtfpl/= lng'=
#!= g]kfNof /fhfsf kfnf b]lv cfh;Dd ef]u u/L /fVofsf ljtf{ u'l7 3/ if]t kfvf] hldgsf]
;lx;f tf/kq x]/L ;f] ;gb adf]lhd sf};ndf >Lk|foO{ ldlgi6/ ofg ;+u lj:tf/ hfx]/ u/L
cbfnt dfkm{t ;gb u/fO lbg' g]kfNof /fhfsf kfnf b]lif cfhts ef]u u¥ofsf hUufsf]
klg ;gb u/fO{ kfpnf ;fgf 7"nf w]/} wf]/} hufsf] ;bg ubf{ b:t'/ n]vf}gL 5kfpgL @ ?k}of
lt¥of k'U5 -d'hLd_
#@= ljtf{ u'l7 j]if/}s/ lsk6 huf if]t kfiff] cl3sf /fhfx? b]ifL iffO{ kfO{= cfofsf] ef]u ul/
cfofsf] huf= cl3 k5Lsf /fhfn]= ;lx;fr ul/= lbof sf/xof5g\ eGof ;lx;fr x]l/=
bftJosf ;lx;fr jdf]lh+= ef]u u¥ofsf] yfdL+5 Ps} hufdf s]lxhufsf] ;lx;gb /x]5=
s]lx hufsf] /x]5 egof= ;gb eofsf] hlt= yfdLg\5 ;gb geofsf huf !^ jif{ cl3
b]ifL= rng u¥ofsf]= xf] eGof= kgL ljgf;gb j9\tf rn+u¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof= s§f ul/= /}s/=
x'+5= != ;fnsf pjhgL jdf]lhd=b+8 ug'{= bftJokfO{ ef]ul/=/èfsf] 5= ;lx;fr s]lx 5}g
eGof= ;fw ;lwof/=iff]nf] 6f]nf] /fifL ef]u jdf]lhd yfdL df]xf]/ u/fO{ lbg'=
##= vf/]h= -kq kgL 5}g= kfq klg 5}g ;f5L u'xfO{ kgL 5}g= ef]usf] kgL yfxf 5}g= b'j}
emul/ofn] efsLnL+5f} eÙ nfUof eGof= st}jf6 thjLhubf{ kgL s'/f]l5+Gof 7fp+ kfO{o]g
eGof= b'j} emul/ofsf= gftfkIf geofsf Odfgbf/ wd{ b]ifGof=k¥ofsf enfdflg;= @%
hgfjl; cfkmgf cfkmgf j'l4n] b]iofsf] s'/f jsg' /= hf}g emul/of lt/ ! hgf c£of{nf]
lg:Sof] p;}sf] lht u/fO{ lbg'=
#$= ljtf{ 3/ if]t= j]ifkmLut6 d/f}6 dfgf rfjn 5fk 3/ jfl/= k]l6ofifr{ Ho" gL /hjfwf u}î
huf hdLgsf emu/fdf= sfuhkq s]xL lg:s]g= b]ifGof hfGGof ;fl5 /èf5g\ c? jLxf]/fn]
l5g]g= b'j} emul/ofn]= ;f5L ;3Lof/= >]itfbf/ 8uf]nsdL{sf l;/df lbof eGof pg}sf
gfp+df l;/j+bLn] n]iffO{ ;f5L u'xfO{= jsfO{l5+Ù' k¥of] xl/ j+; esfO= l5Ù'= ;|]:tfbf/sf
l;/bL l5Ù' k¥of] eGof= 3/df sdL{ if]tdf8uf]n xfln 7x¥of jdf]lhd ul/ l5gLlbg''=
xfGof{nfO{ hufsf df]nsf ljuf jdf]lhd b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of d}Gxfsf % ?k}+ofsf b/n]
s}b ug'{= hLtGofjf6 b+8sf #if8+sf] ! if+8 hLtfpl/lng'=
#%= /}s/ lsk6 hkmlt hLNnfsf 3/jf/L if]tif/ssf emu/fdf= sfuhkq lg:s]g b]ifGof hfFGof
;fl5 /èf5g\ b'j} emul/ofn] ;fl5 ;'tf{sf l;/df= l;/j+bL n]ifLbLofeGof /= c? ljxf]/fn]
l5Ù ;sLog eGof @) ?k}of ;Dd p7lt x'Gof hufdf emu/fdf Odf+bf/ dfgL;nfO{= jsfO{=
29
 pgn]=jSof jdf]lhd ul/ 5LgL lbg'= wd{ gesfpg'= @) ?k}of b]ifL pef] p7tL x'Gof hufsf]
emu/fdf wd{ esfO{= jSof jdf]lhd ul/l5gL lbg' xfGof{nfO{ xf¥ofsf hufsf= ! ;fnsf
pjhgL jdf]lhd b+8 ug'{= hLtGof jf6 b+8 sf] rf}yfO{ lhtfpl/ lng'=
#^= u'l7ljtf{ j]ifkmLu7f/ d/f]6 dfgf rfjn 5fk 3/jfl/ k]6Lofifr{Ho"gL sLk6 hkmlt lhNnf
/hjfwf /}s/ u}î hufsf ;fwdf emu/f e} cbfntdf lkm/fb ul/= b'j} ;lwof/x? hf]/L
xfdL ;fwdf ldNof}g egL= ;f]wg cfof eGof= ltgx?sf]= ;bgkq eof ;gbkq x]l/ geof
t];} hufsf ;lwof/ lemls= ef]u j'emL l5gL lbg'= lkm/fb gul/ ;f]wgL ug{ cfpGofnfO{= b+8
lhtfpl/ gug'{= b:tfj]h ul/= b]p eGof= ;os/f @.. ?k}of ;nfdL nL= ul/lbg'=
#&= k'/fgf /fhfsf ;gb / n]iff}6df ls/f]klg5'6\ofofsf] /x]5= eGof ;f]xL jdf]lhd ;gb ug'{
;gb n]iff}6kq s]lx/x]g5eGof . ef]uu¥ofsf] slt/x]5= ufp+ 3/sf hfGof kfsf enfdflg;
/fifL pGx]x?sf] Plt ;Dd xf] egL n]iff}6 ;gb ln plt jdf]lhd sLnf /f]kgL 5'6\ofO{= n]ifL
;gb u/fO{ lbg'=
#*= ;xsf{3/sf] ;fw;Ljfgf ubf{ cl3 /fhf hol:ylt dNnn]= j+b]h ul/= uof jdf]lhd
gLhsf] @$ c+u'nsf]= ! xftsf= ;+iofeofsf] rLgs7\7Ln]= 3/ kftn ndfO{ xft @@.. uh
xft ! sf] hjf ! P:tf $ hjfsf] ! iff x'+5 = P;}l/tn]= gfkL ug'{=
#(= dWo];df gfkL ubf{ >L % ;sf{/sf jfx'lnsf= gfkLsf] ( xftsf nufn] ndfO{ nuf ! uh
nuf ! sf] w'/= ! P:tf l/tsf] w'/ @) sf] sˆf ! P:tfs6\7f @) sf] ljuxf ! ul/ o;}
l/tn] gfkL ug'{=
$)= kfxf8sf huf hdLg= if]tkfiffsf gfkL ubf{ cl3 /fhf hol:ylt dNnn] j+b]h u/L uof
jdf]lhd gLhsf @$ c+u'nsf] ! xftsf] ;+iof eofsf] lrgs7\7L sf lx;fjn] %... xftsf
nufn] rf/b/ ul/= cf}jn hufdf= ndfO{ 6fuf $ uh 6f+uf $ sf] if]t d'/L != sf lx;fjn]
ndfO{ 6f+uf * uh 6f+uf * sf] if]t d'l/= $ sf] /f]kgL ! bf]od\ hufdf ndfO{ 6f+uf $.. uh
6f+uf $ sf] if]t d'l/= ! sf lx;fjn]= ndfO{ 6f+uf ( uh 6f+uf * sf] if]t d'l/ $ sf] /f]kgL=!
l;d hufdf ndfO{ 6f+uf % uh 6f+uf $ sf] if]td'/L ! sf lx;fjn] ndfO{ 6f+uf !) uh 6f+uf *
sf] if]t d'l/= $ sf] /f]kgL ! rxf/ hufdf= ndfO{ 6f+uf ^ uh 6+fuf $ sf] if]td'/L=! sf
lx;fjn]= ndfO{ 6f+uf !@ uh 6f+uf * sf] if]td'/L $ sf] /f]kgL ! ul/ gfkL 5'6 \ofO{ lbg'= ;fw
l;jfgf gfkL ubf{ cf}jn bf]o+ l;d rxf/ hf}gb/sf] hdLg 5= ;f] jdf]lhd= p; hufsf=
;+lwof/= enf dflg; /fifL pGsf] P;b/sf] hldg xf] e+Gof d'r'Nsf= ;+lwof/= enf dflg;
/fifL pGsf] P;b/sf] hldg xf] e+Gof d'r'Nsf n]iffO{ ln= gfkL ;fw l;jfgf ul/ lbg'=
$!= s;}n] cfkmg' ljtf{= ;sf{/ nufO{= ;§f dfUGofnfO{= g]kfnsf= hufn] g]kfn}df kj{tsf
hufn] kj{t}df = dWo];sf hufn]= dWo];}df= gfkL ;sf{/sf] lj;df % gfkmf x'Gof ul/ egf{
ul/ ln= ;§f lbg' ;sf{/jf6 lbg' ;sf{/jf6 ;§f lb+bf= @) sf] % b]ifLsdLhuf ;§f ln egf{
lbGof=;b/ bkmb/ iffgfsf sfl/+bfnfO{= ljuf jdf]lhd b+8 ug'{=;sf{/nfO{ ;§f lbofsf] huf
iff]nf]k}/f] gnfu\Gof= x]l/lng'= iff]nf] k}/f]nfUGof huf /x]5 eGof t]:tf huf ln ;§f s;}nfO{
glbg'= ;§f lb+bf kfiff]sf] ;§f kfiff] if]tsf] ;§f if]t lbg'=if]tsf] ;§f kfiff] kfiff ;§f v]t
glbg'=
$@= sf}g} s'/fdf kgL= jfj' j/fHo"n] km/]j hfn ;fh ul/ em'§ d'F7sf] ;fFrf] t'nfO{ srxl/sf]
lrQ j'emfO{ lhTofsf emu/fdf= !^ jif{ gk'Ub} xfGof{n]= kmL/fb ul/ lkm/fbsf] lg/f]kg ubf{=
srxl/jf6 cl3 lhTofsf]= srf 7îfO{= xfGof{sf] ;bg x]l/ kSsf7x¥of] eGof= cl3 h:sf
gfp+df hLtfkq eofsf] 5 p dflg; ;fj'b /x]5= eGof ljuf jdf]lhd hl/jfgf ug'{= Tof]
d¥ofkl5 t]:sf efO{ 5f]/f ;Fu emu/f k/of] eGof ;bg adf]lhdsf] hUuf j]xf]/fO{ lbg' tL
efO{ 5f]/fnfO{ ljuf] klg lt/f] ltg'{ kb}{g ljuf adf]lhd hl/jgf klg x'b}g . nfv ?K}of b]lv
ltg{ t[0f ;Ddsf emu8fnfO klg efO{ 5f]/fssf] sfo]ngfdf n]ifL df]xf]/ ?k}of= ! hl/jfgf
ug'{= j9tf glng'=
$#= csf{sf jfwfljtf{ j]ifkmLu9f/ dfgf rfjn= d/f}6 ;'gfljtf{ 3/ if]tsf emu/fdf d}n]
kfpGofx'+ egL s/fpg cfof] eGof= gL;fkm ubf{ gkfpGof 7x¥of] eGof= hufsf] k+r lslt{
df]n ul/ ljuf jdf]lhd b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf b/n] s}b
ug'{=
$$= huf hdLgsf emu/fdf lhtGof l;t lhtfp/L ln+bf xfGof{nfO{= eofsf] b+8sf # if+8sf] !
if+8 lng'= j9tf glng' p;jifTdf lhtfpl/sf ?k}of lbg;s]geGof= hf}g huf lhTofsf] 5

30
 pxL huflwtf] ln= ?k}of iff]hLn] e+g' /= lt¥of ?k}of nL glt¥of= t];} hufsf cfdbfgLaf6
lhtfp/Lsf]= hdf r'lSt eof k5L= huf km's'jf ul/= jxfnL rnfO{= lbg'=
$%= ;jf+s dfkm eofsf= hufsf emu/f cbfnt 7fgf cdf srxl/df= lkm/fb kbf{ wlg / O{hf/f
cdfgtsf=åf¥ofx?= n] xfd|f hufsf]= emu/f xfdL l5b5f}+ eÙ cfof eGof emul/of
Ogx?nfO{ ;f}kLlbg'= wgLnfO{ / Ohf/f cdfgTsf åf¥ofx?n]= s;}n] s]xL eÙ cfofgg\
cbfnt 7fgf cdf srxl/jf6 emu/f l5gL ;Sof k5L wgL /= Ohf/f cdfgtsf
åf¥ofj:ofsf= 7fpF srxl/b]ifL hltlbgsf] jf6f] 5=jfxfjf6 srxl/df= cfO{ k'Ugf ;Ddsf
Dofbdf=cfO{ k'Uof eGof= l5Gofsf emu/fsf]= 5}l6 srxl/jf6 ln cfDbfgL ;jf{s dfkm
eofsf hufsf wgL /= Ohf/f cdfTsf åf¥ofnfO{+ lkmtf{ ul/lbg' cfO{ k'UGof ;+dsf Dofbdf
cfO{ k'u]g eGof= Tof] cfDbfgL lkmtf{ ug'{ kb}{g ;sf{/Lof x'+5=
$^= ;jf{s+ dfkm eofsf hufsf wgL /= Ohf/f cdfTsf= åf¥ofn]= ljhofO{ u¥of egL cbfnt
7fgf cdfn srxl/df kmL/fb ug{ cfofsf s'/fsf] cfDbfgL= lkmtf{ ug'{ kb}{g= ;sf{/sf] x'+5=
$&= ljtf{= ljtf{ /}s/= /}s/ cyjf= ljtf{ / /}s/ huf jfl/ kfl/= eofdf iff]nf ;fwsf] emu/f
k¥of] eGof= kfl/k§L iff]nf] u}+ jfl/ k§L ju/ j:of] eGof= Tof] ju/ jfl/ k§Lsf= hufjfnsf]
x'+5= jfl/= k§L iff]nf] u} kfl/k§L ju/ j:of] eGof= kfl/kl§sf hufjfnfsf] x'+5= /}s/ ljtf{
jfnfn] xfd|f] huf iff]nfn] iffofk5L= xfdL kfp+Gof x'+ egL iff]nf kfl/sf]= ljtf{ huf;dfO{
jfnL ;d]t iffofsf] /x]5 eGof= iffofsf jfnLsf] ljuf] e/fO{= lju} jdf]lhd b+8 ug'{
jflniffofsf]= /xg]5 eGof= !) ?k}+of b+8 ug'{ lhtGofnfO{ b+8sf # if+8sf]= ! if+8 lhtfpl/
nLg'= /}s/ huf ;dfO jfln ;d]t iffofsf] eof ! ;fnsf pJhgL adf]lhd afln vfPsf]
/x]g5 eGof % ?k}+of b08 ug'{= lhtGofaf6 b08sf] $ v08sf] ! v08 lhtfp/L lng'=
$*= iff]nf ;fw eofdf jfl/sf] huf kfl/ lt/= ju/ k¥of kfl/ lt/sfn]= kfp+5g\ kfl/lt/sf] huf
jfl/= lt/ ju/ k¥of jfl/ lt/sfn] kfpF5g\ b'j} t/kmjf6 s;}n] jgfo]g= cjfb u/]g= jfemf]
/fiof] eGof=t]:tf /}s/ huf hf] ;'s}n]= jgfofkgL= nfUofsflt/f] e/f] ul/= iffg kfp5 jgfof
kl5 xfd|f] huf xfdLx?n] kfpFGof x'+ e+Gofn]= kfp+b}g= h:n] jgfof]= p;}n] sdfO{ lt/f] e/f]
ul/ iffg' ljtf{ eof jfemf] /fiff]:tfkgL sdfpg nfpj:tf kgL ljtf{jf/sf]= if';L= jfemf] ju/=
csf{nfO{= bL= p;}n] ljîfofsf] /x]5 eGof= nfUofsf] lt/f] e/f] u/+~ofn\ iff]:g kfpb}g=
$(= iff]nf ;fwsf emu/fdf= iff]nfn] 5f8L htf k§L ju/ j:of] Tof] ju/ pt} k§Lsf iff]nf ;fw
x'Gof hufjfnfsf] x'+5= kfl/ kl§sfn] d]/f] huf iff]nfn] . iffof k5L= Tof] ju/ d kfpGof x'+5=
egL iff]nf jfl/sf] ju/ kfpb}g=
%)= iff]nfn] cfkm'lx8\ofsf]=k'/fg' jf6f] 5f]8L= iff]nf ;fw eofsf= b'j} t/kmsf= huf 5f]8L cs}{
jf6f nfUof] eGof= cl3 iff]nf] lx8\ofsf]=ju/=/}s/ x'+5= iff]nf] ;fw eof kl5= Tof] huf= xfd|f]
x'Gof xf] e+Gof n] kfpb}gg\= cfkmgf cf7f ;+dsf]= dfq} kfp+5g\=
%!= s;}n] ljtf{= j]ifkmLu7f/ huf hdLg= if]t kfiff] 3/ jfl/= sdf/f sdfl/ cl3jf6 ufnL
kmf5\of{ ul/ jf= ef]u b[li6 j+ws ul/ PsfnfO{ lbof j]Rof sf] /x]5= pxL s'/f] kl5jf6 csf{
s;}nfO{= d}n] c? s;}nfO{= lbof j]Rofsf] 5}g egL ef]/ kfl/= kmf5\of{ ul/ jf= b[li6 ef]u
ul/ lbo]5= k5Ljf6 lnGofn] cl3Nnfn] ef]u rng= df]xL khgL= u¥ofsf] s]xL yfxf
kfofsf] /x]g5 k5Ljf6 lnGofn] huf ef]u rng= ug{ hfbf= of] huf tf= kmnfgfn] lnofsf]
5 egL= huf rng uGof{ sdfpGofn] kgL yfxf lbofsf] /x]g5= k5Ljf6 kmf5\of} ul/ jf=
ef]u b[i6L u/L lnGofn]=ef]u rng= df]xL khgL u¥ofsf ( d}Gxf ;Dddf= cl3af6 kmf5\of{
ul/=jf= ef]u b[li6 j+ws ul/ lnGofn] d}n] lnofsf] 5 egL= hfx]/ u/]g eGof= /= /fhsfhn]
jf= cfkmgf] ;f]ifn]= b]z kb]{z uofsf] /x]5 /= p:sf 3/sf= c? hfGsf/= sf]xL /èfg5g\=
eGof cfO{k'Uofsf ( d}Gxf leqdf cfO{ kmnfg' huf tf P; ljxf]/f l;t= d}n] lnofsf] 5'
egL= hfx]/ u/]g5 eGof= cl3af6 lnGofn] kfpb}g= k5Ljf6 kmf5\of{ ul/ jf= ef]u b[li6
j+ws= ul/ lnGofsf] ;b/ x'+5= kl5 lnGo}sf] ;b/= u/fO{= j]xf]/fO{ lb bf]xf]/f] kfl/
j]rGofnfO{= y}nLsf ljuf adf]lhd b08 u/L p;sf c? huf eof cl3NnfnfO{ plx huf
n]iffO{ lbg'= huf geof= c? wgdfn= jf6=e/fO{ lbg' = s]xL lbg ;s]g eGof= skfnL
td;'s ul/= /:t ls:tsf] sfuh u/fO{= 5f8L lbg'= s}b x'b}g= cl3jf6 ljtf{ j]ifkmLu7f/
huf hdLg if]tkfiff] 3/ jfl/= sdf/f sdf/L= kmf5\of{ ul/= jf ef]u b[li6 j+ws ul/ lnGofn]
kl5jf6 lnGofn] lnofsf ( d}Gxf leqdf / /fhsfhn]= jf cfkmgf ;f]ifn]= b]z kb]{z
hfGofn]= 3/ cfO{ k'Uofsf ( d}Gxf leqdf cfO{ kmnfg' huf tf d}n] lnofsf] 5'= egL hfx]/
u¥of] jf= huf ef]u rng=uGof{n]= ( d}Gxf leq}df k5Ljf6 lnGofnfO{= of] huf tf kmnfgfn]=
31
 lnofsf] 5 egL hgfofsf] /x]5 /= /f]jsf/ ubf{= cl3jf6 lnGofsf] td;'s kmf5\of{kq ;b/
7x¥of] eGof= cl3jf6 lnGo}sf] ;b/ x'+5= p;}nfO{ j]xf]/fO{ lb bf]xf]/f] j]rGofnfO{=
k5LNnfsf= y}nLsf ljuf adf]lhd b+8 ul/=p:sf] cGt huf /x]5= eGof k5LNnfnfO{= pxL
huf n]iffO{ lbg'= huf geof= c? wg dfn jf6 e/fO{ lbg'= s]xL lg ;s]g eGof= skfnL
td;'s ul/= /;\t ls:tsf] sfuh ul/= 5f8L lbg'= s}b x'b}g= kl5 jf6ljtf{ j]ifkmu7f/ huf
hdLg 3/= jfl/ if]t kfiff] sdf/f sdfl/ lnGofn]= cl3 csf{nfO{ kmf5\of{ ul/=jf ef]u b[li6
ul/ lbofsf] jf= cl3jf6 lnGofn]= ef]u rng df]xL khgL= u¥ofsf]= yfxfkfofsf] /x]5 jf=
kmnfg' huf kmf5]of{ ul/ jf= ef]u b[li6= j+ws ul/ cl3 d}n] csf{nfO{= lbof j]Rofsf] 5'
egL hgfofsf] /x]5= cyjf ef]u rng uGof{n]= k5L jf6 lnGofnfO{= of]huf tf= kmnfgfn]
P:tf ljxf]/f ;Lt= lnofsf]5 egL ( d}Gxf eLq} df= hgfp+bLofsf] /x]5= / kl5jf6 lnGofn]=
hfgL lnofsf] 7x¥of] eGof= cl3 lnGofn]= ( d}Gxf k5L e+g cfof kgL= ( d}Gxf eLq}
e+gcofkgL cl3jf6} lnGofsf]= ;b/ x'+5= p;}nfO{ j]xf]/fO{ lbg'= hfgL hfgL bf]x/f] kfl/
j]rGof ls+Gof= b'j} hgfnfO{ ljufsf b;f}b b;f}bsf= b/n] b+8ug'{= k5Ljf6 lnGofnfO{=
hufef]u rng uGof{n]= of] huf tf= kmnfgfn] lnofsf] 5 egL ( d}Gxf eLqdf u} hgfp
lbofsf] /x]5= / hfgL hfgL= hufdf= ef]u rng= ug{ uo]5= egof klg ljufsf] b;f}b b+8
ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of= c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{= k5LNnf ;fx'n] c;fdLl;t n]=j; gn]j;=
p;}sf] if';L=
%@= s'nfsf emu/fdf= k/f k"j{b]vL rnLcfof jdf]lhd kfgLsf] efu jf8L= cfofsf 7fpFdf /=
efu jdf]lhd kfgL lbg'= eGof eofsf 7fpFdf efu jdf]lhd kfgL lbg'= c? hufdf=
dflyjf6 if]t /f]kL ;Sof k5L= s'nfsf] kfgL y'+g kfp+b}g= d'lgjf6sf if]tjfnn]= kfgL nufO{=
/f]kg'= dflyjf6sf if]tjfnfsf] s]xL ljxf]/fn]=c6sfp+ e}= /f]kg g;sL /xg uof] eGof= d]/f]
if]t g/f]kL kfgL lbg egL= /f]sg kfpb}g= dgLjf6sf if]t jfnfn] kfgL nuL/f]kg kfp+5=
dflyjf6sf if]tjfnfn]= kl5jf6 /f]kg'= cfkmgf cfkmgf if]t /f]kL ;=Sof k5L= ;j}n] efu
jdf]lhd= s'nfsf] kfgL nfpg'=
%#= 3/ if]t huf hdLg\= ls+bf j]rtf= cln /fifL jf= kmf5\of{ ul/= s;}n] lnofsf] /x]5 /= ;'lqm
ljqmL=sf] df]xf]/ u/fpGof= sfl/+bf /sdLn]= ;'qmL ljqmLsf] df]xf]/ gu/fO{= x'b}g eGof] eGof=
ljqmL eofsf hufsf]= cl3sf] k'/fg ;gbkq /x]5 /= huf nLGofn]= p;} ;gb jdf]lhd=
kmf5\of{ kqsf ;lxn]= iff+5' ;'lqm ljqmLsf]= df]xf]/ u/fpbLg= eGof df]xf]/ u/fpgfsf] s/
nfUb}g= cl3 huf kfp+bfsf]= ;bgkq /x]g5= ef]usf ;xLn] dfq= iffO{ rrL{ cfofsf] /x]5
eGof=P:tf huf ifl/b ljqmL eof k5L=;'qmL ljqmLsf]= df]xf]/ u/fpg'k5{ cl3 b]lif
rnLcfof jdf]lhdsf]= b:t'/ ln= c}gdf j]Tof; gkf/L= ;'qmLljqmLsf] nfndf]xf]/= u/fO{
lbg'=
%$= s;}n] ;fx'x?nfO{= b[li6 ef]u ul/ lwtf] lb+bf= cl3jf6 @.# huf ifnf=Pp6fnfO{= n]ifL lb
shf{lnofsf] /x]5= ltg} huf dWo]sf]= !.@ ifnf k5L af6 csf{ s;}nfO{= lwtf] n]ifLlb=
bf]x/f] kfl/= ?k}of shf{ lno]5 eGof= ( d}Gxfsf Dofbsf= c}g jdf]lh+ h:sf] ;b/ 7x5{=
huf p;}sf] ;b/ u/fO{ lb= bf]x/f] kfGof{= c;fdLnfO{= bf]xf]/f] k¥ofsf]= hlt hufxf] pltsf
df]n ljuf jdf]lhd b+8 dfq ug'{=
%%= g]kfn kfxf8sf ljtf{ u'l7 j]ifkmLu9f/= d/f}6 dfgf rfjn= 5fk Ho"gL /}s/ lsk6 ;]jf ljtf{
/hjfwf= gfgsf/= u}î lt/f] e/f] ul/= iffGof if]t kfiff] huf sdfp\Gof df]xL /}ltn]=
hufsftfn's jfnf= l;t rf/ bfd /fifL= xj;=rf/ bfd /fifg' gkGof{ hufdf= rnL cfof
jdf]lhd /fxf jfxf ul/=huf dn hn ul/ jfnL /f]kL 5l/ nfO{= ;Sofk5L= csf{n] ljh
pN6fO=ifg hf]t u¥of] eGof t]:tf nfO{= ljh /f]kL 5l/ nfO{= ;Sofk5L= csf{n] ljh pN6fO{=
ifg hf]t u¥of] eGof t]:tf nfO{= ljh pN6Lofsf hlt= hufdf x'Gof= jfnLsf] ! ;fnsf]
ljuf] e/fO{= lju} jdf]lhdb+8 ug'{=
%^= ;]df{ kgL ;fp+Gof kmfu'kgL= bl/ rnL cfofsf hufdf k¥ofsf] c:dfgL b+8 s'+8 u}î ;]df{
iffGofn]= iffg kfp+5= p;}n] iffg'= ;]df{ gnfUofsf ;fp+Gof kmfu'dfq ltl/ cfofsf= hufsf]
b+8 s'08 c:dfgL u}î cfDbfgL ;fp+Gof kmfu' p7fO{ iffGofsf] x'+5= Ps} hufdf Pp6fn] ;]df{
iffFbf]/x]5= Pp6fn]= ;fpGof kmfu' vfbf] /x]5 eGof b+8 s'+8 u}î c:dfgL= cfDbfgL ;]df{
iffGofsf] x'+5 P:tf hufdf= sf]xL /}ltj;}uof] / huf iffnL /èf] egof ;]df{ iffGofn]= khgL
ug'{= ;fp+Gof kmu' dfq p7fO{ iffGofn] hufsf] khgL ug{ kfpb}gg\=

32
%&= cl3 b]ifL /sDdf= bl/ofsf–hud u'l7 /}s/= ;sf{l/of= ;]/f jfx]s c? b'lg~ff u'l7 d7
;bfjt{= ljtf{ j]ifkmLu9f/= 5fkdfgf rfjn Ho"gL k]l6of ifr{= eof p df]xl/of kmdf{ol; u}î=
hufdf cj pk|fGt= ;sf{/jf6 /sDdf gbg'{= P:tf hufs;}n] Jofªjfnf jf]l;3fl;=
sdL{uf]Nkf= jf?b= iffgf= sfuTof yfk\Nof= x'nfsL rf}sL= u}î O{ /s+df b/]5 egof
p;}hufsf= ! ;fnsf= df]xL jf]6Lsf= ljuf jdf]lhd= b+8ul/= huf /s+= jf6 lelslbg'=
hufsf wgL pd/fj ef/fbf/= b'lgof /}ot=x?n]= cfkmgf hufdf cfkmgf t/kmjf6 /s+df b/g
x'5+ = jftnfUb}g= cl3 b]ifL /s+df gb/L=ofsf /fh u'l7 ;sf{l/= of ;]/f /}s/= hufdf cj
pk|fGt kgL= ;sf{/ jf6 /sDdf bg{ x'+5=
%*= cj pk|fGt s;}nfO{ u'l7 ljtf{ j]iflkmu6f/ jS;bf /}s/ hu]/f psf; /= jfemf hufdf dfq}
jf6f] lgsf; /flif ;fw l;jfgf nufO{= lbg' hu]/f psf;= jfemf hufn]= k'u]g eGof huf
lslg ;fw nufO{ lbg'= sdk' kN6+ s+kgL= e}ef/fbf/= h+uL gLhfdtL= u}î hflu/bf/sf
iffguLdf= bl/ofsf cjfbL if]t kfiff hufdf ;fw nufO{ glbg'= hfuL/bf/sf cjfbL hufdf=
;fw nufO{ lbGofnfO{= p;} hufsf= ! ;fnsf= pjhgL jdf]lhd b+8 ul/ huf lemlslbg'=
%(= s+k' kN6g s+kgL e}ef/fbf/= h+uLlghfdtL u}îsf hflu/df jl/ofsf if]t kfiff hufdf / =
iff]nf] k}/f] u}î geofsfdf= iff]nf] k}/f] nfUof]= s'nf] eTSof] egL= 9f6L dLGxf u/fO{= iffofsf
hufdf / iff]nf] k}/f] nfuL= s'nf] lju|L hfFrdf bkmb/df= ldGxf u/fO{= if]t s't ;]df{ 36fofsf
k5L cjfb ul/= gb/fO{= ufeL iffofsf= hufdf= hfuLbf{/n]= ldGxf kfO{ ;Sofsf] 7x¥of=
t]:tf cjfbL hufdf= cjfbL xj;= jf= jfemf] /èfsf= hufdf u'l7ljtf{= j]ifkmLu6f/=sf]
;fw nufO{ lbg x'+5= ift nfUb}g= hfuLbf{n] dLGxf kfof g7x¥of ;fw nufpg' x'b}g=
^)= >L % ;sf{/jf6 jem\ofpg' sdf]t gug'{= e+gof e} jem\ofofsf hufdf= plb{ gdfgL hj/=
h:tL ul/ rn+ u/]5 eGof= k}Nxf k6s Ps ;fnsf ;]df{ jdf]lhd= b+8 ul/= 3/ if]t= /x]5
eGof= 5k/ phfl/ p7fO{ lbg'= t]lt u¥of k5L km]/L cfO{ rng u/]5 eGof= Ps ;fnsf
;]df{sf] bf]j/ b+8 ul/= ;f]xL jdf]lhd ul/ p7fObLg'= tfxf kl5 km]/L kgL cfo{ rng u¥ofsf]
eof= ! ;fnsf ;]df{sf] t]j/ b+8 ul/ p7fO{ lbg'= t]lt eof kl5 klg km]l/ cfo{= rn+
u¥ofsf] 7x¥of=@.@ jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf ?k}of lbof ln 5f8g' pbL{ gf3L jn hkmt rn+
u¥ofsf hufdf= nfUofsf] jfnL= ltGn] iffg kfpb}gg\ nfof 5¥ofsf] dfq} eof jg hGt'n]
iffpg t];} 5f8g'= kfSof l5kLofsf] jfnL eof= hfFr ug{ hfGofn]= j'emL Plt Hdf /x]5 eGof
cfkm\gf= cflkm;/ dfkm{t= ;fl3 k7fpg /= hjfkm uof jdf]lhd= ug'{=
^!= ;/xbsf jfb;fxf /fhfx?;+u cfkmg' hdLg= slQ 9]/} ?k}of kfofkgL u4Lg;]gn] gj]rg'=
u4Lg;]gn] j]re+Gof= x's'd lbof kgL= jhL/ sf};nn] gj]rg'= x's'd kfO{= xj; x's'd
gkfO{ cfkmgf thljhn] xj; yf]/} hdLg sf] 9]/} ?k}of kfO xj; cfkmgf l;jfgf eLqsf]
hdLg ;/xsf jfb;fx /fhf ;+u j]rGof jhL/ sf};n= cK;/ lgds x/fd 7x5{g\= gLds
x/fd x'+elg ;G;f/n] hfFg'= hxfg kl/of/ :d}t\= e} cfkmgf= ;/xbdf= cfO{=/}ot= e}j:ofsf=
nfO{= j]rg x'G5=
^@= ;/xbsf jfb;fx /fhfx? ;+u l;jfgf ldnGof cjfbLn] cjfbL= klt{n] k/lt= huf ! if+8
cfkm'lb @ if]+b csf{sf] kfO+5 eGof ;f6g x'+5= cfkmg' klt{ /}lt geofsf] huf lb csf{sf]
cjfbL /}lt eofsf= huf 8]9f] j9tf kfof kgL= ;f6g x'+5= ;fl6 l;jfgf= ;Rofpg'= ljr
;§f k6f g ug'{=
^#= b'gL`fbf/ u}în] cfkmgf d'n'ssf jfl;+bfl;t /= hxfg jRrf :d]t= ul/ c? d'n'saf6 cfO{
/}ot jfl;+bf eofsf l;t= huf hdLg j]rg sL+g x'+5= lj/fgf jfb;fx /fhfsf /}ot
b'gLof+nfO{= j]Rof eGof= ls+GofnfO{ y}ln lbnfO{ huf ;sf{/jf6 hkmt ul/ lng'= j]rGofn]
y}nL dfl; ;Sofsf] /x]5 eGof= p:sf] c?wgdfn eof= p;} jf6 y}nL e/fO{= huf hkmt
ul/ lng'= s]xL geof ;sf{/ jf6 y}nL lb huf lng'=
^$= ;'/if]t cjfb u/fpgfnfO{ hq tq jf6 /}lt lemsfO{ rflxbf] ef]tf kf]tf lb cjfb ug{ nufpg'=
jl:t j:g egL cfofsf /}ltdf= ;sf{/sf] jfls nfUofsf] gltl/ jf= ;sf{/sf] xj;= c?sf]
xj;= ;/ ;fk6\ shf{ iffosf] gltl/ cfof /èf5g\ eGof p; 7fp+df s'l/of e} j;+Hofn
ltGnfO{ 5]s y'g ul/ s;}n] kgL lng kfpb}gg\ glng'= p:n] sdfofsf wg ;+kltdf
iffgnfpg ;+d= /}ltnfO{ yfdL j9tf 7x¥ofsfdf p;7fp+sf xflsd cdfnfn] ;fn ;fndf
Plt Plt ltg'{= ;f] jdf]lhd ;fx'n] lng' eGof /:t ls:tsf] efiff jGbf]j:t u/fO{ lbg'= jif{
lbg cl3 b]lif efuL d'unfgfdf uofsf ptfaf6 cfO{ ;'/if]tdf if]lt kflt 3/ ul/ j:ofsf

33
 sdf/f sdfl/ nfO{ wgLn] kqmg kfpb}gg\= gkqmg'= uf]/iff /fhaf6 efuL ;'/if]t df u}
a:ofsf sdf/f sdf/LnfO{ wgLn] klqm Nofpg= j]rg x'+5 jft nfUb}g=
^%= df]/ª lhNnf cjfb ugf{nfO{ hq tq jf6 /}lt lemsfO{ rflxbf] ef]tf kf]tf lb cjfb ug{
nufpg'= jl:t j:g egL cfofsf /}ltdf ;sf{/sf] jfFsL nfUofsf gltl/ jf ;sf{/sf] xj;\
c?sf] xj;\ ;/ ;fk6\ shf{ iffofsf] gltl/ cfosf /èf5 eGof= p; 7fp+df s'l/of e}
j;+Hofn ltGnfO{ 5]s y'g ul/ s;}n] klg lng kfpb}gg\ glng'= p:n] sdfofsf wg
;+kltdf iffg nfpg ;+d /}ltnfO{ yfdL j9tf 7x¥ofsfdf p;7fp+sf xflsd cdfn n] ;fn
;fndf Plt Plt ltg'{= ;f] jdf]lhd ;fx'n] lng'= e+Gof /:t ls:tsf] efiff jGbf]j:t u/fO{
lbg'= jif{ lbg= cl3 b]ifL efuL d'Unfgfdf uofsf ptfjf6 cfO{ df]/ª lhNnfdf if]tL kflt 3/
ul/ j:ofsf sdf/f sdfl/nfO{ wgLn] kqmg kfpb}gg\= gkqmg'= uf]iff{/fhjf6 eflu df]/ªdf
u} j:ofsf sdf/f sdfl/ nfO{ wgLn] klqm Nofpg j]rg x'+5 jft nfUb}g=
srlx/jf6 y'g'jf eofsf hufsf] km's'jf k'lh geO{ rng\ uGof{ jfln iffGofnfO{ uGof{
c}g==============
^^= s;}sf huf hdLg 3/ if]t u}îsf] emu/fkl/ srxl/jf6 y'g'jf u¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof emu/f
gl5gL / p;} srxl/sf] km's'jf k'lh{ ge} emul/ofn] t]; hufsf] jfn jfnL iffg= / huf
j]rg j+ws /fifg x'b}g p;} srxl/sf] km's'jf k'lh{ ge} cbn ldlr s;}n] jfn jfnL
iffo]5 eGof p;} hufsf pjhgLsf ;os/f % huf j]r]5 j+ws /fif]5 eGof ;os/f !) sf
b/n] b+8 ug'{= emu/f l5+bf h;n] jfnL iffofsf] j]Rofsf] 5 p;}n] kfpGof 7x¥of c}g
jdf]lhd lbnfO{ lbg'= csf{n] kfpGof 7x¥of ;fx'sf] y}nL huf j]rGofsf gfp+df skfnL
u/fO{ csf{ rflxnfO{ lbnfO{ hj/hl:t ul/ iffofsf jfnL df]xLnfO{ y'g'jfsf] k'lh{ uofsf]
/x]5= / df]xL ghfrL ;fx'n] lsGofsf] /x]5 eGof ls+Gof j]rGof b'j} jf6 ul/ e/fO{ lbg'= lbg
;s]g eGof c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
srxl/ofjf6 y'g'jf eofsf hufsf] km's'jf k'lh{ ge} rng uGof{ jfln iffGof d¥of k5L
hfx]/ x'bf uGof{ c}g ===========================
^&= huf hdLg u}îsf] emu/f k/L srxl/jf6 huf y'g'jf u¥ofsf] /x]5 / p;} srxl/sf] km's'jf
k'lh{ ge} emul/ofn] huf j]r]5 j+ws /fif]5 /= huf j]rGof j+ws /fifGof d/]5 eGof emu/f
l5Gbf huf csf{n] kfpGof 7x¥of p;}nfO{ ljxf]/fO{ lbg ;fx'sf] y}nf] p:sf] ck'tfln iffGofn]
ck'tfln iffofsf] /x]5 eGof p;jf6 ltg{ ;Sof lt/fO{ g;Sof skfnL tk;'s u/fO{ lbg'=
ck'tfln iff+gf} elg 5f]8\of] eGof= t];} sf ck'tfnLsf wgdf bfdf;flx ul/ e/fO{ lbg'=

df]xL 6nl;+sf]
sx

!= cfkmgf ljtf{ jfwf if]tkfiff 3/ jfl/= dfgf=rfjn 5fkj]if d?6\ kmLu9f/ Ho"gL k]6Lof ifr{sf
hufdf gLh cfkm}n] sdfp5' eGof df]xLnfO{ p7fO{ 3/ jfl/ if]t sdfpg kfp+5= kj{Tsfn]=
b;}sf l6sfb]lif >L k+rdL ;Dd /= g]kfnsfn]= b;} sf l6sf b]ifL l;l7 ifli6 ;+d= iff]l;
gLhn] rng ug{ x'+5= jfxf b]ifL pk|fGt s'ofddf p7fp+g kfpb}g= s'ofddfp7fof] eGof=
p7fpGof wgLnfO{= sdfofsf hufsf ! ;fnsf pjhgL jdf]lhd= b+8 ul/= p;}nfO{ yfdL
lbg'= csf{ ;fndf ;dokfl/ p7fpg kfp5=
@= latf{ j]ifdfgf rfjn 3/ jfl/ 5fk d/f}6 kmLu9f/= Ho"gL k6Lof ifr{sf hufdf lgh cfkm}
wgLn] 3/ xfln j:5'= if]tsdfO{ iff+5'= eGof cjfbL jfemf] ljîfofsf] eof kgL /}lt p7fO{
j:g / if]t iff]l; rng ug{ kfp+5 /}tL j:tf wgL ;Lt h:tf] jf]n sjf]u ul/ j:ofsf 5g\=
cbfnt cdf= jf6 pxL l/t j'emL lg;fkm ug'{=
#= ljtf{ u'l7 j]ifdfgf rfjn= lsk6 /}s/ huf if]t kfiffdf= 3/ jfx]s= k'/fgf] of df]xL s'l/ofn]
s'tjfnL ;]df{ j]nf j]nfdf= k'¥ofpFHofn= df]xL khgL= ul/= s;}n] giff];g' iff]:of] eGof=
cbfnt 7fgf cdfn bkmb/jf6 p;}nfO{= yfdLlbg' iff];GofnfO{ iff]l;ofsf hufsf] ! ;fnsf
pjhgL jdf]lhd b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf b/n]= s}b ug'{= j]c+jnjf6
km6\Sof u/L sdfofsf hUufdf gofF a9g cfof eGof a9\ofsf] k'/f0fLof df]xLn] lbG5 eGof=
yfdL lbg'= j9g ;s]g eGof g`f nfO{ lbg'=

34
$= hflu/bf/=nfO{ 9fl6= t+d|f] khgL rnGofxf] egL= khgL grnGof hufdf=rf/ bfd /flif=
lj;lx eof] eGof= rf/ bfd /fifGofnfO{= ;os/f !) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of= c}g
jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
%= /}s/ lsk6sf= if]t kfiffsf] gf;f] lng kfpb}g= cbfnt 7fgf cdfnjf6 h;n] sdfofsf]5=
p;}nfO{= j]xf]/fO{ lbg'= 5f]8Luofkl5= d]/f] xf] eFGofsf] lkm/fj g;'Ù' =
^= csf{sf ljtf{df= eof] /}s/ sLk6 if]t kfiff u}îdf eof]= s;}n] rf/= bfd 7]sL /fiof] rn+
uGof{+ j]nf;+ddf rf/ bfd 7]sL /fifGof cfo]g= p; hufsf=;fwsf hufdf= ljh k/+Hofn=
rf/bfd /fifGofn] rng ug{ cfo]g eGof= Tof] huf wgL cdfnL yl/ lhDfjfn=n] khgL ug'{=
t]:sf] 7sL rf/ bfd=e'l;+5= huf afemf] g/fVg' csf{n] rng u¥ofkl5 km]/L emu/f ug'{
kfpFb}g emu/f ug{ cfof]eGof= t];} hufsf ! ;fnsf pjhgLsf= # if+8sf] ! if+8sf b/n] b+8
ug'{= glt¥of d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf bn]{ s}b ug'{=
&= iff/]h -s;}n] ;sf{/sf] /sd u}î lnofsf] 5= jlx kq gj'emfO{ efUof] eGof hkmt
x'b}g=To:sf g5'l§ofsf Psf3/sf hxfg}sf] ;j{:j x'G5= g5'l§ofsf Psf3/sf afa' bfh"
efO{ :jf:gL 5f]/f gftLn] jlx kq klg j'emfpF5f}= 7/¥ofsf] afFsL klg lt5f}{ eGof jlx
a'emfO nfUofsf] af+sL lt/of eGof hkmt x'Fb}g= ltgsf huf 5f]8L lbg'=
*= cfkm\gf hkmlt lhNnf if]t cfkm'n] 5f]8L uofsf c?n] cjfbul/ nfUof sf] lt/]f e/f] ul/
sdfofsf huf iff]l;b}gg\= yfdL+5=k5L lhNnfjfnfn]= d]/f] huf d+ sdfp5' e+g cfof]
eGofkfpb}g; egL=lbg' h;n] sdfO{= cfofsf]5= p;}nfO yfdL lbg'= k§f jfemf] huf /x]5
eGof= d sdfp5' e+Gof lhNnfjfnf nfO{= b/fO{lbg'= 5f8Lu} csf{n]= rng u¥ofsf]= d
sdfpF5' e+GofnfO{ glbg'= h:n] k'/fgfnfO{ iff]l; lhNnfjfnfnfO{ b]nf= p;nfO{= t];} hufsf
! ;fnsf pjhgL jdf]lhd= b+8 ug'{= ?k}of gtL¥of d}Gxf % ?k}ofsf b/n]= s}b ug'{=
(= sf]lx /}ot\n]= j]hfO{ ljb'Q= iftjft ul/= hxfg jRrf nLuof] !% lbg leq df /}s/ 3/ jf/L
if]tsf] iff]h ifj/ ug{ cfo]g eGof= t]:sf] if]t 3/jf/L= h:n] lt/f] e/f] ul/= sdfp5' e+5
cdfnLn] p;}nfO{ lbg'=
!)= x'nfs Jofª jf]l; 3fl;uf]Nkf= jf?biffgf jfnf u}î /sd\df bl/ofsf= huf cfkm\gf
;fjuf;n] d}n] /sDd rnfpg ;sLg huf 5f85' elg s;}n] eGof] eGof= /sDsf d'lifof
gfOSof åf¥of k|wfgx¿n] 5f85' e+Gofsf] /fhLgfdf n]iffO{ln /sd rnfpg ;sGof df]xL
7x/fO{= /sd u5fO{ huf lbg'= /fhLgfdf n]ifL 5f8L hfGof /adLn] d]/f] xf] d kfpGof= x'F egL
k5L= kfpb}g= d kfpGof x'+ egL= s/fpg cfpGofnfO{ @.. ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of= !%
lbg s}b ul/= 5f8L lbg'=
!!= ljtf{ ljtnj lkmu9f/= j]if dfgf rfjn=Ho"gL k]l6of= ifr{ 5fk s;}sf] 5= t]; hufsf
wgLx?n]= Ho" ;gj+wsf]= / xf8gftf 5f]O l56f] xfng' kGof{ hft l;tsf] s/0fL e}
eftkfgLdf= kfl/ efuGofsf= Psf3/df= g5'§Lofsf jfj' cfdf bfHo"efO{ :jfl:g 5f]/L
/èf5GeGof pGsf] c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+; k/;f/L= efu¥ofsf] c+; ;sf{/ nfU5= hkmt ug'{=
P:tf sf]xL /x]g\5g\ eGof t]:sf] ;a} huf ;sf{/ nfU5= 5'§L k/;¥ofsf bfHo" efO{=
ck'tflniffGofn] kfpFb}gg\=
!@= 5f]8L uofsf= lhNnfdf=c?n] cjfb ul/ s+kgLnfO{= ltGof{ s'/f lt¥ofsf] /x]5= eGof= d]/f]
lhNnf xf] egL= kl5lng cfpGofnfO{= huf glbg'= h:n] sdfofsf]5 p;}nfO j]xf]/fO{ lbg'
?k}of lnnfaGws lbofsf] /x]5 eGof= wgLnfO{ skfln td;'s u/fO{ lb huf /}j+bL
x'bf=h:sf gfpFdf bl/ofsf] 5= p;}n] nfUofsf] lt/f] e/f] ul/ iffg kfp+5 .
!#= cfÇgf ljtf{ jfwf if]t kfiffsf] nfUofsf] s'Tb}b:t'/=if]tfnf k'/fgf df]xLn]= lbof e+bfg`f
df]xLn]= j9tf lb+5' egL= sj'n ug{ cfof] eGof= g`fn] j9g cfof jdf]lhd= sj'n u¥of]
eGof= k'/fgL`fdf]xLn] kfp+5= g`f df]xLn] kfpb}g= k'/fgL`fn] sj"n u/]g eGof g`f j9g
cfpGofn] kfp+5 kj{tsfn]= >L k+rdL= b]lif b;}sf l6sf ;+d /= g]kfnsfn] l;7L if;\6L b]ifL
b;}sf l6sf ;+d= huf iff];g kfpFb}g= iff]:of] eGof= t]; s'ofddf iff];Gof ljt{jf/nfO{=
Ps;fnsf pjhgL jdf]lhd= hl/jfgf ug'{= ofddf iff]l;ofsf df]xLn]= s'ofddf iff]l;lbof]
egL= s/fpg cfof]= eGof= t]; df]lxnfO{= @.. ?k}of hl/jfgf ug'{=
!$= ofddf iff]l;ofsf df]xLn]= s'ofddf iff]:of] egL s/fpg= cfof] / j'embf ofddf iff]:ofsf]
7x¥of]= eGof= t]:tf df]lxnfO{= @.. ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of !% lbg s}b ul/ 5f]l8lbg'=
!%= /}s/ hufdf j:ofsf 3/ jfl/df bl/ofsf]= ;fn ;fnsf] lt/f] e/f] gc6sfpGof 3/ jf/L
huf p7fpg s;}n] kfpb}g t]:tfsf 3/ jfl/= huf h:n] iff];L khgL unf{ p;nfO{= @)
35
 ?k}of b+b ul/ ln 3/ jfl/ huf h:sf] xf] p;}nfO{= yfdL lbg'= ?k}of glt¥of= c}g jdf]lhd=
s}b ug'{=
!^= s;}sf lhNnf if]t jfemf] /èfsf jif{sf] jfnL lhDdf= jfnn] lt¥of] eGof= if]t iff]l;b}g=
jfemf] /fiof] jfnL klg lt/]g eGof= jfemfsf] jfnL kgL dlt5'{= if]t kgL iff+5' eGof} sf]xL e+g
cfof] eGof= h;n] jfemfsf] jfln lt5{= if]t p;}n] kfp+5=
!&= /}tfgdf if]tsf]= khgL ubf{ /}ltn] cl3 iffOcfofsf k'/fgf cjfbL if]tdf jfemf] ljîfpGof
sj'n u5{; eGof= t]/f cjfbL if]t kfp5;= t/ kfpb}g; egL s/ nufO{= jfemf] u5fpg
x'b}g= k'/fgf] if]t kgL= iff];g x'+b}g= if'l;n] jfemf] ljîfpg dfUof] eGof ljîfpg lbg'= s/
nufO{= jfemf] ljîf e+g x'b}g=
!*= /}s/ ljtf{ u'l7 5fk dfgf rfjn= j]if u}î hudf= k§ jfemf] ju/ eofsf]= h:n] jgfof]
cjfb u¥of] t];nfO{ giff];g'= nfUofsf] ;'bfdt ;]df{ s't t];{jf6 ;fn j;fn lng' iff]:of]
eGof= cbfnt 7fgf cdfnjf6 jfemf] ju/ jgfpGofnfO{= rng u/fO{ lbg'= nfUofsf] ;'bfdt
b}b:t'/= lt/]g jfnL c6sfof] eGof= iff]l;lbg'= ljtf{ j]if 5fk dfgf rfjn d/f]6kmLu7f/=
Ho"gL k]6Lof ifr{= u}î hufdf= wgLn] cfkmg' 3/ jgfO{= j:5' eGof= 3/ jgfO{ j;\g / huf
sdfpg kfp5= iff]l; csf{nfO{ lbg kfpb}g=
!(= h:n] cfkmgf cftsf jnn] jfw s'nf] jgfO{= if]t kfiff] ljîfofsf] 5= p; hufdf= g`f j9g
cfpGofnfO{= huf glbg'= if]t kfiff] u'+hfo; x]l/ 8+un xfln gkfpbf j9tf 7x¥ofsf if]t
kfiffdf= s't 7]s bl/= k'/fgf df]xLnfO{= u5fO{= lbg' jfnL= ltGof{ sj'n u/fpg' dLlxg]t uGof{
df]lxnfO{ cl3`f jfnLlt/+Hofn= huf giff];g'= nfUofsf] s't= b}b:t'/= glt¥of{nfO{ iff];Llbg'=
@)= n8fO{df u} Hofg lbGof /= ;sf{/sf= sfhdf= u} dGof{= dflg;sf :jf:gL 5f]/f 5f]/Lsf 3/
jf/L if]t= kfiffsf] nfUofsf] lt/f]e/f] u/+Hofn= u'l7 /}s/= hkmtL huf u}îsf wgLn]= s;}n]=
klg iff];g x'b}g= lt/f] e/f] ul/iffg kfp5g\ s;}n] iff]:of] eGof /= d}n] kfofsf] 5 egL=
hj/h:tL huf rng ug{ uof] eGof b'j}nfO{ iff]:ofsf hufsf !.! ;fnsf pjhgL
jdf]lhd b+8 ul/= huf pg}nfO{ yfld lbg' ljtf{ j]if5fk lkms7f/sf wgLn] cfkm'n] sdfp5'
eGof= kgL lt jfnifsf] !^ jif{sf] pd]/ eofsf] /x]g5= eGof /= lt/f] e/f] c6\Sofsf] /xg]5=
egof= iff];g x'b}g= iff];Gof nfO{= ;f]xL adf]lhd= b+8 ug'{ lt jfnifsf]= !^ jif{sf] pd]/ eof
k5L= ljtf{ j]if5fk lkmu7f/= sf wgLn]= cfkm' 3/ jgfO{= a:g / huf sdfp5' eGof= iff];g
x'+5= ift= nfu\b}g=
@!= s;}sf jfj' kgL cfdf kgL d¥of 5f]/f 5f]l/ jfnif 6'x'/f5g\= ltGsf bfHo" efO Oi6
dLqx?n]= OGsf 3/jf/L if]tdf= nfUofsf] lt/f] e/f] kgL= xfdL ltl/ lb+5f}+ OGsf huf hdLg=
kgL xfdLn]= sdfO{ jfnifx?nfO{ kfn5f} O hf+Gof ;dy{ eof k5L cfkmgf 3/ jfl/df j;L
rng ug{ egL= s;}n] eGof] eGof Tof] huf hdLgsf nfUofsf]= lt/f] e/f] ul/ lb lt jfnif
kfnL rng ug{ kfp5g\= lt s]6fs]6Lsf] ;fdy{ eof k5L cfkmgf jfj' cfdfn]=rng
u¥ofsf huf Og}n] kfp+b5g\= cbfnt cdfnjf6 Og} jfnifnfO{ j]xf]/fO{ lbg'= 3/ jfl/
iff];GofnfO{ @) ?k}of if]t iff];GofnfO{ iff]:ofsf hufsf ! ;fnsf pjhgL jdf]lhd b+8 ug'{
?k}of glt¥of d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf bn]{ s}b ug'{=
@@= x'nfs Jofª jf?b\iffgf jf];L3fl;jfnf uf]Nof u}î= /sddf bl/ofsf if]t kfiff hufdf jfj'
cfdf d¥of 5f]/f 5f]l/= /s+rnfpg ;sGof jfnif 6'x'/f 5GeGof= ltgn] sdfpg ;Sof
;+dsf] hufiff]l; khgL= ug{ s;}n] x'b}g= !@ jif{ b]lif pwf]sf5g\ eGof ltgn] hLon] uGof{
/sd ltg'{ kb}{g= !@ jif{ gf£of k5L= lt/f]e/f] ul/= cfkmgf jfj' cfdfn]= lhon] u¥ofsf]
/sd rnfO{= cfof jdf]lhdsf]= tL/f] e/f]= ul/ /sd rnfO{= ltg}n] iffg kfp5g\ P:tf jfnif
6'x'/fsf= huf hdLg= iff];GofnfO{= iff]:ofsf= hufsf= ! ;fnsf]= pjhgL jdf]lhd= b+8 ug'{=
?k}of glt¥of= c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
@#= x'nfs Jofª jf?b\iffgf jf];L3fl;=jfnfn] rng u¥ofsf /}s/= kfiff ;'jf/f 3/ jfl/ if]tdf
nf}UGof d¥of= :jfl:gdfl:n] nfUofsf] /sd sn+ x'nfs rnfO{= 6N;L+ cdfnLsf]= s't 7]s
lt/f] e/f] ul/= if]t huf iff+5' eGof= OGsf huf iff]l; b}gg\ yfdL=lbg' s;}n] iff]:of] eGof=t];}
hufsf ! ;fn sf pjhgL jdf]lhd= b+8 ug'{=
@$= lt/f] e/f] ul/= iffGof /}s/ hkmlt=lsk6 if]tkfiff hufsf] ;]df{ s't rnL cfofsf] lt/f]e/f]=
9f6Gof= 3/ 9f6Gof xn 3/nfO{= sf]bfNof n]iffO{= b/ 3/df 9f6Gof= if]tsf]= £o"iffgL s't
9f6Gof= iff]nf] k}/f] gnfUofsf= hufdf vf]n]k}/f] nfUof] egL= 9f6L n]iffpGof= /}ltn] /x]5
eGof= hlt 9f6\ofsf] 5= 9f6\of hlt hufsf] if]tdf ! ;fnsf pjhgL jdf]lhd= kfiffdf !
36
 ;fnsf= ;]df{ jdf]lhd b+8 ul/= huf hfx]/ ug{ cfpGof= nfO{ lbnfO{ lbg'= d'ifLof
lhdfjfn=x?n]= 9f6\ofsf] /x]5 eGof ;f]xL jdf]lhd= b+8 ul/ nL d'iofnL lhDfjfnL ug{
;sGof/x]5 eGof= t];} hfx]/ ug{ cfpGofnfO{= d'iofnf] lhDfjfnL ul/ lbg' d'iofln
hLDdfjfnL tf= ug{ ;sGof= /x]g5 eGof= ufp+sf kTofofsf= enfcfbdLnfO{= d'iofnL
lhDdf jfnL= lbg'= 9f6\of hlt huf if]tkfiff] hfx]/ ug{ cfpGofnfO{ sfdbf/ wgL hLDdfjfn
cdfnL d'ifLof srxl/jf6 lbnfO{= lbg'= lbo]g eGof= h:n] lbnfO{ lbofsf] 5}g= p;}nfO{=
t];} hufsf ! ;fnsf pjhgL jdf]lhd= b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd= d}Gxfsf %
?k}ofsf bn]{ s}b ug'{=
@%= s+k'FkN6g\ s+kgL e/ef/bf/ u}î h+uL gLhfdltsf hflu/df= bl/ofsf= hufdf dxfhfFr e}=
/}j+bL ul/ ;osl/:d]t lnb'gL`f /}ltnfO{= bl/of jdf]lhd= hf+rjf6 ;gb eofsf= hufdf=
csf]{ hf+r g'x+Hofn\= if]t s't lt/f] e/f] jb\of] egL= iff];L khgL ug{ x'+b}g=h;n] iff];L khgL
u5{= p;nfO{ iff]:ofsf hufsf ! ;fnsf=pjhgL jdf]lhd b+8 ul/= huf k'/fgLofnfO{= yfdL
lbg'= /}lt c+t j;} uof] eGof /= if]t s't 9f6\of 36fof] bl/rnL cfofsf]= lt/f] e/f] c6sfO{
lxdfo]t u¥of] eGof= t]:tf df]lxnfO{ /}j+bLsf= efudf bl/ofsf] eof kgL= iff]l; khgL= ug{
x'+5= ift nfUb}g=
@^= sDk" kN6g\ s+kgL= gLhfdtL u}îsf= hflu/df= bl/ofsf= if]tkfiff huf= ;b/= bkmb/=
bkmb/= dxfhf+rn] hf+rL df]xL gfO{Sof hLDdfjfn d'lvof yfgL y/L ;'jf/fO{= dlhof
hLDdfjfn= 7]s]bf/= rf}wl/=d'sb+= hLdLbf/= dLemf dLemf/of em'6\6fjfn u}îsf lhDdf ul/
lbO{ cfkm' cfkm'n] lhDdf lnofsf huf hf+r a'em x]/ ljrf/ ub}{= /xg' cfkmgf lhDdf
nfUofsf hufsf lnunfudf huf ljîLGof /x]5 eGof ljîf}6f ljîfpg nufO{= # ;fnf b'j}
jf]l6 sdfpGofnfO{ iffg lbg'= t[;fnf k'Uofkl5 sDk"kN6g= s+kgLsf] hufsf nLunfusf=
ljîf}6f eof= p;} p;} bkmb/df gLhfdtL u}î c? hUufsf lnu nfusf= ljîf}6f eof=
bkmb/ bkmb/df u}n] iffO b]iffO afnL p7fO{ j'emfO{ /l;b lng'= t[;fnf k'Uofkl5 kgL ljîf}6f=
gb/fO{ jfnL p7fOiffofsf] 7x¥of hlt jif{sf] jfnL df]xL /}ltaf6 p7fO lnO a'emfpGof
7fpFdf gj'emfO{= bjfO{ iffofsf] 7x5{ plt ljuf] e/fO{= ljuf jdf]lhd b+8 u/L iff];L lbg'
kmnfgf ifnf lj/f]6f hufsf] jfnL a'emfpg Nofp egL df]xL gfO{Sof lhDdfjfn u}î
tfn'sjfnfn] dfUg k7fpFbf= df kgL em]n ul/ jfnL gj'emfpGof df]xL /}ltnfO{= ljuf] e/fO{
ljuf jdf]lhd b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of= c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
@&= s+k' kN6g= s+kgL gLhfdtL u}îsf hflu/df bl/ofsf xpg\ jf= hu]/f p sf;sf xpg\= if]t
kfiff hufdf= iff]nf] k}/f] nfUof] s'nf] ljUo«f] if]t /f]kLo]g egL= 9f6L cfkm'n] iffO{ jf= /}ltnfO{
if'jfO{= bkmb/ hfuL/bf/jf6 dLGxf lnofsf] 7x¥of hlt ;fnsf]= hlt hlt dLGxf lnofsf]
7x5{= plt ;fnsf] iffGofjf6 6N;L+jf]l6sf] ljuf] e/fO{= tfn'sbf/nfO{= ljuf jdf]lhd b+8
ul/= huf iff]l; lbg'= 9f6L ldGxf lnof hlt= huf hfx]/ ug{ cfpGofnfO{= lt/f] e/f] uGof{
ul/= sdfpg' lbg' lhDdfjfnL df]lx gfOSof u}îeGof sfd k'¥ofpg= ;sGof= nfo]s dfgL;=
7x/fO{= lhDdfjfnL df]xL gfOSof= u}î lbg'=
@*= ;b/= bkmb/ bkmb/ dxfhfFrsLn] df]xL gfOSof= lhDdfjfn= d'lifof y/L yfgL rf}w/L=
d'sbdf lhdLbf/ dLemf¥of= em'Qfjfn kk{hgL ubf{= cfÇgf lhDdfsf if]t kfiffsf
lnunfusf huf ljîfof eGof= lq;fnf k'Uof kl5= ljîf}6f b/fO{= jfln:d]t\ j'emfp+nf
b]iffO{g /= bjfO{ jfnL cfkm'n] iffof= jf= /}ltnfO{= if'jf~ffF eGof= jfnLsf] ljuf] e/fO{= ljuf]
jdf]lhd hl/jfgf lt/f}nf= iff]nf] k}/f] gnfUofsfdf iff]nf] k}/f] nfUof] egL= hflu/bf/= ;b/
bkmb/= bkmb/jf6 ldGxf lnof eGof= ldGxf lnofsf jfnLsf] ljuf] e/fO{ ljuf jdf]lhd
hl/jfgf :d]t ul/= xfdLnfO{ iff];L khgL ug'{= eGof jLxf]/fsf]= d'r'Nsf n]iffO{ ln huf lbg'=
n]lif lbofsf] d'r'Nsf jdf]lhd= gul/= huf jfnL bjfO{= 5kfO{= cfkm'n] iffofsf] /}ltnfO{
if'jfofsf] jf 9f6L ldGxf lnofsf] 7x¥of= txlst ul/= t]:tfnfO{= n]ifLofsf jdf]lhd ljuf] /
b+8 ul/= iff]l; khgL ul/= csf]{ sfd k'¥ofpg ;sGof nfo]s dflg; 7x/fO{ d'iofln
hLDdfjfnL em'tfjfnL u}î lbg' .
@(= uf]iff{/fh e/d'n's dWo];= kfxf8sf ;fj'b hufdf= iff]nf k}/f] if:tL klt{ ;'iff bfxf/ jfn'j'h{
u}î eof] egL= 9f6L iffofsf] cbfnt 7fgf ;b/ bkmb/ bkmb/= sdfl/rf]s c8f uf}8f
cdfndf h;n] hfx]/ ug{= cfpF5= t]:tf huf sfo]n u/fof] eGof= hlt ;fnsf] 9f6L
iffofsf] 7x5{= plt ;fnsf]= 6N;L+jf]l6sf] ljuf] e/fO{= lju} jdf]lhd b+8 :d]t ul/ if]fl;
huf hfx]/ ug{ cfpGof sfd k'¥ofpg ;sGof= nfo]ssf] /x]5 eGof t];}nfO lbnfO{ lbg'
37
 kmnfgfn] 9f6ofsf 5 egL hfx]/ u/]5= /f]jsf/df 9fl6 iffofsf] 7x/]g= iff]Nofsf] 7x¥of]
eGof= t]:tf kf]nfxfnfO{= p;} hufsf= ! ;fnsf 6lN;+ jf]l6sf ljuf jdf]lhd= b+8 ug'{=
?k}of glt¥of= c}g jdf]lhd= s}b ug'{=
#)= dxfhfrn] hf+rL /}j+bL ul/= ;osl/ :d]t\= j'emL ln /}ltnfO{= bl/bLofsf= if]tkfiff huf
sdfpg g;ls jfemf] /xg nfUbf= gfp+ bl/Gofn]= xj;\ jf lhDdfjfnL df]xL gfOSof u}în]
xj;\ csf{nfO{ sdfpg rng ug{ lb p;n]huf jgfO{ /f]kL nfUofsf] lt/f] e/f] ul/= iffO{
rlr{ cfofsf hufdf= lt/f] e/f] gc6sfp+Hofn\= iff]l; kghL ug{ x'+b}g= /}j+bL= gfp
bl/Gofn]=kgL d]/f] gfp+df bl/ofsf] d sdfp+5' e+g kfpb}g\g= P:tf huf s;}n]= iff]l; khgL
u¥of eGof= ! ;fnsf= 6N;L+jf]6Lsf= ljuf jdf]lhd= b+8 ul/= huf sdfpGofnfO{ yfdL
lbg'=
#!= wfg ux' jfnLdf kfs]g= ;'iff eof] cl;gf k¥of] ;nxn] iffof] iff]nf] k}/f] nfUof] k'?jf eof]
eGof= huf sdfpGof df]xL u}în]= cfÇgf ghLssf= c8f y'ddf s/fpg hfg'= c8f y'd
jfnfn]=p; 7fpsf= hLDdf jfn yl/= d'lifofsf gfpdf k'lh ul/= k7fO{ lbg'= ;f] jdf]lhd
p; 7fpsf hLDdfjfn yl/ d'lifofsf= enf dfgL;= n}uL ;f5L /flif s6fO{ kfyL nufO{=
7x¥ofsf] jfnL c}g jdf]lhd= 6N;L+nfO{= j'emfO{= lthf{ /l;b dflu lng'= hLDdf= jfn
d'lifof yl/ enf dflg;\=x?n] kgL= df]lxn] c8f y'dsf] k'lh+ nL cfof k5L cfkm' j;L
h:tfsf] t:tf] ul/= s6fO{ d8fO{ 7x¥ofsf]= jfnL cfkm'n] n]lif;fl5 :d]tsf] gfp+ xfnL=! klt{
sfuhcfkm';Fu /fifg' Ps k|lt sfuhdf]xLnfO lbg' Ps k|lt sfuh c8fdf k'¥ofO{ lbg'=c8f
y'djfnfn]= cfkmgf :ofxfdf= n]lif /fifg'= lhDdfjfn yl/ d'lifof= enf dfgL;\= n]h:tfsf]
t:tf] gul/= df]lxsf df]nflxhfdf nfuL= 36L kf¥ofsf] 7x¥of] eGof= 36L kf¥ofsf] ljuf]
df]xLjf6 e/fO{= p;} ljuf] jdf]lhd= lhdfjfn yl/ d'lifof= enf dflg:df ;fIfL a:g] hf] xf]
p;nfO{ b08 ug'{ lhDdfjfn yl/ d'lvof enf dflg; a;L s6fof d8fofsf afnLdf afnL
36\of]eg] 6lN;+x¿n] ph'/ ug{ kfpFb}g P}g adf]lhd a'lemlng' . c8\8f y'djfnfsf] k'lh{
gnuL lhDdjfn yl/d'lvof enf dflg;df ! hgfkl5 ;fIfL g/fvL cfkm' cfkm}n] dfq}
s6fof d/fofsf] 7x¥of 6l;+n] ldGxf lbg' kb}{g bl/of adf]lhd afnL a'emfpg' k5{ .

afln gltGof{ df]xLsf]

!= df]lx u}îl;t ljt{jf/ hfuL/bf/=x?n] xfdLnfO{= wfg} rflx+5 eGof= wfg}= lbg'= df]lxn] jf]ls
k'¥ofO{ lbGof= >]itf eof jf]ls k'¥ofO{ lbg'= g jf]sGof >]:tf eof wfg} ;f}kL lbg'= df]lxn]
jf]ls k'¥ofpg kb}{g=

@= /}s/ ljtf{ hflu/sf if]tdf nfUofsf] s't b}b:t'/ u}î ltGof{ s'/f glt¥of{ if]tdf kgL jl9of
wfg pjHofdf 3l6of e':ofxf pjHofsf] xf] egL= 9f6Gof= iff]nf] k}/f]= cfuf] cl;gf
gk¥ofsf= df cl;gf k¥of] k}/f] nfUof] iff]nfn] iffof]= s'nf] lju|L kfgL ge} pjHo]g e+Gof
;fn j;fnsf] ltg'{ kGof{ jfln ;fn j;fn c6sfpGof= df]lxnfO{= lhNnf ljhLNnf jfemf]
kmf]¥of= sf] xf] eGof klg= if]t iff]l; khgL ug'{=
#= /}s/ lsk6 lhNnf hkmtL u'l7 ljtf{sf df]xLn]= if]tdf= pjHofsf wfg= bjfO{ kf]j6f e';
b]iffO{= n}Uof n}hf gt/ 5}g= P:t} pjhf]y\of]= egL= 9f6L em]n= if]n ul/, 6N;L+nfO{= b'Mif
lbGof df]xLsf] if]tiff]l;= g`fF df]lxnfO{ lbg'=
$= /}s/ if]t kfiff] x'nfsdf xfNofsf]=5= hflu/df k¥ofsf] 5 egL= lt/f] e/f] gul/= 9f6L bjfO{
iffofsf]= huf h:n] hfx]/ ug{ cfp+5= p:tf huf if]t rng ug{ t];} hfx]/ uGof{nfO{ lbg'=
nfUofsf] s't b}b:t'/= p;}jf6 lng'= bjfO{ iffGofn]= hlt jif{sf] jflniffofsf] 7x5{= plt
jif{sf] bjfosf= nufsf] 6N;L+jf]6Lsf] ljuf] e/fO{= p;} ljuf jdf]lhd b+8 ug'{= huf hfx]/=
ug{ cfpGofnfO{= >L k|fod\dLgLi6/= sf] b:ift u/fO{ lbnfO{ lbg'=
%= s+k' kn\6g s+kgL ef/fbf/= huLbf{/ u}îsf iffguL 98fdf b/Lofsf] / bkmb/= bkm/bsf hu]/f
psf; if]tsf] jfnL j'emfp+bf k'/fgf 98f lthf{sf if]t kfiff] iff]nf] k}/f] u}î eofsf] /=
ljîfofsf hufdf= s'tdf 36j9 k¥of] egL df]lx 6N;L+ /= bkmb/sf] emu/f eofdf= !)
;fnsf dxfhf+rn] hf+rL Nofofsf df]6 98fsf] ;lx ul/ lgh !) ;fnsf hf+rsf df]7
38
 98fdf= n]ifLof jdf]lhd= j9\ofsf 7fp+df j9 ;/sf/ ul/= /= 36\ofsf 7fp+df= dLGxf lb
6N;L+ bkmb/ u}în] j'emL lng'= ;f]xL jdf]lhd df]lxn] kgL ltg{' dxfhf+rn] d'n's hf+rL
cfof kl5=iff]nf] k}/f] u} if]t s't 36\ofdf= hfuLbf{/nfO{= bl/ofdf hflubf{/n]= hf+rL j'emL /=
hu]/f psf;\sf] bkmb/ bkmb/n]= hfFrL j'emL 7x/fO{= d'gfl;j dflkm df]lxnfO{= 36\ofsf]
ldGxf bL jfsf j'emL lng'= c}g jdf]lhd sflx j9 eof] eGof kgL= hflu/df bl/ofsfdf=
h:sf iffguLdf= j9 eof] p;}n] iffg'= hu]/f psf;df j9 ePdf bkmb/ bkmb/n] a'emL lng'
;fxL adf]lhd iffguL 98fdf klg hflu/df bl/ofdf hflu/bf/n] ;RofO{= dfug' bkmb/
bkmb/n] kgL ;RofO{ lbg' hu]/f psf;df bkmb/ bkmb/n] ;Rofpg'=
^= Jofªjfnf jf]l;3fl; sdL{ uf]Nkf jf?biffgf sf= uTof yfkNof= x'nfls rf}sLx?n]=
sdfofsf if]t kfiff hufsf ;fn j;fnsf] bl/ rnL cfofsf] s't b}b:t'/= jfnL c6sfof]
eGof= /sd\ /sDsf\= tfn'sjfnfnfO{ egL pg}af6 cfkmg' jfnL lng'= tfn'sbf/n]= t]:tf
jfln gltGof{= df]lxnfO{= iff]l; jfln gc6\sfpGof cfkm'nfO{ bl/ofsf] /sdsf] sfd k'/ofpg
;sGof df]xL thljh ul/= huf khgL ug'{= tfn'sjfnfn]= jfnL lbo]g egL 6N;L+ s/fpg
cfof jfnL= glbGof tfn'sjfnfnfO{= % ?k}of b+8 ul/= t];}jf6 jfnL e/fO{ lbg'=
&= jflndf cl;gf k¥of]= wfg kfs]g ;'iff eof] ;nxn] iffof] egL s/fpg cfpGof=nfO{ hfFrL
rf}yfO{ ;Dd 36\ofsf] eof= dLGxf glbg'= rf}yfO{= b]ifL j9tf gf]s\;fg= eofsf] /x]5= eGof
cl3`f j8fO{ lbg'=
*= df]lxsf 3/df=s]xL sfhn] @.$ jif{sf] jfnL /xg uofsf] 5= ljqmL ubf{ efp dLn]g eGof=
6N;L+ k'Uofsf] /x]5 df]xLn] em]n if]n 5n5fd= ul/ c6sfosf] /x]5 eGof hflubf{/ k'Uofsf=
j]nfsf] efp+/ xfnsf efp+df= hfuLbf{/sf] hf}gf efpdf= sLkmfo]t x'+5= pxL efp jdf]lhd
e/fO{= lbg' 6N;L+ gk'lu jfnL /xg uofsf] /x]5 eGof= hf}gf j]nfdf 6lN;+/ 6N;Lsf dflg;
k'Ub5+ p;} j]nfsf rNofsf efp+df= hlt ;fnsf] jfln /èfsf] 5= plt ;fnsf]= jfnL
e/fO{ lbg'=
(= d+l;/ b]ifL >fj0f ;+ddf df]lx l;t= cfkmg' jflnlng hfbf df]lxn] em]n if]n ul/= jfln
lbo]g egL= hflubf{/ s/fpg cfof df]lxnfO{ NofO{ /f]jsf/ ubf{= df]lxn] em]n if]n u¥ofsf]
7x¥of] eGof= t]:tf df]lxnfO{= y'gL n§L k§L 3/ if]tn] hflu/bf/sf] jfln e/fO{= lbg'= plQn]
k'ug]= eGof skfnL td;'s u/fO{ lbg'= 3/ if]t n§ k§Ln] k'u]g /= j? d]/f jflndf s§f
xf]nf P; l;t td;'s ul/ dfu\lbg= c}g jdf]lhd g]n xfln b]p=eGof] eGof= g]n xfln
;8sdf k7fO{ d}Gxf=sf % ?k}ofsf b/n] 5'§L eof k5L= 5f8L bg' hfuLbf{/n]= df]lxnfO{
dfkm ul/ 5f8L lb+5g\= eGof kgL= kfp5g\= 5f8L bg'= df]xLnfO{ jfnL glbof jfjt\= g]n
xnfosf kl5= km]l/ p;l;t= iff]hg kfpb}gg\=
!)= csf{sf] huf sdfpGof df]xL /}lt s'l/ofn] cfkm'n]= sdfofsf hufsf] j'emfpg' kGof{ jfnL=
j]nfdf n}uL j'emfpg' j'emfo]g /= cfkmgf 3/df=/èfsf] wfg jfnLdf kmfu'g d}Gxf;+d / ux'
jfnLdf= ;fp+Gof ;+qmflGt;+ddf= cfkmgf 3/df cfuf] nfuL jh| kl/ 3/ lju|L 89\of] e+Gofn]
dLGxf kfpb}g sdfpGof df]xLsf skfn nfU5= pxfb]ifL pk|fGt= efp36\of k5L= j]rf}nf egL
6N;Ln] df]xLsf 3/ /fiofsf] jfnL= 89\ofsf] eof= df]xLsf skfn nfUb}g= hflubf{/ 6N;L+n]
dLGxf lbg'= k5{= ufp+ 3/hf+rL 89\of hltldGxf u/fO{ lbg'=
!!= csf{sf u'l7 ljtf{ /}s/ u}î huf sdfpGof df]xL s'l/ofn] sdfofsf hufsf] j'emfpg' kGof{
jfnL j'emLn]p egL df]xL s'/Lofn]= e+bf /fhsfhdf 6f9f uof jfx]s wgL / hflubf/
bkmb/n]= jif{ lbg gf£of kl5 kgL= j'emL lnofsf] /x]g5 /= df]lxsf] 3/df /èfsf 7x¥of]
eGof= hf}g hf}g ;fnsf] jfnL j'emfpg' j'emg' kGof{ xf]= p;} p;} ;fnsf] jfnL= df]xL
s'/Lofn] =el/ lbof] eGof= jif{ k|lt d'/L ! sf] kfyL ! sf bn]{= 6N;L bkmb/n] ldGxf bL=
jf+sL df]xLjf6 j'emL lng'= cl3sf] esfl/= df:ofsf] 7x¥of] /= kl5sf] cÙlb+5' eGofsf]
/x]5= eGof 6N;L+n] ldGxf lbg'= kb}{g c}g jdf]lhd df]xLn] j'emfpg' k5{ e/fO{ lbg'=

afln laqmLsf]

39
!= hfuL/bf/ /=c? s;}n]= lthf{ k'hf{ bf]x/f] j]Rof] j+ws /fiof] eGof cuf8L jfnf ;fx'sf] ;b/
x'+5 cuf8Ljfnf ;fx'nfO{= ljxf]/fO{ lbg'= k5f8Ljfnf ;fx'sf ?k}of ltg{ ;sGof /x]5 eGof
ljufe/fO{= ljuf] ltg{ ;sGof /x]g5 eGof skfnL td;'s n]iffO{ lb k5LNnf ;fx'sf
y}nLsf ljuf jdf]lhd b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of d}Gxfsf % ?k}of b/n] s}b ug'{=
@= hfuL/bf/sf lthf{ k'hf{ x/fof]=rf]/Lof] eGof cfkm'n] eof] bkmb/sf k'hL{n] eof] t'/+t P:tf]
ljxf]/f eof] elg hufdf y'gL= k7fpg'= y'g'jf k'Uofkl5 df]lxn] x/fof rf]/Lofsf= lthf{
k'hf{n] jfnL lbofsf] eof= bkmb/ / hflubf{/=nfO{ t]; df]xLn] jfnL j'emfpg' k5{ y'g'jf
k'Uofsf] /xg]5 . rf]/n] ln uofsf lthf{ k'hf{n] df]lxn] jfnL lbofsf] /x]5 eGof= lthf{ k'hf{
ln jfnL lbGof df]lxn]= bf]x/f] ltg'{ kb}{g= lthf{n] jfnL p7fO{ n}hfGofnfO{= iff]hL bkmbl/of /
hflubf{/n]= cfkmg' jfnL j'emLlng'=
#= j};f}Tof wf]qm\of O{hf/fbf/ 7]sbf/= n] lsGofsf wfg df]lxn] yfd\5'= efp+l;t ?k}of n}hfp+
eGof] eGof= hf}g d}Gxfdf lthf{ ln uofsf] 5= p;} d}Gxfsf iff]nfdf rNofsf efpn]= ?k}of
ln hfg'= wf]qm\ofn] wfgdf s/ nufO{ lng kfpb}g= s/ nufO{ lnosf] 7x¥of] eGof= lnofsf
Hdfsf] b;f}b b+8 ul/ lng'= df]lxnfO{ lj;f}bkb}{g df]lxn] /fhLn] lbofsf]= eof ift nfUb}g=
P;} c}g jdf]lhd ug'{=
$= hfuLbf{/ / hfuLbf{/x?n]= cfkmgf cfkmgf iffguLsf] jfnL ;f6f ;f6 ul/= cfkmg' lthf{ k'hf{
csf{nfO{ lb csf{sf]= cfkm'n] lnofsf] jfnL hufdf u} df]lx l;t lng hfbf= lthf{ ln jfnL
p7fpg hfGofn] lthf{ jdf]lhdsf] jfnL ln+5' eGof= kgL efp l;tsf= ?k}of ln+5' eGof=
kgL= p:sf] k'; x'+5 df]lxsf] s/ nfUb}g= jfnL ;f6f;f6 uGof{ wf]qmofsf= ;/xdf hfb}gg\=
%= s+k' kN6+ s+klg=sf hfuL/bf/sf] lthf{ bb{ 7]sdf / wfgdf= cfkmgf k';n] efp= ul/ j]Rof]
;b/ x'+5= lthf{df n]ifLofsf]= jfnL iff]nf] k}/f] cfuf] cl;gf e} 36\ofsf jfnLdf df]xLnfO{ /
hflu/bf/nfO{= wf]qm\ofn] g;dfpg'= cufj}hf+rL j'emL 7x/fO ls+g' lsgL;Sof kl5= iff]nf]
k}/f] cfuf] cl;gf nfUosf] 5= egL wf]qm\ofn]= df]lxnfO{ /= hfuL/bf/nfO{ kqm\of] eGof= hlt
?k}of jfjt= kqmof] plt ?k}of wf]qm\of ;+u hl/jfgf ug'{=

/}/sDsf]

!= k+r;fnf tf]8Gof k§jGsf] b:t'/ iffGof= jlh/= /}ot= dfGof{ ;sf{/= sf] ?k}of jjf{b
u/fpGof= uf}df; iffGof= lgds x/fdL jhL/ xf] dxfsfln k'j{ d]lr klZrdsf u}î dw];= sf
hdLg eof]= k|u+gf k|u+gf 5'6\ofO{ sg eof]= Ohf/fdf p7fpGof jhL/= ;sf{/df cfpGof=
?k}of cfkm' iffGof= Ohf/fbf/nfO{ if'jfpGof /}tfGsf] wgdfndf n'6 u/fpGof Tof] gLds x/fd
jhL/ jf= of] c}g yfdL u/f]:tfkgL of] c}g d]l6 u/f]:tfkgL= Tof] gLds x/fd jhL/ xf] egL
>L % ;sf{/= nufo]t e/ ef/fbf/ pd/fj b'lg`f /}otn] j'emg' e+gof sf};nsf] thljhn]
7x/fO{ eofsf] c}g xf]=
@= Ohf/f cdfgtsf /+ssf] j+bf]j:t ubf{ cfkmgf d'n'sdf 3/ åf/ ul/ hxfg jRrf ;d]t u/L
j:ofsfdf= dftj/ dfgL; thjLh ul/ /sd lbg'= cfkmgf d'n'Sdf= 3/åf/ hxfg jRrf
geofsf d'unfgfsfnfO{= %) xhf/sf hufdf nfif?k}of ;Dd a9g cfof kgL t]:tf
csf{sf d'n'sdf 3/ jf hxfg aRrf ;d]t= u/L j:ofsf= d'sunfgL`fnfO{= /}= /sd\= s]lx
glbg'= s;}n] yfxf gkfO{{= lbP5eGof= df]xf]/= k§f if}lr= w'nfO{ lb /sd\ cfkmgf d'n'sdf
3/hxfg eofsfnfO{ lbg'= hfgL hfgL d'unfgL`f dflg;nfO{= /sd bLbf hltdf df]xf]/ k§f
ul/ bLofsf] 5= khgL uGof{ hf]xf]= p; jf6 ;sf{/sf] h+df p7fO{ p;} h+dfsf ;os/f %
?k}ofsf bn]{ hl/jfgf ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of d}Gxfsf % ?k}+ofsf b/n]= s}b ug'{=
#= /}s/hfuL/= u'l7ljtf{ j]if5fkdfgf rfjn u}¥x hufsf Ohf/f 7]ssf] j+bf]j:t x'+bf xj;=
j+bf]j:t eof kl5 xj;\= hufsf /}ltn]= xfd|f] huf O{hf/f 7]s ul/= csf{nfO{ gb]p= p;n]
sa'n u¥of jdf]lhdsf] Hdf kmnfgf df/ kmt= xfdL /}lt /}ltx? e} j'emfpnf= sbflrt
p;n] hDdf lxgf ldgf kf¥of] eGof kgL 7x¥ofsf] hDdf xfd|f 3/ 3/fgfjf6 j'emfpnf egL
r}q d}Gxf ;Dddf= e+g cfof= eGof /= dftj/ hdLgL bL d'r'Nsf ;d]t= n]ifL lbof eGof
huf 7]s=Ohf/fsf]= j+bf]j:t ul/ csf{nfO{ lbofsf eof kgL= jb/ ul/= /}ltx?sf= lh+df
nf]sfef/ ul/ lbg'=

40
$= huf khgL ul/ k§f sj'lno]t= ;d]t ul/= ;f}Kof kl5= 7]s lnGofn]= kgL ls:tf d'x'8f=
lbofk5L= ldlt gk'ub}g=huf iff]l; ifLrf]nf kfl/lbof] /= 7]s lnGofn] hufsf] rng=
bfdsfd ug{ kfo]g eGof= k§f jdf]lhdsf ldltdf= hlt d}Gxf hlt lbg= j]xf]g{ kfofsf] 5}g=
Ohfkmdf= bfdf;lxsf efun] k'/fgf Ohf/fbf/= nfO{= ldGxf u/fO{ lb= ldlt gk'uL khgL
uGof{nfO{= huf lnGof cl3Nnfn]= sj'lno]t jdf]lhdsf] hDdf r'lSt u¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof /
lx;fjdf= j9tf uofsf]= /x]5 eGof= j9tf uofsf /k}ofsf] b;f}bsf b/n]= Jofh :d]t e/fO{
lb k'/fgfn]= dLGxf kfofsf ljuf jdf]lhd b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf b/n]
s}b ug'{= 7]s]bf/ Ohf/fbf/sf ju{tn]= txl;nug{ g;fsf] ldlt k'Uof kl5 hufdf /èfsf]
jf+sL eGof 7]sbf/= Ohf/fbf/nfO{= ldGxf x'b}g= j'emfpg' kGof{= 7fp+ cfkm'n] j'emfO{= hufdf
/:t ls:t ul/ xfsLd 5]p d'gfl;j dflkms=sf] jn d2t=dfuL= cfkm'n] p7fO{ lbg'=
%= huf hdLg /}/sd\ u}îsf 7]s Ohf/fsf]= khgLubf{= s;}n] d Plt lb+5' egL sj'n ul/=
Dofbsf]= k'hL{ 6;fof] cyjf dflnsx? l;t=u} lj+ltu¥of] kl5jf6 huf ln+g egL 5f8\of]
eGof= t]:tfnfO{=Ohfkm j9ofsf] /x]5 eGof a8ofsf O{hfkm jdf]lhd= Ohfkmj9ofsf] /x]g5
eGof=@) ?k}of j]s'jL b+8 ug'{= efuL uof] eGof= Dofb ;+d kif{g'=Dofb ;+ddf= cfo]g eGof=
huf j+bf]j:t ul/= hlt nfU5= khgL ug'{ P:tf a]s'km / eu'jfn] jf]Nof Hdfsf] ;b/ x'b}g=
eu'jfnfO{= h}Nx] km]nf k5{ klqm;f]xL jdf]lhd= b+8 ug'{= glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
^= if'jfsf hufsf] jfhlj ;]df{ cl3 b]lif bl/ rlncfofsf /s+ snd= 7]s ?k}of ltg'{ kGof{df=
hufdf g36L 36\of] e+Gof /= 3/ p7\of] egL= ?k}of gltGof{ jif]8f uGof{nfO{= hlt 36\of] e+5
plt ljuf] j'emL ljuf jdf]lhd hl/jfgf ug'{=
&= iff/]h -Ohf/f 7]s s't nfpGof=n]= ljt{ j]if 5fk hflu/= if'jf u'l7 ufp+ hLld huf u}î /=
/sDd:d]t= sf] Ohf/f 7]s nfp+bf= cufj} hlt= j95=huf nLGofnfO{=d'ifn] j9fpg\Hofn=
j9fpg'= h:nfO{= lbg' 5= xfgfxfgdf h:n] j9\of]= cfkm'n] kTofosfnfO{= nfn df]x/ b:ift
k§f= rf/bfd e} jxflnlbof kl5 p;} ;fndf= & lbg leqdf= csf]{ j9g cfof] eGof=
j9GofnfO{ lbg'= ;ft lbg pk|fGt c? j9g cfof klg= cl3NnfnfO{= iff];g x'b}g=
cl3Nn}sf] ;b/ x'+5=cbfnt sf}l; bkmb/= s'dfl/rf]s\ d'n'sL iffgf hflubf{/ u}î /= ;jf{+s
dfkmL ljtf{ 5fk j]ifkmLu7f/= d/f]6 dfgf rfjn= u'l7 u}îsf= wgLn]= cl3Nn}=nfO{ yfdLlbg'=
c}g gf3L khgL uGof{nfO{= ;os/f !) ?k}of hl/jfgf ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of=d}Gxfsf= % ?k}of
bn]{ s}b ug'{_
*= dxfsfln k"j{=d]lr kZrLd dWo];= kfxf8 / e/ d'n'ssf/= /}/s+sf] kk{hgL ubf{=
sf}l;tf];fiffgf= k|e'lt huf hufsf= sfl/+bf/x?n] r'Nxf] g5'6Lofsf / c+z ge} ;+uj:ofsf=
jfj' 5f]/f bfHo" efO{df= s;}nfO{ ! hgfsf] dfq} gfp+ xfln= /}s/= if'jfu'7L ljtf{ 5fk dfgf
rfjn= j]if iffgL 6s ;f/= u}î Ohf/f cdfgt= /sd sn+d lbbf /= wg hdfgL u}î lb+bf=
sf k§f sj'lnot ;jfn= d'r'Nsf= hdfgL kq u}î n]iffofdf t]:sf]r'Nxf] g5'l§ofsf / c+;
ge} ;uj:ofsf jfj' 5f]/f bfHo" efO{= u}î hxfg= sf]lx cfO{= Tof] n]ifLlbofsf= sfuhdf
xfd|f] gfp kgL k¥ofsf] 5}g= P; s'/fsf= iftL pkltdf xfdL ;fd]n 5}g egL= s/fpg cfof=
eGof sfuhdf gfp n]lifGof rflxsf] c+;jf6 dfq}nLg kfOG5= c? ;fd]n gx'Gofsf=
c+;af6 lng kfOb}g glng'= p;jf6 h+df pl7;s]g eGof= huflb sfuh n]iffO{ lnGof
sfl/Gbfaf6 egf{ u/fpg' rf/j0f{ 5lQ;} hft b'lgofF u}în] klg u'l7 ljtf{ j]if d/f}6 dfgf
rfjn= if'jf wg hdfgLkq n]ifL lbofsfdf r'Nxf] g 5'§Lofsf /= c+; geofsf= c+;Lof/=
;j}sf] gfp k¥ofsf] sfuhkq eofsf dfq} ;j} l;t lngkfOF5= geoof c?nfO{=kqmg
x'b}g= h:sf] gfp+sfuhdf n]ifLofsf] 5= iflt pklt= p;}sf] x'+5= p;} l;t dfq} lng'= jfj'
cfdfn]= n]lif lbofsf] eof= 5f]/fn] j'emfpg' k5{= ;jfn k§f sj'lno]t= hdfgLkq u}î=
lng lbgsf= sfuhkqdf lnGofsf bfHo" efO{ jfj' 5f]/f= Psf r'Nxfdf eft iffGofdf= s;}n]
d]/f] gfp kgL k¥ofsf] 5}g= P; s'/fdf ;fd]n kgL 5}g egL @ d}Gxf eLqdf sf]lx= e+g cfof
ltGn] ltg'{ kb}{g= @d}Gxf eLq= yfxf kfO{ hgfp= lbg gcfpGofn]= gfkmf gf]S;fgdf= ;fd]n e}
ltg'{ k5{ !(!$ ;fn d+;L/ d}Gxf ;+d P:tf s'/f kl/ cfof cl3rNof jdf]lhd ug'{= jfxf
pk|fGt P;} c}g jdf]lhd ul/ l5gLlbg'=
(= s;}n] ;jfn k§f sj'lno]t ul/ Ohf/f cdfgt lnofsf hufdf= dflg; xfln sfd nfpbf
gfkmf gf]S;fgsf] efu ul/; iffg' egL ;f/f iflt pkltsf] sj'lno]t= sf] n]ift eofsf
gfkmf kgL cfkmgf efu cg';f/= iffg'= gf]S;fg k¥ofdf kgL= cfkmgf efu cg';f/ ltg'{=
bdf{xfsf] ;/ift\= x'Gofn] ;/ift jdf]lhd kfp5= ;/ift 5}g= Pltlbpnf e+Gof sj'n kgL
41
 5}g= cfkmg' ifr{ iffO{=sfd= u¥ofsf] /x]=5 eGof=d}Gxfsf # ?k}ofsf b/n]= sfd u¥of;Ddsf]
bdf{xf lbnfO{{lbg'= ;/ift\ sj'n s]xL /x]5 /sdLsf] ifr{vfO{= sfd u¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof=
p:sf if';n] lbofdfq} kfp+5= glbof s/ nfu\b}g P:tfs'/fdf ;f/f iftL pkltsf]= lnift
eofsf]= /x]5= glbof s/ nfu\b}g P:tfs'/fdf ;f/f iftL pkltsf]= lnift eofsf]= /x]g5=
hufdf gfkmf eof] /=d}n] sfd u¥ofsf] 5= efu kfpGof x'+ eÙ cfof lnift ge} efu
kfpb}g; egL 7f]sL lbg' ;f/f iflt pkltsf]= lnift eofsf] /x]g5=hufdf 6'6k¥of] egL huf
lnGofn] t / d e}= sfd u¥ofsf] x'+ 6'6fk¥of] of] 6'6ft}n] kgL ltg'{ k5{ eGof] eGof= lnift
geofsfn]= 6'6fltg'{ kb}{g= P:tf emu/fdf= b+8 hLtfp/L= gug'{= b;f}b lj;f}b ln l5gL lbg'=
!)= j]kfl/ dxfh++ u}în] ;fhf j]kf/ ubf{ hlt hgf u'd:tf eofsf 5g\= ;j}n] /f; xfln j]kf/
u¥ofsf /èf5g= eGof /f; x]l/= efu u/L lbg'= Psfsf] dfq} /f; /x]5 c? u'd:tf e} uofsf
/èf5g\ eGof ;fx'jf6 gfkmf gf]S;fgsf] efu ul/ lbofsf] /x]5 eGof /= jdf{xfsf] sj'n ul/
n]liflbofsf] /x]5 eGof lnift jdf]lhd gfkmf gf]S;fgsf] efu kfp+GofnfO{= efu / bdf{xf=
kfpgofnfO{= bdf{xf= e/fO{ lbg' ;fx'sf] ;if{t= geofsfn]= gfkmfsf] efu bdf{xf sj'n
u¥ofsf] 5 egL ;dfpg kfpb}g= sfd eGof u¥ofsf] /x]5= Pltlbg' eGof ;if{t eGof /x]g5=
eGof t]:tf u'd:tfnfO{ iffgbL sfd u/fofsf eof s]xL lbg' kb}{g iffg lbofsf] /x]g5 eGof
sfd u¥ofsf lbgsf] lx;fj ul/= d}Gxfsf # ?k}`fofsf b/n] sfd u/fpGofjf6 lbnfO{ lbg'=
sfd eGof s]xL u¥ofsf] /x]g5= ;fx'n] ;if{t kgL ul/lbofsf /x]g5= sj'n kgL /x]g5= d
Plt kfp+Gofx' egL p;} ;dfpg cfofsf] /x]5 eGof= ;/ift ge} csf{nfO{ ;dfgt cfpGof
em'§f] 7x5{ p;n] ;dfTofsf= ljuf jdf]lhd b+8 ug'{=
!!= ;sf{/Lof ?k}ofdf cdfgtsf ?k}of Ohf/fsf ?k}+of= hfuL/sf ?k}of d'n'ssf ?k}of huft
e+;f/ iffgL 6ssf= u}î sfl/+bf l;tsf= d'n's jfls 9's'l6 txljn bkmb/ ;b/ bkmb/=
s'dfl/rf]s cbfnt 7fgf c8\f uf}8f d]ulhg wdf{lwsf/= /sdL sf/f]jfl/ h+uL d'n'sL=
gLhfdtL u}î ?k}of k};fsf] sfhsfd uGof{n]= nfiff} ?k}of kmnfgf sfl/+bf=n] iffofsf] 5
egL s;}n] kf]Nof] t]:df ! ?k}of ;faLt u¥of] eGof= 9]/} kf]Nofdf ! ?k}of dfq} ;fljt eof]
eGof egL kf]nGofnfO{= ift nfUb}g= 8+8 hl/jfgf x'+b}g= kf]Nxfn] kf]Nofsf Hdfdf= !?k}of
kgL= ;fljt ug{ ;s]g eGof= kf]nGofnfO{ hlt kf]Nofsf] 5 p;} ljuf jdf]lhd= b+8 ug'{
?k}of glt¥of= d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf bn]{= s}b ug'{ kf]nfO{ dfUGofnfO{= s]xL kb}{g=
!@= rf/ cbfntsf]= ;fn;fnsf] hDdf ifr{ kmf/if ubf{ cl3b]ifL rlncfof jdf]lhd= sf] b:t'/
?k}of = ( dfq} cbfnt O6frkln= jf6 nL cbfntsf dflnssf gfpdf iffn iffnsf]= h'jf
h'b} kmf/iful/ lbg'= h'bf h'b} kmf/if eof kl5= km/if lk5]sf]= b:t'/ nfU5 egL glng'=
!#= >L % ;sf{/ nufo]t= b'gL`fbf/ s;}n] @! ;fn >fj0f z'bL= ! /f]h b]ifL pk|fGt Ohf/f
cdfgTsf]= /sd lb+bf s;}nfO{ td;'sL ?k}of ;fk6 bLbf= txljnsf]= hLd\df lb+bf= !)
xhf/ b]ifLdfly ifr{ ugf{sf]= cifTofl/sf] sfd lb+bf P:tf s'/fdf ;jfn k§f sj'lno]t=
td;'s= cqmf/= Hdfgj+bL n]iffpbf !^ jif{ b]ifL dfyLsf jfj' 5f]/f elthf gflt= # k':tfsf]
gfp n]ifL ltg} hgfnfO{ ;lxxnfO{ lng'= # k':tf 5}g eGof= !^ jif{ gf£ofsf= @ k':tfsf] gfpF
n]iffO{ @ hgfsf] ;lxxnfO{ lng'= !^ jif{ gf£ofsf @ k':tf klg 5}g eGof efO elthfsf] gfpF
n]lif p:sf] :d]t\ ;lx xnfO{ lng'= ;jfn k§fdf klg olx l/t;+u gfpF xfnL lbg'= !^ jif]{
gk'Uofsf afnifnfO{= ;lx xnfO{ lnofsf]= td;'s sj'lno]t cqmf/sf] ;lx x'b}g= of] l/t
gk'¥ofO{= Ps} hgfsf gfp+df /= !^ jif{ gk'Uofsf] 5f]/f= gflt efO{ elthfsf gfp+df td;'s
csf/ sj'lno]t ;jfn= k§f= ul/ lbg'= egL= ?Ssfb:ift\ ul/ lbof] eGof= t]; ;+u
jfls/èfsf] wg= ?Ssf b:ift= ;jfn= k§f u/fO{ lbGofjf6 lng'= jfj' 5f]/f gflt efO{=
elthfdf= ;lx xfnGof sf]lx /x]g5 eGof= t]:tfnfO{= dfly n]ifLofsf] sfd glbg' ;lx
xfNofkl5= jfHof jfj' bfh' efO{= elthfsf] wg ;+klt klg= iffg nfUofsf] jf+sL ltbLg{ eÙ
kfpb}g= ;lx xfNof kl5 jf+sL lbg'{ k5{=
!$= c8f c8f uf}8f uf}8fdf /èfsf /= huf hufdf c;'n txl;n ug{ uofsf h+uL gLhfdlt
xfsLd= /sdL u}în]= ;jfn jdf]lhDsf txl;n x'Gof= cfDbfgL ;;{nfdL= b}b:t'/ft= jf
h]/sd=jfh]/sd= :d]t gulb hLg;L= cfDbfgL= c;'n eofsf lbgsf] /=l5Gofsf
emu8fsf]= cfDbfgL gl5Gofsf= emu8fsf] ljuf] cfDbfgL hf+r / cbfntjf6 b+8 u}î
tf]lsofsf= bLgsf] /f]h /f]hsf] gub lhg;L= cfd\bfgL= ifr{:ofxf r9fpg'= ;f] :ofxf
jdf]lhd= Ps cIf/ Ps dfqf km/s gkfl/= csf]{ k|ltptfl/= cfkmg' ;lx5fk ul/=
g]kfnsfn]= # lbgdf= sf};ndf bflifn ug'{= 6f9fsfn] hfgf cfpgf jf6fsf lbg jfx]s
42
 ^).^) lbgdf sf};ndf k7fO{ lbg'= sf};lnofn]= klg= Tof] sfuh cfkm';+u /flif t]:sf]
gsn ;fl/ s'dfl/rf]s= df k7fO{ lbg'= g]kfnsfn]= # lbg= g3fo]/ Nofof] eGof/= 6f9fsfn]=
hfg cfpg jf6fsf lbg jfx]s= ^) lbg g3fo]/ Nofof] eGof t]:tfnfO{= ljuf] if8f ul/=
ljufsf] b;f}b hl/jfgf ug'{=
!%= s'dfl/rf]sn] sf};njf6 kfofsf sfuh jdf]lhd\ cfDbfgL sl; jlx j'emg'= h'g ldltdf
c;'n eofsf] p; dLltdf :ofxfdf cfDbgL grîfO{ csf{ ldltdf :ofxfdf= cfDbfgL
rîfosf] /x]5 eGof= ldlt km/s kfl/ kl5 :ofxf rîfofsf gut hLlg;\sf] ;os/f @) b+8
ug'{=
!^= /otjf6 c;'n eofsf] Psyf]s /f]h /f]hsf] :ofxf jdf]hLd= ;lx 5fk ul/ sf};ndf /kf]6\
k7fofsf] Ps yf]s jlx j'emGof j]nfdf :ofxf x]bf{ eGof= /otjf6 c;'n eof jdf]lhd=
b'/:t /x]5 eGof e'n 7x5{= t]:tfnfO{ ift jft nfu\b}g= /otjf6 Ps yf]s c;'n x'Gof /f]h
/f]hsf] :ofxf jdf]lhd= ;lx5fk ul/ sf};ndf /kf]6\ Ps yf]s k7fpGof= :ofxf grîfpGof
P:tf] u¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof ljuf jdf]lhd=b+8 ul/ sfd b]ifL iff/]h ug'{=
!&= ;sf{/sf uf]nf ul2df dfq j]rg'= c? l;t gj]rg' e+Gof plb{eofsf]=cn}rL u}î lhlgl;
dfn uf]nf ul2df gnuL c?nfO{ j]Rofsf] 7x¥of= ljuf] hkmt ul/ lsGof j]rGof b'j}nfO{=
;f]lx ljufsf] cflwcflwsf b/n] b+8 ug'{ ;sf{/jf6 bfblg;d]t lnofsf dfn d'unfgfdf
n}lu= j]Rofsf] /x]5 eGof= j]rGofjf6 j]Rofsf ?k}of nLnfd\ ul/ ljuf jdf]lhd b+8 :d]t
ug'{ uf]nf ul2df hfGof jf6f] gnuL=rf]/ jf6f] ul/ n}Uofsf] 7x¥of jf6f] b]iffO{ lbGofn]= s]lx
iffO{ b]iffofsf] eof= iffofsf] j'emLnL p;} jdf]lhd s]xL giffO b]vfPsf] eof !) ?k}of b08
ug'{ k'Unfgfdf j]Rg n}uofsf] dfn hflg hflg 3f6 tfl/lbofsf] 7x¥of= 3f6 tfl/lbGofn]
lnofsf] if]jf hkmt ul/ ;f]xL ljuf jdf]lhd\ hl/jfgf ;d]t ug'{=
!*= cfDbfgL if{rdf gub lhlg;\ u}î h:tf] dfn h'g hft xf] p:sf] b/ gfk tf}n u+lt Hdf lnGof
lbGofsf] gfp 7fp+ Hof n]ifg' kGof{ xf] n]ifLp:df j'emfpGofsf] /= j'emGofsf] ;lx 5fk
;fljssf] h+df n]ifLofsf xfnsf] sRrfjf/ n]ifLofsf jflsdf dl;t jf+sL Plt 5 e+Gof
txljnbf/sf] ;lx5fk k¥ofsf] /f]h /f]hsf] cfDbfgL ifr{ Plts} xf] eGof n]ifLofsfdf
c8fsf xflsdn] j'emL ;lx 5fk ug'{ e+Gof @@ ;fn b]ifLrNofsf] hflg hflg ?k}of /flif
sj'n ul/ sfddf nfUofsf cfDbfgL ifr{sf] sfd uGof{ c8fjfnf u}în] ;f] l/t jdf]lhd\sf]
:ofxf sf};n s'dfl/rf]sdf Nofp+bf hfbfsf jf6fsf lbgsf] c+bfh /= sfuh kq
jgfpbfsf] Dofb Plt Pltdf Nofpnf e+Gof sj'n jdf]lhDsf lbg leqdf Nofofgg\ eGof
;f] sj'nsf Dofb leq sfuh NofpGof / gNofpGofnfO{= xfn rNofsf >]itf jdf]lhd\sf]
sfuh jgfpGof / gjgfpGofnfO{= tkl;n jdf]lhd\sf] g]sgfdf]lbgfsf] /= ;hfo ugf{sf]
c}g ===========================================================================================================#
!(= sj'n u¥ofsf Dofb lbg leq sfuh kq gNofGof g]kfn iffNbf leqsfnfO{= klxn] k6s
tflstfnfO{ Kofbf k7fO{ NofO{ y'lg p:sf sj'n jdf]lhdsf]= sfuh tof/ ug{ nufO{ 5f8L
lbg'= bf]>f k6s kgL sfuh tof/ u/]g eGof= Kofbf k7fO{ kqmLNofO{ g]n 7f]sL sfuh tof/
ug{ nufO{ 5f8Llbg'= km]l/ t]>f k6sdf kgL= sfuh tof/ u/]g egof kqmL NofO{ g]n 7f]sL
sfuhkq tof/ ug{ nufO{ sfd jf6 jif{f; ul/ lbg'=
@)= sj'n u¥ofsf Dofb leq sfuhkq gNofpGof= g]kfn iffNbf jfx]ssfnfO{= tflstLsf]
b:ift k7fpg'= b:ift k'Uofkl5= rflxGof :ofxf cfjHof{ k7fof] eGof= p:sf sj'n
jdf]lhd= l/t k'Uof gk'Uofsf] hfrL /Lt k'Uofsf] /x]5eGof= ;b/ug'{= rfxLGof /Lt k'Uofsf]
/x]g5 e+Gof= Plt s'/f] k'Uofsf] /x]5= Plt s'/f] k'Uofsf] /x]g5 e+Gof j]xf]/f hgfO{= :ofxf
cfjHof{ n]lif k7f e+Gof= tflsltsf] csf]{ b:ift ul/ k7fO{= :ofxf cfjfhf{ emLsfpg' t]lt
ubf{ klg k7fo]g eGof= bf]>f k6sdf= >L k|fOd\ ldlgi6/sf thljhn] r's cg';f/ cfgf
b]ifL dfyL @) ?k}of;Ddsf] hl/jfgf :d]t= tf]ls csf]{ tflsltsf] b:ift ul/ k7fO{= :ofxf
cfjHof{ lemsfpg'=t]lt ubf{ klg p:sf sj'n jdf]lhdsf] :ofxf cfjHof{ k7fo]g eGof=
l;kfxL k7fO{= g]n 7f]sL NofO{= sfuhkq tof/ ug{ nufO{ sfdjf6 jiff{; ul/ lbg'=
@!= @@ ;fnsf= sj'nLot\ ;jfn jdf]lhdsf] ;j} l/t k'¥ofO{ :ofxf cfjfHof{ n]iofsf] /x]5=
sj'n u¥ofsf Dofb leqdf= ;f] :ofxf cfjfHof{ NofO{= s'df/Lrf]sdf bflifn ul/ j'em
j'emf/y ul/ kmf/ift lnGof /sdL sfdbf/ nfO{ sRrf iff]hGof 7fp/flif bfdsfddf 36L
jl9 gkfl/ sj'nsf Dofb leq :ofxf cfjfHof{ bflifn u/L jxL j'emfO{= kmf/ift nLof]= of]

43
 c}g ;jfn dflkms slQ 36L jl9 gkfl/ sfd uGof{ /x]5 e+Gof j]xf]/fn]ifL cfkmg' k'5 \of
5fk\nufO{ g]sgfdLsf] ?Ssf b:ift u/fO{ lbg'=
@@= bkmb/iffgf= >L s'df/L rf]sjf6 cj pk|fGt jlx j'lem kmf/if lb+bf @@ ;fndf eofsf=
sj'lnot ;jfn jdf]lhd\sf] :ofxf gj'lem= cs}{/Ltsf] :ofxf j'lem kmf/s u¥ofsf] 7x¥of]
Dofb jdf]lhd tLg k6ssf] tflslt ul/ :ofxf glemofsf] 7x¥of]= /kf]6\ lbg' eGofsfdf=
/kf]6\ glbofsf] 7x¥of]= sRrf iff]hGof 7fp+ g/flif dfnsf] b/ gfk tf}n u+lt lnGof lbGofsf]
gfp hft 3/df g= gn]lifofsf cfDbfgL ifr{ 36L j9Lkfl/ n]iffofsfdf ldGxf lbofsf] 7x¥of]
eGof= >L k|fO{d\ ldlgi6/sf thljhn]= r's cg';f/ hl/jfgf ug'{=
@#= c8f c8f hufjf6 cfDbfgL lhDdf of] xf]= t]; dWo] ifr{ olt eof] jf+sL Plt 5 eGof :ofxf
cfof kl5 kmnfgf ldlt b]ifL kmnfgf ldlt;Ddsf] cfDbfgL ifr{ jf+sLsf] :ofxf xfldn]
j'lemnLo'F eGof ;gt n]ifL s'dfl/ rf]ssf xflsdsf] k'5¥of5fk nufO{ Nofofsfdf
sf};nsf] 5fk nufO{ ?Ssf b:tvt sf] ekf{O u/fO lbg' ?Ssf b;iftsf] ekf{kof
b]iffofkl5 t]; :ofxfdf=kl5 c? s;}n]= kqmg kfpb}gg\= /sdLn] kgL j'emfpg'=kb}{g kl5
Tof] :ofxf s;}n] x]g'{ k¥of] eGof= s'dfl/ rf]s}jf6 dfuL :ofxf x]g'{= csf]{ ptfl/ lng'= s'dfl/
rf]sdf j'emfO{ ekf{O{ nL ;Sofsf :ofxfdf t}n] lbg' k5{ egL /sdLnfO{ kqmGofnfO{ !)
?k}of hl/jfgf ug'{=
cfkmgf lhDdf/èfsf txljnsf Hdfsf] l/kf]6\ xfNbf 36L kfl/
l/kf]6\ xfnGofnfO{ b+8 ;hfo uGof{ c}g ===========================
@$= cfkmgf lhDdf txljndf /èfsf] /= cfkm'n] j'emfpg' kGof{ s'/fsf] l/kf]6 xfNbf j'emfpg'
kGof{ Hdfsf] b;f}b;Dd dfq} km/s kf¥ofsf]/x]5= hdf txljNd} /x]5 eGof d'ifTof/sf
thjLhn] ! ?k}of b]ifL @) ?k}of;Dd hl/jfgf ul/ sfuh ;RofO{ 5fl8lbg'= Hdf eGof
txljNd} /x]5 l/kf]6\ df b;f}b b]ifL j9tf km/s kfl/ lbofsf] 7x¥of Hdf j'emLnL hfuL/
iff]l; jbnf ul/ lbg'= Hdf kgL txljNdf /x]g5 l/kf]6df kgL yf]/} b] iffo]5 eGof cfkm'n]
iffgfsf nfuL 9f6\ofsf] 7x5{= txljn df;Gofsf c}g jdf]lhd ug'{=

&= Oh/f nfuGof /sd hufsf] c}g ;jfnsf] /fxf k'¥ofO{ olt ?k}of j9L d ln+5' eÙ
cfpGofnfO{= c}g ;jfnsf] /fxf k'¥ofO{ k'lh 6fl; lbg' & lbgsf ldofb leq j9g
cfpGofsf] ;b/ x'+5= c}g ;jfn df]lhdsf] /fxf k'¥ofO{ kTof/ kfg{ ;s]g eGof & lbgsf]
Dofb k'Uofsf] xf] egL ph"/ ug{ kfpb}g c}g ;jfnsf] /fxf k'¥ofO{= kTof/ kfg{ ;sGofsf]
;b/ u/fO{ lbg'= c}g ;jfnsf] /fxf gk'¥ofO{ & lbgsf Dofbsf e/n] dfq Oh/flbGof xflsd
nfO{ hlt Hdfsf] Oh/f nfofsf] 5 p;} Hdfsf] ;}s/f !) ?k}ofsf b/n] hl/jfgf ul/ Oh/f
pN6fO{ lbg'=
!*= g]kfnjf6 khgL x'Gof ;sf{l/of /sd u}îdf c}g jdf]lhd Dofbsf] k'lh{ 6;fpbf
c8fjfnfsf] 5fk nufO{ Nofofsf k'lh+df sf};nsf] :d]t 5fk nufO{ gSsn cfkm'l;t /flif
Dofbsf] k'lh+ 6f;g'= cÝfjfnfsf] / sf};nsf] 5fk gnufO{ k"lh{ 6f:ofsf] 7x¥of] eGof / =
k'lh+sf] Dofb k'Ubfsf ! lbg cuf8L d'ifTof/ l;t hfx]/ gu¥ofsf] 7x¥of t]; k'lh{sf] ;b/
x'+b}g 5fk gnufO{ difTof/ l;t ghgfO{ 6;fofsf] ;b/ x'+b}g e+Gof ljxf]/f hgfO{ csf]{ k'lh{
6;fO{= c}g jdf]lhd /sd u}î lbg'=

@@ ;fn b]ifL cl3sf /sd\ j'emfpGof c}g

jlx lemsfpGof Dofbsf] c}g

!= jlx gj'emfO{ /èfsf 9fqm\of hfuL¥of /sdL / /sdLsf efO{ 5f]/f u}înfO{ lbg #% leqdf
cfkm'n] j'emfpg' kGof{ jlx / j'emfpg' ;sGof sfl/bf k7fp+5f} tfkgL= cfkm' cfp5f} 6fkgL
cfp Dofb leqdf cfkm'n] j'emfpg' kGof{ jlx /= j'emfpg' ;sGof sfl/+bf klg k7fogf}
cfkm'kgL cfogf} eGof kqmL g]n 7f]sL ljOHht e} cfpnf e+Gof g]kfn iffn\8f leqsf
/sdLnfO{ plb+ lbg'= g]kfn iffn\8f afx]ssf /sdLnfO{ ;f]lx j]xf]/fsf] ?Ssf b:ift u/fO{
k7fpg' ldofb gf£ofkl5 kgL g cfpGof= 9fqmof hfuL¥of /sdL u}î hf] ;ls eof kgL
kqmLNofO{ c}g jdf]lhd ul/ jlx j'em\g'=
44
 Dofb leq jlx j'emfpg gcfpGof /sdLnfO{ g]n 7f]ls
NofpgfnfO{ ?Ssf b:ift k7fpGof c}g ====================
@= ;fn ;fnsf /sdLx?df= cfh;Dd s'df/Lrf]sdf jlx gxfnGofnfO{ p;sf sj'n
jdf]lhd ;fn tdfg\ eof kl5 cfpgf hfgf jf6fsf] c+bfh sf lbg /= sfuh tof/ ugf{ s]=
lbg #% sf] Dofb ;d]t /flif s'dfl/rf]ssf] k'5\fnfUofsf] sf};nsf] k'hL{ k7fpg' ;f] k'lh{
hfFbf klg jlx NofPg eGof bf]>f k6sdf dflg; k7fO{ eof kgL csf{ c8fnfO{ n]ifL eof
kgL g]n 7f]lsNofpg' e+Gof ljxf]/fsf] ?Ssf b:ift n]ifL s'df/L rf]ssf] / sf};nsf] k'5\¥of
5fk nfUofkl5 ?Ssf b:ift u/fO{ /sdL lemsfpg'=
/sdL cfO{ k'Uof kl5 cfDbfgL ifr{ jfls dWo] xs
jflssf] d+h'/gfdf uGof{ c}g ==========================
#= @!;fn;Ddsf /sdL s'df/Lrf]sdf cfO{ k'Uof kl5 t}n] ;jfn ;gt c}g k|dfguL /=
h?/ftsf] sfd kl/ cfpbf cfl6 u¥ofsf] ;d]t cfDbfgL ifr{ ul/ n]ifLofsf] d}n] sfd kfof
b]ifL cfh;Ddsf] j'emfpg' kGof{ sfuh / sfuhdf n]ifLofsf] cfDbfgL ifr{ jfls Plts} xf]
`fxfF b]ifL 36L j9L sfuh kgL 5}g= ;f] jfls dWo] ph/ft Plt xf] if'b jfls Plt xf] egof
/sdLsf] ;xL5fk u¥ofsf] sfuh ln ;f]lx jdf]lhd\= if'b jflssf] d+h'/gfdf u/fO{= cfkm'n]
j'eLnLofsf] cDsf ;fn b]ifL cDsf ;fn tssf] sfuh kq / jf;Ln jfsLsf] jfsLdf
ph'/ft egL /fiofsf] Plt d+h'/gfdf u¥ofsf] Plt eGof sfuh n]lif / ;f]6 \ xfln ;b/
eofkl5 s'df/L rf]ssf] k'5\Tof 5fk sf};nsf] 5fk nufO{ /sdLnfO{ /;Lb ul/lb g]n
k¥ofsf] eof g]n sfl6 df]7\ txljndf ;f]kL lbg'=
/sdLn] ph'/ u¥ofsf s'/fdf sf];ndf l/kf]6\ xfnL Dofbleq
?Ssf b:iftnL cfof ldGxf lbGof ;gt Nofpg g;Sof glbGof c}g======
$= ph/ft egL /sdLn] cfkm'l;t /fiofsf jfsLsf] /l;b lbofsf] ph/ft lgsf;f ugf{nfO{
/sdLnfO{ lbg #% sf] efiff iffjf lbg'= efiff leq sf};ndf /kf]6\ xfNg'= sf};njf6 kgL
ldGxf lbg' d'gfl;j 7x¥ofsfnfO{ d'gfl;j 7x/f~o" egL l/kf]6\ n]ifL d'ifTof/ l;t hfx]/ ug'{
/ hjfkm eof jdf]lhd ug'{= efiff leqdf ph/ft\ ldGxfsf] 7]ufgf u/fpg ;s]g eGof /
j]d'gfl;j grfxLGof s'/fsf] ph"/ft\= u¥ofsf 7x¥of] eGof= t]:sf] ;d]t d+h'/gfdf u/fO{ df]7\
txljndf k7fO{ b]p e+Gof sf};nsf] k'lh{ ;d]t ul/= Tof] /sdL s'df/L rf]s\df k7fO{ lbg'=

xs jfsLdf d+h"/gfdf ;lx gcfnL cl8GofnfO{ ;fws uGof{ c}g ========

%= /sdLsf] jxL j'embf ;j} kl/j+b k'uL jfls 7x¥ofsf s'/fdf d+h'/gfdf u/fpbf cl8 ;lx
guGof{ lwugfxfnfO{ ;fws ul/ ;lx gxfn+hL g]n xfnL s}b ug'{= d+h'/gfdfdf ;lx xfNof
k5L g]n iff]nL df]7 txjLndf= ;k'b{ ul/ lbg'= df]7 txjLn\jf6 c}g jdf]lhd ug'{=

jlx gj'emfO{ dGof{ /sdLsf efO{ 5f]/fnfO{ jlx j'emfpg

cfp e+Gof tflslt uGof{ c}g ==============================
^= jxL gj'emfO /èfsf /sdL u}î d¥ofsf /èf5g\= /sd ln+bf c+;ge} ;uj:ofsf pgsf O
5f]/f etLhf /èf5g\ eGof pgnfO{ P:tf] c}g eofsf] 5 of] pbL{ k'Uofsf !) d}Gxfleqdf
cfkm'n] j'emfpg' kGof{ jlx / j'emfpg g;s\Gof= sfl/+bf kgL k7fogf} cfkm' kgL cfogf}+
eGof kqmL g]n 7f]sL ljOHht e} cfpnf e+Gof g]kfn iffn8feLqsf /sdLnfO{ plb{ lbg'=
g]kfn iffn\8f jfx]ssf /sdLnfO{ ;f]lx a]xf]/fsf] ?Ssf b:ift u/fO{ k7fpg' Dofb gf£of=
kl5 kgL gcfpGof 9fqm\of hfuL¥of /sdL u}î hf] ;'sL eof kgL kqmL NofO{ c}g jdf]lhd\
ul/= jlx j'emg'=

jfls gltl/ dGof{ /sdLsf efO{ 5f]/fn] jlx kq j'emfpg ;St}gf}

jfsL / shf{ltg{ klg ;St}gf} eÙ cfpbf uGof{ c}g ==============

&= jlx j'emfO{ kmf/if= lng' kGof{shf{ ltg'{ kGof{ dflg; sf]lx jxL gj'emfO{ jf+sL / shf{ gltl/
d/]5 eGof t:sf] leÙ ge} Psf3/ j:ofsf jfj' bfHo" efO 5f]/fx?df !^ jif{ gf£ofsfn]
d"bf{ gp7fpFb}df / !^ jif{ dgLsfn] d'bf{ gp7fpb}df xj; jf d'bf{ p7fO{ ;sL k5Ljf6 xj;\
xfdL jxL kq j'emfpg ;Stf}g= shf{ / jfsL ltg{ kgL ;Stf}g= hf] eofsf] 3/ if]t huf
45
 hdLg gut lhlg; n]lif lb+5f}= ;sf{/ nfuf];\ egL g]kfnsfn] s'df/L rf]sdf= 6f9fsfn]
cfkmgf ghLsdf c8f uf}8f= cdfndf cfO{ hfx]/ u¥of= ltgnfO{ jlx j'emfpgfsf] /= jfls
shf{ ltgf{sf] s/ nfub}g= pgsf Psf3/sf hxfg}sf]= xfd|f hf] eofsf] wg dfn Plts} xf]=
bjfof 5kfofsf] 5}g e+Gof d'r'Nsf n]iffO{ nL= wgdfg ;j} tfhft ul/ ln 7f8f] kmf/ift
u/fO{ lbg'= bjfofsf] 7x¥of= wg ;Dklt bjfO{ eÙ cfpGof n'Rrf] 7x5{ bjfofsf] kgL jfls
dWo] egf{ ul/ lng k'Uofsfdf= c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{ !^ jif{ gf£ofsf jfj' bfHo" efO{=
5f]/fx?n] d¥ofsf] d"bf{ kf]nL ;Sof kl5 eÙ= cfofsf] 7x¥of= wgdfn n'sfO{= ;sf{/ 9f6g
cfpGof= km/]jL 7x5{ t]:tfnfO{ kqmL jxL j'emL /sdsf] jfsL /= shf{sf] lx;fj= if;f] iff;
ul/ d'gfl;j dflkms ldGxf lb /èfsf] jfsL ltgx?jf6 j'emL kmf/s u/fO{ lbg' jfsL /
;fk6L glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b u'g{=
jxL gj'emfO{ efuGof /sdLsf efO{ 5f]/fnfO{ d+h'/gfdf uGof{ c}g==========
*= jxL j'emfO{ kmf/s lng' kGof{ dflg;\= sf]lx jlx gj'emfO{ jfls gltl/ efUof] eGof= Tof] rf]/
/sdL xf]= t]:tfsf leq ge}= ;+u j:ofsf jfj' bfHo" efO{ 5f]/f=x?n]= xfd|f] kmnfg' efUof]
tfklg t]:sf] jxL klg xfdL j'emfp5f} hf] 7x¥ofsf] jfls kgL lt5f}{ eGof c}g ;jfnsf l/t
jdf]lhd jlx j'lem 7x¥ofsf] jfsL ;d]t j'lem lnO{ kmf/s u/fO lbg' b+08 x'b}g /sd
lnGof efUof kl5 p:sf jfj' bfHo" efO{ 5f]/fx¿n] xfdL To;sf] jxL a'emfpg klg ;Stf}g
jf+sL klg ltbf}{g p:sf] wg;DkQL klg iffbf}+g eÙ kfpFb}gg\ o:tf rf]/ /sdLsf dfg'
g5'l§ofsf hxfg ;a}n] wg ;DklQ lnnfd u/L jf+sL nfUofsf ljuf] / ljuf jdf]lhd
hl/jfgf jfkt egf{ u/L lnO{ j9tf 7x¥of lkmtf{ u/fO{ lbg' k'u]g eGof /sd lnGof
efUofkl5 p;sf afa' bfHo" efO{ 5f]/fnfO{ jf+sL / ljuf] jdf]lhdsf hl/jfgf s}b ug{ x'Fb}g
skfnL td;'s n]iffO{ kNxfofdf lng' e+gof /:tls:t u/fO{ lbg'= ;f]lx /Lt l;t lng'=
/sd lnbf ;u /èfsf jfsL nfUg nfUof] egL jf jfsL nfUof
k5L leÙ x'Gof efO{ 5f]/fn] jfls ltbf}{g e+bf uGof{ c}g===========
(= s;}sf] jfj' bfHo" efO{ 5f]/f leÙ ge} ;+u j:ofsf /èf5g\= ltGdf Pshgfn] /sd ln+5'
egL ;f] /sdsf] k§f :d]t nLof kl5 jf+sL nfuGof tf}/ b]ifL jf= jfsL nfUof k5L= P:sf
jfsLdf xfdLx? ;d]t kg{ nfUo'+ egL= 5'l6 leÙ eofsf /èf5g\ eGof xfld 5'l6ofsfn]
t]:sf] jfsL ltbf}{g egL wg ;Dklt iffg kfpb}g= /sd\ lnbf= dfg' g5'l6ofsf=kl5
5'l6ofsf hxfg}sf wg ;DklQjf6 egf{ u/fO{ jfsL lng'=
/sdLn] d l;t jfsL Plt ph/ft jfsL Plt 5 egL ;lx ul/ lbofsf
df ifr{ gul/ ph' u¥ofsf 7x¥ofdf bf]r+bf lnGof c}gd\=======
!)= d]/f lx;fj Plt s} xf] egL n]ifL ;lx5fk ul/ lb ;Sofsf= sfuhjf6 hf+rj'em ubf{ /=
tof/ eofsf Hdf ifr{jf6 if:ofsf jfls ?k}ofdf d'n's jf6 c;'n ul/ ;sf{/ gj'emfO{
/sdLsf k]6df /èfsf ?k}ofsf] bf]r+bf :d]t nufO{ d+h'/gfdf u/fO{ k7fpg'=

/sdLn] d+h'/ ul/ s'df/Lrf]sjf6 k7fofsf d+h'/gfdfsf] jfsL

ltg{ g;sGofnfO{ uGof{ c}g =========================================

!!= s'df/L rf}sjf6 / d'n'sLiffgfjf6 d+h'/gfdf e} cfofsf /sdLsf] df]7\ txljnn] /=

sf};nn] kTofofsf] Hdflg lb+5 . eGof jif{ ! sf] efiff iffjf lbg' gut lt5'{ eGof j'emL ln
5f8L lbg' gut kgL ltb}{g HdfgL kgL lbg ;s]g eGof 3/ if]t hjfx]/= ;gfrflb nxgf
uxgf huf hdLg s;g\ tdg\= gut lhlgl; sdf/f sdf/L= rf}kfof u}î hf] 5 ;f] lnnfd
u/fO{ egf{ u/fpg'=t]lt ubf{ klg egf{ eo]g eGof= Plt jflssf] of] c;fdL j'lem ln /;Lb
b]p egL cbfnt O6frknL j'emfO{= /;Lb lng'= ;f] /;Lb jdf]lhd\ df]7 txjLn\nfO{ ldGxf
bLg'=
kmnfgfsf HdfgL d e`f t];n] ltg'{ ;s]g eGof d]/f 3/ 3/fgfjf6
lt?+nf egL HdfgL x'GofnfO{ d+h"/gfdf u/fpGof c}g==================
!@= kmnfgfsf] wg hdfgL d e`f t];n] ltg{ ;s]g eGof d]/f 3/ 3/fgfjf6 lt?nf egL HdfgL
eofsf] /x]5 eGof c;fdLsf hfohftjf6 gp7L jf+sL /èfsf]= HdfgLsf hfo hftjf6 egf{
u/fpg'= b'j}sf hfohftjf6 kgL egf{ geO{ jfls /èf] eGof t]; jfsLsf] /sdL c;fdLjf6
skfnL td;'s= u/fO{ HdfgL x'GofnfO{ ;k'b{ ug'{ HdfgL x'GofnfO{ !!.!# nDj/, sf c}g
jdf]lhd s}b ug'{= HdfgL s}b k¥of kl5= c;fdL /sdL s}b kb}{g=
46
 d+h'/gfdfsf] jfsL ltg{ g;Stf O6frknLdf j'emfpg Nofofsf
c;fdLnfO{ g]n 7f]sGof c}g===================================
!#= jxL kq j'emfO{ jfsL ltg'{ kGof{ /sdL= c;fdLnfO{ s'df/Lrf]s\jf6 jlx j'embf 7x¥ofsf]
xsjfnLdf / d'NsLiffgfjf6 d+h'/gfdf e} df]7 txjLn df ;k'b{ eof kl5 jfls ltg{ ;s]g
p;sf 3/ if]t gut lhlg;jf6 kgL egf{ x'g ;s]g / df]7 txjLnsf xflsd\ sfl/+bfx?n]=
kmnfgf l;t lng' k¥of{ jfsL ?k}of P;jf6 gp7tf c}g jdf]lhd s}b ul/ b]p+ egL cfkmg'
;lx5fk ;d]t u¥ofsf]= sfuh / jflsjfnf= c;fdL= cbfnt O6frknLdf j'emfpg cfof
eGof= ;f] sfuh jdf]lhd\ c;fdL j'emL ln= c}g jdf]lhd= d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf b/n] sl§
gx'+Hofn s}b ul/ em]niffgfdf k7fO{ lb df]7 txjLn\jf6 Plt ?k}of glt¥of jfkt\ s}b ul/
lbg' elg Nofofsf kmnfg' dflg;\ j'emLln g]n xfnL em]niffgfdf uof] e+Gof= O6f rknLsf]
/l;b lbg'= ;f] jdf]lhd\= df]7 txjLnnnfO{ df]h/f xf]nf= s}b eofsf /sdLn] ltg{ Nofof]
eGof= Tof] cfDbfgL cbfntsf] x'+5= cbfnt} sf :ofxfdf bl/ d'n'sLiffgf j'emfpg'=
jlxj'emfpg' kGof{/sdsf] jlx kq lemsfpGof Dofbsf] c}g=================
!$= cj pk|fGt s'df/Lrf]sjf6 jlx j'emgfnfO{ huf hufjf6 sfuhukq lemsfpbf= hfgf
cfpgfnfO{ tK;Ln jdf]lhd= jf6fsf lbg / sfuhkq tof/ ugf{nfO{ lbg #% ;Ddsf] Dofb
lbg' ;f] Dofb leq cfkm'n] j'emfpg' kGof{ jlx sfuh kq Nofpgf tof/ ugf{nfO{ c}g
;jfnsf l/t jdf]lhd jlx j'emL kmf/s ul/ lbg'= cyjf lbg #% leq j'emfpg' kGof{
sfuh t}of/ ug{ ;s]g eGof nuft :ofxf cfjHof{ln= s'dfl/rf]s d} cfO{= t}of/ u/fpg' ;f]
Dofb leqdf jlx kq NofO s'df/L rf]sdf bflifn ug{;s]g egof ;fn tdfd eofsf Plt
kl5 jlx lemsfpg'= eGof c}g ;jfn jdf]lhd= tflslt ul/= jlx kq emLsfpg'= tK;Lndf
n]ifLof jfx]s c? c8fjf6 lemsfpg' k¥of] eGof kgL tK;Lndf n]ifLofsf l/t dflkms hfg
cfpg jf6fsf] c+gfh ul/= Dofb lb jlx kq lemsfpg'=
c;fdL========= g]kfnjf6 huf huf hufjf6 sfuh tof/ Hdflb+
huf hufdf g]kfndf ef/L ugf{ s] c}g
x'nfs hfgf :d]t ln dflg; jdf]lhd sf
sf] lbg cfpgfsf] lbg Dofbsf] lbg
j}t8L em'n3f6 #%––û– &%––û– #%––û–– !$%
8f]6L #)––û– ^%––û– #%––û–– !#)
88]nw'/f #@––û– &)––û– #%––û–– !#&
h'd\nf @%––û– $$––û– #%––û–– !)$
;'/if]t !* ––û– #*––û– #%––û–– (!
b}n]v !^ ––û– #^––û– #%––û–– *&
;NNofgf !# ––û– #)––û– #%––û–– &*
Ko"7fgf !) ––û– @!––û– #%––û–– ^^
kfNkf * ––û– !* ––û– #%––û–– ^!
kj{t *––û– !% ––û– #%––û–– %*
:ofuhf ^––û– !# ––û– #%––û–– %$
kf]if/f %––û– !) ––û– #%––û–– %)
uf]iff{ #––û– ^––û– #%––û–– $$
lr;fkfgL ! ––û– @––û– #%––û–– #*
pk/ 8f8\ lrtjg\ $––û– &––û– #%––û–– $^
l;+w'nL #––û– ^––û– #%––û–– $$
pb}k'/ *––û– !^ ––û– #%––û–– %(
dfem ls/ft (––û– !* ––û– #%––û–– ^@
s'gs'6f !@ ––û– @@––û– #%––û–– ^(
Onfd\ !* ––û– #)––û– #%––û–– *#
gof+ d'n'sL
j|é b]pd+8L ==== #)––û– &)––û– #%––û–– !#%
dxfsfnLsf7dxn #)––û– %%––û– #%––û–– !@)
s+rgk'/ #)––û– %%––û– #%––û–– !@)
47
d'xfgf gbL @%––û– $%––û– #%––û–– !)%
s}nfnL srxl/ @%––û– $%––û– #%––û–– !)%
g]kfn u+h @)––û– #%––û– #%––û–– ()
jfsL srxl/ @)––û– #%––û– #%––û–– ()
/fktL sf7 dxfn !* ––û– #%––û– #%––û–– **
j'6jn
tkm{ :k"/fh !# ––û– @%––û– #%––û–– &@
tkm{ ifhxgL !@ ––û– @$––û– #%––û–– &!
tkm{ dfemif+8 !! ––û– @#––û– #%––û–– ^(
tkm{ kfNxLgjn k"/ !! ––û– @#––û– #%––û–– ^(
gf/fo0fL sf7dxn !@ ––û– @$––û– #%––û–– &!
jf0fu+uf sf7dxn !@ ––û– @$––û– #%––û–– &!
& lhNnf
lhNn} k;f{ %––û– *––û– #%––û–– $*
lhNn} jf/f %––û– *––û– #%––û–– $*
tKkf /f}x6 &––û–– !) ––û– #%––û–– %@
k|uÙf ;nf{xL *––û– !@ ––û– #%––û–– %%
lhNn} dx'tl/ !)––û– !% ––û– #%––û–– ^)
lhNn} ;Ktl/ !%––û– @@––û– #%––û–– &@
lhNn} df]/ª @%––û– #)––û– #%––û–– ()
rf}tl/of uf]nf !&––û– @^––û– #%––û– &*
lhNnf k;f{ 5ks
xLof s7dxn %––û– *––û– #%––û–– $*
jgrf}/ uf];jf/
sf7 dxn !) ––û– !% ––û– #%––û–– ^)
sf};Lsf k5'jf/L
sf7dxn !&––û– @^––û– #%––û– &*
uf];fjf/f /+u]nL
sf7dxn\ @%––û– #)––û– #%––û–– ()
d]rLåf/ #)––û– $%––û– #(––û–– !!)

48
/sd\ a+bf]a:t
!= ef/fbf/ sfdbf/n] cfkm'n] u¥ofsf] sfh sfdsf] ! jif{sf] sfuhkq bf]>f ;fndf klg jlx
j'emfo]g eGof= jlx j'emfO{ kmf/d gln+Hofn\ hfuL/ glbg'=
@= d'ifn] / lr7L kqn] h;n] sfh sfd u¥ofsf] 5 p;n] jlx kq j'emfpg' kb}{g= h;sf
xftn] gut lhgL;= cgfh u}î= tt{xl;n u¥ofsf] 5= h;n] gut hLlg; cgfh u}î ifr{
u¥ofsf] 5= p;n] jlx j'emfpg' k5{ p;} l;t jlx j'emLnL 7x¥ofsf] jf+sL kgL p;} l;t
lng'= kmflhn ;d]t p;}nfO{ lbnfO{ kmf/if u/fO{ lbg'=
#= cbfnt 7fgf cdf= c8f e8fsf l8¶f ljrfl/= 9f]sf uf}8fsf ef/fbf/= sfl/+bf u}î ;'jf
kmf}hbf/ sfg'guf]o rf}w/L d's2d\ u}î Ohf/fbf/ lhDdfjfn h]7fj'9f s6'jfn ldemf/ u}în]
grNofsf] /sd\nfO{ b'lgofFdf ?k}of= k};f= txljn u¥of eGof h;n] bl/ rln cfof afx]s
j9tf grNofPsf] txl;n ul/ lnofsf] 5 p;nfO{ sfd b]ifL iff]l;lbg'= j9tf txl;n
u¥ofsf] ?k}of= srxl/sf jxL :ofxfdf r9fofsf] /x]5 eGof hfx]/ eofsf ldlt;Ddsf]
jfln iffg lbg' :ofxfdf r9fofsf] /x]g5 eGof b'lg`fnfO{ ljuf] e/fO{ lb ljuf jdf]lhd\ b+8
ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf b/n] s}b ug'{=
$= b'lg`fnfO{ j9tf /sd\ snd\df 6+6f nufO{ b'if\ lbGof lhDdf jfn d'lifof 7]sbf/=
Ohf/fbf/nfO{ hlt /sd= snd j9tf nfofsf] 5 plt ljuf] e/fO{ lju} jdf]lhd b+8 ul/=
iff]l; lbg' bfd sfd k'¥ofpGof /}ltnfO{ /fhL /fifGof cGofo ljhf`L guGof{nfO{ 7x/fO{ huf
lbg'=
%= s'6 lk6\ ufnL uf]kmtf s'nfsf kfgLdf ;fgf ltgf s'/f r'Sofsf] tf]kmf g kf]nfxfdf b+8
u¥ofsf] cfkmgf ldlt;Dddf c;'n ug{ ;s]g= 7]sbf/= cdfnL åf¥of=iff]l;of] / csf]{
cdfnL åf¥of 7]sbf/n] kfof] eGof k'/fgfn] c;'n gug'{= g`fn] kgL c;'n gug'{= /}ltnfO{
dfkm x'+5= P:tf dfkm eofsf snd= c}g gdflg s;}n] c;'n u¥of] eGof= lnofsf] ljuf]
/}tLnfO{ lkmtf{ u/fO{ p;} jdflhd\ hl/jfgf ul/ lng'=
^= Ps;/f] ef8f Ps ;/f] cf]5\ofpGof cf]9Gof5= xn uf]? j+r/f] if's'l/if'kf{sf]bfn] ebfnf] Ps
;/f] 5 eGof= t]:tfnfO{ sf}g} s'/fsf /sd\= sf txl;nbf/n] kgL= Ps ;/f] xft xfnL j]rfO{
glng'= hufsf] jfnL kfSof kl5 jflnjf6 p7fO{ lng'= k'¥ofo]g egof lng' kGof{ ?k}ofsf]=
skfnL td;'s u/fO{ t];sf] huf iff];L csf{nfO{ lbg'= o:tf] lnGofnfO{ hltlnofsf] 5= p;}
jdf]lhd hl/jfgf ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
&= /}ot k|hfx? l;t /sdlnbf= cl3 b]ifL bf]sf] jf]sf] ul/ ltl/ cfof jdf]lhd lng'= s'l/ofn]
if]t jfl/ s]lx sdfofsf] 5}g= gut lhlg; s]xL 5}g= j+b j]kf/ kgL s]lx ub}{g eGof t]:tf
/}otsf 3/ jf6 rf+b|fo0fsf] ! k};f dfq} lng'= ofxf b]ifL jfx]s c? uf]8 w'jf= r'dfjg uflb
ddf/s\= ;fpGof kmfu'emf/f u}î /sd\ s]lx glng'= s;}n] lnof] eGof ljuf] lkmtf{ ul/ ljuf
jdf]lhd\ hl/jfgf ug'{=

49
*= s;}n] Ohf/f 7]ssf] j+bf]j:g ul/ lnofsf= hufdf ;'iffbxf/= jfn'j'h{ifl:t klt{ dls{+ eof]
s'nf] ljUo«f]iff]nf] k}/f] cfuf]nfUof] cl;gf k¥of]= rf]/L eof] iff]nf] tbf{ 8+'uf 3f]k6L 8'Jof] /}tL
efUof hufjf6 j]; wfgL eof] egL Ohf/fbf/ 7]sbf/n] ldGxf df]h/f dfUof eGof k§f
sj'lno]tdf ldGxf lbg' egL n]ifLofsf snd\sf] ldGxf lbg'= gn]ifLofsf s'/fsf] ldGxf
glbg' 7]sbf/n] j'emfpg' k5{= ;sf{l/of /sddf ldGxf glbg'= eGofsf sn\df ldGxf lbGof
sfl/+bfjf6 ldGxf lbofsf] ljuf] e/fO{ ljuf jdf]lhd\ b+8 ug'{=
(= s;}n] cdfgtsf] jbf]j:t ul/ lnofsf hufdf= ;iffbxf/= jfn'j'h{ ifl:t klt{ dls{ eof]
s'nf] ljU¥of] iff]nf] k}/f] cfuf] nfUof] cl;gf k¥of] rf]l/ eof] iff]nf] tbf{ 8'uf]3f]klt 8'Jof] /}lt
efUof hufjf6 j]; wflg eof] / ldGxf b]p egL dfUof eGof sj'nLo]t k§f ;jfn jdf]lhd\
ldGxf lbg' egL= n]ifLofsf= s'/fsf] hufdf j'lem p; hufsf enfdflg;sf] d'r'NsfnL
dLGxf lbg'= gn]iof s'/fsf] ldGxf glbg'= ;sf{l/of /sd\df ldGxf glbg' eGofsf snd\df
ldGxf lbGofnfO{= ldGxf lbofsf ljuf] e/fO{ ljuf jdf]lhd ldGxf lbGof sfl/+bfnfO{ hl/jfgf
ug'{=
!)= ;b/ d'nsL iffgfjf6 Ohf/f cdfgTsf /sd\bf/ sfl/+bfx?;+u c;'n ug'{ kGof{= ?k}`fsf]
huf hufjf6 Hdfg a+bL sfuh lemsfO{ ls:tf jdf]lhd c;'n txl;n ug'{ ;fn cflif/
jfl;n jfls ul/ 7x¥ofsf] hf] 5= jhL/ ;+u hfx]/ ul/ c;'n txl;n ug'{ dfof
df]nflxhfdf nfuL ls:tf jdf]lhd c;'n x' ;sGof ?k}`f cfkmgf uflkmlnn] c;'n gu¥of
;b/ d'n'sL iffgfsf= sfl/+bfnfO{ d'ifTof/sf /= sf};nsf] thljhn] hl/jfgf xf]nf d'n'sL
iffgfdf tx;Ln eofsf= ?k}`f d'nsL iffgfsf= sfl/Gbf s;}n] ;fk6L lbof eGof ;fk\6
lbGofnfO{ ;fk6\ lbofsf ?k}`f / t]:sf] Jofh ;d]t j'emL ln ljuf jdf]lhd hl/jfgf ug'{=
?k}`f glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
!!= sf}l; tf];f iffgf d'n'sL iffgf s'df/L rf]sjf6 Ohf/f cdfgtsf= /sd\ bf/ ;+u c;'n ubf{
/= tg'iffx df]h/fsf] b:ift u/fpbf !! ;fn iff}if z'bL !# /f]h b]ifL kmflhn kfl/ c;'n
tx;Ln gug'{= b:ift kgL gug{ h;n] /sd\= bf/nfO{= a]Oht ;s; ul/ kmfhLn kfl/ c;'n
unf{= b:ift u/fpnf t];nfO{ kmflhn k¥ofsf ?k}`fsf] ;}s/f @) ?k}`fsf b/n]= hl/jfgf
ug'{= P;nfO{ hl/jfgf eof kl5= ;s; ul/ lnbfdf= kmflhn k¥ofsf ?k}`f
sf};Ltf];fiffgfjf6 lkmtf{ ul/ lbg'=
!@= Oh/f cdfgtsf /sd\bf/n] !! ;fn kf}if z'lb !! /f]hsf ldlt b]ifL cf]9f] ls:tf jdf]lhd\
lbg'= kmflhn kfl/ glbg'= kmflhnkfl/ b:ift u/fofsf] /x]5 eGof d'ifTof/l;t ljlGtug{
cfpg' ljgtL gkf/Lkmflhn lbGofnfO{= s'df/L rf]s / c? ldGxf x'Gof hufjf6 ldGxf
kfpGof 5}gg\=
!#= e/ d'n'ssf y'd\if'jf ufpsf /}lt 7]sbf/ l;t jfhlj ;]df{ l;tf]{ dx;'n ;fpGof kmfu'= bl/
rlnofsf] /sd\ snd\= ldlt ldltsf] ;fn tdfd\ e} ;lsof kl5 kgL c;'n txl;n ul/
lng'= /}ltn] kgL ldlt ldltsf] ;fn tdfd\df r'lSt ul/ j'emfpg' hfl/bf/ åf¥ofx= iff];Lof
50
 kl5 kgL cfkmgf kfnfsf] jfHjL jfsL /}lt l;t c;'n ul/ lng kfp+5 /}ltn] kgL j'emfpg'
k5{=
!$= xf8 kmf]/f kl/ dfl;Gof /= cf]5\ofgdf kGof{ ul/ s'l6ofsf hft eft ljufGof{sf] gut
lhlg; ;'gf rflb cgfh hdLg rf]¥ofsf] ifTdf b+8 u¥ofsf] hf}gf åf¥of 7]sbf/sf kfnfdf
b+8 cfDbfgL u¥ofsf] xf] p åf¥of 7]sbf/ iff];Lofsf] eof kgL cfkm'n] cfDbfgL u¥ofsf] kl5
c;'n txl;n ul/lng' kfp5g\= c}g jdf]lhd\sf] b+8 lhtfpl/ tx;Ln ul/ lng'= cl3Nnf
d'ifltof/sf kfnfdf eofsf] b+8 k6\s d'ifTol/ jblnofkl5 c;'n ul/ lng kfpb}gg\=
!%= iff/]h eof]=
!^= /sd\sf] j+bf]j:t ubf{ bfdsfd gljufGof{ dftj/ dflg; 7x/fO{ kfp+Hofn wg x'Gof
dflg;nfO{= /sd= lbg'= wg eofsf] dflg; cfo]g c?nfO{ lbg' k¥of] eGof= wg x'Gof
dlg;sf] hdflg ln= ;sf{/sf] glju|Gof= /}ot b'lg`f gdGof{ ul/ Ohf/f= cdfgtsf]
j+bf]j:t ufp+sf] khgL ug'{= wg x'Gof dflg; Hdflg kfo]g / wg x'Gofn] Ohf/f 7]sklg
lno]g eGof s+ufn nfO{ lb ;sf{/sf] Hdf gljufg'{=;sf{/ sf t/kmaf6 cdfgtsf]= txl;n
ugf{nfO{ dflg; if6fO{ sfd u/fpg' cdfgt tx;Ln u/fpbf gf]s\;fg k¥of] eGof= jlh/nfO{
/ c? sf/L+bfnfO{ jft nfUb}g 3/ 3/fgfjf6 ltg'{ kb}{g ;sf{/s} gf]s\;fg x'+5= cdfgt kgL
/fif]g5 wg x'Gof dflg;nfO{ klg lbo]g5 / Hdf gp7Gof s+ufn dflg;x?nfO{ 7]s Ohf/f lb
Hdf lju|g uof] eGof= khgL u¥of{ jlh/ /= c? sfl/+bfdf hf] xf] p;}jf6 ;sf{/sf] /
b'lgosf] Hdf p7fO{ lng'=
!&= >L % uf]iff dxf/fh jfx]s c? u}î /fhfn]= uflb ddf/if uf]8w'jf r'efjg dfkm ul/= huf
lbofsf] /x]5 eGof= pgsf] tift xl/of kl5 cl3 sf /fhfx?n] dfkm ul/lbofsf] of] /sd\
dfkm x'b}g lng'= tift uof sf /fhfn] kgL cl3 O /sd dfkm ul/lbofsf] /x]5= kl5 uf]iff{
;sf{/jf6 kgL nfndf]x/ ul/ O /sd\ dfkm ul/ yfld jS:ofsf] /x]5 eGof P:tf huf
kfpGof / kfpGofsf ;+tfgn] ef]u ul/ cfofsf] eof kgL= c?nfO{ bfg\ bftJo lbof ls+Gof
j]Rofsf] /x]5 eGof kgL dfkm eofsf of] /sd\ nfUb}g glng'=
!*= >L % ;sf{/sf d'n'ssf] cdfgt sfh sfd u¥of{ iffgLsf] cdfgt sfdsfh uGof{
ns8Lsf] cdfgt sfh sfd uGof{ huft eG;f/sf] cdfgt sfh sfd uGof{= c? u}î
/sdsf] cdfgtsf] sfh sfd uGof{ dflns e} 9fqm\of hflu¥of dxfhg /}ot\l;t ldln
d'ifn]= wd{ ul/ xj;\ jf sfhukq ul/= wd{ ul/ ;sf{/sf] 36fpGof sfl/+bfx? hf] x'g\=
lgds x/fd x'g\= t]:tfnfO{= hfuL/jf6 iff/]h ul/ b'lg`fl;t ldlniffofsf ?k}of t]];}jf6
if8f ul/ lt ?k}`f nL= ljuf jdf]lhd hl/jfgf u/L hl/jfgf ;d]t nL 5f8L lbg' b'lg`f
l;t ldnL iffofsf ?k}of /= hl/jfgf sf] ?k}`f lt/]g eGof d}Gxfsf % ?k}`fsf b/n] sl§
gx'+Hofn= s}b ug'{=

51
!(= >L % ;sf{/sf d'n'ssf] cdfgt sfh sfd uGof{ huft eG;f/sf] cdfgt sfh sfd
uGof{= iffgLsf] cdfgt sfh sfd uGof{= ns8Lsf] cdfgt sfh sfd uGof{= c? u}î
/sdsf] cdfgt sfh sfd uGof{= ;sf{/jf6 k¥ofsf dflnsnfO{ wd{kq ul/ d'ifn] 3';
;nfdL lbGof= sfuhkq ul/ ;lx5fk ul/ Plt lbpnf egL n]ifL lbO{ xj; jf p;} xj;=
;sf{/sf] gf]S;fg kfl/ cfkm' lskmfot uGof{ sfl/+bf l;t ldln= /fhf jhL/ nfO{ yfx glb=
leq leq u5 kq ul/ ;sf{/sf] gf]S;fg kfl/= cfkm' j]kf/ rnfpGof= cfkm'n] ltGof{ dx;'n
36fpGof ?k}of 5'6 u/fpGof huf 5'6\u/fpGof= P:tf lglds x/fdL hfuL¥of /x]5 eGof 3';
;nfdL lbofsf] ljuf] lnnfd ul/ p;} ljuf jdf]lhd b+8 ul/ hflu/jf6 iff/]h ul/ lbg'
9fqm\of /}ot dxfhg /èf5g\ eGof= 3'; ;nfdL lbofsf] ljuf] lnnfd\ u/L= p;} ljuf
jd]lhd\ b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf b/n] sl§ g'x+Gofn s}b ug'{=

@)= /}s/ huf hdLg /fh u'l7sf] clw`f s't ltxfpsf] j+bf]j:t ubf{ nfn df]x/ b:ift ;jfn
k§f yLlt ubf{=ifflg 6S;f/ huft eG;f/= rf}w/fO{ Ps xl§ ;'l9dxfnsf] j+bf]j:t ubf{
dWo];df rf}w/L d'sbd\ lhldbf/ u}îsf] khgL ubf{ sf7dxn sf;\ r/f/ l7u'l/dxn
e';s§f ;fo]/ uf]nf cflkmddxfn ;f]/fdxfn d+8L u}îsf] j+bf]j:t ubf{ sfnf a+h/ sf] !)
;fnf k+r;fnf= k§f ubf{ uflb= ddf/if r'efjg uf]8w'jfsf] /sd\ nfpbf= OcfbL u}î g]kfn
kfxf8 dWo]sf] Ohf/f cdfgtsf] khgL j+bf]j:t ubf{= s;}n] Plt ;nfdL lb+5' eÙ cfof]
eGof hf}gf /sddf ;nfdL egL lbofsf] 5= p;} /sdsf k§f sj'lnotdf r9fO{ Hdf jflw
bLg'= /sdLn] ;nfdL lbofsf] j+bf]j:t u/Gof xflsd\ sfl/+bfn] s]lx giffg' ;nfdL egL
lbofsf]= k§f sj'naLotdf gb/fO{ cfkm'n] iffofsf] 7x¥of] eGof= ljuf] hkmn ul/ ljuf
jdf]lhd hl/jfgf ug'{= /sd\ snd u}î lbgf lngfsf] dg x]g{ nufO{ cfkmgf if'l;n]= xflsd
hflg s;}n] s/ gnufO gh/ egL lbofsf] kgL xflsd sfl/+bfx?n] s]lx giffg'= :ofxfdf
b/fO{ ;sf{/ bflifn ug'{= iffofsf] 7x¥of ljuf] hkmt ul/ ln lju} jdf]lhd hl/jfgf ug'{=
@!= cbfnt cbfntdf j;L lg;fjsf] sfd uGof{ jlx j'emL kmf/s lbgfsf]= sfd uGof{ c;'n
tx;Ln uGof{= ;b/ bkmb/ iffgfdf jl; huf hdLg lng lbguGof{= hldg lnglbg uGof{
sf};Ltf]iffvfgfdfd a;L lsgd]n uGof{ tg'iffx uGof{ huf hldg Oh/f cdfntdf nfpGof
Ps xl6\6 ;'tLdxnsf] aGbf]aGt uGof{ x's'dn] Ogfd\ kft lbGof= lylt uGof{ uflbddf/if
r'efpg= uf]8w'jfsf] j+bf]j:t sfh sfd uGof{ u'l7 srxl/df j;L /fh u'7Lsf] sfh sfd
uGof{= s+k"kN6g\ s+klgsf bkmb/df j;L psf; ksfzsf]= huf hdLg\ khgL uGof{= if]t
kfiffsf] cl3`f s't= ltxfpsf] khgL uGof{= psf; y'g'jfsf] huf nfpGof= jfln txl;n
uGof{ s+k"kN6g sDkgLsf bb{ tg'iffxf uGof{ bb{jflnlbGof= nfndf]x/ u/fpGof= d'ifTof/
difTof/ kl5sf dflns\sf= b:ift rL7L 5fk nfpGof c8f uf}8fsf e/ef/fbf/= iffgL 6S;f
huft eG;f/ u}î Ohf/f cdfgtsf] sfd lnGof= kfxf8sf cdfnL åf¥of= d'lifof lhDdfjfn=
dWo];sf] sfh sfd lnGof= d'iof xflsd\ lhNnf lhNnfsf s0f]{nx?n]= rf}wl/ d'sbd\
52
 lhldbf/ u}î khgL ubf{ sf7dxn= sf;r/fO{ l7u'l/dxfn e"; x§f ;fo]/= uf]nf
clkmddxfn= ;f]/fdxfn= d+8Lsf] khgL sfd sfh ubf{= sfnf j+h/sf]k+r;fnfsf] k§f
ubf{= huf hdLgsf] ;fw l;dfgf nfpbf= u}î g]kfn kfxf8 dWo];sf] sfd sfh ubf{= sfd
sfh uGof{ xflsd= sfl/+bf u}în]= 3'; ;nfdL glng'= 3''; ;nfdL cfkm'n] lnofkl5=
:ofxfdf rîfofsf] eof kgL= :ofxfdf gr9fofsf] eof kgL= Tof] lnofsf] 3';} iffofsf] 7x5{
ljuf] hkmt ul/ p;} ljuf jdf]lhd b+8 ug'{=
@@= ;sf{/jf6 ;gt ;jfn geO{ s;}n] x§L ul/ jf xl§sf] tj/ ul/ /sdx? p7fo]5= xl§
lnof b]lif pk|fGt hlt gfkmf iffofsf] 7x5{ plt gfkmfsf] ljuf] hkmt ul/= p;} ljuf jdf]lhd
b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of= c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
@#= /}/sd\ x? lnbf Ohfkm jl9xj; jf ;fljs jdf]lhd\ xj; @.# hgf ldnL k§f
sj'lnotdf gfp n]lif ;fhf efO e}= /sd\ p7fofsf] /x]5 kl5jf6 s]lx lbg sfdnfof kl5
efO{sf lj;Nnfxn] s;} efO{nfO{ sfd sfh ug{ glb sf]lx efOn] dfq} cl3 ;l/ sfd
rnfof5g\ jf k§f sa'nLo]tdf gfp n]ifLofsf efO{nfO{ aLrdf iff/]h ul/= cs}{nfO{ sfddf
nufof5g\= eGof= k§f sj'lnot]df gfp n]lifofsf efO{nfO{ lj;Nnfxn] afx]s u/fofsf]
hlt dlxgf 7x5{ plt d}Gxfsf] k§f jdf]lhd ldlt tSsf] lx;fj ul/= p; /sd\sf] gfkmf
eofsf] eofkgL gf]S;fg k¥ofsf] eofkgL k§f sj'lnotdf n]ifLofsf ;j} efO{sf] n]ifLof
jdf]lhd\sf] efu nfu\5 gfkmf lbo]g egL s/fpg cfof gfkmfsf] efu lbnfO{ b;f}b lj;f}b
lng'=efOsf ;Nnfxn] ;fd]n x'gt klg /flhgfdf n]ifL 5f8ofsf] eof= t];nfO{ gfkmf
gf]S;fgsf] efu nfub}g g e/fpg'=
@$= jlx j'emfpg' kGof{ sfh sfd uGof{ 5f]6f j8f s;}n] kgL P]g;jfnsf ?x jdf]lhdsf]=
sfhukq t}of/ ul/ jlx j'emfO{ 7x¥ofsf] jfls ;d]t j'emfO{ ;Sofsf] /x]5 dld{+Gxf x'Gof
s'/fnfO{ klg bkmb/iffgf= >L s'df/L rf]s\jf6 txlst e} l/kf]6\ sf};ndf k'Uofsf] /x]5
eGof= kmf/ifsf] nfn df]x/ x'gfnfO{ l9n x'g uof] tfklg /sdLn]j'emfofsf] 7xb}{g=
s'df/Lrf]sjf6 gl;l4ofsf] 7x5{ P:tf /sdLnfO{ hflu/ lbg' x'G5=
cfkm'n] tx;Ln ug{ k7fofsf dflg;n]= bf]xf]/ kfl/ jf j9tf /sd\
nufO{ tx;Ln u¥of] elg s/fpg cfpFbf d}n] sfd nfofsf] tx;Ln
ug{ k7fofsf xf]Og cyjf cl3 sfd nfofsf] xf] cfh sfn
iff/]h eofsf] 5= egL 9fl6 s'/f uGof{nfO{ b+8 uGof{ c}g ==========
@%= hflu/bf/sf if'jfsf] /= j];f}Gof wf]qmof u}î 7]s Ohf/f lnGof= s;}n] hufdf tx;Ln ug{
egL if6fO{ k7fofsf dflg;n] hufdf grNofsf] j9tf /sd\ nufO{ lno]5= cyjf r'lSt
uGof{ l;t jfls 5 egL 3/ ks8 ul/ bf]xf]/f] kfl/ lno]5 /= /}lt s/fpg cfp+bf= lt
dflg;nfO{ t}n] tx;Ln ug{ k7fofsf] xf] xf]Og egL ;f]wgL ubf{ d}n] tx;Ln ug{ k7fofsf]
dflg; xf]Ogg\= cyjf clwsfd nfofsf] xf] cfh sfn iff/]h eofsf 5g\= eGof] /= j'embf
p;}n] k7fofsf] sf] 7xѥof] iff/]h eofsf] 7x/]g eGof cfkm'n] txl;n ug{ k7fofsf
dflg;nfO{ d}n] k7fofsf] xf]Og iff/]h u¥ofsf] 5 egL 9f6L s'/f] uGof{nfO{= bf]xf]/f] kfl/
tx;Ln u¥ofsf] p;n] yfxf kfofsf] 7x/]g eGof @) ?k}of= hl/jfgf ug'{= j9tf tx;Ln
u¥ofsf]= c}g jdf]lhd /}ltnfO{ lkmtf{ u/fO{ lbg'= j9tf tx;Ln uGof{nfO{ c}g jdf]lhd ug'{=
ldlt k'uL jf ldlt gk'Ub} j'emGofsf dgf]dfgn] c;'n eofsf]
/ huf jfls /èfsf] hf] 5 ;f] j'emL /;Lb kmf/iflt ul/
lbof kl5 km]l/ t l;t jfls 5 egL lgh /sdLnfO{ kqmGofnfO{ uGof{ c}g =====
@^= Ohf/f cdfgtsf /sddf ldlt k'Uof kl5 xj; jf ldlt g k'Ub} xj; /sd lbGofn] /sld
l;t /flhgfdf ul/ c;'n eofsf] / d'n'sdf jfls /èfsf] d} tx;Ln u5"{ egL lgh
53
 /sdLn] c;'nL / jfls j'emfO{ j'emLln /;Lb kmf/ifb ul/ lbofsf /sDdf ;f]lx xflsd jf6
of] jfls /fiofsf] t}n] ltg'{ k5{ egL s/ nufof] egL /sdL s/fpg cfof] eGof gLh
xflsd\n] kqm\ofsf Hdf jdf]lhd\ b+8 ug'{ b08sf ?k}of glt/] c}g adf]lhd s}b ug'{ lhtGof
af6 ;os8f @ ?k}ofsf b/n] lhtfpl/ lng'=

ldgfxf df]h/fsf]

!= jlx j'emGof c8fdf jl; sfh sfd uGof{ sfl/+bfn] jlx kq j'lem ldGxf df]h/f lb+bf=
nfndf]x/ d'ifltof/sf] b:ift e} cfofsf] eof klg cfkmgf lrQ gj'em\ofsf j]d'gfl;jsf
s'/fdf ldGxf df]h/f glbg'= lrQ gj'em\ofsf s'/fdf d'ifltof/ l;t u} j]xf]/f hfx]/ ug'{=
d'ifltof/ l;t lj+lt gkfl/ df]x/ b:ift eofsf] 5 elg= j]d'gfl;jsf s'/fdf hf}gf
sfl/Gbfn] ldGxf df]h/f b]nf t]:tf sfl/+bfnfO{ ldGxf lbofsf Hdfsf ;os/f % ?k}`fsf
b/n] hl/jfgf ug'{ ?k}`f glt¥of d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf b/n] s}b ug'{=
@= /sdbf/x?n] Ohf/f 7]ssf] j+bf]j:t ul/lnofsf hufdf= cl;gf k¥of] ;'iff eof] jfn'j'h{
eof] iff]nf] k}îf] nfUof] rf]/L eof] iff]nfdf 8'Jof] /}lt efUof hufdf j]; wflg eof] ;sf{/jf6
ldlt gk'uL khgL eof] / jfls /xg uofdf Ohf/f 7]sbf/sf 3/if]taf6 p7fO nL jfls
?k}`f /xg uof /:t ls:t ul/ lbg' ;+tfg kNxfpbf lnGof ug'{=
#= /sd\ snd\ j'emfpg kGof{ sfh sfd uGof{x?nfO{ nfn df]x/ d'ifTof/sf b:ift eof
jdf]lhd\= d'gfl;j dfkmLssf] ldGxf df]h/f lbg'= nfn df]x/ b:ift ge} df]h/f glbg'=
;sf{/sf] x's'd / d'ifTof/sf k|dfguL n] lbofsf] xf] eGofnfO{ kgL df]h/f glbg' d¥of
efUofsf dflg;nfO{ k|dfguL b]iffpGofnfO{ kgL df]h/f glbg'=
$= sf]lx sfl/+bf /sdLx?n] huf hdLg /sd\ sndsf] sfddf ;sf{/sf] if/ ifflx xj;\ elg
;jfn b/j+bL e+bf= /sd\ snd\ j9tf nfo5 Tof] j9tf nfofsf /sd\ snd\sf] cfDbfgL
cfkm'n] Ps k};f giffO{ :ofxf >]:tfdf rîfO{ ;sf{/ bflifn u/]5 eGof= cfkm'n] giffO{ ;sf{/
df bflifn u¥ofsf] x'gfn] P:tf pnn' sfl/+bf /sdLnfO{ hl/jfgf x'b}g ;jfn b/j+bL e+bf
j9tf nufO{ Nofofsf] huf hdLg gut hf] 5 h; h;sf] xf] ;sf{/df ljlGt kfl/= ;gt
u/fO{ ;sf{/jf6 /}tfgnfO{ lkmtf{ ul/ /}tfgsf] e/kfO{ lng'=
%= sf]lx sfl/+bf /sdLx?n] huf hdLg /sd\ snd\sf sfddf ;sf{/sf] ifo/ ifflxxj;\ egL
;jfn b/ j+bL e+bf /sd\ snd\ j9tf nfo5 Tof] j9tfnfofsf /sd\ snd\sf] cfDbfgL
:ofxf >]:tfdf rîfO{ ;sf{/ bflifn u/]5 s]lx cfkm'n] iffo]5 cyjf ;j} cfkm'n] iffo]5 eGof
;sf{/ bflifn u¥ofsf] ;sf{/df lj+lt kfl/ ;gt u/fO{ ;sf{/jf6 / sfl/+bf /sdLx?n]
iffofsf] sfl/+bf /sdLjf6= /}tfgnfO{ lkmtf{ u/fO{ ekf{O lng'= sfl/Gbf /sdLn] :ofxf gul/
;sf{/ bflifn gul/ cfkm'n] hlt iffofsf] 5 p;} ljuf jd]lhd\ sfl/+bf /sdLnfO{ b+8 ug'{=
^= sf]lx sfl/+bf /sdLx?n] huf hdLg /sd\ snDsf sfddf ;jfn b/j+bLdf n]iof e+bf
hflg hfgL 3'; /f];jt iffO{= cyjf df]nflxhf ul/ 3l6 ul/ ln c? 5f]8]5 eGof 5f]8\ofsf]
ljuf] / ljuf jdf]lhd b+8 ;d]t sfl/+bf /sdLjf6 c;'n ul/ lng'= sfl/+bf /sdLn] hlt
;fnsf] 5f]8\ofsf] 5 Tof] bfd /}ltn] ltg'{ kb}{g=
&= cbfnt 7fgf= ;sf{/jf6 cdfgt /èfsf hufdf s;'/ dflkms b+8 hl/jfgf lhtfpl/ kfg
km'n jS;fplg b;f}b lj;f}b=Ho" ljqmL u}î snd\df s}b gul/ y'lgof Kofbf nfofdf efuL
uof] s]lx kQfnfu]g eGof df]nflxhfdf 5f]8\ofsf] xf]Og kmnfgf 7fpdf y'Gofsf] xf]
kmnfgfnfO{ kmnfg' l;kfxL Kofbfnfofsf] xf] elg j'emGof 7fpjf6 d'r'Nsf n]iffO{ nL ;gt
u/fO{ jlx j'emGof sfl/+bfx?n] ldGxf ul/ lbg'= 3''; /f];jt iffO{ df]nflxhfn] / cnl; ul/
5f]8\ofdf efUofsf] 7x¥of] y'Gofdf= Kofbf nfofdf efUofsf] 7x/]g eGof h;n] gy'lg Kofbf
gnufO{ 3'; /f];jt iffO{ df]nflxhf ul/ cn;L ul/ 5f]8\ofsf] 5 p; sfl/+bf jf6 efUGofn]
ltg'{ kGof{ ljuf] / ljuf jdf]lhd b+8 ul/ lng'=

54
*= s'dfl/ rf]s nufo]t jlx j'emL Hdf ifr{ ul/ kmf/s ul/ lbgfsf] sfd uGof{x?n] Ohf/f
cdfgt u}îxsf] jlx j'embf :ofxfdf s]lx snd\ n]lifofsf] b]ifLof] cjfHof{ wkf]6\x?df
n]lifofsf] /x]g5= cyjf cfjfHof{ wkf]6\x?df n]ifLofsf] /x]5 :ofxfdf n]ifLg uofsf] /x]g5
eGof Pp6f sfuhdf n]ifLof kl5 rf]/Liffgfsf nfuL gn]iofsf] 7xb}{g= uflkmn 7x5{
;Rofpg kGof{ sfhudf ;RofO{ Hdfifr{ kmf/s ul/ lbg' P:tf e'nr's k¥ofsfdf b+8
hl/jfgf kgL x'b}g=
(= >L % ;sf{/jf6 s;}nfO{ Ogfd jS; eofsf] xj;= cl3 b'lg`f /}ltjf6 t/tx;Ln eofsf]
kl5 s]xL j]xf]/fn] glng' lkmtf{ lbg' e+Gof eofsf] gut hLlg; u}î b'lg`fnfO{ lkmtf{ lbpnf
egL cfkm'n] lhddf ln j'lemlnofsf] dfn= h;nfO{ lkmtf{ lbg' kGof{ xf]= p eofsf 7fp
k'Uof kl5 jf= p; l;t e]6 eof kl5 lbg #% ;Dddf b'lg`f /}ltnfO{ glb cfkm'n] /fiofsf]
7x¥ofsf] cfkm'n] iffgfsf nfuL /fiofsf] 7x5{ ljuf h;nfO{ lbg' k5{ lbnfO{ ljuf jdf]lhd
b+8 ug'{= kfpGofjf6 b;f}b lng'= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=

jfls gltGof{

!= k"j{ klZrd c8f c8f / sf7df8f}+sf ef/fbf/ sfdbf/n] cdfgtsf /sd\ snd\sf ?k}of
k};f bjf{/df j'emfpg' kGof{ s'/fdf j'emfpg Nofofsf ?k}ofsf]= hufjf6 lhlg;L p7\ofsf]
/x]5 eGof d'r'Nsf n]vfO ln Tof] lhlg;L hf}gf df]ndf cfofsf] xf] ;f]xL df]ndf ln
NofpGofnfO{ df]h/f lbg'= Tof] dfn hg/n s0f]{n . skbf{/ sfhL ifhf+rL ;bf{/ ;'jf l8¶f
/flif p;}df lnnfd\ ul/= hf] 7xl/ofsf ?k}of bjf{/jf6 j'lemlng'= hufdf bl/ rnL cfofsf
df]n e+bf j9tf n]iffpGof /= hufjf6 gp7\ofsf] lhlg;L hufjf6 p7\ofsf] xf] egL 9f6L
NofpGof= nfO{ sfo}n u/fO{ hufdf p7\ofsf df]ndf hlt gfkmf u/L nfofsf] 5 t;} gfkmf
jdf]lhd\ b+8 ug'{ hufdf gut p7\ofsfdf lhlg;L ifl/b ul/ NofO{ lhlg;L p7\ofsf] xf] egL
NofpGofnfO{ gut e/fO{ p;} ljuf jdf]lhd\ b+8 ug'{ ?k}`f lbo]g eGof d}Gxfsf % ?k}`fsf
b/n] s}b ug'{=
@= d'n'sdf ufpsf /}tfgjf6 7]sbf/ u'd:tfx?;+u p7fO{= cfkm' lnGof jfls hufdf 5 egL
;sf{/ 9f6Gof= rf]/ Ohf/fbf/ 7]sbf/x?nfO{ 9f6\ofsf ?k}`f egf{ u/fO{ ljuf jdf]lhd\
hl/jfgf ug'{= ?k}of lt/]g eGof ljuf / hl/jfgfdf ?k}`fsf d}Gxfsf % ?k}`fsf b/n] s}b
ug'{
#= iff/]h eof]=
$= hufjf6 j];wfgL e} jfls nfUofnfO{ ;Wof jdf]lhd\sf] ?k}`f j'emL lng ;Wofsf jfls
tx;Ln ul/ Nof egL jif{ lbgsf] efiff lbg' tfxf;Dd klg ?k}`f lbg ;s]g eGof= t]:tf]
7]sbf/ tx;Lbf/ u}î hf]xf] p;nfO{ d}Gxfsf] % ?k}`fsf b/n] s}b ug'{ jfls nfUofsf
?k}ofsf] Dofb k'Uof kl5 5fl8 lbg'

emf/f if]tfnf

!= ljtf{ ;'gfu'l7 5fk /}s/ if]t kfiffdf df]lx s'/Lofn]= n]ift kq ul/ if]tfnf el/of lbGof
u¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof t]:tfnfO{ iftjft nfub}g= sjf]n n]if kq geofsfnfO{ s/ nufO{
if]tfnf el/of lno]5 / sf]lx s/fpg cfof] eGof /f]hsf] !) k};fsf lx;fn] dh'/L lbnfO{
;f]xL jdf]lhd\ b+8 ug'{ sj'n jdf]lhd« df]lxn] lbo]g eGof iff]l; lbg'=
@= cdfnL /sdLx?n] cfkmgf sfh lgldQ /}ltnfO{ u'xfl/ ln sfddf gnfpg' cdfnL
hflu/bf/ /sdLn] ufp ;x/ if'jfdf hfbf= s/ nufO{ d]hdfgL giffg' /}lt k|hfn] kgL glbg'=
Hofnf dh'l/ sj'n u¥ofsf] lbog\ / hj/hl:t l;t u'xfl/ egL sfd nufof] s]lx lbo]g
egL /}lt s/fpg cfof] / ;fljt 7x¥of] eGof d+h'/ sjf]n u¥ofnfO{= sj'n jdf]lhd\ hj/
hl:t u'xfl/ lnGofnfO{ /f]hsf] $ cfgf d+h'/LnfO{ ;f]xL jdf]lhd\ hl/jfgf ug'{=
#= bl/rnL cfofsf /fh sfhsf emf/f jfx]s hfl/bf/ cdfgt Oh/fbf/ 7]sbf/ kmf}hbf/=
rf}wl/ sfg'uf]O d'lifof /sdL u}î sfdbf/n] cfkmgf lgldQ / k'j{ klZrd hfGof hg/n
55
 s0f]{n= rf}tl/of sfhL ;bf{= ef/bf/ u'?k|f]lxt 5f]6f j8fsf lgldQ j]ufl/ emf/f j]l7+
gnufpg' j]d'gfl;j ul/ /}lt b'lg`fnfO{ emf/f j]l7 j]ufl/ nufO{ s/fpg cfof eGof /f]hsf]
hgf ! s] rf/ cfgfsf b/n] Hofnf dh'/L lbnfO{ lbg' lbnfof jdf]lhd\ hl/jfgf ug'{=
$= cfkmgf if'jf ufpsf dflg;x?nfO{ el/of t'NofO{ sflx n}hfg' k¥of] eGof hlt lbg nfU5
xL;fj ul/; ;fh ljxfg iffg / /f]hsf] b; k};f d+h'l/lb n} hfg' dh'/L kfOg egL s/fpg
cfof o;} lx;fjn] lbnfO{ lb jLuf jdf]lhd\ b+8 ug'{=

bb{ bdf{xf

!= s+k"kN6g\ sDkgL h+uL lghfdlt u}î hfuL/bf/x?=sf lthf{ k'hf{ bb{ bdf{xf jfnL lb+bf
y'g'jf ug'{ kGof{ jfnLnLO{ y'g'jfsf] sfuh ;d]t= lghfdltsf] jfnL jf8Gof kul/
sfdbf/x?nfO{ lbg' cl3jf6 lthf{ k'hf{ jfnL bdf{xf lbof] jfnL jfl8 ;Sof kl5 y'g'jf
lbof] eGof Tof] y'g'jf jfnL bkmb/Lof u}î jfnL lbGof sfl/+bfn] j'emfpg' k5{ h;n] y'g'jf
glb jfnL lbofsf] 5 p;}jf6 jfnLsf] ljuf] e/fO{ lju} jdf]lhd\ b+8 ug'{= cl3 ltbf{ k'hf{
jfln bdf{x lnbf y'g'jf ;d]t lnofsf] /x]5 jfnL y'g'jf gul/ jfnL lbGof sfdbf/ t}gfy
kfpGof ef/fbf/ kn6gL`f ku/L x'Fbf u}îaf6 y'g'jf jfnLsf] ljuf e/fO{ ljuf jdf]lhd\ 8+8
ug'{ ?k}`f glt¥of d}Gxfsf % ?k}`fsf b/n] s}b ug'{=
@= s+k"sf bkmb/ iffgfsf sfl/+bfn] lthf{ k'hf{ bb{ lb+bf kN6gsf sKtfg n]km6]g OG;fo]g\
;'j]bf/= Hdfbf/ x'2fnfO{ /flif lbg'= kN6g\= sKtfg n]km6\g\ OG;fo]g= ;'j]bf/x? ;fd]n 5}g+
eGof O{ ltg kul/ dWo] ! kul/ / x'2f= Hdfbf/nfO{ /flif lbg'= g/flif bb{ lthf{ k'hf{ lbGof
sfl/+bfnfO{ ljuf jdf]lhd b+8 ug'{=
#= s+k"N6g s+kgL u}îsf bkmbk/Lof ;'jf ifl/bf/ d]h/ kN6gL`fx?nfO{ k|dfguLsf b:ift
jdf]lhd\= ;/;fk6L lb+bf h;nfO{ ;fk6L lbg' 5 plx eofsf] kN6+sf sKtfg= n]km6]g\
;'j]bf/ p;} k§Lsf Hdfbf/ x'2f ifnf;L lkkf nflhdf 5 eGof p;}sf sf]Tof l8¶f sf]Tofsf
gfpsf] td;'s n]iffO{ nL ;fk6L lbg' td;'s gn]iffO{ glbg'= lthf{ k'hf{ bb{ lb+bf kgL ;f]lx
dflkms\ kul/x?nfO{ /fifL pg}sf lhDdf ul/ lbg' Plt gul/ p;} lbof] eGof plb{ gfl3
lbofsf] 7x5{ ljuf jdf]lhd\ lthf{ k'hf{ bb{ lbGof bkmbl/ofnfO{ hl/jfgf ug'{=
$= s+k"sf bkmb/iffgfjf6 lthf{ k'hf{ bb{ jfl8 kN6gsf sKtfg\= n]km6]g Og;fo]g\= ;'j]bf/
Hodfbf/ x'2fn] kgL jfl8 ;Sof kl5 s]lx ts;L/ e}= jfln y'g'jf eof] eGof hufdf
/èfsf] jfnL y'gL c;'n ul/ Nofpg' lthf{ k'hf{ bb{ kfO{ hflu/bf/n] hufdf c;'n ul/ iffO{=
;Sof kl5 jft nfuL y'lgofsf] jfnL hufdf j'embf kgL jfls 7x/]g eGof bkmb/ iffgfsf
sfl/+bf / kN6g\sf kul/= Hdfbf/ x'2f df]lxn] ltg'{ kb}{g=
;fpGof ;+qmflGt kl5 bz{g ul/ csf]{ ;fpGof ;+qmflGtdfÙ
kfo]g ljr df d¥of] eGof t]:tfn] jfnL kfpgfsf] lx;fj==
%= j};fifdf dGof{n] iffguLdf tLg if+8sf] Ps if+8 kfp5 h]7df dGof{n] iffguLdf rf/ if+8sf] @
if+8 kfp5= c;f/df dGof{n] iffguLdf ltg if+8sf] @ if+8 kfp5 d}Gxfjfl/ bdf{x iffGofn] ;if{t
k§ jdf]lhd\ sf] kfp+5=
^= 6f9f uf}8fsf] s+k"kN6g s+kgL 5 jbnf lbg= >L k+rdL;Dd k'u]g eGof k'/fgLofn] ux'sf]
jfnL kfp5= >L k+rdL cufj} bz{g u¥ofsf] xf] egL g`fn] emu8f ug{ kfpb}g=
&= >L k+rdL cl3 bz{g u¥ofsf]5= t];nfO{ ifguL >L k+rdL kl5 iff]l;Gofsf] iffguL 7]lsg
uof] eGof iff]l;Gofn] ux'sf] jfnL kfp+5=
*= >L k+rdL cl3 iff]l;ofsf] 5 tfgfjfgf j'emfofsf] 5}g kl5jf6 tfgfjfgf j'emfof klg t];n]
ux'sf] jfnL kfpb}g= Tof] jfnL >L k+rdL cl3 bz{g ul/ 7]lsofn] kfp5=
(= >L k+rdLsf lbg;Dd giff]l; tfgfjfgf jflw /xGofn] ux'sf] jfnL kfp+5=
!)= ;fpGof ;+qmflt b]ifL cl3 bz{g uGof{n] ;+qmflGt kl5 iff]l;of] eGof k'/f] jfnL kfp5=
!!= ;fpGof ;+qmflGt b]ifL kl5 bz{g u¥ofsf] hfuL/= >L k+rdLsf lbg j;+t g;'lg iff];Lof]
eGof t];n] jfnL s]xL kfpb}g=

hfuL/bf/sf jxfnL jiff{;L

56
!= s+k"kN6g sDkgLsf kul/ cflkm;/sf tfgfjfgf= 3f]8f ;fh ;d]t= iff]l;Gof ku/Ln]=
cfkmgf] 3f]8f ;fh ;/fhfd\ r':tf >L ldlgi6sDof+ 8/ Oglrkmjf6 kmdf{o;L ul/ jgfofsf]
dfn hf] 5= Tof] dfn iffguL kfpGof cflkm;/ ku/Ln] lng'Sof df]ndf lnof]= slt dfn
ljU¥of] slt b'jnfof]= Tof] thljh ul/ df]n 36fO{ iff];LGofnfO{ lbg'= iff];LGof 9fqm\ofn] Tof]
dfn c;jfkm h:tfsf] t:tf] /fiofsf] 5 ljUo«fsf] / 3f]8f b'jnfofsf] klg 5}g t}ofl/ 5
eGof hf}gf df]n df lnof]Yof]= ;f] df]ndf lng' lbg'=
@= iff]l;Gofn] Tof] dfn c;jfk 3f]8f cl3 cfkm'n] ln+bf e+bf= j]; ul/; jgfofsf] 5 3f]8f
kgL kf]l; tof/ ul/ /fiofsf] /x]5 eGof= p;} kN6gsf kul/ cflkm;/n] df]n j9fO{ lbof
jdf]lhd lng' lbg' j9L hfGof / ;Gof{ kul/n] d lbÙ d}nfO{ rflx5 eGof s/ nfUb}g
gx'Gofn] efO{ ;/x cs}{ iff]hg'=

jflnufhL ;fx' lt/fpGof

!= hfuL/bf/sf jfnLdf ;sf{/sf]= bz{ge]6 shf{ t}gfy cfpGofx?jf6 lnof]= ;fk§L ;sf{l/of
/sd\ tx;Lnsf] jfsL cfkm'nfO{ nfUofsf] ;sf{/df cfpGof= b+8 lhtfpl/ jfx]s c?
jflx8f ;fx'sf shf{ ;fkl§df hfuL/bf/sf] jfnL y'lg s;}n] glt/fpg'= jflx8f ;fx'
jfjTdf hflu/sf] jfnL y'lglt/fpGof sfl/+bfnfO{ p;n] ltg'{ kGo}{ ?k}`f /x]5g\ eGof kgL
lt/fofsf ?k}of h;nfO{= lbofsf] xf]= p;} l;t iff]hL n] egL hflu/bf/sf] jfnL sfl/+b fjf6
e/fO{ b;f}b lng' lt/fO{ lbGof sfl/+bfnfO{ ljuf jdf]lhd= b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of d}Gxfsf %
?k}ofsf b/n] s}b ug'{=
@= hfuL/bf/ l;kflx u}îsf ;fx' O5\ofO{ lnGof= ;'j]bf/ Hdfbf/ x'2fnfO{ ljuf jdf]lhd\
hl/jfgf ug'{ hflu/bf/ l;kflx u}îsf] /= ;fx' sf dgf]dfg l;t kul/ x'2f /flif O5\ofO{
lbofsf] /x]5 eGof hl/jfgf kb}{g=
#= c8f c8fdf ;fn j;fn s+k"kN6g\ sDkgL t}gfy kfO{ hfGof ef/fbf/ bkmbl/of / gLh
kN6g\sf kul/ lgh kl¶sf Hdfbf/ x'2f :d]tn] hflu/bf/ nfO{ ;fkl§ lb+bf slRrsf] klSs
ul/ klSssf] 8]8L jflw lx;fj ul/ ln+bf /èf5g\= cj pk|fGt ;fk6L lb+bf= hf}ghftsf
?k}of ;fk6L lbofsf] 5= ;f]lx hftsf ?k}ofsf ;os/f= !! sf] lx;fj ul/ ?k}of lng'
?k}`f ltg{ ;s]g hflu/df s§f ug'{ k¥of] eGof= p;} 7fpsf] hfuL/bf/sf dgf]dfg ;+u efp
jflw s§fu/L lng'= of] j+b]h gf3L j9tf Jofh\ / efpdf j]jfhjL kfl/ hf}gf ef/bf/n]
n]nf= t]:tf ef/fbf/jf6 j9tf lnofsf] ljuf] e/fO{ lju} jdf]lhd 8+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of
d}Gxfsf % ?k}`fsf] b/n] s}b ug'{=

;fx' l/0fLsf]

!= ;fx'sf jfj' 5f]/f bfHo" efO{x? ;fl5 eofsf] td;'s sLTof{ 7x5{ huf sj'lno]t lnGof /=
c;fdLsf jfj' / !^ jif{ dflysf 5f]/f ;f5L /flif td;'s Ohf/f HofdLsf] n]iff}6\ ;fl5
u¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof t]:tfsf ;fx'n] jfj' 5f]/f b'j} l;t lng kfp5= ;fl5 j:of] ;lx xfNof]
kl5 ;fx' kgL ltb}{g c+; klg iffÙ egL ;'if kfpb}g= 5f]/fsf] gfp k§f td;'s sj'lno]tdf
n]lifosf] klg /x]g5= jfj'sf] wg ;Dklt iffÙ /Lg shf{ kgL ltb}{g eGof eGof= t]:tfnfO{
kqmg kfOb}g=
@= sf]lx dflg; dg{ nfUof]= p;sf] ;'gfrflb gut lhlg;L= hjfx]/ s;g\ tdg\= 3/ if]t sdf/f
sdfl/ rf}kfof u}î s]lx s'/f] dnfO{ n]ifL lbofsf] 5 egL s;}n] ;dfpg cfof] eGof kq
kfq x]bf{ ;fl5 n]ifs ;fl5 :d]t n]ifLofsf] /x]5 eGof= c;fdL dGof{ j]nfdf= ;fx'x? ;fd]n
eof kgL geof kgL= kq kfqsf=x?n] ltg'{ k5{ e/fO{ lbg' e/fO{ lbofsf y}nLsf] b;f}b
lj;f}b lng'=
#= c;fdL dGof{ j]nf;Dddf kgL kmnfgfsf] Plt iffofsf] 5 egL s;}nfO{ ;'gfofsf] 5}g=
3/sf hxfg ufpNof l5Dofls enf dflg;x? s;n] klg P;n]= kmnfgfsf] Plt iffofsf] 5
eGof= yfxf kfofsf] 5}g= ;fx'n] kgL c;fdL Ho"bf] 5+Hofn\ s]lx eGofsf] 5}g= eGof t]:tf
;fx'nfO{ d¥ofsf efO{ 5f]/f :jf:gLn] nfiff} b]ifL t[0f;Dd slt kgL ltg'{ kb}{g glt/fpg' d'ifn]
57
 dfq eGof5 eGof j]d'gfl;jsf s'/fdf kqmGof ;fx' nfO{ ;dfTofsf] Hdfsf ;}s/f !) ?k}of
8+8 ug'{ hfn ;fh ul/ lsTof{ td;'s ul/ ;dfpg cfofsf] 7x¥of] eGof p;} td;'ssf
ljuf jdf]lhd b+8 ug'{=
$= jfj' cfdf bfHo"n] shf{ iffofsf] / sf/f]jf/ u¥ofsf] /x]5 td;'s x'g gkfO{ jfj' cfdf bfHo"
d¥of 5g\= lnbf lb+bfsf ;fl5 u'xfO{ /èf5g\ eGof p:sf 3/sf hfGsf/ / cbfnt 7fgf
cdfn ;fl5 /flif td;'s u/fO{ lbg'= P:tf l/t l;t= !^ jif{ b]ifL tn b'b iffGof jfnif
;Ddsf] td;'s u/fO{ lbofsf] ;b/ 7x5{ ?k}of lng kfp5g\
%= sf]lx ;fx' l/0fLsf] td;'sL j]td;'s] jlx ifftf nLg lbg sf/f]jf/ ;Sofsf s'/fdf= ;fx'
l/l0f j;L lx;fj ul/ td;'s kmfl/ 5'6L ul/ ;Sofsf s'/fdf Ps hgf !^ jif{ gk'Uofsf]
;fg' /x]5 ;fg' rflxsf] pd]/ ks\sf eof kl5 d]/f] lrQ j'emb}g egL= ph'/ u¥of] eGof km]l/
lx;fj ul/ lrQ j'emfO{ lbg'= b'j} hgfsf] !^ jif{ gf£ofsf] kSsf pd]/ eofsf] /x]5 t]:tfdf
Pshgfn] ph'/ u¥of] eGof lx;fj l5Gofsf ^ d}Gxf leq ph'/ u¥of] eGof km]/L lx;fj
j'emLlbg' ^ dlxgf kl5 eÙ cfof] eGof= ph'/ ug{ kfpb}g cl3 lx;fj lstfj ul/ sfut
Roflt eofsf] ;b/ x'+5=
^= >L % ;sf{/ nufo]t b'lg`fbf/ u}î s;}n] td;'s n]ifL jf p;} lb c;fdLn] cfkmgf hLon]
iffofsf= /Lg shf{df c;fdLsf] wg /x]5 eGof lt/fO{ lbg' wg /x]g5 e/ if]t huf hdLg
s;g\ tdg\ rf}kfof u}î /x]5 eGof p;} jf6 lt/fO{ lbg'= Tof] klg /x]g5 eGof /:t ls:t sf]
j]xf/f jwfO{ sfuh u/fO{ lbg' e/fofsf wgsf] ;fx'jf6 b;f}b c;fdL jf6 lj;f}b lng' shf{
elg lbofsf wgdf ;fx'n]= c;fdLnfO{ s}b u/fpg' kfpb}g= c8f cbfnt 7fgf cdfnjf6
s}b gug'{=
&= cfkmgf >L % ;sf{/jf6 jS;ofsf jf c? /fhfx?n] lbofsf s'; ljtf{ kfpGofn] yfdg
g;sL @.# hgf l;t j+ws /fiofsf] /x]5 jf kmf5f{ ul/ lbofsf] /x]5 / huf lnGofx?sf]
emu8f k¥of] eGof ;sf{/jf6 lnofsf] eof klg c? b'lg`fn] lnofsf] eof klg ( d}Gxfsf
Dofbsf c}g jdf]lhd\ h:sf] 7x5{ p;sf] ;b/ u/fO{ lbg'=
*= cfkmgf >L % ;sf{/jf6 j:ofsf jf c? /fhfx?n] lbofsf s'z ljtf{ jfx]s c? ljt{f j]if
d/f}6\ lkms6f/ 5fk Ho"lg dfgf rfjnsf wgLn] @.# hgf l;t j+ws /fiofsf] /x]5 jf=
kmf5\of{ ul/ lbofsf] /x]5 / huf lnGofx?sf] emu8f k¥of] eGof b'lg`f b'lg`fsf]
emu8feof ( d}Gxfsf Dofbsf c}g jdf]lhd h:sf] 7x5{ p;}sf] ;b/ u/fO{ lbg' ;sf{/jf6
j+ws jf kmf5\of{ ul/ lnofsf] /x]5 eGof= c?sf e+bf kl5 lnofsf] eof kgL emu8f gkb}{
;sf{/jf6 shf{ jfktdf ef]u b[li6 kmf5\of{ ul/ n]ifLlnofsf] /x]5 eGof ;sf{/jf6 shf{
jfktdf ef]u b[li6 kmf5\of{ ul/ n]ifLnLofsf] /x]5 eGof ;/sf/af6 lnogsf] ;b/ x'G5 c}g
kfpGof eof kgL P:tf jS; lkmtf{ u}î ;sf{/jf6 lnofsf huf cl3Nnfn] lng kfp+b}gg\
emu8f k¥of kl5 of] huf c? ;fx'nfO{ lbÙ= ;sf{/sf shf{ jfktdf n]ifLlb+5' egL
cdfdLn] eGof klg ;sf{/jf6 lng x'b}g ( d}Gxfsf Dofbsf c}g jdf]lhd\ h'g ;fx'sf] 7x5{
p;}nfO{ j]xf]/fO{ lbg'=
(= cfkmgf 5f]l/ jlxgL gftLlgx?nfO{ pGsf 3/ tkm{ jf6 lbofsf uxgf ef8f jt{g u}î dfO{lt
s;}n] dfl;j]lriffO{ lbofsf] /x]5 eGof tof] csf{ l;t kf}On u} dl/ eGof kgL dfO{ltn]
dfl;iffg kfpb}gg\= nf]uGofsf ljjfxLtf kl§sf bfOofbf/sf] x'+5 dfO{ltn] dfl;iffofsf]
7x¥of ljuf] e/fO{ ljufsf] cflw b+8 ug'{= uxgf lsGofnfO{ skfnL td;'s u/fO{ lbg' uxgf
lkmtf{ kfpGofjf6 b;f}b lng'=
!)= cfÇgf 5f]l/ jlxgL gfltgLx¿nfO{ pGsf= 3/ tkm{af6 lbofsf uxgf ef8f jt{g\ u}î dfOlt
s;}n] dfl; j]lriffO{ lbof5g\ eGof= 5f]l/sf] ;nfx ln df:ofsf j]Rofsf] /x]5 eGof b;f}
ln dfO{ltjf6 e/fO{ lbg'= 8+8= kb}{g= uxgf u}î dfn dfO{ltaf6 lg:s]g eGof lx;fj ul/
gut ?k}of e/fO{ lbg' Tof] dfn dfO{ltaf6 lsGofnfO{= s]xL kb}{g= 5f]l/sf] ;Nnfx gnL=
hj/h:tL ul/ cfkm'n] df:of p7fofsf] /x]5 eGof dfO{ltjf6 uxgf e/fO{ lb kfpGofnfO{
b;f}b lj;f}b lng' ljufsf] cflw b+8 ug'{ dfO{ltjf6 lsGofnfO{ skfnL td;'s u/fO{ lbg'=
!!= iff/]h eof]=
!@= ;sf{l/of lng lbg /}/sd jfls u}îdf xj;\ b'lg`fsf lng lbg sf/f]jf/s= d'2fdf xj;\
ltg'{ kGof{ gub lbg g;ls d]/f huf hdLg lb+5' eg]5 / c8f cbfnt cdfnjf6 /
>]:tfjf6 huf lbnfpg' k¥of] eGof hf}gf hftsf ?k}`f ltg'{ kGof{ xf] p;} hftsf ?k}`fsf]
kxf8sf if]tsf] ;os/f ^ ?k}`f g]kfnsf if]tf] ;}s/f $ ?k}`f= dWo];sf hufsf] ;os/f ^
58
 ?k}`fsf b/n] p7lt x'Gof ul/ lbg' lng' u/fO{ lbg'= lnGof lbGof b'j}sf dgf]dfgn] lbof
lnofsf] eof hf}g ;'ls b/df lnof lbofsf] eof klg ;b/ x'+5=
!#= ;fx' c;fdLsf lng lbg ubf{ td;'s e} shf{ lnof lbofdf c;fdLn] Jofh gltl/ !) jif{
k'Uofsf] eof y}lnsf] bf]j/ dfq e/fpg' j9tf lng kfpb}g= ?k}of shf{ lnofsf ldlt b]ifL
Jofh kfSof kl5 Jofh e+bf c;fdLn] ;fx'nfO{ j9tf ?k}`f egf{ lbofsf] /x]5 eGof=
td;'s jdf]lhdsf ?k}`fsf] b;f}b Jofh;Dd s§f u/fO{ lb j9tf 7x¥ofsf ?k}`f ;fpdf
s6fO{ lbg'= Jofh e+bf 36L ?k}of lbofsf] eof Jofhdf dfq s§f ug'{ ;fpdf s§f x'b}g=
;fpnfO{ rflxGof Jofh /=;fp dWo] s]lx ?k}`f lbofsf] /x]5 s]lx jfls /xg uofsf] /x]5
/ ?k}`f ltg{ g;ls !) jif{ gf£ofsf] /x]5 eGof= ;fpdf hlt jfls /èfsf] 5 plt ?k}ofsf]
dfq bf]j/ e/fpg' Hdf ;fpsf] bfj]/ kfpb}g c}gsf] !) jif{ gfUofsf] /x]5 eGof t]j/ e/fpg'
j9tf kfpb}g=
!$= c;fdLn] ltg{ g;ls jfls/èfsf Jofhsf] Jofh iffGof ul/ td;'s gug'{ dt;'s u/fO{
s;}n] Jofh iffo]5 jf sfuhdfq n]iffo]5 eGof hlt ?k}`fsf] Jofhsf] td;'s u/fO{
Jofhsf] Jofh iffof n]iffofsf] 7x5{ plt ?k}`f c;fdLn] ltg'{ kGof{ ?k}`fdf s§f u/fO{ p;}
ljuf jdf]lhd ;fx'nfO{ 8+8 ug'{ ?k}`f glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
!%= td;'s n]ifLofsf] ifftf jxL :ofxfdfq n]ifLlng lbg sf/f]jf/ u¥ofsf j]td;'sL wgdf lng
lbg uGof{ b'j} hgsf jxLifftf:ofxf sfuhkq x]/L ;fpsf] klg JHofhsf] klg bf]xf]/} r9tf
lkmtf{ lx;fj ul/ lng' lbg' u/fO{ l5lg lbg'

;fx' ltgf{sf]

!= cbfnt 7fgf cdfn jf6 ;sf{l/of jfls /sd\sf] jfls hfuL/ bf/sf jfnLsf] jfls 6+N;L
jf]l6sf] jfnL df:ofsf] jfls csf{sf] 3/ kf]nLlbofsf] ljuf rf]l/sf] ljuf] ;fx'sf] y}nL
e/fpg' kbf{ Plt & snd\ df c+zj+bf ul/ g5'l6ofsf Psf 3/ j:ofsf efO{ 5f]/fsf] c+;
k/ ;b}{g ;j}sf Hdf wgjf6 c;'n ul/ egf{ u/fO{ lbg'=
@= jfj'sf] c+z kgL iffÙ ;fx' nfosf klg ltb}{g egL 5f]/fn] 5f]8\of] eGof jfj'sf] ;Dklt hf]
eofsf] ;fx'n] lng' jfj'sf] ;+klt iffÙ eGof 5f]/f nfO{ jfj'sf ;fx'n] ;dfpg kfpb}gg\ hf]
eofsf] wg ;fx'nfO{ bfdf;fxL u/fO{ cbfnt 7fgf cdfnjf6 kmf/s u/fO{ lbg' e/fO{ lbofsf
?k}`fsf b;f}b lng'=
#= cfdf jfj'sf lj;Nnfxn] 5f]/fn] l/g shf{ nfofsf] ;fx'n] 5f]/fsf cfh{g sdfO{df lng'
cfdf jfj'sf wg ;+kltdf cfdf jfj'n] pgsf if';Ln] ltl/ lbof dfq}= ;fx'n] lng' ltl/
lbofgg\ eGof= cfdfjfj'sf] Ho" 5+Hofn\ lng kfpb}gg\=
$= ;+u j:ofsf 5f]/fn] s]lx ljhf`L u/L ts;L/ u¥of] eGof jfj'n] ltl/ lbg'= jfj'n] ltl/ lbÙ
s}b ul/ b]p eGof d}Gxfsf % ?k}`fsf b/n]s}b ul/ lbg' ;j{:j hfGof tS;L/ u¥of] eGof
klg 5f]/fs} c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+z dfq} ;j{:j x'+5=
%= s;}n] tnfO{ gfkmfsf] efu Plt lbpnf eGofsjf]n ul/ sfuh n]ifL ;fx'sf] /f; shf{ nL
j]kf/ u/]5 eGof Plt gfkmf lt/f}nf eGof sfuh jdf]lhd\ ;fp / gfkmf lng kfp5 cbfnt
7fgf cdfnjf6 e/fO{ lbg'= gfkmfsf] sjf]n /x]g5 Jofhsf] sjf]n /x]5 eGof ;os/f !)
?k}ofb]ifL j9tf kfpb}g=
^= s;}n] ;os/f olt d'l/ cÙ lt?nf e+Gofsjf]n ul/ sfuh n]ifL ;fx' ;u ?k}of shf{
lnofsf] /x]5 ltGof{ j]nfdf ;fx' c;fdLsf] emu8f e} cbfnt 7fgf cdfndf s/fpg cfof
eGof sjf]n ul/ n]iofsf] sfuh 5 tf kgL ;os/f !) ?k}ofsf lx;fjn] Jofh e/fO{ lbg'
sj'lno]t jdf]lhd\ cÙ / ljqmLsf efjn] ?k}of kfpb}g=

bfO{hf] k]jfn] ;fx' ltgf{sf]

!= bfOhf]n] kf]O /= kf]Osf hxfgx? sdf/f sdfl/ kfnLofsf /èf5g\ eGof Tof] bfOhf] kf]Osf
;fx'n] lng /= kf]Osf iftdf ;sf{/jf6 xg{ kfOb}g=
59
@= ;f;' ;;'/f b]j/ h]7fHo" / ;f}tf nf]UGofn] jflx/ /fiofsf c? :jfl:g x? sf]lx /èfg5g\=
nf]UGof / bfOhf] x'Gof :jfl:g /èf5g\ pgnfO{ kfNbf / p;} :jf:gL lt/sf 5f]/f kl/jf/nfO{
kfNbf nfUofsf] /Lg /x]5 eGof Tof] /Lg :jf:gLsf bfOhf :d]tn] klg ;fx' ltg'{ k5{= Psf
3/df j:ofsf ;f;' ;;'/f b]j/ h]7fHo" / ;f}tfx? /èf5g\ eGof :jfl:gsf bfO{hfaf6
nf]UGofn] ;fx' lt/fpg kfpb}g= nf]UGofn] /fh ift u¥ofsf] eof klg Hdflg k:tf /sd\ lnbf
h'jfif]Nbfsf] jfls shf{ nfUofsf] eof klg nf]uGofsf iftdf :jfl:gsf] bfO{hf] hfb}g= hf}g
:jfl:gsf] bfOhf] xf] p;}nfO{ yfld lbg'=
#= :jfl:gnfO{ Ho"lg Ho]7\ofs glbg' lbofsf] /x]5 eGof klg t];n] ;fx' klg ltg'{ k5{= ;f}tf
;f}tdf kmnfgLn] Ho"lg Ho]7ofs kfO{= d}n] s]lx kfofsf] 5}g egL= s/fpg cfof ;j}
;f}tfnfO{ c}g jdf]lhd\ jf8L lbg' @.# :jfl:gdf Pj6L :jf:gLnfO{ dfq} lbofsf] Ho"lg
h]7\ofs k]jf ;b/ x'b}g cbfnt cdfnjf6 l5lgofsf emu8fsf] srxl/jf6 b;f}b lng'=
$= cl3 /Lg nfUofsf] 5 kl5 :jfl:gnfO{ Ho"lg h]7\ofs\ n]ifLlbof] eGof shf{ nfUofsf] gltl/=
n]lvlbofsf] Ho"gL h]7\ofs ;b/ 7xb}{g\= ;fx' ltg'{ k5{ ;fx'nfO{ lt/fO{ lbg'=
%= s;}sf :jfl:gx?n] bftJo ul/ 5f]l/ h'jf`L u}î s;}nfO{ lb+5' egL ;fx' gltl/ bftJo ug{
nfUof eGof ;fx' j'emfO{ cfkmg' c+; p7fofsf dfq ;b/ x'+5 ;fx' gj'emfO{ p7fofsf] bftJo
srrf 7x5{=

;fx' c;fdLsf]

!= ;fx' 6N;L+ cdfnL /sdL lhDdf jfnn] cfkm'n] lng' kGof{ wgdfndf c;fdL df]xL /}ltsf
3/ jf6 xfn xfln Nofpbf cfkmgf Hdf e+bf 36Lsf] dfn Nofofsf] /x]5 eGof Nofpbfdf
ufpFsf k+r/flif df]n ul/ Nofofsf] eof gk'Uofsf] kl5 lng kfp5 lx;fj jdf]lhd\ lng'=
c;fdL df]xL /}ltsf xftn] kgL lbofsf] /x]g5 ufpsf t];/ klg /fif]g5 df]n tf}n kgL s]xL
gul/ hj/hl:t ul/ xft= xfln lnofsf] /x]5 eGof cfkm'n] c;fdL df]lx /}tLsf 3/af6
xftxfnL lnof kl5 hDdf gk'Uofsf] eof klg= km]l/ d]/f] jfls lng'5 elg ;dfpg kfpb}g=
@= ;fx' 6N;L+ /sdL cdfnLn] lhDdfjfn, cfkmgf lngfshf{ jfnL jfjTdf ls:tf efiff jf]n
k'Uof kl5 c;fdL df]xL /}ltn] lbog\ /= c;fdL df]lxsf 3/ jf6 s]xL dfn xft xflnNofpbf
k+rlslt{ df]n u/L k+rt];/ /fifL cfkm'n] lng' kGof{ Hdf ;Dd Nofofsf] /x]5 eGof ;fx'
6N;L+ nfO{ vt nfUb}g df]xL /}lt c;fdLn]= dfn kmsf{p5f}+ eGof #% lbg leqdf ?k}of ltg{
cfof cfkmg' dfn lkmtf{ul/ lng kfp5 #% lbg gf£of kl5 kmsf{pg kfpb}gg\=
#= ;fx' 6+N;L+ cdfnL /sdL lhDdfjfnn] c;fdL df]lx /}ltsf 3/af6 cfkm'n] xftxfln dfn
NofpFbf cfkm'n] lng' kGof{ Hdf e+bf b;f}b Jofh ;Dd j9tf Nofofsf] /x]5 eGof ift
nfUb}g= lkm/fb ug{ cfof] eGof lx;fj e+bf= j9tf Nofofsf] lkmtf{ u/fO{ lbg'= Hdf / b;f}b
Jofh b]vL j9tf xft xfln Nofofsf /x]5 eGof j9tf lnofsf] dfnsf] Jofh ;d]t c;fdL
df]lx /}ltnfO{ ljuf] e/fO{ lb= e/fO{ lbofsf ljufsf] t];} ;fx'af6 b;f}b lj;f}b lng'= c;fdL
df]lx /}ltnfO{ s]lx kb}{g=
$= df]lx 6N;L+ u}îsf lng lbgsf emu/fdf df]lxn] ?k}of ltl/ cl8of] eGof p:sf 3/sf
wgjf6 e/fO{ lbg' p:sf 3/jf6 wgltl/ ?k}of k'u]g eGof 6N;L+n] d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf b/n]
Dofb jdf]lhd\ s§f ul/ lbG5' PZnfO{ s}b ul/ b]p eof] eGof 6N;L+sf] /fhLgfdf n]iffO{ ln
s}b ul/ lbg' Dofb k'Uof kl5= 5f8L lbg'= Dofbdf xnfof kl5 d]/f] lng' 5 elg 6N;Ln] km]l/
;dfpg kfpb}g=
%= s;} ;fx'n] tt{d;'s huf hdLg u}îsf s'/fdf csf{sf ;wjf ljwjf :jf:gLnfO{ NofO{
cfkmgf 3/df y'Gof] eGof cbfnt 7fgf cdfnjf6 r'lgofls c;fld :jfl:gjf6 b;f}b ln
td;'s km/fO{ lbg'= P:tf ;fx'sf] y}nf] e'l;5 P:tf :jfl:g c;fdLn] ?k}of lbofgg\ / Kofbf
nfpg' k¥of] eGof c;fdLsf 3/}df :jfl:g dflg; Kofbf k7fO{ 5]s y'gul/ cfkmgf ?k}of=
p7fO{ lngkfp5 lng' ?lkof lbÙ egL s/fpg cfof cbfnt yfgf cdfnjf6 b'zL xs ltg'{
kGof{ 7x¥of e/fO{ lbg' ?k}of gltg'{ kGof{ 7x¥of ;fx'nfO{ 7f]ls lbg' wg ltg'{ kGof{ /x]5 ltg{
;lsg eGof /:t ls:\tefiff td;'s u/fO{ 5f]8L lbg'=
^= c;fdLn] ?k}of lt/]g egL ;fx'n] lkm/fb ug{ cfof] eGof wg x'gof c;fdL;+u h:tf]
lnofsf] xf] t:tf] e/fO{ lbg= ?k}of lg:s]g egof 3/ if]t huf hflu/ gub hLgL; rf}kfof
60
 sdf/f sdf/L u}î hf] p7\ofsf] e/fO{ lbg'= Plt s]lx klg c;fdLsf] geof ;fx'jf6
/:tls:t u/fO{= lbg' ;fx'n] /:tls:t ul/ lbo]g eGof cfkmgf lhon] ;fx' nfofsf] eof
kgL bfdf;lx u/fO{ lbg'= cfkmgf lhon] nfofsf l/gdf ;fx'n]/:t ls:t ul/ lb+5' eGof]
eGof bfdf;lx ul/ b]p egL c;fdLn] s/fof] tklg= P:tfsf] bfdf ;lx x'b}g=
&= s;}n] csf{sf sdf/f sdfl/nfO{ l/gnfO{ l/g ;fk6L lbofsf] /x]5 lt sdf/f sdfl/nfO{
5]ls y'gL wlgsf] sfd c6\sfpg x'b}g h}Nx} sdf/f sdfl/n] ?k}of lt¥of] plxn] lng' 5]s
y'g ul/ wlgsf] sfd c6\sfof] eGof hlt lbg c6\sfofsf] 5 t]; ;fx'jf6 wgLnfO{ lbgsf]
rf/ cfgf lgDofs\ e/fO{ sdf/f sdfl/ wgLnfO{ ;f}kfO{lbg' lgDofs e/fofsf ljuf jdf]lhd\
hl/jfgf ug'{=
*= s;}sf sdf/f sdfl/sf] wg if;d\n] dfl;iffO{ lbof] / sdf/f sdfl/ s/fpg cfof eGof
sdf/f sdfl/sf] wg hj/ hl:t ul/= iffg kfpb}gg\ if;d\n] iffO{ lbofsf] ljuf] / b;f}bsf
lx;fjn] 7x¥ofsf] Jofh :d]t ifd;\jf6 lemsL sdf/f sdfl/nfO{ e/fO{ lbg' sdf/f sdfl/
dl/ ck'tfln k¥of] eGof Tof] ck'tfnL cbfnt 7fgf cdfnn] kfpb}g if;d\n] kfp+5=
(= ;fx' c;fdLsf td;'sL a]td;'sL ;/;fkl6 jlxkqsf] n]iff}6\ u}î sf lng lbgsf emu/fdf
!^ jif{ b]ifL cf]9f];+d Jofh j§f] lb+b} /èfsf] kl5 Jofh c6\Sofsf] /x]5 eGof Tof] lng lbg
;Rrf 7x5{ lx;fj jdf]lhd\ ;fx'nfO{ e/fO{ lbg' !^ jif{ b]ifL cf]9f] Jofh lt¥ofsf] /xg]5
eGof / jfj' jfHofx?sf iffnfsf] sf/f]jf/ /x]5 ;fx'n] tt{d;'s jlxkq lnO{ ;dfpg cfof]
eGof sf/f]jf/ hf+Gof ;fl5 u'xfO{ Ho"bf /èf5g\ pg\nfO{ NofO{ jsfpbf 7x¥of] eGof e/fO
lbg' !^ jif{ b]lif cf]9f] Jofh iffofsf] /x]g5 jfj' jfHofn] u¥ofsf] sf/f]jf/ lng lbg 5f]/f
gfltn] ;'GofhfGofsf] kgL /x]g5 ln+bf lb+bfsf ;fl5 u'xfO{ klg sf]lx /x]g5g\ d¥of
efUofsf ;fl5 b]iffof] eGof ;fx' em'¶f 7x5{ ?k}of ltg'{ kb}{g hlt ?k}of ;dfofsf] 5 t]:tf
em'¶f ;fx'af6 ;dfTofsf Hdfsf] b;f}b lng'= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{= kf]nfO{
dfUGof c;fdLjf6 @.. ?k}of ;nfdL ln lhtf kq ul/ 5f8L lbg' kf+r ?k}of b]ifL 36L
kf]Nofsf] eo ¥ cfgfln hLtfkq ul/ lbg'=
!)= cfk:df b]l;df lng lbg sf/f]jf/sf] emu/f k¥of] eGof hlt ?k}of eg'{ e/fpg' ul/l5lgof]
plt ?k}ofsf] b;f}b lj;f}b lng' b+8 lhtfpl/ glng'=
!!= dxfhlg jlx ifftfsf sf/f]jf/df h;h:sf] sf/f]jf/ eofsf] 5 pgLx? b'j} Ho"bf /èf5g\
eGof b'j} sf sfuhkq x]l/ emu/f l5lg lbg'= sf/f]jf/ uGof{ d¥of 5g\ 5f]/fx?nfO{ d]/f] Plt
lng' 5 elg ;dfpg cfof] bf]x/f jlxifftf / sf/f]jf/ hfFGof dflg; ;fl5 /èf5g\ eGof
7x¥ofsf] e/fO{ lbg' bf]x/f jlxifftf klg /èfg5g sf/f]jf/ hf+Gof dflg; klg /èfg 5g\
eGof Tof] ;fx' em'¶f 7x5{ ltg'{ kb]{g t]:tf ;fx'nfO{ ;os/f @.. ?k}ofsf b/n] hl/jfgf ug'{=
!@= c}gn] hf/ xf+g x'Gof;Ddsf :jfl:g / NofO{tf :jfl:gx?;+u kf]O / !^ jif{ ;+dsf 5f]/fnfO{
ghgfO{ s;}n] gub lhlgl; hjfx]/ rf}kfof sdf/f sdf/L t/ td;'s n]lv lb ?k}of ;fk6\
lbofsf] /x]5 jf lslg lnofsf] /x]5 eGof To:tf ;fx'nfO{ sf]lxsf] / 5f]/fsf] sdfOn] ltg'{
kb}{g t]lx :jfl:gsf bfO{hf k]jfn] ;fx' lt/fpg' :jf:gLn] j]Rofsf] /= ;fkl6 lnofsf] ;b/
x'b}g= bfOhf k]jfn] ;fx' lt/fpbf k'u]g eGof :jfl:g s}bdf kb}{gg\=
!#= cfkmgf c}gn] hf/ xlg x'Gof ;+dsf :jfl:gx?nfO{ cfkm'nfO{ / !^ jif{ ;Ddsf 5f]/fnfO{
g;'gfO{ ljrdf :jfl:g;+u PsfGt jl; csf{n] ?k}of ;/;fkl6 lbofsf b]iof] / hf/ xfGof]
eGof s/l0f u¥ofsf] xj; jf gu¥ofsf] xj; sf+t j:ofs} j]nfdf xfGofsf] x'gfn] t];nfO{
ift jft nfUb}g=
!$= s;}sf :jfl:g j'xfl/ 5f]l/n] j]Rof p7fofsfdf 3/sf dflnsn] P;n] lbof lnofsf] d+h'/
5 elg ift\ ul/ lbofsf] /x]5 eGof t]:tfsf] lng lbg u¥ofsf] ;b/ x'+5=
!%= ;fx' u}¥xn] cfkm'n] shf{ lbofsf] wg glbGof c;fdLnfO{ 3/ ks/ ubf{ gfndf gxfng'
rlk{df gy'Fg'= g]n l7u'/f rdf}6\ klg gxfng' jfw 5fb klg gug'{ cÙ kfgL iffg lkg lb
rfsl/ u/fO{ sl§ u/fp5 tfklg sf]7f 5Ll8df tfnrf nufO{ jf p;} y'lg wg p7fO{ lng
kfp5 ift nfUb}g=
!^= cfkm'n] csf{nfO{ C0f shf{ lbofsf] s'/f] lx;fj lstfj ul/ c;dL jf6 j'lem ln td;'s
sfuh kq kmfl/ ;Sof kl5 p;} s'/fsf] csf]{ lsTof{ td;'s sfh kq ul/ d]/f] olt jf+ls
5 egL c;fdLnfO{ jf c;fldsf 5f]/f kl/of/= bfHo" efO{nfO{ kqmGof jf c;fdLjf6 csf]{
sfuh n]iffO{ ln ?k}ofdf tufbf uGof{ nfO{ hlt Hdf ;dfTofsf] 5 p;} ljuf jdf]lhd\ b+8
ug'{= c;fldnfO{ ;os/f ! ?k}of ln lhtfkq ul/ 5fl8lbg'=
61
!&= s;}sf ;fx' 9]/} /èf5g\ t]:df Psf ;fx'n] kls y'lg /fiofsf] /x]5 t]:t}df csf{ ;fx'n] jf
c? s;}n] t;} c;fldnfO{ kls n] uo]5 / kl5 jf6 kls| n}] hfGof ;fx'sf 3/df Tof]
c;fld d¥ofsf] 7x¥of] eGof csf{n] y'GofsfnfO{ hj/ hl:t ul/ klqm n}hfGofnfO{ efl/
b08 ug'{ dGof{ c;fdLn] ltg'{ kGof{ ?k}ofdf kl5af6 klqm n}hfGof ;fx'n] ltg'{ kb}{g=
!*= s;}sf ;fx' 9]/} /èf5g\= Pp6f ;fx'n] klqm n}uL y'lg /fiofsf] /x]5 / p;\n] y'Gofsf
yfpjf6 csf]{ ;fx'n] lemls n}uL y'Gofsf] l/g gltl/ p; 7fp+jf6 klg efuL uofsf] 7x¥of
h:sf 3/af6 efUofsf] 5 p; ;fx'nfO{ ef/L b08 ug'{ c? ;fx'sf] y}ln t]; ;fx'n] ltg'{
kb}{g csf{n] y'Gofsf 7fp+jf6 klqm NofO{ cfkm\g' Hdf p7fO lnO{ c;fdL eufO lbofsf]
7x¥ofO cl3 y'Gof ;fx'sf] hDdf :d]t t]lx eufpGofn] ltg'{ k5{= t];}jf6 e/fO{b;f}b lj;f}b
lng'=
!(= s;}sf ;fx' w]/} /èf5g\ /= cl3jf6 Psf ;fx'n] n}uL y'Gofsf] p; 7fpFaf6 efuL ljbf eO{
jf p;} lgl:s b'nlkmn ug{ nfUofsf] /x]5 / csf{ ;fx'n] klqm n} uo]5 kl5Nnfn] kqmbf
cl3jf6 kqmGof ;fx'sf dflg; Kofbf klg sf]lx /x]g5g\ eGof= cl3jf6 kqmGofn] d}n]
kqm\of] e+g kfpb}g kl5jf6 kqmGofn] c}g jdf]lhd\ cfkmg' wg p7fO{ lng kfp5=
@)= s;}sf ;fx' 9]/} /èf5g\ /= t]:df Psf ;fx'n] kqmL y'lg /fiofsf c;fldnfO{= csf{ s;}n]
hj/ hl:t ul/ pZn] y'Gofsf 7fpjf6 lemlsn}uofsf] /x]5= / Tof] c;fld d/]5 jf efu]5
eGof Tof] n}uofsf lbg & leqdf eÙ cfofsf] eof c}g jdf]lhd\ lg;fkm ul/ lbg'= cfkm'n]
y'gofsf] c;fdL csf{n] kqmL n} uof kl5 p;j]nfdf s/fpg gcfO{ d¥of efUofsf] yfxf
kfO{ & lbg b]ifL kl5 s/fpg cfofsf] 7x¥of] eGof t]:sf] s'/f g;'Fg'=
@!= n+j/ iff/]h\
leÙ gx'b} Psf3/ ;+u 5bf nfUof sfl/g df efO{ leÙ
eof kl5 ;fx'n] kqmbf uGof{ s'/fsf c}g===============
@@= ;Fu j:gf efO{df Psf efO{n] cfkmgf gfpsf] td;'s ul/ jfp;} ;fk6\ ln 3/ ifr{ sfhsfd
u¥ofsf] /x]5 kl5 efO{ leÙ e} c+; ubf{ c? efO{x?sf kmf6\ df ;fx'kg{ uo]5 eGof kmnfgf
;fx'sf olt kmnfgf efO{nfO k¥ofsf] 5 p;} l;tn]pelg sf/f]jf/ uGof{ efO{n] kmf6\ jtfO{
lbof] eGof p;nfO{ lbofsf] xf]tklg h'g efO{sf kmf6\df k¥ofsf] 5 p; c;fdL ltg{ ;s\Gof
eof klg g;sGof eof klg ;fx'n] p;} efO{ l;t lng' k5{ t]/f gfp+sf] td;'s 5 tnfO{
lbofsf] t}l;t dfq} ln+5' eÙ kfpb}g=
@#= lng lbg sf/f]jf/df kmnfgf l;t d]/f] lng' Plt 5 egL cfkm'n] lng' kGof{ e+bf j9tfsf]
Hdf ;dfO{ kqmfO Nofo]5 /f]jsf/ x'Fbf p;n] kqm\ofsf] ;j} ltg'{ kGof{ 7x/]g yf]/} jx't dfq}
ltg'{ kGof{ 7x¥of] eGof kq kfqsf ?xn] xs ltg'{ kGof{ 7x¥ofsf ?k}of e/fO{= e/fof sf
wgsf] c}g jdf]lhd\ b;f}b lj;f}b hf]xf] lng' yf]/} lng' kGof{ df txlst gul/ j9tf nLg' 5
elg kqmfpGof em'§f ;fx'nfO{ j9tf kqmfofsf Hdfsf] ;os/f !) ?k}ofsf b/n] b+8 ug'{=
?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=
;fx'n] lng' kGof{ Hdfdf c;fldnfO{ s]lxdfkm lb s]lx lnbf
;fx'af6 ;fx'n] lnofsf Hdfsf] dfq cf;fdLjf6 dfkm\
kfosf Hdfsf] klg lt¥ofsf Hdfsf] klg b;f}b lj;f}b jS;f}lg
hf]xf] lbg' e+Gof c}g =============================================
@$= lng lbgsf/f]jf/sf s'/fdf @ y/ emul/of jflem cbfnt 7fgf c8f uf}8f cdfn srxl/
>]:tfdf s/fpg cfof / j'em\bf lng lbg u¥ofsf] sfod eof] ;fx'n] s]xL dfkm u/L lbP5
eGof dfkm u/L lbofhlt Hdfsf] dfkm lbGof jf6 b;f}b jS;}lg s]xL glng'= ;fx'n] kfofsf
hDdfsf] dfq b;f}b jS;f}gL lng' dfkm kfpGof c;fdLjf6 dfkm kfofsf ?k}ofsf] kgL
e/fofsf ?k}ofsf] klg lj;f}b jS;f}lg hf]xf] ln emu/f l5lglbg''=

lwtf] ;dfpGofsf]

!= ;fx'n] ?k}ofx? shf{ lbbf Ho" hdLg\ lwtf] n]ifL shf{ lbof] cf;fdLn] Jofh j'emfpg ;s]g
/= s]lx jif{sf] Jofh /èfsf] lyof] c;fldn] Jofh ltg{;sLg n]lif lbofsf] hUuf Ho" hf] 5
p;}sf] rng u/ egL cl3sf] Jofh :d]tsf] Hdf ul/ ;fx'nfO{ ef]u n]ifLlb rng u¥ofsf]
/x]5 eGof Tof] lgifÙ cfpbf sfuh jdf]lhd\sf Hdf ?k}of j'lemln huf Ho" 5f8L lbg'=
62
@= ;fx'n] shf{ lb+bf Ho" hldg u}¥x lwtf] n]ifL shf{ lbof] c;fdLn] Jofh lbg g;Stf ;fx'n]
ef]u gn]iffO{ lwtf] ;dfO{ rng u¥ofsf]/x]5 / kl5 c;fdLn] y}nL ltg{ cfof] eGof n]lifof
jdf]lhdsf] y}ln j'emLln huf Ho" 5f8L lbg' lwtf] ef]u u¥of kl5 ef]u u¥ofsf ldlt b]ifL
cl3sf] Jofh jfls /èfsf] 5 egL lng kfpb}g=
#= lhlg; u}¥xsf sf/f]jf/df df]n tf}n ul/ xj; gul/ xj;\ efiff /flifdfn ;fkl6 lnof] /
efiff leq}df lt¥of] eGof ;fk6L dfndf ;fx'n] Jofh kfpb}g= efiff ;Dddf k'¥ofpg ;s]g
eGof= efiff gf£of kl5 gf£ofsf ldltb]lvsf] b;f}b Jofh ;d]t lng kfpF5 dfntf]n ul/
lnofsf] dfnsf] ;f]lx jdf]lhd / = df]n tf}n gu/L lnofsf dfnsf] k+r srx/Ln]= 7x/fof
jdf]lhDsf] jfhlj df]n ul/ p;}sf b;f}b Jofh :d]t ul/ e/fO{ lbg'= srxl/jf6 e/fofsf
dfnsf] b;f}b lj;f}b lng'=
$= lng lbg sf/f]jf/ ubf{ ;sf{/ s+k" kN6g\ h+uL lghfdtL b];L dfxfhg b'lg`fbf/ /}ot\ u}¥xn]
!()* ;fn sflt{s ;'lb !% /f]h b]lif cl3sf td;'s j]td;'ls ;fx' c;fldsf dgf]dfgn]
P; ldlt;+ddf lx;fj ul/ lng' lbg' u¥ofsf lng' lbg' u¥ofdf hf}g bn]{ Jofh lbof
lnofsf] 5 lbg'lng' ul/ ;Sofsf] plx lx;fj ;b/ x'+5 td;'sdf b;f}b b]ifL j9tf
n]iffofsf] /x]5 lnof lbofsf] /x]g5 eGof b;f}b Jofh e/fO{ lbg' P; ldlt b]ifL cl3 j9tf
Jofh n]iffofsf td;'sdf b+8 x'b}g * ;fn dfu{ jbL ! /f]h b]ifL kl5 b;f}b b]ifL j9tf
Jofh / £o"= ifflglnof] egL sf]xL s/fpg cfof] eGof ;fx' c;fldsf] lng lbg lx;fj ubf{
td;'sdf ;os/f !) b]ifL j9tf n]iffofsf] /x]5 eGof kgL ;o s/f !) sf lx;fjn] lng
lbgug'{ ;os/f !) b]ifL j9tf td;'sdf Jofh n]iffofsf] / £o" iffgL 7]sL elg lnofsf]
/x]5 eGof lnofsf] ?k}of ;fp+df ldGxf u/fO{ lb b;f}b b]ifL j9tf hlt lnofsf] 7x5{= p;}
ljuf jdf]lhd b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf b/n] s}b ug'{= Jofh e/fpbf hf}g
hf}g hftsf ?k}of lnofsf x'g ;f]lx hftsf ?k}ofsf lx;fjn] e/fO{ lbg'= b;jif{ gf£ofsf]
td;'s /x]5 Jofh kfofsf] /x]g5 eGof bf]j/ e/fO{ lbg'= c;fdLjf6 h:tf] lnofsf] t:tf]
lg:s]g hf] eofsf] 3/ if]t cfn dfnn] ;fx' lt5'{ eGof] eGof k+rlslt{ df]n u/L ;fx'n]
lng'= cbfnt cdfn 7fgfjf6 lt/fpg' k¥of] eGof ;fx'jf6 b;f}b c;fldjf6 lj;f}b ln eg'{
e/fpg' ul/ l5lglbg'=
%= n+j/sf] iff/]h eof]
^= ?k}of k};f ;/ ;fk6L lbbf cfkmgf d'n'ssfnfO{ ;fk6L lbg'= cfkmgf d'n'ssf jfx]s
d'unflg`fx?nfO{= ;fk§L lb Jofhj§f s;}n] giffg'= c;fdLn] j]Odflg u¥of cfkmgf
;sf{/jf6 cbfntdf gfln; ul/ lng kfOb}g=
&= P; d'n'sf dflg;n] ;+jt\ !(!! ;fn >fj0f jlb !@ /f]hsf lbg b]ifL pk|fGt d'unfgsf
huf hldg\ kgL s;}n] glng'= s+kgLdf ;'b df ?k}of klg Hdf s;}n] gu/fpg' s+klgdf
;'bdf ?k}of Hdf u/fpGof / d'unfgdf huf lnGofnfO{ hfuL/ /}/sd\ s]lx klg glbg'=
hflu¥of eofsf] /x]5 eGof klg iff];L lbg'= d'unfgfsf] em}emu/f klg `xfaf6 g;'Ù'=
*= s;}n] Psfjf6 b[li6 ef]u ul/ Ho" hldg u}¥x j+wslnofsf] /x]5 / p;nfO{ uh{ kbf{ cfkm'n]
lnof hltdf csf]{ s;}nfO{ nifj+ws lbo]5 / cl3 cfkmg' huf j+ws lbGofn] y}nL ltg{
cfof] eGof kl5Nnf nifj+ws lnGofn] y}nL j'emL lng' k5{ lnGofn] d]/f] ldltdf y}nL
lnpnf eÙ kfpb}g=
lwtf] gn]ifLosf] huf cfkmgf lngf bfd jdf]lhddf c;fldsf]
huf ufNof] eGof Jofh gk'Uofsf] / j9tf lnofsfdf uGof{ c}g=============
(= ;fx' c;fldsf lng lbgdf td;'sdf ef]u b[li6 gn]lifofsf] huf ;fx'n] rng ul/ cfofsf]
/x]5 eGof t];hufsf pjhlgjf6 ;fx'sf] b;f}b Jofh /= b;f}be+u 36L pjhlgiffofsf]
/x]5 eGof huf ef]u u¥of kl5 d]/f] Jofh k'u]g elg c;fldjf6 kl5 lng kfpb}g b;f}b
Jofh e+bf a9tfiffofsf] /x]5 eGof j9tf iffofsf] ;fpFdf s6fO{ jfls /èfsf] ;fpF e/fO{
lbg' cfkm'n] Jofh gltbf{ ;fx'n] huf ef]u u¥of kl5 d}n] td;'sdf n]ifL lbofsf] 5}g egL
c;fldn] e+g kfpb}g=

lwtf] n]iffpFbfsf]

63
!= ;fx'nfO{ cfkmg' ljtf{ b[i6L ef]u j+ws n]ifLlbofsf huf ;sf{/jf6 hkmt eof] jf ;fx'
c;fdLdf Ps hgfsf] ;j{:j e} td;'sdf n]ifLosf] huf ;sf{/ nfUofsf] /x]5 eGof ;fx'n]
c;fdLsf ;+tfgnfO{ ;dfO{ lng kfpb}gg\ huf km'Sof] jf ;§ k§f kfof] eGof ;fx'n] t];}
hufjf6 lng'= P:tf s'/fsf] gfln; ug{ cfof] eGof @) ?k}of b+8 ul/ ln 5f]l8 lbg'=
@= s;}n] ;fx' l;t shf{ lnbf cfkmgf ljtf{ huf hldg j+ws\ n]ifLlbbf hufsf cfdbfgLjf6
Jofh p7fO{ j9tf cfDbfgLn] ;fpdf s§f ug'{ hufsf cfDbfgLjf6 ;fx'sf] y}nL egf{
g'x+Gofn\ y}nL ltl/ glgif+g' elg n]ifLosfsf / jfnLn] y}nL s§f gx'+Hofn huf ;fx'n]
rng ug'{ elg dfl; n]ifLofsf= hufdf t]; hufsf= cfDbfgLjf6 y}nL s§L gx'+Gofn\
c;fdLn] ?k}of ltl/ lgif{g x'b}g= ;fx'sf] y}nL egf{ e} ;lsof kl5 td;'s km/fO{ lbg'=
#= Ho" hldg ef]u lnGof ;fx'n] t]lx hUuf c?l;t ;fl/ cfkmg' y}nL p7fpbf cfkmgf td;'s
jdf]lhd\sf] y}nL ln ;fg'{ x'+5 cfkmgf td;'s e+bf j9tf ?k}of j+ws ;fGof{ ;fx'nfO{
lnofsf] ljuf] k'/fgf bftfnfO{ lbnfO{ e/fofsf jLu} jdf]lhd\ b+8 ug'{=
$= huf hldg\ ef]u j+ws\ lnbf lbbf k}Nxf hfr j'em ul/ lng' cfkm'n] ef]u u¥of kl5 huf
w6Lof /x]5 yf]/} /x]5 egL ef]u iffGof ;fx'n] c;fldnfO{ 6+6f ul/ y}nLdf s/ nfpg kfpb}g=
%= 3/ if]t huf hldg\ sdf/f sdfl/ jfwf jw]Toflg jfwf lnGof lbGofn] j6\ s/f/ efiff d}Gxf
ldltsf] hf}g j+bf]j:t ul/ jfwf lnglbg u¥ofsf] 5 ;f]lx ldltdf ;fx' ltl/ lgif+g' ;f]lx
jdf]lhd lbg lng ug'{ efiff gk'lu lgifÙ x'+b}g efiff gk'lu ;fx' c;fldn] tufbf gug'{ efiff
gk'lu ljrdf ?k}of ltg{ cfpGof c;fdLnfO{ / efiff gk'lu tufbf uGof{ ;fx'nfO{ ;os/f @)
?k}ofsf b/n] hl/jfgf ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf b/n] s}b ug'{=
^= s;}n] huf hldg\ 3/ if]t rf}kfof sdf/f sdfl/ s;g\ tdg\ ;'gf cflb hjfx]/ sfuh kq
n]lif ;fl5 u'xfO{ /flif j+ws /fiofsf] 5 eGof p:sf xs\jfnf bfHo" efO{ ck'tfln iffGof
bfHo" efO{n] n]liflbof jdf]lhd\sf ?k}of ltl/ lgif+5' eGof wlg / wlgsf ;+tfg 5Hofn\
pgn] lbofdfq} xsjfnfn] y}ln ltl/ lgif+g kfp+5 glbof lgif+g kfpb}gg\= wlg / wlssf
;+tfg geof b]l; n] lbofsf] y}nL ltl/ ck'tfln iffGof xsjfnfn] lgif+g kfp5 lgif+g lbg'
!^ jif{ eof kl5 s;}n] xfd|f kmnfgf bfHo"efO{ jfj' j/fHo"n] kmnfg' s'/f j+ws /fiofsf] 5
xfld lgif+g kfpGof x'+ elg gfln; ug{ cfof eGof kq kfq hfrL 7x¥of] eGof lbnfO{ lbg'
Jofh iffb} cfofsf] /x]5 eGof kq kfq geof kgL lbnfO{ lbg' Jofh klg iffPsf] /x]g5 kq
kfq klg s]lx 7x/]g eGof P:tfnfO{ t kfpb}g;\ elg 7f]ls ;dfTofsf Hodf ;os/f !)
?k}ofsf b/n] b+8 ul/ ln+g' ?k}of glt¥of d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf b/n] s}b ug'{=
&= dfnx? lwtf] jfwf/flif shf{ lnbf lbbf td;'sdf dfnsf] df]n tf}n r9fO{ lng lbg ug'{
c;fdLn] ?k}of ltl/ dfn lgif+g cfpbf ;fx'jf6 h:tfsf] t:tf] dfn lkmtf{ lbof] eGof
;fx'sf] ;fp / lx;fj jdf]lhd\sf] b;f}b Jofh :d]t e/fO{ lbg' ;fx'n] lwtf] j+ws /fiofsf]
dfn lkmtf{ ul/ lbg ;s]g ifr{ u/]5 eGof t]; ;fx'n] ?k}ofsf] Jofh kfpb}g lx;fjdf
cdf;dLsf] kmflhn kGof{ /x]5 eGof td;'ssf ldltb]ifLsf] lx;fj ul/ Jofh :d]t kmflhn
?k}of c;fdLnfO{ lkmtf{ u/fO{ lbg' e/fO{ lbofsf ?k}ofsf] b;f}b lj;f}b srxl/jf6 lng'=

*= s;}n] 3/ if]t Ho" hldg\ jfwf/fiofsf] 5 lgifÙ hfbf ;fx'n] t]/f sdfOsf t]/f 3/sf ?k}of
x'GeGof lgif+g lb+5' n}hf c?l;tsf ?k}of Nofofsf x'GeGof= lgif{g lbbf}g eGof] y}nL lnog]
elg s/fpg cfof] eGof y}nL if8f ul/ lbof kl5 hfxf ;'s} jf6 Nofofsf] eof klg ;fx'n]
nLg' k5{ jif]8f ul/ y}nL a'emL lno]g egL c;fdL s/fpg cfof] eGof ;os/f !) ?k}of
b+8 ul/ ltg{ lt/fpg' u/L l5gLlbg' To:tf] j]xf]f/f n]iffofsf sfuh km/fO{lbg' e/fO{ lbofsf
y}nLsf] cbfnt 7fgf cdfnjf6 b;f}b lj;f}b lng'= cfkmg' y}nL NofO{ lgifg'nf csf{sf]
y}nL NofO{ lgif+Gof 5}g eGof s/f/ n]iofsf] eof csf{sf] y}nL Nofofsf] eof klg y}nL
lt/L lgif+g kfp5 ;fx'nfO{ !) ?k}of b+8 x'b}g lt/fofsf y}nLsf] b;f}b lj;f}bdfq lng'=
(= if]t ef]u j+ws lnGof ;fx'n] cfkmgf ef]usf hufdf iff]nf] k}/f]nfUof] eGof c;fdLl;t ?k}of
lng kfpb}g Tof] hufdf ju/ j:of] eGof ;fx'sf] x'+5=
!)= s;}n] ;fx'l;t shf{ lnbf huf hldg\ 3/ if]t sdf/f sdfl/ rf}kfof ;'gf rflb s;g tdg\
hjfx]/ u}¥x gub lhlg; td;'s efiff kqdf ef]u lwtf] n]iffpbf kmnfgf efiffdf nfUofsf]
;fp Jofh ltl/ d]/f] dfn lgifgL n}hfnf efiffdf ?k}of ltg{ ;lsg eGof n]liflbofsf] huf
dfn t];} y}nLdf ;fx'n] krul/ lng' egL ;fl5 ;'tf{ /flif n]liflbofsf] /x]5 eGof efiff
gf£of kl5 c;fldn] lgif{g kfpb}g ;fx'sf] kr x'+5 huf hdLg\ gub lhlg; hjfx]/ rf}kfof
64
 sdf/f sdf/L u}¥x c;fdLn] n]ifLlbofsf] efiff gf£of kl5 ;fx'n] ;'qmL ljqmL ul/ rng
ug{ kfp+5=
!!= s;}n] sdf/f sdfl/ huf hldg rf}kfof hjfx]/ u}¥x lhlg; dfn ;fl5 ;'tf{ ul/xj;\
cfkmgf /flhn] xj;\ @ hgfsf dgf]dfgn] Ps km]/f ;f6f;f6 ul/ cfkm' cfkm'n] dfnsf]
rng u¥of kl5 t]/f] dfn glgsf] ljs+jf /x]5 dln+g egL lkm/fpg kfpb}g cl3 ;§f k§f
u/L lnofsf] ;b/ x'+5 kl5 emu/f ug{ cfpGofnfO{ ljufsf b;f}bsf b/n] b+8 ug'{ ?k}of
glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
!@= sdf/f sdfl/ rf}kfof huf hldg u}¥x lhlg;\sf] lng lbg ubf{ df]n k6s\ uf}/fO{ j}gf
u¥ofsf] lbgdf dfn ;/g\ j:St;/g\ eofsf] /x]5 eGof / tt{d;'s eofsf] /x]5 eGof
lnGofsf] dfn ;b/= j]rGofnfO{ lnift\ jdf]lhd\ y}lnsf] ;fp Jofh e/fO{ lbg' uf}/fO{ j}gf
lbGof] dfn bftfs} 3/df ^ dlxgf ! ;Dddf lbGofn] y}ln ;f}lk cfkm'n] dfn n}uo]g eGof
kl5 lng kfpb}g dfn dfns} wlgn]= rng ug'{= uf}/fO{ j}gf lbofsf xf] egL ! d}Gxf pk|f+t
emu/f ug{ cfpGofnfO{= ljufsf ;os/f % ?k}ofsf b/n] b+8 ug'{ ?k} of glt¥of c}g
jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=
!#= 9]/} efO{df c+; ge} ;+u j:ofsfdf Psf efOn] sdf/f sdfl/ 3/ if]t j]Rof] eGof ;+u
j:ofsf efO{df lj;Nnfxn] Psf efO{n] dfq j]Rofsf] /x]5 efO{df c?sf] lx:;f /fifL
cfkmg' lx:;f hlt j]Rofsf] /x]5 eGof lsGof j]Rofsf] ;b/ x'+5= hfxfg kfNbfdf c?sf
lx:;fsf] j]Rofsf] /x]5 eGof klg ;b/ x+'5= c? efO{sf] c+; lx:;f g/fifL cfkmgf ifr{sf]
lgldQ j]Rofsf] eof ;b/ x'b}g= ls+Gofsf] y}nL e/fO{ sdf/f sdfl/ 3/ if]t lkmtf{ u/fO{
lbg'=
!$= s;}n] cl3 if]t kfiff] ef]u b[li6 j+ws n]ifL ln ?k}of shf{ lbofsf] /x]5 kl5 hkmt e} u¥xf]
;/sf/ nflu kfiff] dfq} yfldofsf] /x]5 jf kfiff] ;/sf/ nfuL uîf] yfldofsf] /x]5 /
c;fdLn] bfdf ;flxsf lx;fjn] hkmt eofsf hufsf] y}nL s§f ul/ yfldof hlt hufsf]
dfq} ?k}of lt5{' huf 5f8L b]p e+g cfof ;j} Hdf y}nL lbof dfq} huf 5f8\5' elg ;fx'n]
e+g kfpb}g bfdf;lxtsf lx;fjn] yfldofsf hufsf] ?k}of j'lemln huf 5f8L lbg'=

bfdf ;xLsf]

!= s;}sf] bfdf;lx u/fO{ lbg' kbf{ ;sf{/ nufo]t b'lg`fbf/;Dddf b[li6 j+ws\ ef]u j+ws
lnofsf hufdf c;fldsf] bfdf;lx x'g nfUof] eGof j+ws y}ln ;fx'sf] k/ ;fl/ k+r s[lt
df]ndf hufjf6 s]lx j9tf lg:Sof] eGof Tof] j9tf lg:Sofsf] bfdf;lxsf lx;fjdf Hdf
ul/ j+8f ul/ lbg'= e/fO{ lbofsf wgsf] b;f}b lj;f}b lng'=
@= cfkmgf lhon] u¥ofsf lng lbg sf/f]jf/df ;fx'n] c;fdLjf6 s]lx kfo]g h}Nx} c;fdL
kNxfpnf p;} j]nfdf lnp+bf e+5 3/ ks/ tufbf s]lx u¥ofsf] 5}g eGof t]:tf n'Rrf
c;fdLn] dfq cfO{ bfdf ;lx ul/ b]p eGof ;fx'n] tufbf gul/ p;} cfO{ bfdf;lx x'g
;St}g gu/fpg'=
#= s;}n] d]/f ;fx' 9]/} nfUof bfdf;lx ul/ b]p eGof] p:sf ;fx'x?n] klg sj'n u¥ofsf
/èf5g\ eGof c;fldsf l;/df xl/j+z /fifL sfn e}/j p; 7fpsf b]jtf u+ufdf Psf
7fpdf n}uL esfO{ d]/f] hf] eofsf] Plts} xf] `fxf b]ifL jfx]s c? bjfof 5kfofsf] s]lx
5}g eGof n]iffO{ 7x¥ofsf Hdfdf hf] eofsf] ;j} ;fx' j6f]ln bfdf ;lx u/L lbnfO{ lbg'=
$= s;}sf jfj'n] nufofsf ;fx' 9]/} /èf5g\ wg dfn eGof yf]/} /x]5 t]:df s;} ;fx'n] lwtf]
b[li6 ef]u j+ws n]ifL lbofsf] jfx]s c;fdLsf c? wgdf xft xfln w/ ks/ ul/ s]lx
dfn lnof 5g\ s;}n] eGof s]lx kfofgg\ /= s/fpg cfof egof xft xfln w/ ks/ ul/
n}uofsf] dfn lkmtf{ u/fO{ NofO{ ;j} Hdf ul/= c}g jdf]lhd\ bfdf ;lx ul/ ;j} ;fx'nfO{
jf8L lbg'=
%= ;sf{/sf d'2fdf xj;\ c? b'lg`fsf lng lbgdf xj;\ s;}sf] bfdf;lx u/fpbf c;fldn]
gub lhlg; Ho" hldg u}¥x s]lx bjfofsf] /x]5 / kl5 s;}n] kQf nfO{ Nofof] eGof h;\n]
iff]lhNofofsf] 5 p:sf ?k}ofn] iffDof ;Dd p;}n] kfp5 p;}nfO{ lbnfO{ lbg' j9tf 7x¥of]
eGof bfdf;lxsf b/n] c? ;fx'nfO{ jfl8 lbg'= ;sf{/ 9f6\g /=;fx' jfjt dfGof{nfO{

65
 wgn'sfof n'sfpGofnfO{ n'sfofsf ljuf jdf]lhd\ b+8 ug'{= ltg{ ;s]g eGof d}Gxfsf %
?k}ofsf b/n] sl§ gx'+Hofn\ s}b ug'{=
^= s;}nfO{ l/g shf{ 9]/} nfUofsf] /x]5 jfsL nfUofsf] /x]5 / jfls / /Lg shf{ gltl/ d/]5
jf b]; kb]{; uofsf] /x]5 p:sf] wg dfn eGof /x]5 /= ;fx' u}¥xn] bfdf;lx u/L ln+5f}
eGof shf{ / jfsL nfUGof dflg; jf p:sf jfl/; xflh/ ge}= ;sf{/ nufo]t\ ;fx' u}¥x
s;}n] klg bfdf;lx ul/ lng kfp+b}gg\ jfFsL jfnf / c;fdL d]/5 p:sf] jfl/;klg sf]xL
5}gg eGof txlst eof] eGof ;a} ;fx' u}în] bfdf;fxL u/L lng kfpF5g\= ef]u b[li6
n]lifofsfdf df]n ubf{ j9tf lg:Sofsf] /= ef]u b[li6n]lifof jfx]s c? wg dfndf bfdf;lx
ul/ lng'= ;fx' lt/fO{ j9tf eof ;sf{/sf] x'+5=
&= kmnfgfl;t Plt lng' 5 elg sf]lx ;fx'n] s/fpg cfof] /= c;fldnfO{ kqmbf wg ltg{
;lStg eGof] ;fx'n] P:sf ;+klQdf cflw ln+5' cflwsf] efiff lb+5' eGof] eGof cbfnt
7fgf cdfnjf6 c;fldsf] wg ;+klQ tfobft ul/ Hdf wg dWo] cflw ;fx'nfO{ e/fO{
;fx'sf] hf] jfls 7x5{ t]:sf] efiff td;'s u/fO{ lbg'=
*= kmnfgfl;t Plt lng' 5 elg sf]lx ;fx'n] s/fpg cfof] / c;fdLnfO{ kqmL Nofpbf wg
ltg{ ;lStg eGof] c;fdLsf] ;+klQ yf]/} /x]5 ;fx'sf] y}nL 9]/} /x]5 / hf] eofsf] ;+klt
ln+5' eGof] eGof cbfnt 7fgf cdfnjf6 c;fldsf] ;+klt ;j} tfbft u/fO{ ;fx'nfO{ e/fO{
lbg' ;fx'sf] wg hlt ;'s} lng' eof klg c;fdLsf] ;j} ;+klt lnof kl5 km]l/ c;fld
kqmg kfpb}g= td;'s RofltO{ lbg'= e/fofsf wgsf] b;f}b lj;f}b ;fx'jf6 lng' c;fldn]
ltg'{ kb}{g=
(= kmnfgfl;t Plt lng' 5 elg sf]lx;fx'n] s/fpg cfof] /= c;fldnfO{ klqmNofpbf wg ltg{
;lStg eGof] eofsf] eg'{ e/fpg' gu?FHofn;Dd c? ;fx' klg /x]5 / ;fx'n] eÙ cfof] jf
c;fldn] eGof] / sf]lx ;fx'n] efiff lbG5' eGof sf]xL ;fx'n] hf] eofsf] ln+5' eGof] eGof
cbfnt 7fgf cdfnjf6 c;fldsf] tfbft ul/ bfdf;lxsf lx;fjn] ln+5' e+GofnfO{ e/fO
td;'s RoftLO lbg'= efiff lb+5' e+Gofsf] efu c;flds} lhDdf ul/ h}Nx] sdfO{ ltg{ ;s\nf
plxn] lnpnf e+Gof ljxf]/fsf] sfuh u/fO{ lbg'=

c+; a+8f afa' 5f]/fsf]

!= s;}sf Pp6} :jfl:g 5 p;\lt/sf 9]/} 5f]/f 5g\ cfdf jfj'l;t 5'l§ leÙ eof eGof= jfj'n]
cfkm\gf if'l;n] c+; u/L lbof dfq} kfp5g\ d]/f] Ho" 5+hfn c+; lbÙ eGof 5f]/fsf] s/
nfUb}g jfj's} if'; x'+5 9]/} :jfl:g lt/sf 5f]/f 5g\ / sf]lx :jfl:glt/sfnfO{ Kof/f]
s;}lt/sfnfO{ x]nf u/]5 / x]nf u¥ofsf 5f]/fn] eL+g x'+5' eGof x'g kfp5 c}g jdf]lhd
5f]/fsf] c+; ul/ lbg'= cbfnt 7fgf cdfnjf6 u/fO{ lbofsf c+;sf] b;f}b lng'=
@= cfdfn] 3/sf] wg /= cfkmg' bfOhf] hf] eofsf] ;j} 5f]/fx?nfO{ jfl8 lb+5' eGof klg d]/f
Ho"tf e/ s;}nfO{ lb+geGof klg cfdfsf] if'; x'+5 5f]/fx?sf] s/ nfUb}g= cfdfsf ;]if kl5
c+; ubf{ 3/sf >L ;+kltdf ;j} 5f]/fx?sf] c+; x'+5= bfOhf] eGof cfdfsf lhon] jfl8
iffg' elg n]liflbofsf] eof ;j} 5f]/fn] kfp5g\ n]ifLlbofsf] /x]g5 eGof cfdfsf] ;lx;+ef/
ul/;+u j:Gof 5f]/fn] kfp5=
#= jfj' d¥of] cfkm'nfO{ hGdfpGof cfdf 5 p;lt/sf 5f]/fn] c+;df emu/f u¥of] eGof cfdfsf]
Ho" 5+Hofn\ 5f]/fn] cfdfl;t c+; iff]hg kfpb}g cfdfsf ;]ifkl5 5f]/fx?n] kfp5g\ jfj'
klg d¥of] ;f}ltGof cfdf 5 c+;df emu/f u¥of eGof c}g jdf]lhd ;f}ltGof cfdfsf]
5f]/fx?sf] c+; ul/ lbg'=
$= 5f]/fx?n] c+; ln k/ ;b}{g jfj' cfdfsf] ;]ifkl5 c+; lnpnf e+GofnfO{ jfj' cfdfn] c+;
lno]/ k/;/ elg s/ nufO{ 5'6\ofpg x'b}g cbfnt 7fgf cdfndf s/fpg cfof klg c+;
af+8f] gug'{=
%= s;}sf @.# :jfl:g lt/sf 5f]/f /èf5g\ /= jfj'n] ltGx?sf] c+; j08f ul/lb+bf rflxGof
bfHo" efO{ enf dflg;\ /fifL c}g jdf]lhd\ c+; ul/ lbofsf] /x]5 cfkm' Psf :jfl:g 5f]/flt/
cfkmg' c+; Ho"lg ln j:ofsf] /x]5 eGof c+; ln j]un j:ofsf :jfl:g 5f]/fn] j'9fsf
c+; Ho"lgsf] bfOof ug{ kfpb}gg\ c;n eof klg sd;n\ eof klg jfj'l;t ;+u /èfsf
5f]/fn] jfj'sf] hf] eofsf] iflt pklt ;j} kfp5=
66
^= 5f]/fx? leÙ u/fpbf u'? k|f]lxt bfHo" efO{ sf]lx /fiofsf] /x]g5 c}g jdf]lhd\sf] c+; glb
cfkm'n] 3/ if]t wg bf}nt 9]/} cfkm'l;t /fiofsf] /x]5 5f]/fx?nfO{ yf]/} jx'tsf] dfq c+; lb
sf]lx 5f]/f j]un u/fofsf] /x]5 sf]lx 5f]/f k}Nx} b]ifL ;+u /fiofsf] /x]5 jf 5f]/fx? k/ ;fl/
s]xL lbg s]lx jif{ cfkm' j]un jl; kl5jf6 sf]lx 5f]/f;+u ld;fO /fiofsf] /x]5 eGof jfj'
cfdfsf ;]if kl5 jfj' cfdfn] /fiofsf] 3/ if]t wg bf}nt / 5f]/fx?nfO{ cl3 c+; elg jfj'
cfdfn] lbofsf] gx'gfn] ;+u /èfsf 5f]/fsf] / le+g e} k/;Gofsf 5f]/fsf] c}g jdf]lhd\ c+;
ul/ lbg' e/fO{ lbofsf c+;sf] cbfnt 7fgf cdfnjf6 b;f}b lng'=
&= j/f]j/ hft eft ldNbf :jfl:g 5f]/fsf] cl3 c+; j+8f ul/ lbbf nf]UGof n] / jfj'n] s;}
k§Lsf :jfl:g 5f]/fnfO{ a9tf s;} kl§sf nfO{ 36L ul/ kIf ul/ c+; lbofsf] / hft
ldNbf 5f]/f psflt/ 9]/} Psflt/ yf]/} /èf 5g\ /= ;f}ltGof c+; ul/ lbofsfdf efO{ emu/f
kl/ cbfnt cdfn 7fgfdf s/fpg cfof eGof /= cl3 kIfkft ul/ c+; ul/ lbofsf] 7x¥of]
eGof 5f]/f :jfl:gsf] c}g jdf]lhd\ c+; ul/ lbg'=
*= ljtf{ 3/ if]t sdf/f sdfl/ rf}kfof c;fld u}î ;fhf wgdfndf efO{ leÙ x'bf ;fl5 /flif
xj;\ sfuh kq ul/ xj;\ Ps km]/f c+; j+8f ul/ lrQ j'lem cfkmg' cfkmg' c+; ln k/
;¥of kl5 d]/f c+;df iff]nf] k}/f] b}jL nfUof] d]/f] if+8 ;fg' /x]5 36Lof /x]5 egL efO{ emu/f
k¥of] eGof cl3 Ps km]/ c+; e} /f]hL 5f8L eof kl5 km]l/ c+; ug{ kfpb}g cl3 u¥of sf]
c+; j+8f ;b/ x'+5 P:tf s'/fdf emu/f ug{ cfpg]nfO{ hlt hDddf emu/f ug{ cfofsf] 5
p;} hDdf ;os/f % ?k}ofsf b/n] b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
(= jfj' 5f]/f bfHo" efO{ :jfl:g gflt elthf efpHo" j'xfl/x?sf] c+z ubf{ cfkmgf u'? k|f]lxt
bfHo" efO{ Oi6 ldq /flif c+; u/L lbofsf] /x]5 c+; lnGof] lrQ a'emL 5fk;xL u/L j+8fkq
p7fO{ lnofsf] /x]5 eGof c+z j+8f eofsf] ;b/ x'+5 Tof] emu/f plN6b}g=
!)= jfj' 5f]/f bfHo" efO{ :jfl:g gflt elthf efpHo" j'xfl/x?sf] c+z ubf{ cfkmgf u'? k|f]lxt
bfHo" efO{ Oi6 ldq /fifL c+; eofsf] /x]5 c+; lnGofn] ;lx5fk u¥ofsf] sfuh /x]5 s]lx
s'/fdf lrQ gj'emL jf8 kq klg ;dfTofsf] /x]g5 c+; klg lnofsf] /x]g5 eGof tof] j+8f
kqsf] ;b/ x'b}g iffO{ nfO{ ;Sof jfx]s jfj' jfHofsf] iflt pklt Hdf ul/ xfdLl;tsf] wg
dfn Plts} xf] bjfofsf] 5}g e+Gof b'j} y/nfO{ wd{esfO{ hf]7x¥ofsf] c}g jdf]lhd\ wg
jfl8 lbg' dfg' 5\6\ofof kl5 nfosf] l/g /= sdfofsf] wg cfkmg' cfkmg' x+'5=
!!= s;}n] c+; j+8f ubf{ xfd|f] wg dfn Plt s} xf] bjfof 5 kfofsf] 5}g egL wd{ u¥of kl5
s]lx wg dfn bjfof 5kfofsf] 7x¥of] eGof Tof] wg dfn bjfO{ wd{ uGof{ rflxn] kfpb}g
gbjfpGof c? c+l;of/n] c}g jdf]lhd\ c+; ul/ iffg'=

c+;j+8fsf]

rf/ j0f{ 5lt;} hftsf ljjflxtf s+Gof Nofofsf ljwjf Nofofsf

hfl/ ul/ Nofofsf cfkm' e+bf sd hftsf s+Gof ljxf ul/ Nofof
cfkm' :d]t t]>f] ln+u kl/ Nofofsf rf}yf ln+u / jfxf b]ifL pef]
sf j]:of Nofofsf s+gof j]:of jw]Toflg s+Gof sdfl/ j]:of
sdfl/ :jfl:g t'NofO{ /fiofsf P:tf t/xsf :jfl:g /= Og}jf6
hGDofsf 5f]/f 5f]/Lsf c+; ljxf ifr{ jf8\gfsf] /= ;fx' ltgf{sf]
c}g======================================================================
tkl;n

!= ljxf ul/ Nofofsf eft iffofsf xj;\ giffofsf] xj;\ pGsf ;+tfg hft ldNbf s+gof
ljwjf hfl/ ul/ Nofofsf cfkmgf etfxfn] eft iffofsf Plt t/xsf :jfl:g 5f]/fx?sf] /=
cfkmgf j/f]j/ c+z x'+5=
@= cfkm' e+bf sd hg} nfpGof hftls s+Gof Nofofls /= hft ldNbfsf ljwjf Nofofsf hfl/
ul/ Nofofsf cfkm'n] / cfkmgf etfxfsf efO{n] eft giffofsf t]:tf :jfl:g /= ltgjf6
hGDofsf ;+tfgnfO{ ;B :jfl:g 5f]/f hlt 5g\ pg\n] hgxL $.$ efu kfof= P:tf :jfl:g
5f]/f hlt 5g\ hglx !.! efu c+; lbg'=

67
#= tfuf wfl/n] hg} gnfpGof hftsf s+Gof / ljwjf Nofofsf hfl/ ul/ Nofofsf cfkm'n] /=
etfxf efO{x?n] eft giffofsf P:tf :jfl:g 5f]/fnfO{= eft rnGof :jfl:g 5f]/f hlt 5g\
pg\n] hglx %.% efu kfof P:tf :jfl:g 5f]/f hlt 5g\ hglx !.! efu c+z lbg'=
$= cfkm' :d]t t]>f] ln+u kl/ Nofofsf :jfl:g 5f]/fx?nfO{ ;B eft rnGof :jfl:g 5f]/f hlt
5g\ pg\n] hglx *.* efu kfof OgnfO{ !.! efusf] c+; bLg'=
%= s+Gof sdfl/ s+Gof jw]Toflg /flif hGDofsf ;+tfg\ 5f]/f :jfl:gx?nfO{ ;B :jfl:g 5f]/f
hlt 5g\ pg\n] hgxL ^.^ efu kfof OgnfO{ hglx !.! efusf] c+; lbg'=
^= Ps hgfl;t dfq} ljUo|fsf cfkmgf 3/ls s]6L sdfl/ sl/of b]ifL 56fO{ /fiofsf :jfl:g /
OGsf ;+tfgnfO{ ;B :jfl:g 5f]/fn] hglx !).!) efusf] c+; kfof OgnfO{ !.! efusf] c+;
ul/ lbg'=
&= j]:of sdfl/ / j]:of jw]Toflg jflx/ km]/f b'nbf lkmt{ :jfl:g t'Nofofsf cfkm\gf 3/df klg
gNofofsf 8]/f iff]lh klg g/fiofsf= P:tf j]:of :jfl:gjf6 hGDofsf 5f]/f :jfl:gnfO{ ;B
hlt 5g\ pgn] hgxL !)).!)) ?k}of kfof OgnfO{ c9fO{ c9fO{ ?k}of c+; kfp5g\=
*= pkfWof a|fé0fn] /hk"t h};L u}î tfufwfl/ hft u}îsf 5f]l/ ljxf ul/ n}uof] eGof P:tf
:jfl:g 5f]/fnfO{ ljxf u¥ofsf] x'gfn] ;B eft ldnGof :jfl:g 5f]/fsf ;/xsf] c+z kfp5g\
eft iffgfsf] s/ nfUb}g=
(= /tk"t hftn] cfkm' e+bf sd /hk"t ls /= c? tfufwfl/ Iflq hft u}îsf 5f]l/ ljxf
ul/n}uof] eGof P:tf :jfl:g 5f]/fnfO{ ljxf u¥ofsf] x'gfn]= ;B eft ldnGof :jfl:g
5f]/fsf ;/xsf] c+; kfp5g\ eft iffgfsf] s/ nfUb}g=
!)= h};L hftn] cfkm"eGbf sd h};Lsf/= /hk"t tfufwfl/ Iflq hft u}¥xsf 5f]/L ljxf ul/ n}
uof] eGof P:tf :jfl:g 5f]/fnfO{ ljxf u¥ofsf] x'gfn] ;B eftldnGof :jfl:g 5f]/fsf
;/xsf] c+; kfp5g\= eft iffgfsf] s/ nfUb}g=
!!= tfuf wf/L If]lq hftn] cfkm' e+bfsd c? tfufwfl/ hfTsf 5f]l/ ljxf ul/ n}uof] eGof P:tf
:jfl:g 5f]/fnfO{ ljxf u¥ofsf] x'gfn] ;B eft ldnGof :jfl:g 5f]/fsf ;/xsf] c+; kfp5g\
eft iffgfsf] s/ nfUb}g=
!@= cl3 :jfl:g /fiftf ljxf ubf{ Ho"lg h]7\ofs n]liflbofsf] /x]5 eGof cj pk|f+t Ho"lg
h]6\ofs\ kfpb}gg\ c}g jdf]lhd c+; kfp5g\=
!#= hft cg';f/ wg cg';f/ bfHo" efO{ k+r enfdflg;\sf thljhn] 7x/fof jdf]lhd\sf] hf]Uo
l;t lg;fkm kfl/ 5f]/fsf] / 5f]l/sf] ljxf ifr{ k/ ;fl/ jfls /èfsfdf c}g jdf]lhDsf] c+;
u/fO{ lbg'=
!$= jfj' jfHofn] nfofsf ;fx' ltg'{ kbf{ h'g\ h'g\ l/tf] c+; efu :jfl:g 5f]/fx?n] kfofsf 5g\=
;f]lx lx;fj jdf]lhd\ ;fx' ltg'{=
!%= s;}sf ljxfge} hGd 3/df /èfsf 5f]l/ 5g\ efO{ le+g x'g nfUof eGof #% jif{ d'lgsf
pd]/sf ljxf geofsf 5f]/LnfO{ c}g jdf]lhd\sf] ljxf ifr{ lb efO{ c+; ug'{ #% jif{ gf£ofsf
5f]l/ ljxf ge} dfOlts} 3/ j:ofsf /èf5g\ eGof efO{ ;/xsf] c+; kfp5g\ lt d¥of kl5
dfO{lt bfHo" efO{n] sfh s[of klg ug'{ k5{ ck'tfln klg dfOlts} x'+5 #% jif{ gf£of kl5
ljxf eof] eGof c+z ln hfg kfp5] kf]On u} eGof cz+ ln= hfg kfplbg=
!^= jfj'n] 5f]/fx?nfO{ c+; lbof kl5 ljjflxtf NofO{tf :jfl:g kl§ c? 5f]/f hGDof eGof
cfdf jfj'sf] c+; Ho"lgdf jfj'l;t ;+u j:ofsf] 5f]/fn] / kl5 hGDofsf 5f]/fx?n] c}g
jdf]lhd\ jfl8 iffg'= jfj' cfdfl;t cl3 c+; ln le+g j:ofsf 5f]/fn] kfpb}gg\ cbfnt
7fgf cdfndf s/fpg cfof o;} c}g jdf]lhd\ l5lg lbO{ e/fO{ lbofsf= c+;sf] b;f]b lng'=
!&= bfHo" efO{ Psf 3/df dfg' g5'6ofO Ps r'Nxfdf eft iffO{ j:ofsf 5g\ eGof ;j} efOn]
sdfofsf] wg nfofsf] l/g c}g jdf]lhd j/fj/ efu nfU5=
!*= Ps} cfdf 5f]/f 9]/} 5g\ ltGdf sf]lx jfj' cfdfl;t ;+u j:ofsf /èf5g\ sf]lx c+; gln
j]un j:ofsf /èf5g\ /= jfj' cfdf d¥of kl5 c+;sf] emu/f ug{ cfof eGof jfj' cfdfsf]
sfh s[of ul/ jfls /èfsf l/g wgdf ;j} 5f]/fsf] c+; nfU5 c}g jdf]lhd\ c+; u/fO lbg'
c+; u/fO lbofsf wgsf] cbfnt 7fgf cdfnaf6 b;f}b lng'=
!(= s;}sf ljjflxtf NofO{tf j]:of /fiofsf 9]/} :jfl:g 5f]/f j]unf j]un} 3/ ul/ j:ofsf
/èf5g\ jfj'sf lhon] c+; u/L lbofsf] /x]g5 5f]/fn] lrq a'emL c+z giff]lh j:ofsf
/èf5g\ jfj' Psf :jfl:g 5f]/flt/ j:ofsf] /x]5 eGof jfj' d¥of kl5 jfj'sf] sfh s[of
u/L jfls /èfsf ;j} efO{l;tsf jfj' jfHofn] cfHof{sf l/g wgdf c}g jdf]lhd\ ;j}
68
 5f]/f:jfl:gnfO{ l/g wg jfl8 lbg'= dfg' 5'6ofO k/ ;¥of kl5 efO{ efOn] sdfofsf] wg /=
nfosf] l/g hf]5 cfkmg' cfkmg' x'+5 cbfnt 7fgf cdfndf s/fpg cfof eGof c}g
jdf]lhd b;f}b lj;f}b ln c+; u/fO{ lbg'=
@)= 9]/} efO{ Ps} 3/df 5g\ 5'l§ofsf 5}gg\ t]:t} df Psf efO{n] eft grnGof sld hftsf
:jfl:g t'NofO 5f]/f 5f]/L hGDofsf /èf5g\ p:t} ljrdf Tof] efO{ d¥of] /= lt 5f]/f 5f]/LnfO
h]7f jfj' sf+5f jfj' bfHo" efO{x?n] c+; ljxf ifr{ lbg' k¥of] eGof Ps} r'Nxfdf eft iffO
c+; ge} Ps} 3/df ;+u j:ofsf] x'gfn] P:tf 5f]/f 5f]/Ln] c}g jdf]lhd\sf] c+; ljxf ifr{
dfq} kfp5= jfj'sf] ;j} c+; kfpb}gg\ c}g jdf]lhd\sf] lb jfls /èfsf] Psf 3/df ;+u
j:ofsf Ho]7f sf+5f jfj' bfHo" efO{x?n] kfp5g\= jfj' 5'l§ c+; ln j]un} 3/ ul/ j:ofsf]
/x]5 / Tof] jfj' d¥of] eGof eft grnGof s]l6 sdfl/ j]:of u}¥x hf];'s} k§Lsf] 5f]/f] eof
klg ljGbsf gftfn] cfkmgf hGdfpGof jfj'sf] ;j} >L ;+klt iffg kfp5g\=
@!= Psf 3/df j:ofsf bfHo" efOdf sf]lx d¥of / ltGsf 5f]/f :jfl:gx?n] c+;sf] emu/f ul/
s/fpg cfof eGof / s;}sf :jfl:g 5f]/f 9]/} /èf5g\ s;}sf yf]/] /èf5g\ eGof ltGfsf] c+;
ubf{ cfkmgf cfkmgf jfj'sf c+;df 9]/} efO{ x'Gofn] klg jfl8 iffg' yf]/} efO x'Gofn] klg
cfkmg} jfj'sf] c+; iffg' k5{ efO{ c+; x'b}g= s;}sf if;dsf ;Todf j:ofsf ljwjf
:jfl:g /èf5g\ eGof p:sf nf]UGofn] kfpGof c+; ;Todf j;+Hofn\ ljwjfn] iffg kfp5g\
;f}tf ;f}tf /èf5g\ eGof ;j} ;f}tfx?n] cfkmgf nf]UGofsf c+;df c}g jdf]lhd\ iffg' k5{=
@@= sf]lx dflg;\ lty{ jt{ u}¥x ugf{ lgldQ lj/fgf d'n'sdf u} s]lx e]if ul/ cfkmgf hft yfld
kml/lsdf nfUofsf] /x]5 t];n] cfkmgf d'n'sdf cfO u[x:yfgfdf j:5' eGof cfkmgf 3/ if]t
huf hldg\ u}¥x wg ;+klQsf] bfO{of ug{ kfp5 c+; ck'tfln iffGof efOn] lbofgGegL
s/fpg cfof cbfnt 7fgf cdfnaf6 lbnfO lbg'=
@#= s;}n] d'l8O ljhof xf]d ul/ b; gfd hf]lu h+ud ;]j8f sfgkm§f Plt u}¥x hftdf ! hft
e} cfkmg' c+; ;+klt 5f8\ofsf] /x]5 kl5 cfkmgf c+; wg ;+klQdf bfOofug{ cfof] eGof
P:tfn] wg ;+klt s]lx kfpb}g=
@$= cfkmgf if'l; /flhn] cfkm' e+bf 36L hft /= 5f]of l56f xfng' kGof{ kflg grnGof hftdf
ldng hfGofn] cl3 jfj' cfdf bfHo" efO{l;t c+;ln j]un} j:ofsf] /x]5 cfkmgf hft
ldNbf :jfl:g 5f]/f 5f]/L /èfg5g\ eGof cfkm'g' >L ;+klt 36L hftdf uofklg ln hfg
kfp5 c+; eofsf] /x]g5 eGof / cfkmgf hft eft ldNbf :jfl:g 5f]/f 5f]l/ /èf5g\ eGof
hflg hfgL cfkmgf hft b]ifL 36L hftdf uof kl5 jfj' cfdf bfHo" efO{ :jf:gL 5f]/fx?n]
if'l;n] lbofsf] dfq} kfp5 d]/f] c+; eofsf] 5}g egL c+;df emu/f ug{ kfpb}g cbfnt 7fgf
cdfndf s/fpg cfof klg P:tfs'/f g ;'+g' c+; glbnfpg'=
@%= /fiofsf # jif{ b]vL j9tf eof kl5 j]:of :jfl:g hZn] /fiofsf] 5 p;}sf 3/df d¥of
eGof p:tf /if'O j]:of :jfl:gsf] wg hf}g nf]UGofsf 3/df dl/ p;} nf]UGofn] iffg kfp5
sfh s[of klg p;}nf]UGofn] u/fpg k5{ j]:ofsf 3/df u} j;L nf]UGof jflx d¥of] eGof
t];n] j]:ofsf 3/df k'¥ofPsf] wg j]:ofsf] x'+5 =
@^= pkfWofo j|fé0f h}l; /hk"t Iflq tfuf wfl/ s;}sf ljxf u¥ofsf s+gof Nofofsf ljwjf
Nofofsf hfl/ ul/ Nofofsf etfxfn] eft iffofsf :jfl:g ljxfu¥of kl5 xj;\ ljxf gub}{
xj;\ kf]On uofsL /xL5 Tof] s'/f] hfx]/ ge} ljxf u¥ofsf nf]UGofsf ljo]{n] 5f]/f 5f]/L
eofsf /èf5g\ eGof tfuf wfl/ hft;+u ljU¥ofls /lx5 eGof t]:tf 5f]/fn] hg} kfp5 eft
iffhf rNb}g 5f]/fnfO{ ;os/f % sf b/n] c+; kfp5 dtjfln hft;+u ljU¥ofls /lx5
eGof klg hg} kfp5 eft iffhf rNb}g ;os/f @.. sf b/n] c+; kfp+5 ljo{ jfnf jfj'n]
p;} hft ldNbfdf ljxf ul/ lbg'= kfgL grnGof / 5f]of l56f]xfng' kGof{ u}¥x hft;+u
ljU¥ofls /lx5 eGof lt ;+tfg plx cfdf ljU¥ofsf hftdf hf+5g\ t]:tf 5f]/fn] jfj'sf
6xNdf /x+Hofn\ Ps dfgf iffg kfp5g\= c+; kfpb}gg\= cfdfsf hftdf uofsf x'gfn] P:tf
;+tfgnfO jfj'n] ljxf ul/ lbg' kb}{g=
@&= pkfWof h};L /hk"t Iflq tfuf wfl/ u}¥x hftn] eft grnGof # ln+usf /=j]:of :jfl:g
cfkm\gf 3/ NofO{ /fiofls c? l;t klg s/l0f u/fpbL /xl5 / of] s'/f] hfx]/ ge} 3/ NofO{
/fio\Gof nf]UGofsf ljo]{n] 5f]/f 5f]/L hGDofsf /èf5g eGof tfufwfl/ hftl;t ljU¥ofls
eof t]:tf ;+tfgsf] eft rNb}g hg} kfp5 ;os/f @.. ?k}of c+; klg kfp5g\ dtjfnL
hftl;t ljU¥of ls eof hg} kfp5 eft rNb}g ;os/f !. ?k}of c+; kfp5 P:tf 5f]/f
5f]/Lsf] jfj'n] p;} hft ldNbfdf ljxf ul/ lbg' k5{ kfgL grnGof u}¥x hftl;t ljU¥ofls
69
 eof ;+tfg cfdf ljU¥ofs} hftdf hfF5g\ cfdfsf hftdf uofsf x'gfn] P:tf ;+tfgsf]
jfj'n] ljxf ul/ lbg' kb}{g c+; klg lbg' kb}{g=
@*= s;}n] jflx/ km]/f j]:of :jfl:g /fiftf nf]UGofn] xft p7fO{ lbofsf] wg dfn j]:ofn] kfp5]
nf]UGofn] lkmtf{ ul/g] lng kfpb}g s;}n] PlQ jif{ Plt d}Gxf tnfO /fif5' Pltlbpnf egL
sj'nul/ 3/ NofO{ /fiof] sj'n;Dd jl; eGof sj'n jdf]lhd\ bLofsf] klg ln hfg kfp5]
sj'n gk'Ub} c+t u} eGof sj'n u¥ofsf] xf] egL kf]On uofkl5 nL hfg kfpFb}g jf]nsj'n
eGof s]xL u¥ofsf] 5}g 3/ NofO /fiofsL :jf:gL kf]On u} eGof nf]UGofn] cfkmgf if'l;n]
lbofsf] dfq} kfp5] hj/ hl:t xft xfln lnofsf] kfplbg= nf]UGofn] lkm/fO{ lng kfp5=
nf]UGofjf6 sfuh n]iffO{ lnofsf] /x]5 n]liflbofsf] wg dfn kfof ls /xlg5 eGof Tof]
n]ifL lbofsf] ;b/ x'b}g= t];} nf]UGofsf ;Todf /x+Hofn c}g jdf]lhd\sf] cz+ kfp5] n]ifL
lbofsf] xf] egL kfplbg=
@(= rf/ j0f{ 5lt; hft u}¥xn] cfkmgf hGdfofsf jfnif 5f]/f 5f]/L d'nkl/ hGDof] elg xj;
jf p;} xj;\ 3/ jflx/ st} kmfNof] eGof jfj' cfdfsf] ;Nnfxn] kmfNofsf] /x]5 eGof c}g
jdf]lhd\ jfj' / cfdfsf] c+; / kmfnLofsf] 5f]/f] /x]5 eGof p:sf] c+; ! Hdf c+; # Tof]
jfnifnfO{ ! hgfsf] dfq} ;Nnfx /x]5 eGof jfj' cfdfdf p:sf] ! c+; dfq} n}lu
kfnGofnfO lbnfO{ lbg' hfl/ ul/ hGdfofsf] 5f]/f 5f]/L /x]5 eGof hGdfpGof cfdfsf] bfOhf]
/= hfl/ uGof{ rflx jfj'sf] c+; kfnGofnfO{ lbnfO{ lbg' kfnGofsf] wd{ k'q 7x5{ Tof]
kmfNofsf] jfnifn] kfofsf] c+; jfnif d¥of] eGof t]:sf] ck'tfnL hGdfpGof jfj'n] kfpb}g
t]lx kfngof jfj'n] kfp5 Tof] kmflnofsf] jfnif 5f]l/ /xL5 eGof jfj'sf] c+; / cfdfsf]
bfO{hf] 5f]/Lsf] ljxf ifr{ :d]t To;} jfnifnfO{ lbnfO{ lbg' kfnGof jfj' cfdfn] t];} wg
dWo] cflw wg ifr{ ul/ jfnif kfng' cflw wgn] ljxf ul/ lb hf]/èfsf] t];} 5f]l/nfO{
bfOhf] ul/ lb+5' d]/f] wgn] ljxf ul/ lb+5' eGof klg kfnGofsf] if'l; Tof] 5f]l/ dl/ eGof ;j}
wg ;+klt kfnGofsf] x'+5 P:tf ufp ;x/df kmfNofsf sf]lx /èf5GeGof cbfnt 7fgfn]
c}g jdf]lhd\ kfng nufpg' jflx/ km]/fsf] /x]5 eGof cdfnLn] cbfnt c8fdf k'¥ofO{ lbg'
c8f jfnf ef/bf/n] ;+ef/l;t cbfndf k7fO lbg' kmfNofsf] jfnifsf jfj' cfdfsf] kl5
kQf nfUofsf jfnifx?df kfnGofn] cfkm' e+bf 7"nf hftsf] jfnif NofO{ kflnofsf] /x]5
eGof hflt wd{ yfld hft ldNbf;+u ljxf ul/ lbg'= ;dhft /x]5 eGof cfkmgf hftdf
ldnfO{ lng'= cfkm' e+bf sd hftsf] /x]5 eGof iflq 5f]/f] ul/ /fifg' P:tf 5f]/fnfO c+; lbbf
cfkm' e+bf pkNnf] hft / ;dhftsfnfO{ hGdfofsf 5f]/fn] # if+8df @ if+8 kfof P:tfnfO{ !
if+8 c+; lbg'= kflg rnGof sd hftsf] /x]5 eGof P:t} sf c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+; bLg' kfgL
grngof / 5f]O l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf] /x]5 eGof ldnbf hftnfO{ kfng lbg'= p;}sf
jfj' cfdfsf] c+; kfp5 kfnGofn] bof dfofn] lbof ;Ddsf] dfq kfp5 kfnGofsf >L
;+kltdf bfOof nfUb}g=
#)= jf6fdf kmfNofsf jfj' cfdfsf] kQf geosf jfnfif h;\n] NofO{ ;lx ;+ef/ ul/ kfNofsf]
5 Tof] afnif a|fé0f hftn] kfNofsf] iflq 7x5{ c? u}¥x hftn] kfNofsf]= hf}gf hftn]
kfNofsf] 5 p;}sf hft 7x5{ eft iffgf giffgfnfO{ kfnGofsf if'l; s/ nfUb}g c+; jf8f]
ubf{ hGdfofsf 5f]/fnfO # if+8sf] @ if+8 lbof o:tf kfO Nofofsf 5f]/fnfO{ #if+8sf] ! if+8
lbg' hGdfofsf 5f]/f geof kfnGof jfj' cfdfsf] sfh s[of ul/ nfUofsf] ;fx' ltl/ wg
dfn P;}n] iffg kfp5 ck'tfln iffGofn] kfpb}gg\=
leÙ ge} ;+u j:ofsfdf 3/sf] lng' lbg' sfh sfd uGof{
hfgsf/n] c+; j+8f ubf{ cfkm\g' hf] eofsf] 3/ if]t sdf/f
sdfl/ gub lhlg; s;g\ tdg\ u}¥x l/g wgsf] h:tfsf] t:tf]
if;f] iff; kmf6 gbL c+; lbgfdf em]n ubf{ uGof{ c}g=============$
#!= cfkm'n] hfGof ;'Gof ;Ddsf] hf] eofsf l/g wgsf] h:tfsf] t:tf] if;f] iff; kmf6 glb
cl8Gof t]:tfnfO{ kmf6 glbof ;Dd g]n 7f]ls s}b ul/ /fifg'=
#@= kmf6 lbofsf] hlt hlt dfn hf] cfp+5 c+; lbg' kGof{ ;j}nfO{ c}g jdf]lhd\ jfl8 lbg'=
##= kmf6 glb em]n u¥of jfjt\ s}b k¥ofsfn] h}Nx] l/g wgsf] if;f] iff; kmf6 lb+5 p;} lbg
kmf6 bLofsf] dfn c+; lbg' kGof{ ;j}nfO{ c}g jdf]lhd\ jfl8 lb s}b k¥ofsfnfO{ c?n]
kmf6 lbofsfdf d+h'/ u¥of] eGof g]n sf6L 5f]8L lbg'=

70
#$= c+; ubf{ if;f] iff; j+8f ul/ lbofsf] /x]5 bjfof 5kfofsf] srxl/jf6 x]bf{ s]lx b;L k|dfg
NofO ;fljt ug{ ;s]g /= s]lx 7x/]g eGof l/g wgsf] kmf6 lbo]g egL cTj nufO{ b'Mif
lbGofnfO{ ;dfTofsf Hdfsf ;os/f !) ?k}ofsf b/n] b+8 ug'{=
c}g /fxfn] yf]/} kfpGof jf slQ gkfpGof 7x¥ofsfn] c+;
ck'tfnL Ho"lg u}¥x c7\ofO /fiftf uGof{ s'/fsf] c}g===========#
#%= p;n] lnofsf] gub lhlg; 3/ if]t huf hldg rf]kfof sdf/f sdfl/ u}¥x hf] 7x5{= lkmtf{
u/fO{ kfpGofx?nfO{ c}g jdf]lhd\ lbnfO{ lbg'=
#^= cfkm'n] gkfpGof 7x¥ofsf] Ho" hldg\ wg dfn u}¥x lbPg eGof j'emfpg' kg]{ s'/f ;a}
gj'emfpbf ;Dd g]n s}b u/L /fVg'=
#&= a'emfpg' kGof{ 7x¥ofsf] Ho" hldg wg dfn u}¥x a'emfO{ Hdfg j+bL sfo]ngfdfdf ;lx xfln
lbof kl5 c}g jdf]lhd b+8 lj;f}b jS;f}gL u}¥x hf] xf] ln g]n sfl6 5f8L lbg'=
cfkm'n] gkfpGof c+; ck'tfln Ho"lg k]jf bfOhf] lbo]g egL
s/fpg cfpGofnfO{ b+8 uGof{ c}g================================
#*= dnfO{ kmnfgfn] c+; ck'tfnL bfO{hf] k]jf Ho"lg lbo]g elg cbfnt 7fgf cdfndf s/fO
kqm\ofO{ Nofof] / lg;fkm ubf{ gkfpGof 7x¥of] eGof t]:tfnfO{ p;}n] ;dfTofsf Hdfsf]
;os/f !) sf b/n] b+8 ug'{= lhtGofjf6 b+8sf] rf}7fO{ lhtfpl/ lng'=

nf]UGof :jfl:gsf]

!= s;}sf ljjflxt s+Gof ljwjf NofOtf hfl/ ul/= Nofofsf] j]:of s]l6 a3]Tof lg cl3
cfkm'n] :jfl:g /fiofsfnfO{ nf]UGofn] vfglkg gbLO{ 5f]8]5 c+usf eu+ u/L s'6lk6 klg
u/]5 eGof p;nf]UGof ls Pp6} :jfl:gdfq} /xl5 eGof klg cbfnt 7fgf cdfndf cfO{
dnfO{ nf]UGof l;t 5'6\ofO{ b]p elg s/fO /= c+; ln+5' l6{5' eGof :jfl:gsf] /flhgfdf n]iffO
ln hf}gf hftsf :jfl:g xf] p;}sf c}g jdf]lhd\ lx:;fsf] c+; u/fO{ lbg'=
@= s;}n] sdfl/ :jfl:g /fifL hfof hGd eofsf] /x]5 eGof /= kf/ ul/ :jfl:g t'NofO{
/fiofls= t]:tf :jfl:gnfO{ iffg lkg gbL= c+u e+u ul/ sg klg s'6]5 /= t]:tf :jfl:gn]
cbfnt 7fgf cdfndf cfO{ d nf]UGof b]ifL 5'l6+5' egL eGof c}g jdf]lhd\= rflxGof l/t ;+u
c+; ul/ lbg'= lbnfO{ lbofsf wgsf] b;f}b lng'=
#= ljjfx u¥of ls :jfl:gnfO{ aLgf lj/fp l;Gsf] sf65' egL l;+Gsf] sf6\of]/ :jfl:g s/fpg
cfO eGof= j'emL nf]UGofsf c+;df c}g jdf]lhd\ c+; ul/ lbg'= lbnfO lbofsf c+;sf]
b;f}b lng'=
$= nf]UGofn] :jfl:gnfO{ s'6\tf c+usf] e+u kgL u¥of] xft if'§f eflr lbof] cfiff kmf]/L lbof]
egL= :jfl:g lkm/fb ug{ cfO eGof :jfl:g nfO{ c}g jdf]lhd\sf] c+; lbnfO nf]UGofnfO{
s'6\ kL6\sf c}g jdf]lhd\= ;hfo ug'{ t]:tf if'g eofsf :jfl:g kf]O l;t jl:tg egL= c+;
lnuof eGof ;LGsf] s6fO 5f8L lbg'= ;Tofdf j:g' gj:g' :jfl:gsf] if"l; s/ nfUb}g=
lkm/fb ug{ cfof ift jft klg nfUb}g e/fO{ lbofsf c+;sf] b;f}b lng'=
%= :jfl:gnfO{ j]xSdf s'6 lk6\ ul/ lbof] /= lkmbf/ ug{ cfof eGof k'k{5 ul/= lbg' cls{ /fiof
ls :jfl:g 3/df NofO{= ljjflxtfnfO{ wkfof] eGof nf]UGof ;+usf c+; nfUGof wg df
5f]/fsf] c+;= 5f]/Lsf] ljjf ifr{ k/ ;fl/ nf]UGof :jfl:gsf] j/f]j/= c+; ul/ lbg'= c+; jf8f]
eof] k5Lkm]/L nf]UGofn] lbo]g eGof kls«NofO{ ljuf j/fj/ hl/jfgf u/L p:sf] c+; lbnfO{
lbg'=
^= cfkmgf ljjflxtf / lbof] sn; k'lh sGof Nofofsf ljwjf Nofofsf :jflZgn] hft hfGof
cdIfs'/f] iffof eGof /= dfxf/f]u eof ls e8f/L kmSof{ ls km'sf}lg lg:Sof ls /xl5 eGof
t]:tf :jfl:gsf s/0fL u/]g elg nf]UGofnfO{ bf]; 5}g= t]:tfnfO{ iffg nfpg nf]UGofn] lbg'=
iffg= nfpg s]lx lbo]gg\= egL :jfl:g s/fpg cfO eGof c}g jdf]lhd\sf c+; lbnfO{ lbg'=
e/fO{ lbofsf c+;sf] b;f}b lng'=
&= nf]UGof kb]{; uofsf] klg 5}g= /f]lu klg 5}g= c? :jfl:gx? ;+u eGof j/f]j/ hf+5g\= xfld
ljjflxtf ;+u eGof jif{ df ! km]/f klg s/l0f ub}{gg\= elg sf]xL :jfl:gn] gfln; ug{ cfof
eGof= t]:tf t]:tf :jfl:gnfO{ c}g jdf]lhd\sf] c+; lbnfO{ lbg' Tof] kf]On u} eGof= d= hf/
xfGof5}g d]/f] cnfu egL nf]UGofaf6sf sfuh n]iffO{ lbg'= P:tf :jfl:g csf{ l;t kf]On
uof eGof hf/ sf6\g kfpb}g= sf6\of] eGof Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg\ hf+5=
71
*= ;f;' ;;'/f h]7fHo" b]j/ g+b cfdfHo"= ;f}tfx? ;+u emu/f kl/ kf]Odg gkl/ dfOt /= cGo]q}
j:Gof :jfl:gn] dnfO{= iffg nfpg lbofgg\= dl;t klg ;'Tt}gg\= egL e+g cfof :jfl:gnfO{
c+; ge/fpg'= d]l/ :jfl:gnfO{ g]n xfnLb]p eGof /flhgfdf n]iffO{ nL= g]n 7f]sL nf]UGofsf
;k't{ ul/ lbg'=
(= nf]UGofn] iffg nfpg lb+5' d]/} 3/ j; dfOt /= c? gftf ;+Dj+w sf 3/ gj; e+5 :jfl:g
c+t}u} j;L c+; dfU5] eGof kfplbg t]:tf :jfl:gnfO{ 3/}df NofO{ g]n xfn5' jS;fO{ b]p
eGof] eGof= cbftn 7fgf cdfnaf6 g]n lbg'= cfkm\gL :jfl:gnfO{ s]lxlbg sfod ug{
lbg'=
!)= nf]UGofn] jflx/ klg :jfl:g /fiofsf] 5}g= jflx/sf :jfl:g 3/df Nofsf] klg 5}g= Ppl6
ljjflxtfdfq} 5 / t]:tf :jfl:gn] lkm/fb ug{ cfof eGof P:tf emu/f g;'+Fg' P:tf
:jfl:gnfO{ p;}sf nf]UGofsf ;k't{ ul/ lbg'=
!!= Psf3/df nf]UGof :jfl:g 5g\= nf]UGofsf ;fj uf;n] gk'lu cfh{g s]lx ;St}g iffg nfpgf
lgldQ :jfl:gsf] bfOhf] dfl;iffof] eGof nf]UGofn] ltg'{ kb}{g= nf]UGofn] bf}nt\ sdfof dflt
ifr{ eofsf]5 :jfl:gn] dfuL lng'=
!@= :jf:gLsf] bfO{hf] nf]UGofn] df:of] j]Rof] :jf:gLnfO{;fl5 /fv]g eGof Tof] df:ofsf] j]Rofsf]
sRrf 7x5{= :jfl:gnfO{ lbnfO{ lbg'= ;fx'sf] y}nL nf]UGofaf6 e/fO{ lbg'= wg k'u]g eGof
skfnL td;'s u/fO{ lbg'= :jfl:gsf ;Nnfxfn] a]Rof df:ofsf]= a]Rofsf sfuh df
:jfl:gsf] gfp /x]5 eGof lsGof j]Rofsf] ;b/ x'+5=
!#= bfOhf] x'Gof :jfl:gnfO{ x]nf ul/= lgsfln lbof] cls{ :jfl:g NofO{ /fiof] eGof tof]
lgsfln lbof ls :jfl:gsf] k]jf bfOhf] hf] dfl;lbofsf] 5 nf]UGofn] ltg'{ k5{ cbfnt
7fgf cdfnaf6 e/fO{ lbg'= e/fofsf wgsf] b;f}b lng'=
!$= sf]lx ;wjf :jfl:gsf] if;dlty{ ug{ j]kfn ug{ jf /fh sfhn] 6f9f kb]{z u/fosf] /x]5 /=
:jfl:gn] iffg nfpgnfO{ /= 5f]/f 5f]/Lsf] ljxf a|tj+w ug{nfO{ sl7g kf¥of] /= cfkm\gf Ho"
hldg\ j]rg' kbf{ cfkmgf if;dsf] ;gb dufO ;gb jdf]lhd\ j]Rof p7fofsf] ;b/ x'+5
if;dsf] ;gb gemLsfO :jfl:gn] cfkmgf df}jfl;n] j]Rof p7fofsf] /x]5 nf]UGof cfO{ d+h'/
u¥of] eGof klg ;b/ x'+5= d= geofsf j]nfdf d]l/ :jfl:gn] Ho" hldg j]rL5 kmnfgfn]
lnP5 egL s/fpg cfof]eg] :jf:gLn] iffofsf] y}nL ltl/ lgifflg lng kfp5=
!%= h]7L 5+b} sf+l5nfO{ Ho"lg n]lif lbof] eGof sf+l5sf Ho"lg j/fj/= h]7L nfO{ Ho]7\ofs lbg'=
sf+l5nfO{ Ho"lg lb+bf h]7LnfO{ k'u]g eGof cfwfcfwf efu jf8L lbg'= Ho]7LnfO{ Ho]7 \ofs\
glb= sf+l5nfO{ Ho"lg lbofsf] /x]5 eGof t]; Ho"lgdf h]7LnfO{ cflw c+; lbnfO{ lbg'=
!^= cfkm\g' nf]UGof d¥ofsf] ;'Gof kl5 ;fd]n e} hft sf l/tsf] h'7f] gjfGof{ sfh s[of guGof{=
cfkm' plx e}= j]/fdL= x'bfdf= ;lx ;+ef/ guGof{ 3/ 5f8L= c+Goq j:g hfGof :jfl:gn] Plt
s'/fdf Pp6} s'/f] dfq} u¥ofsf] eGofsf] eof klg= c+; Ho"lg u}î iffg kfpb}gg\= glbnfpg'
nf]UGofn] sfuh n]ifL pbofsf] eof= klg ;b/ x'b}g=

ljw'jfsf] c+; wgsf]

!= :jfl:g dflg;n] cfkmg' nf]UGof d¥of kl5= if;d\sf ;Todf j;L if]tL kflt ul/ eof] c?
s]lx t/xn]= cfh{g ul/ lhljsf ul/ /èfsf :jfl:g csf{l;t= kf]On uof eGof cl3nf
nf]UGofsf ;Todf j:tf sdfofsf] wg dfn gub lhlg;\= j:t' rfs/] u}î s]lx klg lnhfg
kfplbg ;j} ;+klt ;3 kl§ sf 5f]/f 5f]/L / c? c+; ck'tfnL iffGof x?n] c}g jdf]lhd\
kfpb\5=
@= Pp6f :jfl:gn] j]:of eof kl5= klxn]sf nf]UGofaf6 !.@ 5f]/f 5f]/L eof csf{ nf]UGof l;t
u} p;jf6 !.@ 5f]/f 5f]l/ eof km]/L To;nfO{ klg 5f8L csf{l;t uO{ Ps b'O{ 5f]/f 5f]/L kfO{
c? ;Lt klg u} 5f]/f 5f]/LkfO{ eGof= hf}gf hf}gf jfj'sf 5f]/f 5f]l/ x'g\= cfkmgf cfÇgf
jfj'sf] c}g jdf]lhd\sf] c+; ljxf ifr{ kfp5g\= cfdfn] j]:of e} kl5 sdfofsf] ;j}
kf]Olt/sf 5f]/f 5f]l/n] c+; ljxf ifr{ jf8L nLg'= srxl/af6 e/fO{ lbofsf= c+;sf] b;f}b
lng'=
#= $% jif{ gk'Uofsf :jfl:gdflg;x? sf]xL csf{l;t lju|\ofsf jf hft kltt eofsf /èf5g\
/ of] s'/f hfx]/ eof] kl5= xfld s]lx kfpGof 5f}g egL huf hldg\ gub lhlgl;\ Ho" u}î
72
 j]r ljifg bfg bftJo u¥ofsf /èf5g\= eGof t]:tfn] ljUo«fsf] hfx]/ gx'b}df j]Rof p7fof
sf]eof klg ;b/ x'b}g= ck'tfnL iffGof efO{ ;fl5 /flif j]Rof p7fofsf] /= cbfnt 7fgf
cdfndf ! 7fp ;fl5 /fifL p7fof j]Rofsf] eof Tof] :jfl:g csf{ l;t kf]Onuofls /xL5
hfx]/ eofsf] /x]g5= eGof klg t];n] j]Rof p7fofsf] ;b/ x'+5 ck'tfln iffGofdf klg sf]lx
;fl5 j:ofsf /èfg5g\= cbfnt 7fgf cdfndf oL $ df ! hufd klg ;fIfL /fiofsf]
/x]g5 / j]r ljifg bfg bftJo u/L csf{l;t kf]On uof ls /lx5 eGof To:tf :jf:gLn]
a]Rof p7fofsf] ;b/ x'b}g=
$= s;}sf] nf]UGof d¥of] :jfl:g ljwjf e} if;d sf ;Todf j:ofsfdf c+; e} 5'l§ofsf xpg
jf= c+; j+8f gul/ ;+u} j:ofsf xpg P:tf :jfl:gn]= cfkmgf c+;sf 3/ if]t Ho" hdLg $%
jif{sf] pd]/ g'x+Hofn p7fpg j]rg kfpb}gg\= iffg nfpgnfO{ gk'uL Ho" hldg\ 3/ if]t j]rtf
jfwf /fifftf ck'tfln iffGof efO 5f]/f ;fl5 /fifL p7fofsf] ;b/ x'+5 ck'tfnL iffGof ;fl5
jl; lbofgg\ eGof hfxfgnfO{ iffg nfpg ;+d /= d'gfl;j dflkms\sf] bfg bftJo ubf{
cbfnt 7fgf cdfn ;f5L ul/ iffg cg';f/ j]rg' / d'gfl;j dflkms bfg bftJo ug{
kfp5g\ $% jif{ gf£of sf :jfl:gx?n] cfkmgf c+;sf Ho"gL k]jf 3/ if]t Ho" hldg\ gub
lhlg; s;+ tdg\ hjfx]/= u}î hf] eofsf] >L ;+kltdf bfg k'0o j]r ljifg cfkmg' if'; ug'{
kfO5 bfHo" efO{ cbfnt cdfn j:g' kb}{g=
%= rf/ j0f{ 5lt;} hftsf nf]UGof geofsf :jfl:g dflg;x?n] $% jif{sf] pd]/ gk'Uofsf eof
klg cfkm'nfO{ j]yfnflu c;fWo eofsf jiftdf /= ;lthfbfdf c}g jdf]lhd\= cfkmg' c+;
Ho"lg k]jf wg ;+klt huf hldg\= rf}}kfof sdf/f sdfl/ dWo] ;os/f !) sf lx;fjn]
cfkm'g' lqmof{ ifr{ nfO{ k/ ;fl/ jfls /èfsf] bfg k'0o ug{ kfp5g\ ltgn] bfg k'0o u¥ofsf]
;b/ x'+5 kfpGofsf] klg kSsf x'+5 lqmof ifr{nfO{ ;os/f !) eGbf j9tf jfls /fif5g\
eGof klg :jfl:g dflg;sf] if'l; kl5 jfrg\ uof eGof klg bfg u¥ofsf] lj;xL x'b}g=
^= c+; ge} Psf 3/df ;+u /èfsf 5f]/f gx'Gof ljwjf :jfl:gx? s;}n] ltldx? l;t ;+u
jl:tg c+; Bf} /= j]un} j;5f}+ eGof 5g\ / pGsf ;f;' ;;'/f b]j/ Ho]7f Ho" ;f}tf Bf}/fgL
Ho]7fgL ;f}tfsf 5f]/f / elthfx?n] xfldn] nfof iffof ;/xsf] nfp iffp xfldn] u¥of
jdf]lhd\sf] bfg k'F0o u/ elg d'ifn] klg e+bf /èf5g\= ;f]xL jdf]lhd sfdn] klg u¥ofsf
/èf5g\ eGof 5f]/f gx'Gof ljwjf :jfl:gn] c+; nL c+t u} j:g kfpb}gg\= ;+u} j:g' k5{=
cfkmgf ;/xsf] iffg kfpg /= bfg k'F0o ug{ lbofsf /èfg5g\ jf= k}Nx] c+; ln leg}
j:ofsf /èf5g\= jf ;f}tf ;f}tf dfq} /èf5g\= eGof= c}g jdf]lhd\sf] cfkm\g' c+; ln
j]unjl; iffg kfp5g\=
&= 5f]/f gx'Gof ljwjf :jfl:gnfO{ pgsf ;f;' ;;'/f b]j/ h]7fHo" ;f}tf Bf}/flg Ho}7fgL ;f}tfsf
5f]/f /= elthfx?n] xfd|f ;/xsf] nfp iffp xfldn] u¥of jdf]lhd\sf] bfg k'F0o ul/ 3/}df
j; 3/ 5f]8L dfOt /= c? gftf ;Dj+wsf 3/ j:g ghfp= e+bf /èf5g\= lt s'/f g dflg 3/
5f]8L dfOt /= cGoq u} j:Gof :jfl:gn] n}uofsf] wg dfn uxgf u}î klg j'emfpg k5{=
jflx/ j:tf /Lg nfUof] eGofsf] klg 3/ tkm{af6 ltl/ lbg' kb}{g=

jS; lkmtf{ u/fofsf] jf8gfsf]

!= Psf 3/df ;+u 5bf c+; jf8Gof ;fhf huf hldg= 3/ if]t u}î ;sf{/ nfUofsf] 5 efO le+g
eof kl5 sf]lx efO{n] ;sf{/ l/emfO xl/ofsf] ;j{:j hldg\ huf lkmtf{ ul/ kfof] /=
c+l;of/ efOx?n] xfld klg c+; kfpGof x'+ egL iff]Hof eGof lkmtf{ ul/= jS:of} eGof
df]xf]/= dfPsf}6L ul/= iffg' eGof ;lx5 eGof efOx?n] kfpb}gg\= h;n] kfofsf] xf] p;}n]
iffg'= uf];jf/f df]xf]/ 5= 5]l8ofsf] 5}g= eGof / lkmtf{ ul/ jS;f} e+Gof dfq} 5= eGof
efOx?n] c+; ul/ lng kfp5g\ # ;fn ;k'TofO ;sf{/jf6= kfpGofn] b'j} jf]l6 ef]u ul/
iffg'= rf}yf ;fn b]ifL efO c+; ul/ jfl8 iffg'=
@= Psf 3/;+u 5bfsf] ;sf{/jf6 hkmt eofsf] /= y'g'jf eofsf] ;sf{/jf6 lgsf;f ge}
/èfsf] js;\ bb{bdf{xf jfln efO le+g eof kl5 Ps hgfn] ;sf{/ l/emfO jS; lkmtf{ kfof]
/= c+l;of/ efOn] xfdL klg kfpGof x"+ elg bfOof ug{ cfof eGof lkmtf{ jS;bf lkmtf{ jS;f}
e+Gof dfq} eofsf] /x]5 eGof ;sf{/ l/emfO lgsf;f uGof{ efOnfO{ b;f}b lb afFlsdf=
lgsf; uGof{ / c? ;j} efOn] c}g jdf]lhd\ jf8L iffg' k5{ tnfO{ jS;f} e+Gof eofsf] /x]5
eGof hZn] kfofsf] 5 p;} efO{n] Psf}l6 ul/ ;j} iffg' c? efO{n] kfpb}g=
73
bfOhf] k]jf

!= s;}sf ljjflxtf @.# :jfl:g 5g\ 5f]/f 5}gg\= s;}sf 5f]/L dfq 5g\ 5f]/Lsf cfdfn] bfg
bftJo ul/ 5f]l/ hjf`L u}¥x s;}nfO{ lb+5' elg Hdf wg p7fpbf ;j} ;f}tfx? jl; sfuh
kq ul/ lbofsf] eof;b/ x'+5 ;f}tfx? ;fl5 j:ofsf 5}g eGof cfkmgf c+; hlt p7fosf]
dfq} ;b/ x'+5= ;f}tfx?sf] c+; p7fofsf] ;b/ x'b}g=
@= if;d klg 5}g cfkm'n] hGdfofsf /= ;f}tf lt/f] 5f]/f klg 5}gg\ t]:tf :jfl:gn] 5f]l/x?nfO{
bftJo ul/ /¥ofsf cflw wgdf 5f]/Lx¿sf] / ck'tfln iffGof efO{sf] nfu nfUb}g cfÇgf
if';n] h;nfO{ lbG5] p;}sf] x'G5 p;sf] lhon] p7fO /èfsfn] To:tf] sfhlqmof u/L hf]
/xG5g\ Tof] cl3 p:sf xftn] p7fO ;fIfL >f]tf /fvL bftJo n]lv lbofsf] /x]5 eGof p;n]
kfpF5= /x]g5 eGof nf]UGof Psf afHofaf6 hGDofsf h]7 sfG5f afa' bfh'efO{ 5f]/f elthf
gftL / h]7L sfG5L cfdf efph' a'xf/Lx¿ eof pgn] kfpF5g\ . p:tf geof jfj' cfdfsf]
sfhlqmof u/fO{ /¥ofsf] ;j} 5f]/Ln] c}g jdf]lhd jfl8 iffg'=
#= s;}sf :jfl:gx? 9]/} 5g\= 5f]/f 5}gg\ @.# cfdf k§Lsf 5f]l/ dfq 5g\= jfj' rflx d¥of] /=
s;}sf cfdf klg d¥of s;}sf cfdf jfRofsf 5g\ /= jfrGof rflx cfdfn] hf] eofsf] bfg
bftJo ul/ lb+5' elg eGof Hdf wgdf cflw cfkmgf lhljsfnfO{ /fifL cflwdf cfkmgf
if;djf6 hGDofsf 5f]/LnfO c}g jdf]lhd\sf /Lt l;t lbofsf] kSsf x'+5=
$= s;}sf nf]UGof 5}gg\= 5f]/f klg 5}gg\= ;f;' j'xfl/ b'j} ljwjf 5g\= ;f;' ls 5f]l/ 5
5f]/LnfO{ bftJo lb+5' egL eGof cfkm\gf 5f]/LnfO{ cfkmg' c+; bftJo lbofsf] kfsf] x'+5
j'xfl/sf c+; dWo] lbofsf] kfsf] x'b}g j'xfl/ ls klg 5f]/L /lx5= d klg d]/f c+;df bftJo
lb+5' eGof cfkmg' c+; lbofsf] kfsf] x'+5 j'xfl/sf] lx:;f g/flif ;f;'n] 5f]/LnfO{ lbofsf] /=
;f;' sf] lx:;f g/flif j'xfl/n] 5f]l/nfO{ lbofsf] sRrf 7x5{ lkm/fb ug{ cfof eGof b'j}sf]
c}g jdf]lhd\ c+; ul/ lbg'=
%= s;}sf cfkmgf jfj' jfHofx?n] bftJo ul/ lbofsf] pg}sf kfnf b]ifL bftJo kfpGofn] ef]u
ul/ cfofsf huf hdLg\ gub lhlg;\ sdf/f sdfl/ rf}kfof u}îdf bftJo u/L lbGofsf efO
5f]/f gfltx?n] kl5 emu/f ug{ cfof eGof bfHo" jfj' jfHofn] lb ef]u ul/ cfofsf] /x]5
eGof / kq kfq ul/ lbofsf] /x]5 eGof bfg kfpGofsf] ;b/ u/fO yfld lbg'= bfg lbGof
d¥of kl5 kmnfgfsf jfj' jfHof bfHo"n] dnfO{ kmnfg' s'/f bfg ul/ lbofsf] d}n] kfofsf]
5}g= elg sf]xL s/fpg cfof] eGof kq kfq /x]5 eGof klg lbg' glbg'= bftfsf ;+tfgsf]
if';L !^ jif{b]ifL j6f] sf] bfg /x]5 bfg lbofsf] bftfn] ljxf]/fsf] /x]g5 eGof ;fl5
>f]tfjf]nfO{ kq kfq x]l/ 7x¥of jdf]lhd\ lbnfO{ lbg'= !^ jif{ b]ifLcl3sf] bfg eof Tof]
emu/f g;'g' lbg' glbg'= bftfsf] / bftfsf ;+tfgsf] if';L=
^= dfOltn] lbofsf] bfOhf] bftJo kfpGof cfdfsf 5f]/f= /èfg5g\= gljU¥of sf 5f]l/ klg
/èfg5g\= ljjflxtfsf] ;To 5f]l8 kf]On uof ls 5f]/L /èf5g\ eGof Tof] bfOhf] bftJo
kf]On uof ls 5f]l/n] kfplbg= Tof] bfOhf] ljjfxLtf nf]UGofsf] x'G5 p klg geof dGof{sf
;;'/fn] hGdfsf 5f]/f b]j/ Ho]7fHo" / b]j/ Ho]7fHo"sf 5f]/fn] kfp5g\ c}g df n]ifLofsf
bfOhf] k]jf bftJo iffgf lkm/fpg kfpb}gg\= sf]xL geof wg cg';f/ b]jfno kfl6 kf}jf
;bfjt{ bfg bftJo u/fO{ lbG5g\ eGof klg cfkm' ln+5 tfklg bfOhf] lbGof dfOltsf] if';L=
&= s;}n] 5f]/LnfO{ bfOhf] lbofsf] /x]5 /= Tof] 5f]/L dl/ eGof dGof{sf 5f]/f eof 5f]/fn] kfp5
p klg geof p;} dGof{sf ljjflxtf nf]UGofn] kfp5 p klg geof 5f]l/n] kfp5= p klg
geof dGof{sf ;f}tLGof k§Lsf 5f]/fn] kfp+5g\= oltdf sf]lx geof dGof{sf ;;'/fn]
hGdfofsf 5f]/f b]j/ Ho]7fHo" b]j/ Ho]7fHo"sf 5f]/fn] lk+8 kflg rnfO{ iffg kfp5g\= PtLdf
os hgf 5gHofn=dfOltn] bfO{hf] lkm/fpg kfpb}gg\= sf]lx /èfg5= eGof bfOhf] dGof{
5f]/Lsf gfpdf wg cg';f/ b]jfno= kfl6 kf}jf ;bfj{ bfg bftJo u/fO lb+5 eGof klg cfkm'
ln+5GeGof klg bfOhf] lbGof dfO{ltsf] if';L=
*= a|fé0f nufot= tfufwfl/ hft / gdfl;Gof dtjfln hft u}îsf ;wjf :jfl:g s/l0fdf
lju|L eGof= :jfl:gsf] gfs gsfl6Gof x'gfn] P:tfn] cfkm\g' bfOhf] k]jfln hfg= kfpb}gg\=
t]:sf 5f]/f eof 5f]/fn] geof ljjflxtf nf]UGofdf] x'+5 nf]UGof klg /x]g5 eGof 5f]/Ln]
kfp5] p klg geof kf]On hfGof :jfl:gsf ljjflxtf k§Lsf ;;'/fn] hGdfofsf= 5f]/f b]j/
Ho]7fHo" / b]j/ Ho]7fHo"sf 5f]/fn] iffg kfp5+ p klg geof h:n] bfOhf] k]jf lbofsf] xf]
74
 p;}sf] x'+5 cbfnt cdfnjf6= b;f}b ln e/fO{ lbg'= P:tf s'/fdf bfOhf] k]jf iffg kfpGof
c}gdf n]lifof jfl/; jfnf sf]lx s/fpg cfof e/fO bLg'= s/fpg gcfof e/fpg kb}{g=
cbfnt cdfnjf6 jfl/; jfnfsf] iff]lh ug'{ kb}{g= c}gdf n]ifLofsf= jfl/; jfnf sf]lx
/èfg5g\ eGof ck'tfln iffGofn] Tof] bfOhf] k]jf iffg kfpb}gg\= p;} :jfl:gn] cfkm\g' bfOhf]
k]jf ln hfg kfp5] n}hfg lbg'=
(= s;}nfO dfOltn] bfOhf bftJo lbofsf] /x]5 Tof] :jfl:g csf{l;t kf]On u}5 / t]:sf]
bfOhf] k]jf iffg kfpgof c}gdf n]ifLof jdf]lhd\df jfl/;jfnf sf]lx gx'Fbf hf] eofsf]
bfOhf] bftJo k]jf :d]t ln uofls /lx5 t]lx :jfl:g kl5 c? @.# hgfl;t kf]On u} 5f]/f
5f]/L kfofls /xL5 eGof Tof] bfOhf] k]jf ;j} kf]O lt/sf 5f]/f 5f]/LnfO c}g jdf]lhd\= jfl8
lbg'=
!)= rf/ j0f{ 5lt;} hft u}în] 5f]/L j]l6nfO{ bfOhf] bftJo u}¥x lb+bf ;gb kq ;fl5 >f]tf ul/
lbofsf] s'/f kfpGofn] ef]u ul/ iffO{ rrL{ cfofsf] s'/f 5f]l/n] bfOhf] bftJo kfO h'jfl`sf
3/df k'¥ofofsf] s'/f ;b/ 7x5{= ljxf]/fO lbg' bfOhf] bftJo kfpGofn] ef]u u¥ofsf] klg
/x]g5= ;fl5 ;gb klg s]lx /x]g5 eGof /= dfOltsf 3/}df /èfsf s'/fnfO= kmnfg'= s'/f]
tf xfldnfO lbofsf] xf] eÙ cfof ;b/ x'b}g= kfpb}gg\=
!!= bfOhf] bftJo kfpGof 5f]/Lx? s;}n] cfkm\g'n] kfofsf bfOhf] bftJosf Ho" hldg\ gub
lhlg;\= u}¥x yfdg g;ls j]Rof j]rg nfUof eGof c}g jdf]lhd\ lbg #% leqdf df]io
bfOhf] lbGof / lbGofsf ;+tfgn]= p:tf geof bfOhf] kfpGofsf Psf jfj'jf6 hGDofsf lblb
j}lGx / lblb jlGxsf ;+tfg cfO b]l;n] lbofsf] y}nL xfd|f3/= 3/fgfjf6 lb+5f} eÙ cfof
eGof b]l;n] kfpFb}gg\= Og} bfOofbf/n] lng kfp5g\=
!@= tfufwfl/ nufo]t= kfgL rnGof ;Ddsf ljwjf :jfl:g cfkm' e+bf pkNnf hft /= cfkm'
ldNbf hftdf kf]On uof eGof ltGsf dfOlt dfjnL u}¥n] kSsf ul/= bfOhf] bftJo lbofsf
Ho" hldg= gub lhlg; u}¥x hf] 5 t]:sf 5f]/f eof 5f]/fsf] geof 5f]/Lsf] x'+5= 5f]l/ klg
geof t]lx lju|Gof :jfl:gn] n}hfg kfp5] n}hfg lbg'= cfkm' e+bf 36L kflg rnGof hftdf=
kf]On u} efTdf jf]¥ofsf] eof @) ?k}of b+8 ul/; efTdf jf]¥ofls geof b+8 x'b}g= t];}
lju|Gof :jfl:gn] cfkm\g' bfOhf] bftJo n}hfg kfp5] kfgL grnGof hft / l56f] xfng' kGof{
hfTdf kf]On uofls= eof efTdf jf]/f];\ gjf]/f];\ bfOhf] bftJo ln hfg kfplbg t]:sf] 5f]/f
eof 5f]/fsf] 5f]/f geof 5f]l/sf] x'+5 5f]l/ klg geof ;f}ltGof 5f]/fsf] x'+5= ;f}ltGof 5f]/f
klg geof= p:sf ljjflxtf nf]UGofnfO hGdfpGof ;f;' ;;'/f / pgjf6 hGDofsf b]j/
Ho]7fHo" / b]j/ Ho]7fHo"sf 5f]/fn] kfp5g\= pklg geof t]lx bfOhf] bftJo lbGof dfOltsf]
x'+5 c}gdf n]ifLofsf] jfl/;jfnf sf]lx geof= Tof] bfOhf] bftJo ;sf{/sf] x'+5= ;sf{/ nufO
lbg'= csf{l;t lju|L jf hft kltt eof kl5= dfOlt dfjnLn] bof dfof u/L= kl5 lbofsf]
Ho" hldg gub lhlg; u}¥x hf] 5 c? jfl/; jfnfn] lng kfpb}gg\ t]lx ljU¥of ls
:jf:gLsf] x'+5 n}hfg lbg'=
!#= tfufwfl/ nufo]t\= rf/j0f{ 5lt; hftsf ljwjf :jfl:gn] cfkm' e+bf 36L kfgL rnGof
;Ddsf xftsf] eft iffO{ eof] jf c? hft hfGof eIo iffO= eft jfx]s eof eGof t]:tfn]
cfkm'nfO dfOlt dfjnLx?n] ks\sf ul/ lbofsf] bfOhf] bftJo hf]5 t]:sf 5f]/f eof
5f]/fsf] 5f]/f geof 5f]/Lsf] x'+5 5f]l/ klg geof etfxfnfO efTdf jf]¥ofsL eof @) ?k}of
b+8 ul/ efTdf jf]¥ofls geof b+8 x'b}g= t];}n] hf] eofsf] bfOhf] bftJo ln hfg kfp5]
n}hfg lbg'= kfgL grnGof / l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf xftsf] eft kfgL iffO hft kltt
eoflsn] csf{nfO eft kflgdf jf]¥ofls eof klg geof klg bfOhf] bftJo ln hfg
kfplbg t]:sf] 5f]/f] eof 5f]/fsf] 5f]/f geof 5f]/Lsf] x'+5= 5f]l/ klg geof ;f}ltGof 5f]/fsf]
x+'5 pklg geof ljjflxtf nf]UGofnfO hGdfpGof ;f;' ;;'/f / pGjf6 hGDofsf b]j/=
Ho]7fHo' /= b]j/ Ho]7fHo"sf 5f]/fsf] x'+5 pklg geof t]lx bfOhf] bftJo lbGof dfOltsf] x+'5
c}gdf n]lifofsf] jfl/; jfnf sf]lx geof Tof] bfOhf] bftJo ;sf{/sf] x'+5 =
c+; ln 5'l§of kl5 cfkmg' c+; iffO p8fO ;Sof kl5= b'Mv
kfofsf] b]ifL bofdfofn] kl5 s;}n] lbofsf] Ho"hldg\sf]
jfnL iffg dfq kfp5= j]rg p7fpg kfpb}g h:n] lbofsf] xf]
p;}sf] x'+5 e+Gof /= cfh;Dd lb`fYof cj lb+g eGof klg lng kfp5 eGof
c}g=====

75
!$= s;}sf bfHo" efO 5f]/f j'xfl/ efpHo"x?nfO c+; j+8f ul/ 5'§fofsf] /x]5 cfkmg' c+; iffO
nfO p8fO{ ;s]5 /= p:sf jfj' cfdf bfHo" efOn] bof dfof ul/ Plt iff elg s]lx huf
hldg\ sdf/f sdfl/ lbofsf] /x]5 sfuh kq n]ifL dfofdfl/ lbofsf] /x]g5 eGof
hufhldgsf] jfnL iffg nfpg / sdf/f sdf/Lsf] sfd lng dfq} kfp5 bfg bftJo j]r
ljifg ug{ kfpb}g Tof] d¥of kl5= t]:sf] ck'tfln iffGofn] klg lng kfpb}gg\ h:n] lbofsf]
xf] p;}sf] x'+5 cfh;Dd lb`fYof cj dnfO rflxof] bL+g eGof klg lng kfp5=

ck'tfnLsf]

!= s;}sf Psf jfHofaf6 hGDofsf 5'l§ofsf Ho]7f sf+5f jfj' bfHo" efO{ 5f]/f elthf gflt /=
Ho]7L sf+l5 cfdf= efpHo' j'xfl/x? klg 5g\= Psf efO ls Pp6} 5f]l/ dfq 5 jfj' d¥of] /=
ck'tfnL k¥of] eGof= jfj' cfdfn] 5f]l/nfO{ sfuh n]ifL ;fl5 >f]tf /fifLlbof= sf] /x]5
eGof= Tof] ck'tfnL 5f]l/n] kfp5]= Psf jfHofjf6 hGDofsf h]7f sf+5f jfj' bfHo" efO 5f]/f
elthf gflt /= Ho]7L sf+5L cfdf efpHo" j'xfl/x?n] kfpb}gg\ sfuhkq n]ifLlbofsf] klg
/x]g5 ;fl5 >f]tf klg sf]lx /fiofsf] /x]g5 eGof 5f]l/n] kfplbg= Psf jfHofjf6
hGdofsf h]7f sf+5f jfj' bfHo" efO 5f]/f elthf gflt /= Ho]7L sf+5L cfdf efpHo"
j'xfl/x?n] ck''tfln iffg kfp5g\=
@= s;}sf jfj' d¥of] Psf jfHofsf 5f]/fdf h]7f sf+5f jfj' bfHo" efO 5f]/f elthf gflt /=
Ho]7L sf+l5 cfdf efpHo" j'xfl/x? sf]lx /èfg5g\= ljjflxtf k§Lsf jf NofOtf kl§sf
5f]l/ dfq /èf5g\ eGof ljjfx eofsf xpg geofsf xpg 5f]l/n] jfj'sf ;fx' klg lt5f}{
ck'tfln klg iff+5f} eGof= ltg} 5f]l/n] kfp5] 6f9fsf bfHo"efOn] kfpb}gg\ sfh s[of
u/fpgfnfO ;B 5f]/L ;B 5f]/Lsf] 5f]/f /x]5 eGof ltg}n] ug'{ c? s[of uGof{
clwsf/sfnfO{ s[of ug{ nfp5g\ eGof klg nfpg x'+5= sd;n k§L ls 5f]/L /xL5 eGof /
s[of uGof{ clwsf/sfnfO{ iff]hL u/fO{ ck'tfnL sd;n k§Lsf] 5f]/L / 5f]/Lsf 5f]/fn] kgL
iffg kfp5g\ c;n kl§sf kgL sd;n kl§sf klg 5f]/L /èf5g\ eGof sfh s[ofsf]
clwsf/ x'gfn] sfh s[of eGof ;Bn] ug'{ k5{ sfh s[of u/fO /èfsf ck'tfnLdf ;B
kl§sfn] / sd;n k§Lsf 5f]/Ln] c}g jdf]lhd jf8L iffg'= c;n k§Lsf geof sd;n
k§Lsfn] kfp5g\ P:tf s'/fsf] lkm/fb k¥of] eGof P;} c}g jdf]lhd ul/ l5gL lbg'= e/fO{
lbofsf wg ;+klQsf] cbfnt cdfnjf6 b;f}b lng'=
#= jfj'x? hGDofsf Psf jfHofsf ;+tfgdf Ho]7f sf+5f jfj' bfHo" efO 5f]/f elthf gflt /
Ho]7Lsf+5f cfdf efpHo" j'xfl/x? sf]lx 5}gg\= ljjfxLtf NofO{tf /if'O lt/ sf 5f]l/x? 9]/}
5g= ltgdf s;}sf] ljjfx eofsf] 5= s;}sf] 5}g eGof ljjfx geofsf 5f]l/nfO c}g
jdf]lhdsf ljxf ifr{ k/;f/L jfj' cfdfsf] sfh s[of ul/ jfls /èfsf wgdf ljjfx
eofsf geofsf ;j} 5f]l/n] c}g jdf]lhd jfl8 iffg' =
$= 5f]/f 5}gg\ 5f]l/ 5 jfj' d¥of] / 5f]l/n] jfj'sf] ;fx' klg ltlb{g ck'tfln klg iff+g eGof
5f]l/nfO s/ nfUb}g 6f9fsf bfHo" efO s;}n] ck'tfnL if+fÙf} ;fx' klg ltbf}{g eGof pgnfO
klg s/ nfUb}g ghLssf bfHo" efO{ /èf5g\ eGof s[of ug'{ k5{ ck'tfnL iffgfsf] /= ;fx'
ltgf{sf] s/ nfUb}g= dGof{sf] ck'tfnL hf] 5= ;j} Hdf ul/ ;fx'sf y}nL hDdfdf bfdf;lx
ul/ jfl8 lbg'= bfu lbGof sfh s[of uGof{nfO ;fx'x?sf if6f}gn] s[of ifr{ lb jfls lng'=
%= s;}sf cfkm\gf Psf jfHofjf6 hGDofsf h]7f sf+5f jfj' bfHo" efO 5f]/f elthf gflt /
Ho]7L sf+5L cfdf efpHo" j'xfl/x? sf]lx 5}gg\ cfkmgf 5f]/fsf 5f]l/ gfltlg 5g\ cl3 jfj'
d¥of] kl5 jfHof jHo" d¥of / ck'tfnL k¥of] eGof jfHof jHo"sf] sfh s[of klg u5'{
nfUofsf] ;fx' ltl/ ck'tfnL klg iff+5' eGof 6f9fsf bfHo" efO{n] Tof] ck'tfnL kfpb}gg\ 5f]/f
ls 5f]l/ gfltlgn] sfh s[of ul/ ;fx' ltl/= ck'tfnL iffg kfp5]=
^= s;}sf cfkmgf Psf jfHofjf6 hGDofsf] Ho]7f sf+5f jfj' bfHo" efO 5f]/f elthf gflt /
Ho]7L sf+l5 cfdf efpHo" j'xfl/x? sf]lx 5}gg\= cfkm'hGdfofsf 5f]/fsf ;+tfg klg 5}gg\=
5f]l/ dfq ly 5f]l/ klg jfj' cfdf e+bf cl3jf6 dl/5 5f]l/sf] 5f]/f] /x]5 jfHof dl/=
ck'tfnL d¥of] egof jfHofjHo"sf] sfh s[of klg u5'{ ;fx' ltl/ ck'tfnL klg iff+5' eGof]

76
 eGof 5f]/Lsf 5f]l/n] sfh s[of ul/ nfUofsf] ;fx' ltl/ jfHof jHo"sf] ck'tfnL iffg kfp5
6f9fsf bfHo" efOn] kfpb}gg\=
&= s;}sf cfkgf Psf jfHofjf6 hGDofsf Ho]7f sf+5f jfj' bfHo" efO 5f]/f elthf gflt /
Ho]l7 sf+l5 cfdf efpHo" j'xfl/x? sf]lx 5}gg\ jfj' sL klg 5f]l/ 5 5f]l/sL klg 5f]/L 5
cl3af6 jfj' d¥of] kl5 5f]l/ dl/ ck'tfln k¥of] eGof jfj'sf] sfh lqmof klg u5'{ l/g
klg lt5'{ wg klg iffG5' eGof 5f]/fls 5f]/Ln] kfp5] jfj' rflxsf] 5f]/Ln] kfpFb}gg= cl3af6
5f]/f] d¥of] kl5 jfj' rflx d/L ck'tfnL k¥of] eGof ltgsf wgdf jfj' 5f]/fsf] @ efu u/L
;fx' klg lt5'{ wg klg iffG5f} eGof jfj' rflxsf 5f]/Lx¿n] 5f]/f rflxsf efudf 5f]/fsf
5f]/Lx¿ c}g jdf]lhd efu u/L iffg kfpF5g\=
*= s;}sf cfkmgf Psf jfHofjf6 hGDofsf Ho]7f sf+5f jfj' bfHo" efO 5f]/f elthf gflt /
Ho]l7 sf+l5 cfdf efpHo" j'xfl/x? sf]lx 5}gg\ 5f]l/ /lx5 cl3 jfj' cfdf d¥of 5g\
kl5jf6 bfHo" efO dl/ ck'tfnL k¥of] eGof= Psf jfj'jf6 hGDofsf 5f]l/n] cfkmgf cfdf
jfj'sf] kL+8 kflg klg rnfp5'= bfHo" efO{sf] sfh s[of klg u5'{ jfj' cfdf bfHo" efOsf
;fx' ltl/ hf] eofsf] ck'tfnL klg iff+5f} eGof Psf jfj'sf 5f]l/ x'gfn] Og} lblb j}lGxn]
iffg kfp5g\ 6f9fsf bfHo" efOn] iffg kfpb}gg\=
(= tfufwfl/ nufo]t hf/ xf+Gof gdfl;Gof dt'jfnL hft ;Ddsf s;}sf Psf jfHofjf6
hGDofsf Ho]7f sf+5f jfj' bfHo" efO 5f]/f elthf gflt /= Ho]7L sf+l5 cfdf efpHo"
j'xfl/x? sf]lx /èfg5g\ 5f]l/ dfq /lx5 Tof] 5f]l/ klg ljjflxtf nf]UGofsf] ;To 5f]8L lbof]
sn; k"lh csf{n] n}uofls /lx5 jf= lju|L j]:of e} kf]On uof sL /lx5 eGof t]:tf
5f]l/n] jfj' cfdfsf] ck'tfnL iffg kfpb}g= ;B 5f]l/ eof ;Bn] kfp5g\ p:tf geof
ck'tfnL iffGof 6f9fsf bfHo" efOn] kfp5g\ p:tfklg sf]lx geof Tof] ck'tfnLsf wgn]
d¥of{sf sfh s[of u/fO nfUofsf ;fx' lt/fO hf] jfls /èfsf] ;sf{/sf] x'+5 ;sf{/ nufO
lbg'=
!)= of}6fsf] sdf/f] of}6fls sdfl/l;t j:ofsf] 5 b'j} dl/ ck'tfnL k¥of] eGof sdf/fsf] wg
sdf/}sf wlgsf] x'+5 sdfl/sf] wg sdf/Ls} wgLsf] x'+5 sdf/fn] cfkmgL= :jfl:gnfO{
lbofsf] wgdfn :jfl:gs} x'+5= c?n] lng kfpb}gg\=
!!= jfj' rflx if;Dsf 3/ /èfsf] 5= 5f]/f 5f]/L ljls cg]q uofsf / bftJo bfOhf] lb c+t}
uofsf 5g\ jfj' rflx if;Dsf 3/ d¥of] eGof j]lr bfg bftJo ul/ lb ;Sofsf 5f]/f 5f]l/n]
jfj'sf] ctk'tfnL iff+5' eGof kfpb}g ljSofsf bfOhf] lbofsf 5f]/f 5f]l/jf6 jfj' cfdfsf]
wgn] sfh s[of u/fO /èfsfdf ;os/f !) ?k}of s[of ug]{ 5f]/f 5f]/LnfO{ lb /èfsf]
if;dn] iffg" if;d\n] kfp5=
!@= sdf/f sdfl/ kf/ e} Psf cDjndfu} w'? w'jfO lt/f] e/f] ul/ j:ofsf 5g\ kf/ eof kl5
hGDofsf] 5f]/f 5f]l/ 5}gg\ kf/ gx'b} hGDofsf sdf/f sdfl/ 5f]/f 5f]l/ Ps} c+jndf 5g\
eGof klg cs{} cDjndf /èf5g\ eGof klg ck'tfnL p:sf 5f]/f 5f]/Ln] iffg kfp 5g
cdfln wlgn] kfpb}gg\ ;sf{/ klg nfUb}g=
!#= :jfl:gn] nf]UGof;+u c+; lno]/ 5'l6of kl5 t]:tf :jf:gL kf]On uof eGof hf/ xfÙkfpF5
ljxf ifr{ lnGof ljxf]/f ls :jfl:g /lx5 eGof ljxf ifr{ lng kfp5 = b08 x'Gof ljxf]/fls
/lx5 eGof b+8 u/fpg kfp5 d'8Gof hftls /xL5 eGof d'8g kfp5 t]:tf cnu j:ofls
:jfl:g dl/ eGof sfh s[of u/L nf]UGofn] ck'tfnL iffg kfp5 wg 5}g egL cfkmgf
:jfl:gsf] sfh s[of u/]g5 eGof @) ?k}of b+8 ul/ ln sfh s[of ug{ nfpg' ?k}of
glt¥of d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf b/n] s}b ug'{=

!$= l;Gsf] sfl6 5f]8\ofsf / kfr's] u/L j]:of e} dfOt cfO dfOltn] j]un} 3/ t'NofO /fiofsf
/ cfkmg} dfg' iffO /èfsf :jfl:g d¥of eGof t]:sf wgn] dfOltjf6 s[of u/fO{ /èfsf
ck'tfnL cfwf cdflnn] cfwf dfOltn] lng'= dfOltsf l5Dofsdf j:of ls /lx5 Tof] dbf{
dfOltn] d'bf{ klg p7fofgg\= sfh s[of klg u/]gg\ eGof hft ldNbf] dflg; nufO sfh
s[of ;tult u/fO hf] /èfsf] k]jf Ho"plg bfOhf] dWo] t];n] nfofsf ;fx' lt/fO /èfsf]
cdfnLn] iffg'=
!%= nf]UGofn] l;Gsf] sfl6 5f]8\ofsf /= kfr's] u¥ofsf :jfl:g cfkmg} dfg' iffO j]un} 3/ ul/
j:ofsf d¥of /= ck'tfln k¥of] eGof ltGsf] bfOhf] k]jf hf] eofsf] wg dfn dWo] cbfnt
7fgf cdfnjf6 hft ldNbf] dflg; nufO sfh s[of u/fO jfls /èfsf ck'tfnL dWo]
77
 p:n] nfofsf ;fx' lt/fO{ jfls /èfsf] cbfnt 7fgf cdfnjf6 lng' ck'tfln dfOltn]
kfpb}gg\=
!^= l;Gsf] sfl6 nf]UGofn] 5f]8\ofsf /= kfr's] u/L dfOt cfO dfOlt s} 3/ j:ofsf dfOltx?n]
iffg nfpg lb kfNofsf :jfl:gx? d¥of / ck'tfln k¥of] eGof ltGsf] bfOhf] k]jf hf]
eofsf] cfn dfnn] dfOltx?jf6 s[of jlif{ ubf{ hf] nfUofsf] ifr{ nufO t]:n] nfofsf]
;fx' ltl/ jfls /èfsf] cfndfn dfOltn] iffg' ck'tfnL iffGof bfHo" efO / cdfnLn]
kfpb}gg\=
!&= ljtf{ ljtnj d/f}6\ j]if 5fk dfgf rfjn Ho"lg u'l7 u}î rfsrs'O d¥of] ck'tfnL ;jf{s
dflkm hufsf sf]xL dl/ ck'tfnL k¥of] eGof ck'tfnL iffGof bfHo" efO elthf 5f]/L tf9fsf
bfHo" efO eof dGof{sf] sfh s[of ul/ nfUofsf] ;fx' ltl/ /èfsf] ck'tfnL Pltdf c}gn]
h;n] kfpGof xf] p;}n] iffg' p:tf sf]lx geof hufsf wgLn] hft ldNbf] dflg; iff]hL
sfhs[of u/fO ;fx' ltl/ /èfsf] ck'tnL iffg'= hufsf wgLn] ck'tfnL iffÙ eGof s/
nfUb}g= ;fx'nfO bfdf;lx ul/ jfl8 lbg'= sfhs[of eGof hufsf wgLn] t];}sf ck'tfnLsf
wgjf6 u/fO lbg'=
!*= Sof b];L= Sof xfd|f d'n'ssf dl/ ck'tfnL kGof{sf bfHo" efO sf]lx ~ffxf /èfg5g\= of]
cdsf hufsf] xf] e+Gof 7]sfgf kfOof] eGof cfkmgf d'n'ssf] /x]5 eGof hf]gf hufsf] xf]
pxfsf ef/fbf/x?nfO{ n]ifL k7fpg' /= b];L lx+b':tflg /x]5 eGof cbfntsf xflsd jf/=
ifj/ n]ifL d'G;Lsf lhDdf lbg'= d'G;Ljf6 /dfgf ul/ k7fpg' / 5 d}Gxf;Dddf jfl/; sf]lx
cfof eGof hf] eofsf] cfn dfn ck'tfnL iffGofsf lhDdf lb srxl/jf6 b;f}b lng'=
ck'tfnL iffGof ^ d}Gxf;Dddf klg sf]lx cfofgg\= eGof Tof] ck'tfnL ;sf{/sf] x'+5 ;sf{/
nufO lbg'=
!(= cl3jf6 5f]/fx? 5'l§ k+r /fifL lglt k"j{s c+; jf8f] eof kl5 jfj' cfdf d¥of eGof c+;
jf8f] e} k/ ;¥ofsf 5f]/fx?n] jfj' cfdfsf] c+; Ho"lg kfpb}gg\= jfj' cfdfn] cfkm'nfO{
/fiofsf] c+; Ho"gL hf] 5 h;n] ltGsf] sfh s[of ul/ kl5 nfofsf ;fx' ltl/;+u j:ofsf
5f]/f c;n kl§sf] eofklg sd;n kl§sf] eofklg t];}n] hf] eofsf] iflt pklt iffg
kfp+5=
@)= ;+u j:ofsf efOsf ;B 5f]/f 5g\ Psf efOsf sd;n\ 5f]/f 5g\ csf]{= Pp6f efO d¥of] /
ck'tfnL k¥of] eGof c;n sd;nsf c+; j+8fdf hf}g ;/xn] jf8g'= e+Gof c}g 5 ;f]xL
jdf]lhd\ ck'tfnLsf] c+; efu nfU5=
@!= cfkm'n] g'jf/0f b]ifL sfd ul/ cfofsf] cfkm}n] hGdfofsf 5f]/f / if'Olt/sf]= eof klg Tof] 5
eGof cfkmgf lj+b 5b} bfHo" efOn] ck'tfnL kfpb}gg\=
@@= Psf e'8Lsf 9]/} efO 5g\ 5'l§bf @ efO Psflt/ j:ofsf 5g\ c? efO dfgf rfjn 5'6\ofO
le+g j:ofsf 5g\= kl5 ;+u j:ofsf @ efOdf Psf efOsf] ck'tfnL kg{ uof] / dfgf rfjn
5'6\ofO le+g j:ofsf efOn] ck'tfnL iff]Hof] eGof;+u j:ofsf efOn]= ck'tfnL iffg kfp5
dfgf rfjn 5'6\ofO leÙ j:ofsf efOx?n] kfpb}gg\=
@#= ljjfx u¥ofsf :jfl:g= lt/ 5f]/f 5f]/L 5}gg\= eft grnGofNofOtf kl§ @.# 5f]/f 5g\=
nf]UGof d¥of] eGof c}g jdf]lhd\= :jf:gL :jf:gLsf] / 5f]/fsf] c+; 5f]l/sf] ljxf ifr{ :d]t
nufO c}g jdf]lhd\= c; jfl8 lbg'= ljjflxtf :jfl:g d¥of kl5 pg\n] iffO nfO bfg k'0o
ul/ ;fx' ltl/ jfls /èfsf wg df ;t ult sfh s[of u/fO{ jfls /èfsf] ;Dklt ck'tfnL
ltg} 5f]/fn] iffg'=
@$= Psf e'8Lsf #.$ efO{ 5'l§ c+; ln j]un} j:ofsf 5g\= Psf efO{sf] ck'tfnL kg{ uof]
eGof ;j} efOn] j/fj/ ul/ jfl8 lng'= sf]lx efOsf 5f]/f 5g\= sf]lx efOsf /fl8 :jfl:g
5g\= eGof /fl8 :jfl:gsf] klg j/fj/ efu nfU5 Psfjfj'sf @.# :jfl:g lt/sf 5f]/f 5f]l/
/èf5g\ sf]lx :jfl:g eft rnGof /èf5g\ sf]lx eft grnGof /èf5g\ eGof t]:tfdf sf]lx
dl/ ck'tfnL k¥of] eGof ck'tfnLsf] c}g jdf]lhd\ c+; / ljèf ifr{sf] efu jf8L lbg'=
@%= cfkmgf hftsf] ljèf u¥ofsf @.# :jfl:g lt/sf 5f]/fn] cfkmgf c+z ln leÙ j:ofsf 5g\
Psflt/sf] efO d¥of] / ck'tfnL k¥of] eGof dGof{ sf ck'tfnLsf] wg ;+kltsf] efu ljdft[
lt/sf efOx?n] kfpb}gg\ hf}gf cfdflt/f] 5f]/f] d¥of]= p;}lt/ hGDofsf efOn] kfp5g\=
@^= s;}sf #.$ 5f]/f /èf5g\ / ;j}n] c}g jdf]lhd cfkmg' cfkmg' c+; ln sf]lx j]unf j]un}
j:ofsf /èf5g\ sf]lx efO j+8f eofsf] cfkmg' c+; ldl; iflt pklt hf]l/ Ps} ef+;f ul/=
;+u j:ofsf /èf5g\= / ;+uj:ofsf efOdf ! hgf dl/ ck'tfln k¥of] eGof j+8f eofsf]
78
 c+; ld;fO iflt pklt hf]l/ Ps} efG;f ul/ Psf 3/df ;+u j:ofsf= c;n kl§sf] eof
klg sd;n k§Lsf] eof klg Tof] ck'tfnL pg};+u j:ofsf efOn] kfp5g\ c+; ln k/
;¥ofsf] efOn] kfpb}gg\= c+; egof u¥ofsf] /x]5 ;lx ;+ef/sf lgldQ dfq} Psf efOl;t
Psf 3/ ;+u j:ofsf] /x]5 iffg' lkg' klg cfkmgf lx;fjl;t iffbf /èf5g\ eGof t]:tf efO
dl/ ck'tfnL k¥of] eGof tof] ck'tfnL ;+u j:ofsfn] klg c+; ln j]un j:ofsfn] klg
c}g jdf]lhd ;j} efOn] jf8L iffg kfp5g\=
@&= lt/f] e/f] ug'{ kGof{ /}s/ hufsf rf/ j0f{ 5lt; hft u}î sf]lx dl/ ck'tfnL k¥of] eGof Tof]
ck'tfnL dGof{sf bfHo" efO{ elthf / 5f]l/ eof Ogn]= geof 6f9fsf] bfHo" efOn] sfh
s[of ul/ nfUofsf ;fx' ltl/ jfls /èfsf] Pltdf c}g jdf]lhd h;n] kfpGof xf] p;}n]
iffg';sf{/ nfUb}g= Pltdf sf]lx geof t];}sf wgjf6 sfh s[of u/fO ;fx' ltl/ /èfsf]
;sf{/jf6 lng'= ck'tfnL klg hfbf}g ;fx' klg lt/fO lbbf}g eGof ;sf{/nfO{ s/ nfUb}g
;fx'nfO{ bfdf;lx u/fO lbg'= sfh s[of eGof t];}sf wgjf6 ;sf{/jf6 u/fO lbg'=
@* /}s/df 3/ jfl/ ul/ j:Gof /}ltsf]lx dl/ ck'tfnL k¥of]eGof t]:sf] 3/ jfl/ if]t
w'l/if8f/flif nfUofsf] lt/f] e/f] ul/= ck'tfnL iffGofn] iffg kfp5 w'l/ ifflk iffg kfpb}g
w"ln if9f u/]g lt/f] e/f] klg u/]g eGof P:tf huf cdfnLn] w'l/ if8f ul/ nfUofsf] lt/f]
e/f] uGof{nfO{ lb khgL ug{ kfp5=
@(= /}s/df 3/ jfl/ ul/ j:ofsf ljwjf :jfl:gn] 3/ jfl/ 5]f8L dfOlt u}î csf{ 7fpdf uof
eGof tLg}n] 3/ jfl/ if]t khgL ul/ csf{nfO ;f}kg kfpb}gg\= bl/ rnL cfofsf] Hdf
g36fO w'/L if8f /fifL lt/f] e/f] ul/ ck'tfnL iffGofn] kf+5 eGof Og}n] kfp5g\= lt/f] e/f]
ub}{gg\= w'/L if8f /fifb}gg\= eGof cdfnLn] khgL ul/ w'l/ if8f /flif lt/f] e/L uGof{nfO{ lbg'=
#)= /}s/ hufdf 3/ jfl/ ul/ j:ofsf ljwjf :jl:gn] csf]{ gf7f l;t lju|L p;} nf]UGofnfO=
plx 3/df /fiof ls /xl5 eGof Tof] 3/ jfl/ if]t ltgn] kfpb}gg\= w'l/ if8f ul/ nfUofsf]
tL/f] ul/ ck'tfnL iffGof efO a:5g\ eGof pgn] kfp5g\ w'l/ if8f /fit}gg\ lt/f] e/f] ub}{g=
eGof cdfnLn] khgL ul/ w'l/ if8f /flif lt/f] e/f] uGof{ nfO{ lbg'=
#!= sf]lx dflg; d/]5 /= p:sf] sfh s[of uGof{ xsjfn bfHo" efO plx e} sfh s[of u/]g5g\
/= c?n] sfh s[of u¥ofs]f 7x¥of] eGof t]:sf] wg ;+klt hf] 5 s[of uGof{nfO{ s[of ifr{
lbnfO jfls /èfsfdf nfUofsf ;fx' lt/fO hf] /x+5 t]:sf] b;f}b klg s[of uGof{nfO{ lb
/èfsf] ck'tfnL xsjfnfn] iffg kfpb}gg\= ;sf{/sf] x'+5 xsjfnf j]/fdL e}= s[of ug{
g;ls csf{nfO nufO lqmof u/fofsf] 7x¥of] eGof /= xsjfnf b]; kb]{; hfbf csf{n]
lqmof u¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof lqmof uGof{nfO{= s[of ifr{ /= ;f]xL jdf]lhd\= b;f}b lbnfO= hf]
/èfsf] p:sf ;fx' ltl/= xsjfnfn]= ck'tfnL iffg kfp5g\=
#@= rf/ j0f{ 5lt;} hft sf]lx dl/ ck'tfnL k¥of] /= ck'tfnL iffGof c}gdf n]lifof jdf]lhd\sf
xsjfnf sf]lx 7x¥ofgg\eGof dGof{sf wgjf6 sfh s[of u/fO nfUofsf ;fx' lt/fO= /èfsf]
tfuf wfl/ hft /= gdfl;Gof dtjfnL hftsf] ck'tfnL g]kfnsfn] cbfnt Otfrklndf
j'emfO /l;b lng'= k"j{ klZrd= 6f9f sf dflg;sf] ck'tfnL cfkmgf ghLssf cbfntdf
j'emfO /l;b lbg'= dfl;Gof hftsf] ck'tfnL u'7L ljtf{= u}î dflkm hufsf /}lt s'/Lofsf]
eof wgLn] iffg'= hfuL/df bl/ofsf hufsf] ck'tfnL hfuLbf{/n] iffg'= Ohf/f cdfgt\= sf
hufsf] eof= Ohf/f7]s lnGofsf] x'+5=
jS;f}gL ltl/ km'ls jfx]s e} hfGofn] c+; ck'tfnL iff]hg cfofsf
b+8 uGof{ c}g=================================================================
##= g]jf/ hft u}î s;}n] ltDx]? d¥of hGDof xfldn] h'7f] ;'ts gjfg'{ xfldx? hGDof d¥ofdf
ltDx]x?n] h'7f];'7f] gjfg'{ egL cbfnt cdfndf jS;f}gL ltl/ iflt pklt 5fl8 km'ls jfx]s
e} hfGofn] c+; ck'tfnL iffg kfpb}g= km'ls jfx]s geofsf c? c+; ck'tnL iffGofn] c}g
jdf]lhd\ iffg kfp5g\= km'ls jfx]s eofsfn] c+; ck'tfnLdf emu/f ug{ cfofsf] x7¥of @)
?k}of b+8 ul/ 7f]ls lbg'=

wd{k'qsf]

!= rf/j0f{ 5lt;} hftn] wd{ k'q /fiftf cfkm' hGDofsf Psf e'l8sf ;GtfGdf /fifg' p:tf 5}gg\
eGof= ;f}ltGof cfdf kl§sf 5f]/fsf ;Gtfgdf /fifg' p:tf geof cfkmgL 5f]l/sf 5f]/fdf
/fifg'= pklg 5}gGeGof cfkmgf lblb j}lgsf 5f]/fx?df /fifg'= P:tf sf]lx 5}gg\ eGof cfkmgf
79
 uf]qsf bfHo" efOdf /fifg'= jf6fdf kmfNofsf] jfnif kfONofO kfNofsf] 5 eGof Tof] wd{k'q
klg kSsf 7x5{ PltnfO 5f]l8 c? uf]qsf /= :jfl:g lt/sf gftfbf/nfO g/fifg'= c}g b]ifL
ljTof;\= kfl/ /fiofsf] wd{ k'q srf 7x5{= P:tf wd{ k'qnfO x'g kfpb}g;\\= elg 7f]sL
t]:nfO hGdfpGof jfj'sf] c+; lbnfO lbg'= ;+tfg gx'Gofn] wd{ k'q /fif5' elg bfHo" efO
5f]l/ ;f}ltGof efO lblb j}GxL l;t dfUbf Ogn] lbogg\ eGof ltGsf] lb+g eGof Joxf]/fsf]
lnift u/L nL c? cfkm' 6f9fsf]bfh' efO{df iff]hL /fifg'= ck'tfnL iffGof bfHo" efO{x?n] 5f]/f
klg lbofgg\= ;f5L klg jl; lbofgg\= 5f]/f] lb+g e+Gof lnift klg n]ifL bLofgg\ eGof
cbfnt 7fgf cdfn ;fl5 /fifL cfkmgf ;;'/fln tkm{sf] eof klg c? hft eof klg hft
ldNbfdf h:sf] 5f]/f= kfp5 p;}nfO wd{ k'q u/fO lbg' wd{ k'qsf] sfuh n]iffO{ lbbf
cbfnt 7fgf cdfnjf6 @ ?k}of ;nfld lng' j9tf glng'= cbfnt 7fgf cdfn O{ #
c8fdf ! c8f ;fl5 ul/ n]iffofsfdf= ck'tfnL iffGof efOn] emu/f ug{= kfpb}gg\=
@= cfkmgf ;f}tfsf c;n kl§sf eof klg sd;n kl§sf eof klg Psf kl§ 5f]/f] hGDof
kl5 5f]/f gx'Gof ;f}tfx?n] d]/f] 5f]/f 5}gg\= wd{ k'q 7\ofs] drf /fif5' elg sf}g} :jfl:gn]
klg /fifg kfpb}gg\= c}g gfl3 s;}n] /fiof eGof lt sRrf 7x5{g\= t]:tf :jfl:g d¥of kl5
t]:sf] hf] eofsf] >L ;+klt c;n kl§sf] eof klg sd;n kl§sf] eof klg ;f}tfn]
hGdfofsf cfkmgf if;dsf 5f]/fn] c}g jdf]lhd\= iffg kfp5 t]:tf wd{ k'qn] c+; kfpb}gg\=
c}g gfl3 /èfsf wd{ k'q 7\ofs] drfx?n] hGdfpGof jfj' kl§sf] c+; kfp5=
#= rf/ j0f{ 5lt;} hftsf s;}n] cfkmgf ljjflxtf ljwjf s+gof j]:of sdfl/ u}î kl§ 5f]/f
hGdL 3/ NofO g'jf/g\ kfl:g u¥of kl5= kl5jf6 cfkm\gf bfHo" efO lblb j}GxL 5f]l/sf
5f]/fx?df wd{ k'q /fiof] eGof klg OGx]?n] c+; kfpb}gg\ cl3 cfkmgf lj+bn] hGDofsf=
c;n sd;n kl§sf] 5f]/f 5 eGof p;}n] kfp5 c;n sd;n kl§df 5f]/f] hGDof kl5
/fiofsf c? wd{ k'qn] kfpb}gg\=
$= s;}n] sfhu kq ;fl5 ;'tf{ ul/ /fiofsf] wd{ k'q 5f]/fn] j'9f j9LnfO 5f]l8 le+g j:of]
j'9f j'9Lsf] ;lx ;+ef/ u/]g egof tof] wd{ k'q jb/ x'+5 wd{ k'qsf] sfuh km/fO lbg'= wg
dfn ck'tfnL iffGofn] lt Ho"bf 5g\GHofn\ ;lx ;+Eff/ / d¥of kl5 sfh s[of ul/ iffg
kfp5g\= cl3 sfuh kq n]lif wd{ k'q /fiof]= k5L j'9f j'9Ln] 3/jf6 lgsfnL lbof] eGof
c}g jdf]lhd\sf] c+; lb= lgsfNofsf] /x]5 eGof ;b/ x'+5 jfj'sf c+;jf6 5f]8fO NofO
cfkm'n] c+; glb lgsfNofsf]/x]5 eGof cfkmgf c+; ;Dd j'9f j'9Ln] p7fofsf] ;b/ x'+5=
wd{ k'qsf]= c+; p7fosf] ;b/ x'b}g=
%= wd{ k'q 7\ofs] drf j:g hfGofn] j'9f j'l9sf lj;Nnfxn] 3/ ifr{ ug{ / j'9fj'9LnfO ;fx'
nufO lbg x'b}g= ;fx'n] klg wd{ k'q 7\ofSo drfnfO lbofsf] shf{ j'9f j'9Ll;t lng
kfpb}gg\= j'9f j'l9sf] ;]if k5L sfh s[of u/L j'9f j'9Lsf ;fx' ltl/ jfls /èfsf] ;+kltn]
cfkmgf ;fx' ltl/ jfls wg iffg'=
^= s;}n] cfkmgf 5f]/f efO /= cfkmgf jfj' jfHofsf 5f]/f efO jfx]s c? 6f9fsf c+;
ck'tfnL gkfpGof bfHo" efOn] wd{ k'q 7\ofs] drf x'+ sfh s[of u¥of d}n] c+; kfpGofx+'
elg gfln; ug{ cfof k'k{If ubf{ c}g sf l/tn] c+; gkfpGof 7x¥of] sfh s[of eGof u/]5
t]:tf wd{ k'q 7\ofSo drf nfO b+8 kb}{g c+; klg kfpb}g s[ofdf nfUofsf] ifr{ dfq e/fO
lbg'=
&= cfkmgf ;+tfg eofgg\ elg c}g jdf]lhd cfkmgf c+l;of/ efOsf ;+tfgdf wd{ k'q 7\ofs]
drf /fiof]= t]; wd{ k'q 7\ofs] drf x'Gofsf klg ;+tfg eofgg\ / ck'tfnL k¥of] eGof
cfkmgf c+l;of/ efOsf ;Gtfgn] ck'tfnL iffg kfp5g\ c+l;of/ efO b]ifL jfx]s csf{
uf]qsf] wd{ k'q 7\ofs] drf eofsf] /x]5 /= t]:sf] ck'tfnL k¥of] eGof wd{ k'q 7\fos] drf
/fiGof kl§sf c+l;of/ efOn] ck'tfnL iffg kfp5g\= cfkm' hGDofsf kl§sf bfHo" efOn]
csf{ uf]qdf wd{ k'q 7\ofs] drf x'g hfGofsf] ck'tfnL iffg kfpb}gg\ d¥of{sf] sfh s[of
u/fO= /èfsf] ;sf{/sf] x'+5=
*= s;}sf @.# efO5g\ ;+tfg eo]g / t]:df Psf efOn] s;}nfO wd{ k'q /fiofsf] 5 c?
efOsf klg ;+tfg ge} ck'tfnL k¥of] eGof= dof{ Ho]7f sf+5f jfj'sf] sfh s[of ;t ult
ul/ hf] /èfsf] ck'tfnL t];} wd{ k'q j:Gofn] iffg kfp5 leÙ e} k/;¥ofsf bfHo" efOn]
kfpb}gg\=
(= c}g jdf]lhd\ /fiofsf wd{ k'q 7\ofs] drfn] /= 8f]nflh :jfl:g /fifL hGDofsf 5f]/fn]
cfkmgf hGdfpGof jfj' lt/= c? 5f]/f 5g\= eGof p; lt/sf] c+; kfpb}gg\= wd{ k'q 7\ofs]
80
 drf /fifGof jfj'sf] /= 8f]nfhL lt/sf 5f]/fn] cfkmgf cfdfsf] wg ;+kltsf] c}g
jdf]lhd\sf] c+; iffg kfp5g\=
!)= cfkmgf hGdfpGof jfj' lt/ c? 5f]/f 5}gg\= jfj'sf] ck'tfnL k¥of] eGof Tof] ck'tfnL
ck'tfnL iffGof efOn] kfpb}gg\= wd{ k'q 7\ofs] drf /= 8f]nfhLjf6 hGDofsf 5f]/fx?n]
hGdfpGof cfdf jfj'sf] sfh s[of ul/ p:sf] wg ;+klt iffg kfp5 wd{ k'q /fifGof jfj'
cfdf kl§sf] klg= wg ;+klt iffg kfp5=
!!= wd{ k'q 8f]nfhL 7\ofs] drf h:n] /fiofsf] xf] p:sf] c+; p;}n] kfp5= c?efOx?sf] c+;
ck'tfnL kfpb}g=
!@= wd{ k'q 7\ofs] drf Nofof kl5 cfkm'nfO 5f]/f 5f]l/ eof eGof 5f]l/sf] ljxf ifr{ k/ ;fl/
5f]/f;+u j/fj/ c+; wDd{ k'qn] iffg'=
!#= rf/ j0f{ 5lt;} hftn] wd{ k'q 7\ofs] drf /fitf cfkm\g' ;+tfg ghGdb} cl3af6 c}g
jdf]lhd\ wd{ k'q /fifL ;Sofsf] /x]5 eGof kl5jf6 cfkmgf ljjflxtf eftrnGof xj;\
grnGof noflotf kl§ xjf]; ;Gtfg hGDof] eGof wd{ k'qsf] /= ljjflxtf NofOtf kl§
hGDofsf] ;+Gtfgsf] cfkmg' ljGb x'gfn] wDd{ k'qsf] / NofOtf kl§sf ;Gtfgsf] j/f]j/ c+;
x'+5 ul/ lbg'=
!$= a|fé0f nufo]t kfgL rnGof ;+dsf s;}n] cfkm' e+bf pkNnf hftsfnfO wd{ k'q /fiof] /
!^ jif{ pef]sf] pd]/ eofsf wd{ k'q j:Gofn]= d cfkmgf if'l;n] wd{ k'q /fifGof jfj'sf
xftsf] eftiffO pg}sf hftdf ldN5' elg cbfnt 7fgf cdfndf e+g cfof] csf{nfO eftdf
jf]¥ofsf] klg /x]g5 eGof= cfkmgf if'l; /flhn] kfgL rnGof ;+dsf 3lt hftsf] wDd{ k'q
e} eft;d]t iffGofnfO /= wd{ k'q /fifGof jfj'nfO= ift jft nfUb}g Tof] wd{ k'q p;}sf] uf]q
e} p:sf] c}g jdf]lhd\sf] c+; >L ;+klt iffg kfp5 sfh s[of klg p:n] ug'{ k5{ !^ jif{
b]ifL pwf]sf 1fg gk:ofsfnfO k'mNofO kmsfO cfkm' eGbf sd hftsfn] wd{ k'q /fiofsf]
xf] eft if'jfo]5 elg p:sf jfj' bfHo" efO /= t]lx eft iffGofn] s/fpg cfof] eGof eft
if'jfpGof gdfl;Gof hftnfO{ c}g jdf]lhd\= ;j{:j ug'{ dfl;Gof hftn] eof dfl; lbg'= eft
iffGof !@ jif{ b]ifL pef]sf] plx hft x'+5= p;} hfTdf ldnfO lbg'= !@ jif{ d'lgsf] eof
cjNnfO % bf]od\ nfO $ l;+nfO # rfxfnfO{ @ ?k}ofsf bn]{ uf]bfg ln eftsf] kltof u/fO
lbg'=
!%= wd{ k'q /fifGof kl§ 5f]/f hGDofsf 5g\= wd{ k'q 7\ofs] drf j:Gofn] hGdfpGof jfj'
cfdfsf] sfh s[of ul/ p:sf] c+; ck'tfnL iffofsfdf wd{ k'q 7\ofs] drf / 8f]nfhL
/fifGof kl§sf 5f]/fsf] efu nfUb}g= wd{ k'q 7\ofs] drf / 8f]nfhL /fifGof jfj'sf] wg
;+klt /= wd{ k'q 7\ofs\ drf 8f]nfhL j:of kl5 sdfofsf c? wgdf hGDofsf 5f]/fsf] /
wd{ k'q 7\ofs] drf 8f]nfhL lt/sf 5f]/fsf] c}g jdf]lhd c+; nfU5= wd{ k'q 8f]nfhL
7\ofs] drf /fiftf Plt lbpnf elg /fiofsf] /x]5 eGof= n]iofsf] dfq} kfp5 n]iofb]ifL
jfx]Sdf bfOof ug{ kfpb}g=

rnGsf]

!= cfkmgf /fhfsf 5fk nfUofsf c;lkm{ df]xf]/ k};f ufnGofnfO ! ?k}of ufNofsf] eof %
?k}ofsf lx;fjn] hlt ufNofsf] 7x5{= p:sf] % if+8 j9tf b+8 ul/ lng'= ?k}of glt¥of c}g
jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=
@= 3/ lju|L bfxfdf kl/ c;lkm{ df]xf]/= k};f bfd uln 8Nnf] k¥of] rfsf k¥of] sfd nfu]g
cf1f jrg lbof ufnL kmf]l/ c? sfd nufpbf x'+ egL sf]lx ;f]wg cfof eGof= c8f uf}8f
cbfnt 7fgf cdfnsf dfln= åf¥of cdfnL= d'lifx?n]= Tof] 8Nnf rfsf x]l/ ljsDjf
eofsf] 7x¥of ufng kmf]g{= cf1f jrg lbg'= OGsf] cf1f jrgnL ufNofsf kmf]¥ofsf
s'/fdf ufnGof kmf]Gof{nfO{ / ;f]wg cfofdf x]/L ljsDjf eofsf ufng kmf]g{ x+'5 elg cf1f
jrg lbofsf s'/fdf cf1f jrg lbGofnfO ift jft nfUb}g=
#= 5fk nfUofsf dfgf kfly t'nf] 9s s'?jfx? k'/fgf ljsdf ejof klg cfkmgf d'gfl;jn]
ufng nfpGof /= ufln lbGof b'j}nfO !).!) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b
ug'{ ljsDjf e}sg nfUGof eofsf ufngfnfO cbfnt c8fsf= cbfnt 7fgf uf}8fsf
dflns åf¥of cdfln d'lifof= ;f]lw pGsf cf1f jrgn]= ufnGofnfO= ift jft= nfUb}g
81
 cbfnt c8fsf cbfnt 7fgf uf}8fsf dflns cdfnL åf¥of d'lifofx?n] ljsDjf eofsf
kfly dfgf s'?jfx? ufngnfO jrg lbg'= k'/fgf s'RofO gof+ jgfpg ;fwg cfofdf jrg
lbofsf s'/fdf ift nfUb}g=
$= lx/f df]lt k+gf k'ik/fh lt/ d'uf dflgs Nx;'Gof uf]d]bnfn nfn l8o'u}î ls+gofn] lslg
;Sof kl5 hrfpbf em'§f] 7x¥of] elg ! d}Gxfleq s/fpg cfof j]rGofnfO dfn lkmtf{ u/fO
lb ls+Gofsf] y}nL j]rGofjf6 e/fO lb em'§f dfnnfO= ;Rrf egL j]rGofnfO{ ljuf jdf]lhd\
b+8 ug'{ lsGofsf ! d}Gxf kl5 em§f /x]5 elg s/fpg cfof lkm/fb g;'+g'F j]Rof lsGofsf]
;b/ x'+5=
%= clkmd s:t'l/ cGt/ r/;\= Plts'/f ld;fxf skl6of ul/ j]Rof] elg sf]lx s/fpg cfof]
eGof ls+Gofn] hflrj'lem ls+g' lslg;Sof kl5 skl6of xf] elg lkmtf{ ug{ kfpFb}g
lsgofsf] dfn ;b/= j]rofsf] bfd ;b/ x'+5 of] dfn skl6of eof lkmtf{ u/f}+nf e+Gof
n]ift u¥ofsf] /x]5= eGof lnift adf]lhd ug'{= O{ /sDdf lnift geofsf] u'xfO hjfgn]
kf]Nofsf ;b/ x'b}g=
^= ?k}ofsf] rng ubf{ sf;fsf tfdfdf iff]6f ?k}of s;}n] klg glng'= glbg'= 5]p5fp=df
k'm6\ofsf / dntf ;B ?k}of ln ;f6g cfpGofnfO @@ u+8Lsf b/n] k};f lbg'= k};f ln
df]xf];f{6g cfpGofnfO @@.. u+8Lsf b/n] k};fnL df]x/ lbg' g`f g]kfnL c;lkm{n] df]xf];f{6 \g
cfpGofnO @#.. ?k}ofsf b/n] c;lkm{ nL df]x/ ?k}ofn] c;lkm{ ;f6g\ cfpGofl;t @$
?k}ofsf b/n] df]xf]/ ln c;lkm{ lbg'=
&= kfly dfgf s'?jf t'nf] 9s\df sdflg jfnf jgfO sk6 uGof{nfO @) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= sdflg
jfnf iff/]h ul/ j9Lofdf 5fk= nufO rng ug{ nfpg'=
*= 5fk gnfUofsf ld6\ofpbf !.@ d'l7 !.@ tf]nfsf] km/s kGof{ ul/ rng u¥Gof{nfO ift jft
nfUb}g= t]:tf dfgf kfly s'?jf t'nf] 9s\ j/f]j/ ul/ ldnfO 5f8L lbg'=
(= 5fk gnfUofsf t'nf 9s km]nf k¥ofsf cbfnt 7fgfjf6 hkmt ul/ lnnfd ul/ ;sf{/
bflifn ug'{=
!)= kfly df= dfgf !.. sf] km/s kfGof{nfO{ ?k}ofnfO{ ?k}of @) dfgf ! sf] km/s kfGof{nfO
?k}of !% d'l7 & sf] km/s kfGof{nfO ?k}of !) d'l7 % sf] km/s kfGof{nfO{ ?k}of % d'l7 #
sf] km/s kfGof{nfO ?k}of @.. kfly ! df d'l7 @ dfgf dfgf ! df .. sf] 36L j9L kfGof{ nfO
b+8 kb}{g= dfgf kfyL s'?jfx? ld6\ofO{ j/fj/ u/fO 5f]l8 lbg'= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd
s}b ug'{=
!!= t'nf 9sdf ^ tf]nf;Ddsf] 36L j9L kfGof{nfO b+8 kb}{g t'nf] 9s ld6\ofO j/fj/ ul/ 5f8L
lbg' wflg{ ! df ^ tf]nf b]ifL ( tf]nf;Ddsf] km/s kfGof{nfO !) wflg{ ! df ( tf]nf b]ifL !!
tf]nf ;Dd km/s kfGof{nfO @) wflg{ ! df !@ tf]nf b]ifL tf]nf !$ ;Dd km/s kfGof{nfO{ $)
tf]nf !% b]ifL tf]nf !( ;Dd km/s kfGof{nfO %) tf]nf !( b]ifL tf]nf @( ;Dd 36L j9L
kfGof{nfO{ !)) ?k}of tf]nf #) b]ifL j9tf 36L j9L kfGof{nfO !%) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ ?k}of
glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
!@= g]kfnsf sNbf/ c;lkm{sf] lng lbg ubf{= ;sf{/sf] jfls ltbf{ ;fx' ltbf{ dfn ls+bf @$
?k}ofdf lng' lbg' @$ ?k}ofdf glnGof sfl/bf txljNbf/ ;fx' dfn j]RGof hflu/bf/
bdf{xfbf/= dxfhg u}¥x glnGofnfO{= ljuf jdf]lhd hl/jfgf ug'{= c;lkm{ ln df]xf]/
;f6GofnfO bjf{/sf ;/flkm jhf/sf ;/flkmn] cf7 cfgf 36fO @#.. ?k}ofn] ;fl6 lng'
rf;lg 36fof] tf}ndf 36fof] eGof 36fofsf] s;/ hlt 7x5{ plt ljuf] ln ljuf jdf]lhd\
6s ;fl/ nfO hl/jfgf ug'{=
!#= b; Ro'l7sf] Ps d'l7 b; b'l7sf] Ps dfg' cf7 dfgfsf] Ps kfly lj; kflysf] Ps d'l/
P;} l/tn] lng lbgsf] Jojxf/ ug'{ P;} l/tsf] rng ug'{ P; jdf]lhd\df 36L j9L kfl/
rng uGof{nfO % ?k}of b+8 ul/ ln Plx l/t jdf]lhd\ yfld lbg'=
!$= b; nfnsf] Ps df;f b; df;fsf] Ps tf]nf rf/ tf]nfsf] Pskn\ ;tfO{ ;tf]nfsf] Ps
jf]l8= Ps ;o jfî tf]nfsf] Ps lj;f}nL @ lj;f}ln sf] Ps wfgL{ t'nfsf] P;} l/tsf]
ljjxf/ ug'{= P;} l/tn] lng lbg= ug'{ P; jdf]lhd\df 36L j9L kfl/ rng uGof{nfO @)
?k}of b+8 ul/ Plx l/t yfld lbg'=
!%= cfkmgf /fhfsf /fHodf jl; cfkmg} /fhfsf] jflx8f] 6s h:n] nfpnf jgfpnf p:sf efO
5]/fsf] c+; / 5f]l/sf] ljxf ifr{ k/ ;fl/= ;j{:j ul/ ^ jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf ?k}of
8jnsf b/n] d}gxfsf !) ?k}ofsf lx;fjn] lbof ln 5f8L lbg'= P; b];sf dflg;n]
82
 d'unfgfdf u} 6Sdf¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof /lh8+6 l;t elg t]:tfnfO lemsfO ;b/ jdf]lhd\
;hfo ug'{=
!^= cfkmgf d'nssf dflg;n] xj; jf csf{sf d'nssf dflg;\n] xj;\= cfkmgf d'n'Sdf
jl; lj/fgf b];sf /fhfsf] jflx8f] 6s jgfpGofnfO= c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ !
jif{ s}b ug'{ ?k}of lt¥of ln 5f8L lbg'=
!&= 6s;f/ jfx]s c? 7fpdf cfkmgf d'gfl;n] s;}n] c;lkm{df]x/ k};fsf] 6Sdf¥ofsf] b]ifL
cbfnt 7fgf cdfndf hfx]/ gul/ bjfpGofnfO ;'gsf] 6Sdf¥ofsf] b]ifL bjfofsf] 7x¥of
!)) rflbsf] 6Sdf¥ofsf] b]ifL bjfofsf] 7x¥of ^) k};fsf] 6Sdf¥ofsf] b]ifL bjfofsf] /x]5
eGof @) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf b/n] s}b ug'{=
!*= s;}n] kmnfdsf k};f jgfO tfjfsf k};f jdf]lhd\ rng rnfof] eGof t]:sf] c}g
jdf]lhd\sf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ # jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf ?k}of 8jnsf b/ d}gxf !) ?k}ofsf
b/n] lbof ln 5f8L lbg'= kmnfdsf rlSs dfq jgfofsf] /x]5 6s nfofsf] /x]g5 rn+
klg rnfofsf] /x]g5 eGof !.. jif{ s}b ug'{ Dofbsf ?k}of lbof ln 5f8\g' =
!(= ;sf{/= / b'lg`fdf iff]6f ?k}ofsf] rng\ s;}n] gug'{ dntf / 5]p 5fpdf 3]/f em¥ofsf /
km'6\ofsf ;sf{/sf= sfl/+bfn] klg j'emL lng' lbGof 7fpdf klg lbg'= jhf/sf dxfhg
;/fkmL= k;Nof u}¥xn] klg dntf/= km'6\of sf] 3]/f em¥ofsf] lng lbg ug'{ h:n] k'm6\ofsf]
/= 3]/f u¥ofsf] elg n] j}g= ;sf{/sf= sfl/+bf b'lg`f dxfhg ;/flkm= k;Nof u}în] hlt
?k}of lnb}g+ plt ?k}of hl/jfgf ug'{=

Ond\/f]lhsf]

!= ;'gf rflb ;Rrf] h;\n] jgfpg hf+b5= p;\n] jgfpg'= jrg' ift nfUb}g= tfdf]/fª iffKk|f
lktn\sf] em'§f= jgfO= ;'gf rflb xf]elg j]rGofnfO / sRrf ;'gf rflb j]lr lx8GofnfO
c}g jdf]lhd\sf] c+; k/ ;fl/= t]:tfsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/= ^ jif{ s}b ug'{= P:tfsf dtnjdf
kl; sRrf ;'gf rflb= j]lr lx8GofnfO= # jif{ s}b ug'{= OGx]?sf Dofbsf] ?k}of d}Gxfsf !)
?k}ofsfb/n] lbof ln 5fl8 lbg'=
@= jf?b jgfpg hf+Gofn] jf?b jgfpg'= j]rg' ift nfUb}g=
#= 8fld 5f]8ofsf ;f9Øsf hf]tGof rf/ j0f{ 5lQ;} hft u}înfO{ @.. kmnfgfn] ;f9\of
hf]Tofsf] 5 eg] csf{nfO{ kf]nL ;fjLt ug{ g;SofnfO{ klg @.. ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of
glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=
$= cf}l; nufo]t\= kj{ rf8jf8df b'lg`fn]= uf]? hf]Tof] elg= b+8 uGof{ cdflnnfO p;n] b+8
ul/ nLofsf] ljuf] / /}ltnfO lkmtf{ u/fO p;} ljuf jdf]lhd\ b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g
jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
%= pkfWof h}l; /hk't ltg ;x/sf g]jf/ hft u}î rf/ j0f{ 5lt;\ hftsf nf]UGof
:jfl:gx?n] cfÇgf hLljsf lgldQ uf]? /fuf 3f]8f gfl/ xnf] hf]TGofnfO{ ift nfUb}g
hf]tGofn] k|folZrQ klg ug'{ kb}{g= s;}n] xnf] hf]Tof] elg eftsf9of eGof= !) kflg
sf9of % ?k}ofsf b/n] sf9GofnfO b+8 ug'{=
^= rf/ j0f{ 5lt;} hft u}îsf nf]UGof :jfl:gx?n] xnf] hf]Tof] elg ift nufO cbfnt\ 7fgf
cdfnjf6 b+8 u¥of eGof pg\n] u¥ofsf b+8sf] ljuf] jdf]lhd\sf] ift nfpGof cbfnt 7fgf
cdfnfjfn hf] xf] p;}nfO b+8 ul/ lng'=
&= Ond\ eGofsf] hft hftsf] 5}g= rf/ j0f{ 5lt;} hft ;j}n]= kfOg xfng'= h'Qf sk8f :o'g
ifflg if+g ;'g w'g cjfndf cfuf] nfpg' s'éfnsf] sfd ug{ dfbnx?df ifl/ nufpg' u}î
;j} sfdsf] Ond\ ug{ j]r ljifg ul/ lhljsf ug{ x'+5= hft hfb}g P:df hft hf+5 e+Gof /=
eft kflg sf9GofO %).%) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
*= rf/ j0f{ 5lt;} hft u}în] tn dflg;\ ;'u'/sf] g/s= pef] lx/f df]lt ;Ddsf] j+bj]kf/ ug{
x'+5= dfgf kfyL s'?jf t'nf 9sn] eg'{ tf}ng' hf]ifg' klg x'G5= ift nfUb}g hft klg hfb}g=
ift nfU5= e+Gof / hft hf+5 e+GofnfO %).%) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
(= s;}n] tfufwfl/= hft u}înfO= of] tfufwfl/ hft xf]= elg hflg hflg hf8 /S;L hft hfGof
s'/f] if'jfof] eGof= if'jfpGofsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/= dfl; lbg'= hft yfxf gkfO= ef]/df if'jfo] 5

83
 eGof /= iffGof tfufwfl/ hfltn] klg cfkmgf hft 5kfO 9fl6 iffofsf] /x]5 eGof=
if'jfpGofnfO ift jft nfUb}g= iffGofnfO hft kltt\ ul/= dtjfln >"b| hftdf ldnfO lbg'=
!)= hfF8 /lS; chLdgf= db u}î jgfpGof j]rGofn] cgfh u}îsf] jgfpg' of] hft xf] elg
hgfp lb j]rg'= ls+g' bfnlrlg= d;nf sf7kft\ kmNkm'n\ hl/j'l6 nfu' rLh u}îsf] c/if xf]
elg= s;}n] gj]rg'= gls+g'= j]rGofnfO c}g jdf]lhd\sf] c+; ;j{:j ug'{= ls+Gof iffGofnfO=
!)) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
!!= !@ jif{ b]lv pwf]sf s]6fs]l6 jfj' cfdf bfHo" efO= dfdf sf]lx= goefsf c;fld 3/ if]t \
huf hldg\ klg s]lx geofsf= cbfnt 7fgfdf cfof eGof= ltGsf] hGdyft\ hfteft\ ;f]lw
gfp n]lif t]:tfnfO cbfnt 7fgfsf cflkm;n]{ ;bfjt{ jf6 /f]lh+bf l;wfsf] x+l8sf] j+bf] j:t
ul/ kfng'= jif{sf] @ hf]/ sk8f iffl8 ;8'{sf= gulb cfd\bflgjf6= lbnfO lbg'= P:tf
s]6fs]l6 j|fé0f Iflqo j}Zo z"b| O rf/ hftnfO s'dfl/rf]s\sf ;'Jjf l8¶f d'lifofsf=
lhDdf ul/ xflh/df n]lifjlxsf sfddf n]ifk9 ug{ l;sfO tflnd\ ug'{= ;"b| hft jf]sGof
if+Gof if]lt uGof{nfO s+k'sf h+uL sf]Tof l8¶f nflhdf l8¶f xflt;f/ tj]nf ufOsf uf]7sf
l8¶fsf= lhDdf xflh/ u/L tflnd\ ug'{= sfd ug{ lbg'= sf/Lu9nfO d]ulhg blh{iffgf
l;n\iffgfsf l8¶fsf= lhDdf tflnd sfd u/fpg lbg'= wf]lj t]lnnfO wf]lj t]ln gfOSofsf=
lhDdf tflnd\ ug{ sfd nfpg lbg'= j]sfddf OGx]x?nfO g/fifg'= hft yfxf gkfofsf]
dflg:sf] hft\= ifft\ ifjf;\ x'G5g\=

¿ifsf6\Gof

!= nfndf]x/ b:ift\n] j+b u¥ofsf hufdf /= csf{sf u'l7 ljtf{ ljif5fk\ u}îdf kfNofsf
¿ifx¿ sf6GofnfO cjn\ bf]od ;Ld\ rxf/ ul/ $.#.@.! ?k}ofsf b/n] b+8 ug'{= sf6ofsf]
¿if klg h:sf] xf] p;}nfO lkmtf{ u/fO lbg'=
@= jf6f kw]/f s'nfdf nfofsf= ¿if hufsf wlgn]= klg gsf6g'= c¿n]klg s;}n] gsf6g'=
jf6f kw]/f s'nf d'xfg\sf ¿if sf6GofnfO= cjn\ ¿if sf6GofnfO $ bf]od\ ¿if sf6GofnfO
# l;d\ ¿if sf6GofnfO= @ rfxf/ ¿if sf6GofnfO ! ?k}ofsf b/n] b+8 ul/ sf6ofsf] ¿if
klg glbg'= ?k}ofsf glt¥of c}g jdf]lhdf s}b ug'{=
#= uf]iff{ /fh e/ dWo];\ u}îdf= u'l6 ;bfjt{ j]if 5fk\ dfgf rfjn\ /= ?k}of ltl/ iffGof /
hflusf]{= ljxf]/f k¥ofsf= lkmu9f/= jfnfn] / hfuL/bf/n]= jg sfl6 sf7 j]rg x'b}g= cfÇgf
3/ ju}rf= jfl/ jgfpg ;+d x'+5= c}g eof kl5= s;}n] jg sfl6 sf7 j]r]5 eGof j]Rofsf
?k}of lnnfd\ ul/= p;} ljuf jdf]lhd\ b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\= s}b ug'{=
$= ljt{jf/n] cfÇgf ljtf{sf $ lsnfleqsf hufsf= ¿if sfl6 j]rg x'+5= ift nfUb}g=

sfuh hfr\sf]

!= s'dfl/rf]s\jf6 /sd\ snd\sf Hdf ifr{ kmf/ifsf] nfn\ df]xf]/ u/fpbf= Hdf ifr{sf l;/sf]
jGb dfq NofO df]xf]/ gu/fpg'= Hdf ifr{ jfl;n\ jfls tof/ ul/ 98fdf ul/ 98fdf l;/
ufl; t}of/ eofkl5 df]xf]/ u/fpg'= of] c}g gfl3 sfd uGof{ s'dfl/rf]s\sf l8¶f
d'lifofx¿nfO s]lx giffO u¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof= !) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= s]lx iffO u¥ofsf] /x]5
eGof ljuf jdf]lhd\ b+8 ug'{=
@= sDof+8l/ lstfj n]ifGofn] ydf}lt uGof{ j9'jf x'Gof g`f x'Gof dflg:sf] gfp lj+lt kfl/
lstfj\df n]lif lbg' c8f uf}8fdf / sfhdf 6f9f uofsf ef/fbf/= sfdbf/x¿l;tsf
hflu¥of dflg;\x¿sf] ydf}lt khlg u¥ofsf] tf]kmfjt\ gkGof{ul/ sfuh n]lif k7fpg' ;f]
jdf]lhd sDof+8l/ lstfj n]ifgofn] d'ifTof/l;t hfx]/ u/L lstfj\df gfpn] n]ifL lbg'
sdf08/L lstfj n]ifGofn] lstfjdf gfpF r9fO lbo]g eGof= t]; hflu/bf/sf= jfln
lstfj\ n]ifGof cifTof/jfnfjf6 e/fO lbg' hflu/ kfpGof ydf}lt uGof{ j9'jf x'Gof
dflg;\n]= klg cfÇg' gfp r9fO dfUg uofsf] /x]g5= eGof jif{ lbg sfd u¥ofsf] eof klg
jfln kfpb}g=
84
#= h:sf] lhDdfjfln n]lif+5= p:sf] e/kfO gln p;\nfO yfxf ge} lhDdf jfln gn]ifg' h;\n]
lhDdfjfln n]lifofsf dflg;\nfO /fif]g p;\n] cfÇg' dflg;\ klg lng k7fofsf] 5}g= eGof
n]ifgofn] t]:sf] ljxf]/f j'emfpg' lkl7of kl/ n]lifofsfn] j'emfpg' kb}{g=
$= sfl/+bfn] of] b:tfj]h ug{ x'b}g P:tf] b:tfj]h eof ;sf{/ sDk" kN6g s+klgsf] 36\5
lju|G5 elg ;demfpbf ;demfpb} dflnsn] b:tfj]h ul/ lbof eGof= / sf/f]jfl/sf kL7
kl/ dflnsn] df]xf]/ b:ift\= b:tfj]h u}î ;gb ul/ lb+bf lju|g uofsf s'/fdf sf/f]jfl/
sfl/+bfnfO jft nfUb}g= ;gb ul/ lbGof dflnsn] j'emfpg' k5{= 36fofsf ljuf jdf]lhd\
hl/jfgf ug'{=
%= xflsdn] cfÇgf sfl/+bfnfO cl3jf6 Psf ;jfnn] sfd nfof]= kl5 jlx kq j'emfpbf
k'/fg' ;jfn n'sfO= cs}{ ;jfn t'NofO b]iffof 5g\ /= kmfif{t\ gx'b} cl3jf6 hfx]/ eof]
eGof= ;jfn\ ul/ lbGof xflsd\ /= ;jfn p7fpGof /sld b'j}nfO ! nfisf] ! ;o ?k}ofsf
b/n] hl/jfgf ug'{= kmfif{t\ e};lsof kl5 hfx]/ eof= cl3jf6 eofsf] n'sfO kl5jf6
t'Nofofsf b:ift\ ;jfnn] rf]l/iffof jdf]lhd\sf] ljuf] e/fO= ljuf jdf]lhd b+8 ug'{= ?k}of
glt¥of d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf b/n] s}b ug'{=
^= ltly ldlt j]xf/f] 9fl6 df]xf]/ b:ift\ eofsfnfO= s'zdodf= klg iff]l; ! ;fnsf pj\hlg
jdf]lhd b+8 ul/= ln 9fl6 u/fofsf] df]xf]/ b:ift\ w'nfO lbg'= ltly ldlt j]xf]/f g9fl6
eofsf chfgdf;df iff];g x'b}g= chfgdf;df iff];GofnfO klg ! ;fnsf pj\hlg
jdf]lhd\ b+8 ug'{= b+8 sf] rf}yfO lhtfpl/ ln huf ljxf]/fO lbg'=
&= cl3 k/fk"j{b]lif >L % ;sf{/jf6 sf}g} s'/fsf] nfn\ df]xf]/ ul/ jS;bf d'ifTof/ nufo]t\= ;j}
ef/fbf/x?n] df]xf]/sf kL7df gfp y/ dfq dfkm{t\ ?h'df n]ifGof b:t'/ rnfO cfofsf] /x]5=
P;\ s'/fn] bhf{ dfg\ d/ftj yfxf xf]O ;St}g= t;y{ !(@@ ;fn cflZjg z'lb !) /f]h &
b]lif d'ifTof/ ef/fbf/n] nfn\ df]xf]/df dfkm{t\ ¿h' rîfpbf= cfÇgf cfÇgf bhf{ dfg\ d/ftj
:d]t\sf] gfd n]ifg\ gfd d/ftj gn]lifofsf dfkm{t\ ¿h'sf] ;b/ x'b}g= Plx c}g jdf]lhd\ ug'{=
*= Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg dfg{ nfn\ df]xf]/ ul/ dfkm{t\ ¿h' rîfpg' kbf{ cbfnt\sf dflns\
>Lhg\ ! >L u'? wdf{lwsf/ ! sf}l;sf dflns\ ! if+hflr ! otL rf/sf] dfkm{t geO
nfndf]x/sf] /dfgf gug'{ sf};Lsf dflns ifhf~rL geofb]lv c¿ `fxfsf sflh
s0f]{nx¿=sf] dfkm{t\ r9fO= huf hufdf k7fpg' kGof{ 7fp k7fpg'=
(= nfn\ df]xf]/ b:ift\ ubf{ u/fpbf hufsf] p7lt ;j} n]lif ltGof{ / dfkm x'Gof snd\ 5'6ofO
n]ifg' n]iffpg'= df]xf]/ b:ift\ eof kl5= p7lt bjfofsf] 7x¥of] eGof bjfO iffofsf] ljuf]
lkmtf{ u/fO= df]xf]/ b:ift\ uGof{ u/fpGofdf hf] bjfxf 7x5{ p;\nfO hufsf p7lt jdf]lhd\=
hl/jfgf ug'{= b+8sf ?k}of lt/]g eGof c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{= huf p;\jf6 lemls lbg'= huf
kfpbf if]l/ d'7 9fl6 uGof{ kfpGof / u/fO lbGofnfO c}g jdf]lhd\ hl/jfgf klg k5{= huf
klg lemls+5= kfpbf if]l/ d'7 9f6of sf] /x]g5 kl5jf6 $ lsnf / l;jfgf nufleq cjfb
u'n\hf/ ul/= j9ofsf] /x]5 eGof= ;bg u¥of{ /= u/fpGofnfO b+8 hl/jfgf kb}{g= huf klg
lemlsb}g=
!)= nfn\df]xf]/ >L ldlgi6/sf b:ift\ 5fk nufpGofx¿n]= s;}sf] Ho"hfGof ;j{:j uGof{ ?k}of
k};fsf] tg'iff uGof{ 3/jfl/ uGof{+ Plt sfddf b:ift\ df]xf]/ ubf{ >L ldlgi6/ ;+u ;flw sf}l;
s'dfl/rf]s cbfnt\sf sfl/+bfn] h;n] k"5Øf 5fk nfpg' kg]{ xf] pGn] k'5/df 5fk dfkm{t
u/L Nofofsf df]xf]/ b:ift\ u/fpg' k'5\of 5fk gnfofsf aLr}df 5fk u/fofsf] 7x¥of] eGof
df]xf]/ b:ift hfFrGof To:tf sfl/+bfnfO{ sfdaf6 jiff{;/L hflu/ iff];Llbg' u/fO{ lbofsf]
df]xf]/ b:ift jb/ x'G5=
!!= d'ifTof/sf] 5fk nufpg'= kGof{ u}î b:ift\df huf hufsf sfl/+bfsf] k"5\of 5fk nufO{
Nofpg' hufhufsf k'5\of 5fk nfuL cfofsf / k'5\of 5fk gnfUof x's'dn] eof sf
b:fif\tdf= k|dfglu n]lif u}î b:ift\sf kL7df d'n'sL ;'Jjfsf] lg;flgsf] 5fk nfUof kl5
d'ifTofsf]{ 5fk nfpg'= j]d'gfl;j b:ift u¥ofsf] 7x¥of] eGof k'5\of 5fk nfpGof / d'n'ls
;'JjfnfO{ hflu/ iff]l; sfd b]lif iff/]h ul/ lbg'=
!@= c+u|]hjf6 cfofsf= ofbbf:tsf sfuhsf] b'O lbgleqdf >L ldlgi6/ l;t lj+lt ul/
hjfjsf] sfuh tof/ ul/= sf}l;df jl;= sf/f]jf/f] sfd uGof{ dflns 5]p bL 5fk u/fO
k7fO lbg'= hjfjsf] sfuh t}ofl/ u/]gg\ eGof= d'G;LnfO % ?k}of hl/jfgf ug'{= hjfj\sf]
sfuh d'lG;n] t}of/ ul/ lbof kl5= 5fk\ nfpGof sfdlnGofn] /ft lbg hf}gfjift\ df= eof

85
 klg lj+lt kfl/= 5fk\ u/fO lbo]g eGof p;nfO klg % ?k}of hl/jfgf ug'{= >L ldlgi6/;+u
lj+lt ubf{= hjfj\ lgsf;f eo]g eGof= d'lG;nfO /= 5fk\ u/fO lbGofnfO hl/jfgf dfkm=
!#= :jfl:gdflg;x¿n]= xfd|f tl/oflgdf= 3/ x'Gof jfx]s= dxfef/ lxdfno gfl3 sf+lx tLy{
jt{ ug{ elg hfF5f} eGof= $% jif{ gf£ofsf ;wjf cfÇgf if;d\sf ;fydf hfF5f} e+GofnfO /=
ljwjfx¿nfO hfg lbg' o:tfsf] /fxbfgL uGof{ lhDdf xfnGof n}hfg nfO{ iftjft nfUb}g=
$% jif{ gk'Uofsf :jfl:g dflg;\nfO= @% hgf;Dd kx/f rf}ls ul/n} hfg ;s\gofn]
n}hfg' /fxfbflg klg u/fO lbg'= Plt kx/f= /fifg g;s\Gofn] ;wjf ljwjf :jfl:gx? /=
sdfl/ jw]Toflg rfslg{:d]t\= s;}nfO{ klg hfg glbg' o:tfsf] /fxbflg klg gug'{ lhDdf
klg s;}n] gxfNg' lnO{ klg s;}n] ghfg'= $% jif{ gk'Uofsf :jfl:g dflg:sf] /fxbflg ul/
lbGof= nfO /= lhDdf xflnlbGof nfO hflu/jf6 iff/]h ul/ hlthgf sf] /fxfbflg ul/=
lbofsf]5= pltsf] d'8sf] @).@) ?k}ofsf b/n] hl/jfgf ug'{= n}hfGofnfO klg ;f]lx
jdf]lhd\ hl/jfgf ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
!$= $% jif{ b]ifL pwf]sf :jfl:g dflg;\ u}î tLy{ ug{ hfF5f} eGofnfO dxfef/sf] 8f8f] sf6g
glbg'= cfÇgf :jfl:g 5f]/f 5f]/L ln xfd|f d'n's\ t/fOdf u} if]ltkflt ul/ iff+5f} eGofnfO= u}
j:glbg'= P:tfnfO /fxfbflg uGof{ lhDdf xfnGofnfO hl/gjfgf x'b}g=
!%= nfndf]x/ /= jlh{sf] b:ift\ u/fpbf= Ps yf]s\ j]xf/fsf] Ps yf]s\ j]xf]/f b]iffO jlh/nfO
j]xf]/f 9fl6 nfndf]xf]/ b:ift\ u/fO lnofsf] 7x¥of] eGof t];tf df]xf]/ b:ift\ 9fl6 u/fO lbGof
/= sfl/+bf e} cfkm'n] hflg hflg ljxf]/f 9fl6 u/fO= lbofsf] 7x¥of] eGof t]:tfnfO= c}g
jdf]lhd\= ;j{:j ul/= hflu/ b]lif iff/]h ug'{= dflnssf] k|dfg\lun] eofsf/=of] s'/f P:tf]
xf] elg j]xf]/f iff]ln dflns\nfO hgfO eofsf s'/fdf sfl/+bfnfO kqmfp kb}{g=
!^= sf]lx /fHol;t n8fO k¥of]= p; j]nfdf b';dg\l;t u} ldln cfÇgf huf hdLg ;lx u/fO=
yfdGofsf huf hdLg\ ;sf{/jf6 hkmt\ ul/ lng'= O c}g cl3 !*@% ;fndf >L %
j8fdxf/fhf k[YjLgf/fo0f ;fxjf6 jflwjS:ofsf] ;b/ 7xl/ ;f]lx c}g yfldof]=
!&= dxf/fh jlh/ sf}zn\ c¿ pd/fjx¿n] sf}zn ul/= df]xf]/ tfjf kq e} sf}l;sf :ofxfdf
gSsn\ klg n]lifofsf] 5 eGof= huf hdLg= ;bfjQ{ u'l7 ljtf{ d/f}7\ lkmu9f/ j]if 3/ jfl/
Ho"lg Oht\ dfg\ d/ftj hft eft h;h;n] l/emfO hf] hf] ;gb jdf]lhd\ jlS; kfO
cfofsf] 5= ;f] t\S;L/ ge} hkmt x'b}g O c}g cl3 !*@% ;fndf >L % j8fdxf/fhf k[YjL
gf/fo0f ;fxjf6 jflw jS:ofsf] ;b/ 7xl/ ;f]xL c}g yfldof]=
!*= ;sf{/jf6 d'ifTof/ /= d'ifTof/sf efO 5f]/fn] kfofsf] u'l7 ljtf{ lkmu6f/ j]ifd/f}6\dfgf
rfjn= 3/ jfl/ 5fk\ u}î kfofsf s'/fsf] df]xf]/df p; jifTdfsf sflh / ef/fbf/x?sf]
dfkm{t\= k¥ofsf] /x]5= egof ;b/ x'+5= dfkm{t geofsf df]xf]/n] kfofsf ;b/ x'b}g b'lg`f
u}în] kfofsfdf= p; j]nfsf d'ifTof/sf] dfkm{t eofsf nfndf]xf]/n] kfofsf] ;b/ x'+5=
d'ifTof/sf] dfkm{t geofsf df]xf]/n] kfofsf] ;b/ x'b}g= hkmt\ x'+5=
!(= Hofg ;gj+lw+sf s'/f= hfl/sf s'/f hfT;gj+lwsf s'/f sl/0f eft kflg ;+j+lwsf s'/fsf]
sfuh n]iftf cfkm'n] n]iof n]iffofsf sfuhdf geofsf dflg;\= ;fl5 n]iof cyjf
geofsf] ;fef;d'Rro ;fl5n] n]iof] t];} sfuhn] s]lx lj/fguGof{sf] Hofg d¥ofsf] /x]5=
/f]jsf/ubf{= sfuhdf n]lifofsf dflg;\ ;fl5 j:ofsf 7x/]gGeof= t]:tfnfO Hofg sf]
jbnf Hofg\ lng'= d'l8Gof hft /x]5 eGof bfdn\ ug'{= Hofg d¥ofsf] /x]g5= eGof= sfuh
n]ifpGofnfO= !.. jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf ?k}of lt¥of ln 5fl8lbg'= csf{n] cîfO geofsf
dflg;\ ;fl5 xfln sfuh n]lif lbGofnfO %) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
@)= cbfnt\ 7fgfjf6 lg;fkm x]bf{ c+Gofodf nfndf]x/ b:ift\ eofsf] /x]5 lg;fkm ubf{ klg
c+Gofo} 7xg}{ uof] eGof= Tof] nfndf]x/ b:ift\ lemls c}g jdf]lhd\ lg;fkm ug'{= lemlsofsf
nfndf]x/ b:ift\ ;j} Hdf ul/ jif{ lbg ;Ddsf] Ps} rf]l6 w'nfpg Nofpg'=
@!= Hofg ;+jlw hfl/sl/0f hft eftsf s'/fjfx]s c? s'/fdf geofsf dflg;sf] gfp n]lif
srxl/df geofsf dflg:sf] ;lx xfln em'¶f lrl7 kq d'r'Nsf td;'s u}î sfuh=
hfn;fh ul/ n]ifg nfpGofnfO ^) ?k}of hflg hflg P:tf sfuh n]lif lbGofnfO %)
?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=
@@= nf]UGof dflg; jf :jfl:g dflg; s;}n]= dflg; df¥ofsf] /x]5= jf s'6\kL6 ul/ c}gsf Dofb
leqdf dflg; d¥ofsf] /x]5 / o:tf] u/Lj dflg; d¥ofsf] s'/fdf kmnfgfn] df¥ofsf] xf]Og
jf= kmnfgfn] s'6ofsf] rf]6\n] Dofb leq d¥ofsf] xf]Og Dofb gf£of kl5 d¥ofsf] xf] egL

86
 hfn;fh ul/= em'¶f] sfuh n]ifg nfpGof /= n]ifGof Hofg ;+jlwdf hfn;fh u¥ofsf]
7xgf{n] df]ionfO ^) ?k}of c?nfO %).%) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= Dofbsf ?k}of lbof ln 5f8\g'=
@#= sf]lx ;wjf :jfl:gn] cfkm\gf nf]UGofsf ;fydf tLy{ jt{ ug{ b]z kb]{z hfF5f}+ eGof $%
jif{sf] pd]/ eofsf] geof klg p:sf nf]UGofsf ;fydf tLy{ ug{ hfglbg'= P:tfsf] /fxfbflg
uGof{ lhDdf xfnGof n}hfGofx?nfO aft nfUb}g=
@$= s;}n] c+; ge}= Psf3/}df= j:ofsf jfj' jfHof bfHo" Ho]7f sf+5f jfj' jHo" cfdf efpHo"
Ho]l7 sf+l5 cfdfx¿df 3/sf] lng lbg uGof{= hfg sf/ df]io dflns 5b} efO 5f]/f gflt
j'xfl/x¿nfO km'NofO kmsfO xjls bjls ul/ jf= /flh u/fO 3/ if]t Ho" wg u}î n]iffO
lbo]5= dflu lno]5 eGof= 3/sf] df]io dflnsn] d+h'/ u¥of{ lbGof lnGof nfO aft nfUb}g
;b/} x'+5= hfgsf/ df]io dflnsx?n]= xfld 5b} c?n] lb hfGof xf]Og elg= s/fpg cfof
ltGn] lbofsf] ;b/ x'b}g= df]io dflnsnfO gelg c¿n] lbofsf] gub lhgl; u}î dfn
eof dfn} lkmtf{ u/fO b;f}b ln ;f}lk lbg'= kfpGof lnGofn] df;]5 p7fo]5 eGof ltg{;Sof
lt/fO lbg'= ltg{ ;s]g eGof efiff td;'s u/fOlbg'= 3/sf hfgsf/ sQf{5b} pGnfO yfxf
glb c?jf6 lnGofnfO lnofsf Hdfsf ;os/f !) ?k}ofsf b/n] b+8 ug'{=
@%= cfkm\gf jfj' jfNof bfHo" efO Ho]7f sf+5f jfj'x? ;fl5 n]lifofsf huf hdLg\ lnglbg
sf/f]jf/ u}î s'/fdf /= j'9fkfsf hfgsf/ enf dflg;\ elg c8f >]:tf srxl/jf6 lemsfO
kmnfgf d'2fdf ltDx]?n]= b]iof hfGof ;'Gofsf] Joxf]/f hf] xf] h:tfsf] t:tf] n]lifb]p elg
;f]wgL x'bf kmnfgf s'/fdf xfldn] hfGof ;'Gof b]iofsf] P:tf] xf] elg= sfhu n]lif= ;lx
:d]t\ xfln lbofsf s'/fdf kl5 efO 5f]/f gfltn] ph"/ u¥of] jf= 9]/} hgfn] ;lx xfNofsf
s'/fdf s;}n] ph"/ u¥of eGof cl3 ;lxxnfpbf p;\ j]nfdf g;fc+jn\ iffofsf] chfg
cb]>f] jfnif jf}Nxfofsf] klg /x]g5 srxl/jf6 s/ nufO 5]s y'g klg u¥ofsf] /x]g5
cfkm'n] hflg j'lem ;lx xfln lbofsf] 7x¥of] eGof= ;lx xfNofsf] s'/f] plN6b}g ;b/} x'+5=
dfldnf pN6fpgfsf nflu km/]j em]u uGof{ em]nfxfnfO= p;} emu/fsf= ljufsf] b;f}bsf
b/n] b+b ul/ 5fl8 lbg'= cl3 ;lx xnfpbf y'lg5]ls ;lx xnfofsf] chfg cb]j>f] jfnif
jf}Nxf /x]5 / ;lxxfln lbofsf] d}Gxf $ leq ;lx xfnGo}n] ph"/ u¥of] jf= P:tfnfO ;lx
xnfofsf] xf] elg c¿ ph"/ ug{ cfof] eGof s'/f] j'lem c}g jdf]lhd\ lg;fkm ul/ lbg'=
Dofbgf3\of kl5 s/fpg cfpGofsf] s'/f]g;'Ù'=

lsTof{sfuh

!= lsTof{ td;'sn] c;fld ;dfof] k'k{Ifdf lsTof{ 7x¥of] eGof t]:tf lsTof{ td;'s uGof{nfO
hlt ?k}of ;dfofsf]5 d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf b/n] sl6 gx'+Gofh\n s}b ul/ /fifg'= s}bsf
?k}of lt¥of ln 5fl8 lbg'=
@= lnglng sf/f]jf/ s]lx goefsf s'/fdf= km/]lj em'¶f] sfuh jgfO Plt ?k}of lng'5 elg
kqmg cfpGofnfO ljuf j/fj/ b+8 ul/ lng'= b+8sf ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
#= ;sf{/nfO Plt huf Plt ?k}of rflxof] cyjf Ho" rflxof] elg km/]lj lsTof{ df]xf]/
d'ifTof/sf lsTof{ b:ift\= ln d'n'sdfu} sfhsfd tt{xl;n\ uGof{nfO c}g jdf]lhd\ c+;
ljxf ifr{ k/;fl/ p:sf] ;j{:j ul/ bfdn\ ug'{= nfndf]x/ b:ift\ gu/fO d'n'sdf u}
;sf{/nfO d'ifTof/nfO rflx+5= elg hkmlt ul/ jf 9fl6 lngofnfO b'lg`fsf] ljuf] lkm/fO{
ljufsf] bf]j/sf bn]{ s}b ug'{= ?k}of lt¥of ljufsf] rf}j/ lb`f lng'=
$= s;}n'Rrfn] csf{sf hfuL/ ljtf{ u}î hufsf] jfln lthf{ k'hf{ u/fO 9fl6 5lnljrdf
hufjf6 p7fO{ n}uof] elg sf]lx s/fpg cfof] eGof t]:tf n'RrfnfO klqm p;n] p7fO
lnofsf jfnLsf] ljuf] e/fOlb lju} jdf]lhd h/Ljfgf ug'{= glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}bug'{
jfln j]rGof hflu¥of /x]5 eGof= t]:sf] hflu/ hkmt ul/ tfgfjfgf Roflt kN6g\df 3'dfO
5f]l8 lbg'= P:tfsf] kfSofsf] jfln eof klg glbg'=
%= bjf{/jf6 gkfofsf] kul/ d}n] kf`f elg kk{hgL uGof{ hufsf] sfh sfd uGof{sf efO
5f]/fsf] c+; / 5f]l/sf] ljxf ifr{ k/ ;fl/ ;j{:j u/L t];nfO # jif{ s}b ug'{= P:tfnfO
Dofbsf ?k}of 8jn\sf lx;fjn] lbof ln 5fl8lbg'=
^= bjf{/jf6 gkfofsf] kul/ kf`f elg kk{hlg uGof{ csf{sf] 5fk\ rf]l/ 9fl6 nfpGof lsTof{
5fk\ ul/= b:ift\ k6\6f lrl7 kq lthf{ k'hf{ kltof /l;b kmf/ift\ td;'s u}î uGof{ ;Fu of]

87
 em¶f] xf] elg hflg hflg t]:tf ;+u ldlnsfh uGof{nfO !.. jif{ s}b ug'{ Dofbsf] ?k}of lt5{=
eGof= c}g jdf]lhd\ ln= 5fl8 lbg'=
&= bjf{/jf6 gkfofsf] kul/= kf`f elg kk{hlg uGof{ csf{sf] 5fk\ rf]l/ 9fl6 nfpGof sLTof{
5fk\ ul/ b:ift\ k§f lrl7 kq lthf{ k'hf{ kltof ;jfn kmf/ift\ td;'s /l;b sjr u}î
uGof{ ;+u of] em'¶f] xf] elg yfxf gkfO= ldln sfd uGof{nfO 5f]l8lbg'= tS;L/ hl/jfgf s]lx
kb}{g=
*= nfndf]xf]/ d'ifTof/sf b:ift\sf lsTof{ 5fk\ jgfpg nfofsf] xf] elg hflg hflg 5fk\
jgfpGof /= gd'gf jgfO lbGofnfO c}g jdf]lhd ;j{:j ul/ 5fl8 lbg'=
(= nfndf]xf]/ d'ifTof/sf b:ift rf]l/ 5fk\ nfpGof /= lsTof{ jgfpGofnfO c}g jdf]lhd\sf] c+;
;j{:j ul/ bfdn\ ug'{=
!)= nfndf]x/ d'ifTof/sf b:ift\sf] c+s cIf/ if'ls{ d]l6 3l6 jl9 kfGof{nfO c}g jdf]lhd\sf]
c+; ;j{:j ul/ 5fl8lbg'= bkmb/sf\ lthf{ k'hf{ wdf{lwsf/sf] 5fk\ nfofsf kltof /= e}
ef/fbf/sf b:ift\sf] c+s cIf/ if'ls{+ d]l6 3l6 jl9kfGof{nfO ljuf] e/fO= lju} jdf]lhd\ b+8
ul/ln ! jif{ s}b ug'{= b+8sf ?k}ofdf c}g jdf]lhd\ lbof lng'= s}bsf] 8jn lbof ln 5fl8
lbg'=
!!= s;}n]= cfkm'nfO eofsf lhtfkqdf yf]/} /x]5 p:df c+s cIf/ if'ls{ 3l6 jl9 kfl/n]iofsf]
/x]5 eGof= hlt j9fofsf] 5 pklg lng'= lhtfkq e} lhTofsf] huf klg hkmt\ ul/ lng'=
Tof] gub lhlg; rf}kfo huf hldg\ hf] xf] ;sf{l/of x'+5=
!@= cbfnt k|dfnjf6 sfo]ngfdf NofO ;fws ubf{ c}gdf x]l/ c}g jdf]lhd\ kmnfgf ;hfo b+8
ug'{ elg= c}gdf hf] n]lifofsf] 5= Tof] ;fws bjfO cyjf t]:df c+s cIf/ 36fO=j9fO if'ls{
d]l6 Ho" gdfl;GofnfO gdfl;Gof hftsf xflsdn] df;]5 eGof c}g jdf]lhd\sf] c+; ;j{:j
ul/ 5f]l8 lbg'= dfl;Gof hftsf xflsdn] df;]5 eGof= t];} xflsd\nfO dfl;lbg'=
!#= 9fqmf hfuL¥of= e/ef/fbf/x¿sf]=lsTof{ 5fk\ jgfO= 5fk\ rf]l/ b:ift\ k§f lrl7 kq kltof
;jfn iff/ift /l;b tt{d;'s u}îuof{nfO hltHdfsf] lsTof{ u¥ofsf] 5 plt ljuf] e/fO
ljuf jdf]lhd\ b+8 ul/ # jif{ s}bug'{ ljuf] / b+8 s}bsf ?k}of glt¥of d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf
b/n] s}b ul/ Dofb k'Uof kl5 5fl8 lbg'=
!$= wdf{lwsf/sf] bkmb/sf] cbfnt 7fgfsf 5fk\ hfghfgL lsTof{ jgfO lbGof / gd'gf jgfO
lbGofnfO !.. jif{ s}b ug'{= c? e/ ef/fbf/sf 5fk\ hflg hflg sLTof{ jgfO lbGof/= g'dgf
jgfO lbGofnfO= ! jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf ?k}of 8jn\ lbof ln 5f8\g'=
!%= c¿ e/ef/fbf/x¿sf= 5fk\ sLTof{ jgfof]= nfpg kfo]geGof= ! jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf ?k}of
lbof ln5f8g'= ;j{:j x'+b}g=
!^= bkmb/ bkmb/jf6 x'Gof lthf{ k'hf{x? rf]l/ 5fk\ nfpGof /= lsTof{ uGof{nfO ljuf] e/fO ljuf
jdf]lhd\ b+8 ul/ ln ^ jif{ s}b ug'{= ljuf] / b+8df c}g jdf]lhd\ lbof lng'= s}bsf] 8jn
lbof ln 5f8\g'=
!&= wdf{lwsf/sf] 5fk\= bkmb/sf] 5fk\ cbfnt 7fgfsf] 5fk\ lsTof{ jgfo]5= nfpg kfofsf]
/x]g5 eGof c}g jdf]lhd\sf] ;j{:j ul/ # jif{ s}b ug'{ Dofbsf] ?k}of lbof lng'=
!*= nfndf]xf]/ d'ifTof/sf b:ift\sf] sLTof{ 5fk\ jgfo]5= nfpg kfofsf] /x]g5 eGof t]:sf]
;j{:j ul/ ^ jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf ?k}of lbof lng'=
!(= nfndf]xf]/= d'ifTof/sf b:ift\ lsTof{ ul/ d'n'Sdf tt{xl;n\ uGof{nfO c}g jdf]lhd\sf]
;j{:j ul/ bfdn\ ug"{ df]xf]/ b:ift\ lsTof{ u¥ofsf] /x]g5 d'if}sf kl/k+rn] ;sf{/sf] x's'd\
d'ifTof/sf] dlh{ cf1f eofsf] 5 elg ;sf{/sf /sd\sf tj/ l;t d'n'Sdf tt{xl;n\
u¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof= ;sf{l/of ljuf] ;sf{/ nufO b'lg`fsf] ljuf] b'lg`fnfO= lkmtf{ u/fO lb
txl;n uGof{nfO= c}g jdf]lhd\ c+; ;j{:j ul/= $ jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf ?k}of lbof ln
5fl8 lbg'=
@)= >L % ;sf{/sf] jfls j'emfpGof ljxf]/fdf= hfuLbf{/sf] jfnL hfuLdf{= efOefOsf c+;
j+8fsf s'/fdf ;j{:j x'Gof ljxf]/fdf bfdf;lx x'bfdf= ;fx' 9}/} e} ;fx'dfGof{ s'/fdf= lsTof{
td;'s ul/ hfn\;flh uGof{ ;fx' c;fld n]ifs ;fl5 ;fl5x? hlt5g\ pg\nfO= hltHdfsf]
lsTof{ td;'s u¥ofsf] 5= p;} Hdfdf bfdf;lxsf b/n] b+8 ug{ ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\
s}b ug'{=
@!= tift xl/ /fHo 5'6\ofsf /fhfsf] sLTof{ df]xf]/ uGof{ jf= lnkmfdf lsTof{ n]ifGof
n]ifpGofnfO= lsTof{ u¥of jfjt\= hf}g huf hldg\= lnof lbofsf] 7x5{= p:sf df]n\sf ljuf
88
 jdf]lhd\ b+8 ul/ & jif{ s}b ug'{= b+8sf] c}g jdf]lhd lbof lng'= s}bsf] 8jn\ lbof lng'=
lboflnofsf] huf hldg\ klg ;b/ x'b}g=
@@= csf{sf] Ho" hfGof hft\ hfGof s'/f /= s/l0f ;+j+lw s'/fsf] jsjfb jbgfld x'Gof= x'Hht
x'Gof= s'/f n]lif huf hufdf sfuh k'lh{ 6f;GofnfO sfl6Gof hftnfO sfl6 dfl/lbg'=
d'l8Gof hftnfO c}g jdf]lhd\sf]= c+; ;j{:j ul/ hg} lemls d'l8 wkfO lbg'=

cbfnltsf]

!= s;}sf] lhtfkq ubf{ kfr;o b]lif d'lgsf ljufsf] lhtfkq cbfnt 7fgf cdfnsf l8¶f
ljrfl/ /= ljtf{ ljrnj u'l7 lkmu9f/ dfgf rfjnsf wlgn] ug'{= kfr;o b]lif dflysf
ljufsf] lhtfkq ug'{ ubf{ d'ifTof/sf] /= cbfnt 7fgfsf dflnssf] 5fk\ nufO lhtfkq ul/
lbg'=
@= c}g gx'b} cl3 c8f uf}8f cbfnt 7fgf cdfndf s'/f] kl/= Ps km]/f l5lgofsf gub
lhlg;\ ;'gf rflb s;g\ tdg\ hjfx]/ rf}kfof sdf/f sdfl/ c}g s;}n] hj/ hl:t ul/ /=
rf]l/ lnofsf s'/fdf= 9]/} b+8 ug'{ kGof{ 7fpdf yf]/} b+9 ul/ 5'6\ofsf] /x]5 eGof= Ps rf/
b+8 eof kl5 yf]/} eof] elg km]l/ b+8 ug'{ x'b}g= Ps} ifTdf bf]>f bkm] hlt b+8 h:n]
u¥ofsf]5= p;jf6 8fl8Gof dflg;\nfO{ b+8 u¥ofsf] lkmtf{ u/fO 8f8GofnfO= ljuf jdf]lhd\
b+8 ug'b{ 08sf ?k}+of glt¥of d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf b/n] s}b ug'{=
#= ljtf{ u'l7 ;bfjt{ j]iflkmu9f/ d/f}6\ dfgf rfjn 5fk\ k]l6of ifr{ elg kfofsf huf lsk6
/}s/ hflu/ u}î hufdf k¥ofsf]= s'/fsf] ljuf e/fofsf emu/fdf lju} jdf]lhdsf] b08 u/L
cfdbfgL hufsf wlgn] iffg'= ljuf] e/fpg gkGof{ s'/fsf emu/fdf cjn åod\ l;d rfxf/
ul/ cf7 cfgf b]lif pef] @) ?k}of;Ddsf] lg;fkm ul/ b+8 ul/ wlgn] lng'= ljuf] ge/fofsf
emu/fdf s;}n] @) ?k}of b]lif j9tf b+8 u¥ofsf] eof emul/ofl;t c}g jdf]lhd\ b+8 ul/
lng' j9tf lnofsf] lkmtf{ u/fO lbg' j9tf b+8 uGof{ cdfln xflsd\nfO p;}n] c}g e+bf
j9tf hlt k6s u¥ofsf] 5 p;} jdf]lhd\ b+8 ul/ cbfntjf6 lng'= ?k}of glt¥of c}g
jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
$= gub lhlg;\ rf}kfof sdf/f sdfl/= cgfhsf emu/f k¥ofsfdf ljuf j/fj/ b+8 ug'{=
c¿;fgfltgf s'/fsf] ljuf] lt/fpg' gk¥of{ emu/fdf iftjft x]l/ ! ?k}of b]lif @) ?k}of;Dd
b+8 ug'{ ?k}of ltg{ g;s\GofnfO d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf b/n] s}b ug'{=
%= c8f cbfnt 7fgf cdfnsf l8ˆf ljrfl/ cdfln åf¥of Ohf/fbf/n] ljgfifTdf b+8 u¥ofsf]
7x¥of] eGof j]xSdf b+8 ul/ lnofsf] ljuf] lkmtf{ u/fO p;n] u¥ofsf] k6s\ jdf]lhd\ l8ˆf
ljrfl/ åf¥of Ohf/f bf/nfO b+8 ul/ lng'=
^= cbfnt 7fgf cdfnjf6 /= /sd\bf/n] Hofg ;gj+lwsf s'/fdf bfdn\ x'Gof jfx]s c?
s'/fdf ;j{:j lngf bfdn\ ugf{ dflg;nfO b+8 ul/ 5f]8\of] eGof b+8 ul/ 5f]8GofnfO p;n]
c;'n ul/ lnofsf] ljuf] lkmtf{ u/fO p;}n] u¥ofsf k6s\ jdf]lhd\ b+8 ug'{ ift'lsnfO 9'+uf]
5'jfO b+8 u¥ofsf] n]ift\ hfb}g c}g jdf]lhd\ hf]ug'{ kGof{ ;hfo xf] km]/L klqm ;f] dflkms
;hfo ug'{=
&= c8f cbfnt= 7fgf cdfnsf xflsd\ l8ˆf ljrfl/ cdfln åf¥of /sdbf/ u}în] Ho" hfGof
ift'lsnfO /= Hofg ;gj+lwsf s'/fdf bfdn x'g' kGof{ dflg;nfO b+8 ul/ 5f]8\of] eGof
p:n] b+8 ul/ lnofsf] ljuf] lkmtf{ u/fO b+8 ul/ 5f8Gofsf] c}g jdf]lhd\sf] c+; ;j{:j ul/
ln 5fl8 lbg'= Ho" hfGof ift'lsnfO b+8 u¥ofsf n]ift hfb}g= klqmof] eGof Ho"sf] jbnf Ho"
lng'=
*= dfl;Gof hft s;}n] b+8 x'Gof lj/f+ u¥of] b+8 x'Gof tS;L/df cdfln åf¥of ljtnj u'l7
;jf{+ ls dflkm hufsf= s;}n] b+8sf ifTdf Ho" df:ofsf] /x]5 eGof dfl;GofnfO cdn]if
u/fO lbg'= df;GofnO b+8 u¥ofsf ?k}of e";\ u/fO !)) ?k}of b+8 ul/ lng'= ?k}of glt¥of
c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=
(= dfl;Gof hft s;}nfO b+8 x'Gof tS;L/ u¥ofdf 3/df wg x'GofnfO c}g jdf]lhd\ k6ssf
?k}of ln 5f]8\g' c}g jdf]lhd\ k6ssf ?k}of ltg{ ;s]g eGof d}gxfsf @ ?k}ofsf lx;fjn]
rfsl/ u/fO 5f8\5 tfklg d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf lx;fjn] s}b u/fp5 tfklg cdfln åf¥of
89
 ljtf{jf/ u'l7of/x¿sf] if'; sbflrt\ Dofb gk'uL efuLuofsf] kl5 klqmof] eGof t];nfO
km]l/ d}Gxfsf ! ?k}ofsf bn]{ sl§ gx'+Gofn rfsl/ u/fO 5f]l8 lbg'= b+8 jfjTsf ?k}ofdf
b+8 uGof{n] jfwf n]iffO lng x'b}g jfwf n]iffO lnofsf] eof= y}ln e';\ u/fO y}ln ljuf
jdf]lhd\ b+8 ug'{+= b+8 uGof{ xflsd cdfnfn] t]lx jfwf csf{l;t ;fl/ ?k}of lnofsf] /x]5
/ lnGofn] hflg hflg lsGofsf] eof= ls+Gofsf y}ln lnnfd\ ul/ ln j]rGofnfO= ljuf
jdf]lhd\ b+8 ug'{= lnGofn] hfGofsf] /x]g5 eGof p:sf]y}ln e/fO lbO jfwf ;fGof{
cdflnnfO ;f]lx ljuf jdf]lhd= b+8 ug'{=
!)= c}g eof kl5 c}g cfkm\gf uf]bdf /flif= sd\lt j9lt ul/= j]d'gfl;j b+8 uGof{nfO ljuf
jdf]lhd\ b+8 ug'{= iftnfUGof l;t c}g e+bf j9bf lnofsf] /x]5 eGof c}g b]lif= j9tf
lnofsf] lkmtf{ u/fO lbg'= c}g eGbf 3l6 lnofsf] /x]5 eGof ift jft nfUGof l;t c}g
jdf]lhddf hlt 3l6 lnofsf] 5= plt km]l/ klg c;'n ul/ lng'= 3l6 jl9 kfGof{
xflsd\nfO j9tf hlt k6s u¥ofsf] 5 plt plt b+8 ug'{= 3l6 kfGof{nfO c}gsf k6sdf
hlt 36fofsf] 5 plt k6s ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of d}Gxfsf % ?k}of sf b/n] s}b ug'{= c}g
jdf]lhd\ uGof{ cbfnt 7fgf cdfnjfnfnfO ift nfUb}g=
!!= cbfnt 7fgfsf= xflsd /= k"j{ klZrd c8f uf}8fsf xflsd cdfnsf åf¥ofx¿n] em}
emu/f u}î dfldnf l5+bf= c}gsf lstfjdf n]lifofsf ;Ddsf sfd s'/f kl/ cfofdf
sf};Ndf= ;fwg' kb}{g= c}g jdf]lhd cfkm}n] cfl6 l5lg lbg'= c}gdf n]lifof;Ddsf s'/fdf
cfkm}n] gl5lg sf};Ndf ;fwg' cfof eGof cbfntsf xflsdnfO @) l8ˆfnfO !)
ljrfl/nfO= % jlx/ cdfTsf åf¥ofnfO % ?k}ofsf b/n] h;n] ;fwg cfp5= p;nfO
hl/jfgf ul/ lng'= c}gdf gn]lifofsf /= c}gdf ljxf]/f gldnGof s'/f kl/cfof eGof=
sf};ndf ;fwg' / sf};lnofn] thljh ul/= c}gdf n]iffpg' kGof{ s'/f] /x]5 eGof= c}g
thaLh ul/ n]iffO lbg'= ljxf]/f gldn\Gof s'/f] /x]5 eGof= ljxf]/f ldnfO P:tf t/xn] l5g
elg tf]ls lbg'=
!@= c8f cbfnt 7fgf cdfndf kl/ cfofsf] ljuf] e/fpg' kGof{ d'2fsf emu/fdf lnofsf ljuf]
s;}n] gdf;g'= df:of]eGof >L % ;sf{/sf x's'dn] dfl;ofsf] eof t]:sf ;§f
tf];fiffgfjf6 lbnfO lbg'= jlh/sf ;gbn] dfl;ofsf] eof jlh/jf6 lbnfO lbg'= c8f
cbfnt 7fgf cdfNsf xflsd\ u}în] df:ofsf] eof Tof] ljuf] df;Gof hf] xf] p;jf6 ljuf]
e/fO ljuf jdf]lhd\ b+8 ug'{= ljuf] lbg ;s]geGof c}g jdf]lhd ;j{:j ul/ ln
ljufjfnfnfO ljuf jfjt\ egf{ u/fO lbg' ;j{:j eof kl5= ljuf] k'u]g eGof= ljufjfnfn]
jfls gk'Uofsf] kfpb}g dfof dfg'{ k5{= ljuf] e/fO j9tf eofsf] >L % ;sf{/ nufO lbg'=
!#= c8f cbfnt 7fgf cdfn k"j{ klZrd pQ/ blIf0f u}î g]kfnsf em]niffgfdf elt{ e} s}bdf
k¥ofsf hf] 5g\ ltGx]x?sf lj/fj cg';f/ s}b ug'{= s}bLsf c}g jdf]lhd\ ?k}of ln
5f]8\gfsf] /= Dofb k'Uofsf s}lbnfO 5f8\gfsf] u}î em]n iffgfsf] cifTof/ cbfntsf
xflsdsf] cbfntsf xflsd= b]lif jfx]s g]kfnsf em]niffgfdf k¥ofsf s}lbsf] s}b ugf{sf]
/= 5f8\gfsf] c?nfO cifTof/ u/fofsf cbfntsf xflsd nfO hl/jfgf xf]nf=
!$= emu/f l5+bf bfdn x'Gof= Ho" hfGof d'l8Gof dfl;Gof= s}b x'Gof hl/jfgf x'Gof u}î cbfnt
7fgf cdfndf k¥ofsf dfldnf l5+bf= bf]xf]/f] s'/fsf] 5nkmn ul/ P:tfnfO P:tf] ;hfo
n]iofsf] /x]5 elg c}g b]iffO sfo]ngfdf n]iffO c}g jdf]lhd\ l5lg lbg'=
!%= cbfntdf l8ˆf ljrfl/ xfNbf= c}gsf] lstfj jfrg ghfFGofnfO l8ˆf ljrfl/ gxfng'=
cIf/ ghfFGof c}gsf] lstfj kîghf+Gof l8ˆf ljrfl/ xfnGofnfO @) ?k}of hl/jfgf ug'{=
!^= l8ˆf ljrfl/ cdfln åf¥of ljtf{jf/ ljtnj u'l7of/ hflubf/n] cfkm\gf if'jf hflusf{ s'/f
x]gf{ jfx]s c?n] 3ft lkm/fb emu/fsf] s'/f ;'Fg' e+Gof b:tfj]h k|dfglu eofsfn]= ;F'g'
ljrdf ;gb k|dfglu ge} 3/ ;f/ 3/ emu/f jfx]s c?s;n] 3ft lkm/fb ;'Gof] eGof= b+8
lhtfpl/ 7]ls jS;f}lg hlt ;'gfof k6s u¥ofsf] 5 plt b+9 ul/ lng'= p;n] lnofsf] ljuf]
xsl;t xj;\= j]xsl;t xj;\ h;jf6 lnofsf] xf] p;}nfO= lkmtf{ u/fO lbO cbfnt
cdfnjf6 c}g jdf]lhd\ lg;fkm ug'{ P:tf j]tfn'sjfnfn] u¥ofsf] lg;fkm ;b/ x'b}g
s'/fdfq ;'Gofsf] /x]5 eGof @) ?k}of hl/jfgf ug'{= t]; srx/Ldf j:Gof k+rx?nfO hgxL
%.% ?k}of b+8 ug{'= g]n 7f]sGofnfO lbgsf] @.@ ?k}of kftfkmsf{pGofnfO 3l8sf] $.$
?k}of sf]/f{ 7f]sGofnfO rf]6\sf] $.$ ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
!&= kf+r jif{ b]lv dfly ;f]î jif{ b]lif d'lgsf s]6fs]6L / j'9f j'l9 :jfl:gdflg;sf em} emu/f
k}Nx} l5+g'= P;\ kl5 lgwf{ 8'jnfsf] l5Ù'= l8ˆf ljrfl/n] Plx l/tn] l5Ù'=
90
!*= c8f uf}8fdf hfGof ef/fbf/= hufhufdf hfGof sfdbf/= cbfntsf xflsdn] j'lemlnofsf]
ljuf] sk{g\ /= bfdns}bsf] sfo]ngfdf sfuh tfgfjgf ifif{hfgf ;sf{l/of dfn :d]t b'?:t
u/fO /fvg' cfkm' jbln eofsf if;f]iff; j'emfO /l;b lng'= kfO cfpGofn] klg if;f]iff;
j'lem /l;b lbg'= kfO cfpGofn] klg j'lem lno]g= iff]l;Gofn] klg j'emfO lbo]g eGof hflu/
hkmt xf]nf iff]l;Gofn] j'emfpg ;s]g eGof k|fodlgi6/ l;t / s'dfl/rf]sdf hfx]/ ug'{=
hfx]/ u¥of kl5= kfpGof xflsdnfO jft nfUb}g=
!(= cj pk|fGt c8f cbfnt 7fgf cdfnjf6 jfjlt u}înfO b+8 ;hfo ubf{ / c? dfldnf
lx;fj lstfj jfl;n jfls km/kmf/s u}î= c}g jdf]lhd\sf= sfds'/f ubf{= c}g ldnfO=
kmnfgf dxTsf Plt nDj/ sf c}gn] of] s'/f] ug'{ e+Gof hgfO n]ifg'=
@)= ;fx' l/l0fsf s'/fdf xj;= c? ljxf]/fdf xj;= cbfnt 7fgf= cdfn / c? srxl/df s'/f]
kl/= ljuf] j'lem lnof kl5= jf wg Hdflg lnof kl5= emu/f l5ÙfnfO @.$ jif{ l9nf eof]
tfklg= srxl/df ljuf] bflifn u¥ofsf /= wgHdflg n]iffO lnofsf lbg b]lif kl5sf] Jofh
nfUb}g= glt/fpg'=
@!= cj pk|fGt c8f cbfnt 7fgf cdfnjf6 / srxl/ >]:tfjf6 ;fx' l/0fLsf d'2fdf xj;= /}
/sd u}î c? d'2fdf xj;= srxl/df ljuf] e/fpbf emul/ofsf d'ifn] eGof jdf]lhd\ ljuf]
g;dfpg'= bf]xf]/f] 5nkmn ul/= td;'s jlx ifftf :ofxf >]:tf ;fl5 u'xfOsfx?n] xs ltg{'{
kGof{ 7x¥ofsf] ljuf] cbfnt 7fgf c8f uf}8f cdfn sf xflsdn] ;dflt p:sf gub
lhlg; 3/ if]t\ Ho" hldg\ u}î tfobftjf6 ltg{ ;Sof lt/fO lbg'= g;Sof skfln td;'s
u/fO lbg'= srxl/jf6 e/fofsf] Hdfsf] c}g jdf]lhd\ b;f}b lj;f}b b+9 u}î hf] xf] lng'=
efiff td;'s u/fofsf Hdfsf] b;f}b jS;f}lg s]lx kb}{g glng'= lj;f}b=
@@= cbfnt 7fgf cdfn srxl/df lkm¥ofb cfpbf hf}g d'2fsf] gfln; u5{ ;f] s'/fsf] Joxf]/f
iff]ln sfuh kq / d]/f] d'2f o]lt s} xf] `fcf b]lif j9tf 5}g e+Gof d'r'Nsf ln k'k{If x]g'{= of]
d'r'Nsf gln emu/f x]Gof{nfO @) ?k}of hl/jfgf ug'{= cfkm'n] d'r'Nsf n]liflbof kl5= km]l/
csf]{ d'2fsf] sfuh 5 eGof] eGof Tof] sfuhsf d'2faf6 k'k{If gx]g'{=
@#= sf};n cbfnt 7fgf sf}l; s'dfl/rf]s\ d'nsLiffgf= df]7\ txjLn\= ;b/ bkmb/= bkmb/
5]e8]n= j'e8]n\ tf];fiffgf= / kfxf8 dWo]; ef]6\ c8f uf}8f >]itf u}îjf6= O c8\8fsf
xflsd\sf bhf{ e+bf j9tf bhf{ eofsf dflg; nfO s]lx sfdn] 8fsg' k¥of] jf= g8fls
cfkm} cfof eGof cfkm' j:ofsf lj5fpgfdf cfpg' xj;\ j:g' xj;\= elg cfkm\gf
bflxgftkm{ /flif cfkm' j/f]j/sf / cfkm' e+bf sd\ bhf{sf eof= dflg;\ x]l/ cfkm\gf jf`f
tkm{ /flif ug'{ k¥of{ s'/f sxflg ug'{ pg\n] hf`L u¥ofsf] 7x¥of jl9of u¥ofsf] /x]5 e+g'=
j]hf`L u¥ofsf] 7x¥of of] s'/f] gj'emfO x'b}g e+g'= bf]xf]/f] s'/f] j'embf= ljl8sk{g\ u/fpg'
kGof{ 7x¥of cfkm} tn;l/= ljl8 xfn\5 tfklg cfkm' cifTof/ csf{nfO cl3 ;fl/ p;jf6
xnfp5 tfklg pg}sf] if'l; cfkm'dfly jl; cifTof/fjf6 ljl8 xnfofdf s'/f sxflg
5nkmn ;Dd cifltof/jfnfn] u¥ofsf] ;b/ sfuhdf ;lx xnfpbf= dflnss} gfp n]lif
dflns}sf] ;lx xnfpg'= kflgsf] l5t nfuL cfofsf dflg;\ cfkm' e+bf 7"nf] bhf{sf] eof
klg cfkm' j/f]j/= cfkm' e+bf sd\ bhf{sf] eof klg ;+u /fifg' kb}{g= km/s} /flif s'/f] x]'g'{=
@$= Oh2f/ e} ef/bf/f u}î nf]UGof dflg;\ s;}n]= Hofg ;+j+lw= bfdn\ x'Gof sl/0f eft kflgsf]
s'/f] jfx]s c? u}î s'/fsf em} emu/fdf o; s'/fnfO= d srxl/df hf+g= d]/f] ;f6f] s'/f
sxflg ug{ kmnfgfnfO{ cifTof/ u/fO= k7fp5' eGof= d}n] kmnfgf s'/fdf= kmnfgfnfO
cifTof/= u/fO k7f`f t];n] lhTof d]/f] lht\= t];n] xf¥of d}n] xf¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ hf]
k¥ofsf] j'emfpnf= d]/f] ph'/ gfl:t e+Gof dflnssf] cifTof/gfdf ln p;\n] n]lif lbofsf
cifltof/jf6 s'/f] j'emg' srxl/sf ¿xn] Hdfg j+lb d'r'Nsf sfo]ngfdf u}î n]ifg'
k¥ofdf= t];} cifltof/= jfnfsf] ;lx xnfO= emu/f l5+g' cfkm'n] cifTof/gfdf n]lif
lb;Sofkl5 cifTof/n] u¥ofsf s'/f pN6fO ph"/ ug{ kfpb}g= cifltof/jfnfn] c}g
jdf]lhd\ u¥ofsf] ;b/ x'+5= Hofg ;gj+lw bfdn\ x'Gof s/l0f eft kflgsf s'/fdf cifltof/
glng'= h;\nfO s'/f] nfUofsf] 5= p;}nfO NofO= c}g jdf]lhd\ ug'{=
@%= d]/f dfldnf hf] eofsf]= sfhukq ;fl5 ;'tf{ ef]u bl; k|df0f= jf6 j]xf]/fsf] Ohxf/ n]lif
rîfofsf] 5 `fxfb]lif j9tf c? kqkfq ;fl5 ;'tf{ ef]u bl; k|df0f ;} ;gbjf6 emu/f 5
elg emu/f kb}{df= Nofof] eGof klg d]/f] hf] eofsf] ljxf]/f Plts} xf] elg cfkm'n] ;lx5fk
ul/ lbof kl5= Nofofsf ;b/ x'b}g n]lif lbofsf Ohxf/sf d'2fln c}g jdf]lhd\ lg;fkm\
ul/ l5lg lbg'=
91
@^= h'g\ emul/ofsfn] Ohxf/ lb Ohxf/sf d'2f jdf]lhd\ c}gn] 6f]lsofsf d'2fdf gLhsf jfj'
efO 5f]/f :jfl:g b]; kb]{; uofsf /èf5g\ /= Ohxf/ n]lif emu/f k¥ofsf] emu/f
l5lgg\Hofn\;Dd yfxf kfofsf] /x]g5 eGof /= P; emu/fdf xfd|f] klg bfOof nfU5 o;n]
dfq xfl/ xfd|f] d'2f hfGof xf]Og elg cl3 xfGof{sf afa' efO 5f]/f :jfl:gn] ;} ;gb Nofof
eGof cl3 Plx d'2fsf] Ohxf/ ln l5Gof xflsd\nfO= jft nfUb}g c}g jdf]lhd\ lg;fkm\ ul/
l5lg lbg'=
@&= xflsd\ uf}8fsf dflns\= cbfnt\ 7fgf= c8fsf dflns\ l8ˆf ljrfl/ cdfln åf¥of u}în]
lg;fkm k'¥ofO= c}g gldnfO b+8 lhtfpl/ u¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof l/t gk'¥ofO b+8 lhtfpl/sf
ljuf jdf]lhd\ b+8 ug'{= c}g eof b]lif cf]9f] cgl/t kfl/ b+8 lhtfpl/ ul/ >L % ;sf{/
bflifn\ eofsf] /x]5 eGof= ;gb u/fO >L % ;sf{/jf6 klg lkmtf{ ul/ lbg'=
y'g'jf s}lbn] c? s;}nfO s]lx s'/f] kf]Nbf uGof{ s'/fsf] c}g================
@*= iftjftn] y'lgofsf emul/of s}lbn] cfkm' y'lgofsf d'2fsf s'/f sxflg ug{ x'+5 jft
nfUb}g=
@(= cfkm' y'lgofs} 7fpdf c? s;}n] eft klg ;+j+lw Ho" hfGof bfdn x'gof 3'; iffofsf] rf]l/
u¥ofsf] cf} ;sf{l/of d'2fsf] s'/f eofsf] b]iof] ;'Gof] eGof txlst j'lem hfx]/ ug'{ kf]Nxf
7xb}{g=
#)= bfdn y'g'jf s}lb emul/of u}î s;}n] Plt s'/f jfx]s\ c8f cbfnt\ 7fgf cdfGsf
xflsdnfO= xj;\ c? s;}nfO xj;\= iftjft nfUGof b+8 hl/jfgf x'Gof s]lx s'/f kf]Nof]
eGof= y'g'jf jf jfx]ssf]= csf]{ jfl/;\ cl3 ;fl/ p;} jfl/;sf gfpsf] Ohxf/ lb+5 eGof
c}g jdf]lhd\ lg;fkm\ j'lem lbg'= Ohxf/ lbGof jfl/; csf]{ if8f ug{ ;s]g= eGof y'g'jf
s}lb emul/ofn] eGofsf] ;b/ x'b}g= Tof] s'/f] g;Fg' kf]ëfxf 7x5{=
#!= d]/f kmnfgf s'/fdf emu/fdf= rflxGof hf] eofsf= kq kfq ef]u bl; k|df0f jft j]xf]/f Plt
s} xf] `fxfb]lif j9tf c? s]lx 5}g klg s]lx 5 elg ph"/ u¥of em'§f u/fO lbg'= e+Gof
j]xf]/fsf] cfkm\gf if'l; /flhn] Ohxf/ n]lif ;lx xfln lbofsf df srxl/jf6 jflb k|ltjflb
hf]l/ s'/f] x'bf emu/f xfg{ nfUofsf] tj/b]lif cl3 lbofsf Ohxf/df j]xf]/f k'u]g 5 c+s
cIf/ 36fO j9fO b]p eGof] jf= k}ë]sf] Ohfxf/ lkmtf{ ul/ b]p csf]{ lnBf} eGof= Psf d'2fsf
emu/fsfdf @ Ohxf/ glng' k}ë]sf] Ohxf/ lkmtf{ ug{ c+s cIf/ 36fpg= j9fpg klg glbg'=
k}î] lbofsf Ohxf/df n]lifofsf s'/fn] kqm\of jdf]lhd\ kqkfq ef]u bl; k|df0f u}îsf] ?x
j'lem c}g jdf]lhd\ lg;fkm\ ul/ lbg'= Psf s'/fsf emu/fdf @ Ohxf/ lnGof= Ohxf/ ;f6g
lbGof= jf p;} Ohxf/df c+s cIf/ 3l6 jl9 kfg{ lbGof Hdfg j+lb lnof kl5 p;}
k|ltjflbsf] p;} d'2fdf csf]{ Ohxf/ lnGof c8f >]itf cbfnt\sf xflsd\ l8ˆf ljrfl/
cdflnnfO p;} emu/fsf ljufsf] ;os/f % ?k}ofsf b/n] hl/jfgf ug'{=
#@= jflbn] Ohxf/ lb c8f cbfntdf tf]ls cfofsf emu/fdf= k|ltjflbnfO emLsfO t]/f gfpdf
kmnfgf d'2fdf kmnfgfn] Ohxf/ xfNof] jflbn] Ohxf/ lbofsfdf n]lifofsf] s'/f] ;frf] xf]
e+5;\ eGof= ;f]lx ljxf]/fsf] Hdfg j+lbdf ;lx xfln b] t];n] Ohxf/df n]iofsf] s'/f] xf]Og
d]/f] ljxf]/f cs}{ 5 cyjf t]; Ohxf/df n]iofsfs'/f dWo] Plt s'/f ;frf] xf]= Plt s'/f
xf]Og e+5;\ eGof= P; emu/fsf d'2fdf Ohxf/df ldNofsf s'/fsf] Hdfg j+lb lgdNofsf
s'/fsf] t]/f] klg eof e/sf] ljxf]/fsf] Ohxf/ b] elg srxl/jf6 /f]hfpbf hdfg j+lb klg
n]lif glbGof= Ohxf/ klg lbg g;s\Gof= P:tf lw+ugfxfnfO= lbg #% ;Dd y'lg /fifg'=
Dofbleq Ohxf/ lbof] jf= Hdfg j+lb lbof] eGof= c}g jdf]lhd\ ul/ emu/f l5lg lbg'= lbg
#% ;Dddf klg Ohxf/ Hdfg j+lb s]lx lbo]g eGof= jflbsf Ohxf/n] kqmofsf ?x
jdf]lhd\ ul/ l5lg lbg'= t]:tf k|ltjflbsf] ph"/ nfUb}g=
##= cbf cbfnt 7fgf srxl/ srxl/jf6 emul/of lng kqmg k7fofsf Kofbf l;kfxLn]
emul/ofnfO= kqmL srxl/df xflh/ gul/ ljr}jf6 b+8 lhtfpl/ b;f}b lj;f}b 7]ls
jS;f}lg u}î dfq ln cfo]5= egof ljuf] h:sf] xf]= p;}nfO lkmQf{ u/fO c}g n] jS;f}lg
lng' e+Gof snDdf lnofsf] 7x¥of= ljuf] jdf]lhd\ b+8 ug'{= c}gn] jS;f}lg glng' e+gof
snDdf lnofsf] 7x¥of jfln :d]t\ hkm\t ul/ hfuL/ iff]l; 5fl8 lbg'= cfkm'nfO
gcîfofsf s'/fdf cfkm\gf d'gfl;n] Kofbf uofsf kqmg uofsf l;kfxLn] b+8 lhtfpl/
b;f}b lj;f}b 7]ls jS;f}lg kfg km'n\ ln 5f]8\ofsfn] emu/fsf] ift hfb}g kqmL NofO c}g
jdf]lhd\ ug'{=
kqkfq ef]u bl; k|df0f s]lx geofsf emu/fdf= k+rsf l;/df
92
 lbk+rn] cfkm}n] thjLh ul/ l5Gof klg k+rn] eGof jdf]lhd
ul/ l5lg lbg' e+Gof c}g\===========================================
#%= kq klg 5}g kfq klg 5}g= ;fl6 u'xfO klg 5}g= ef]u klg yfxf 5}g= P:tf s'/fdf huf
hldg\ 3/ if]t\= ;'gf rflb s;g\ tdg\ gub lhlg;\ hjfx]/ rf}kfof sdf/f sdfl/ u}î= sf]
emu/f kg{ cfof] / emu/f l5+Gof xflsd\x?n] P:s'/fsf] of] OG;fkm\ xf] eGof= thjLh ug'{
;s]gg\ eGof srxl/df j:ofsf= dflg:df sf]lx nfujflbsf] xf] eGof sf]lx k|ltjflbsf] xf]
e+Gof eof e+Gof b'O{ emul/ofsf gftf kIf geofsf 3'; /f];jt\ giffGof Odf+bf/ wd{ lr+Gèf
enfdflg; ufpNof l5Dofls @% hgf /flif O{ @% hgfn] b'O emul/ofnfO{ wd{ efsg lbÙf}
@% hgf xfld thjLh u5f}{ htfkl§ c£of{nf] k+r x'gg\= p;}sf] lht ul/= lbpnf e+5g\
tfklg O 8'O emul/ofdf ;+tfg eofsf wg eofsf Odf+bf/ h:tf 7x/fofsfnfO wd{ efsg
lbl5+b5g\ eGof klg @% hgfsf] if'l; kQf gkfofsf emu/fdf= P; thjLh l;t l5lg
xfGof{nfO c}g\ jdf]lhd\sf] b+8 ul/ srxl/df j:ofsf k+rsf] :d]t\ gfp xfln lhtGofnfO
lhtfkq ul/ lbg'=
srx/Ldf j:ofsf enf cfbld h:sf emu/fsf s'/fsf] p7fg
u¥ofsf] 5= p;\ j]nfdf s'/f] sfl7 jf]nGof / ug{ nfUofsf s'/f]
g;'lg c? s'/f uGof{nfO hl/jfgf uGof{ / srxl/ ug{ nfUofsf
j]nfdf c? s'/fsf] js\js\ uGof{nfO= utxQfnfO lgsfln lbg' e+Gof
c}g\==========
#^= sf};Ndf cbfnt\df hf}g s'/fsf] emu/f k¥ofsf 5= p:df hf}g enf cfbldn] s'/f] p7fg
u¥ofsf] 5= p s'/f] ;j}n] ;'Fg' s'/f] u¥ofsf] ;'lg ;Sof kl5 lrQ j'‰of sf] e+g' lrQ j'em]g
eGof= lrQ gj'emGofn] eGofsf s'/f c? k+r enfbldn] ;'Gg' Plt l/t u/L kfnf kfnf
l;t jf]Ng'= cl3jf6 jf]NGofn] af]Ng nfUofsf] s'/f] u/f} g;ls s'/f] sfl6 xf]kfkflk ul/
pl5lg jf]nGofnfO ! ?k}of hl/jfgf ug'{= Pp6f dfldnf l5+g elg j:ofsf k+r enfblddf
sf]lx plx dfldnfsf] s'/f] uGof{ sf]lx k+r enf dflg;\= dfldnf k¥ofsf] s'/f] ;'Fg' j'emg
5f]l8 cfk:df 7§f d:s/L u}î c? s'/f uGof{nfO= klg ! ?k}of hl/jfgf ug'{= if'gsf s'/f
jfx]s srxl/df hf}g s'/f k¥ofsf] 5= p:s'/fsf] /xlg jl; g;ls c? s'/f gx]g'{= Pp6f
s'/f] ug{nfUofsf] j]nfdf srxl/df c? c? s'/fsf]= js\js\ uGof{nfO gjf]n e+g'=
dfg]gg\ eGof uw{gL nufO lgsfln lbg'= of] hl/jfgf ubf{ c8\8fifnfsf xflsdn] ug'{
x's'd\ dlh{ jfx]s\ cfkm\gf t}gfysf /= cfkm\gf gftfsf dflg:sf]
emu/f x]Gof{ xflsd\ / iffnjfnfnfO b+8 uGof{ c}g====================
#&= uf}8f jfx]s= c? c8f cbfnt 7fgf cdfnx?jf6 emu/f u}î;'Fbf p; 7fpdf xflsd\sf
t}gfysf dflg;\sf] /= xflsd\ / iffnjfnfsf= ck'tfln k¥of iffg kfpGof bfHo" efO cfdfsf
jfj'= cfdf dfdf= ;f;' ;;'/f Ho]7' ;fnf dLt= cfkm\gf lblb a}lGx 5f]l/ lbofsf hjfO=
eflgh cfkm"n] lng lbg sf/f]jf/ u¥ofsf dflg:sf em} emu/f kg{ cfof= df ;sf{/sf] x's'd
/= d'ifltof/sf] dhL{ ge} p;\ 7fpsf xflsd /= iffnjfnfn] gx]g'{= Ohxf/ lkmtf{ ul/
cs}{ iffndf hfp elg k7fO lbg' ljgf x's'd\ dhL{ cfkm\gf t}gfysf dflg;x?sf] / n]lifof
jdf]lhd\sf gftf kIfsf emu/f ;'lg lg;fkm} u¥ofsf] 7x¥of klg !) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= c+Gofo
u¥ofsf] 7x¥of= p;} emu/fsf ljuf jdf]lhd\ b+8 ug'{=
xflsd\ cdnf l8ˆf ljrfl/n] Ohxf/ ln Ohxf/df n]lifofsf]
if8f ul/ c}g jdf]lhd\ emu/f l5+Gof c}g\ ========================
#*= xflsd uf}8fsf dflns= cbfnt 7fgf cdfn\sf ;'Jjf l8ˆf ljrfl/ cdfln åf¥of yl/
d'lifof ldemf/ rf}wl/ lhldbf/ /fO sQf{x?n] emu/f l5+bf c}gsf] j]xf]/f dfq} x]l/ c+u
k'lu ;St}g t; lgldQ Ohfxf/ srxl/df bflifn eof kl5= Ohxf/df eofsf] k|df0f sfhu
kq ef]u bl; u'xfO t];/ olt s'/f if8f gul/ emu/f l5+g' x'b}g Ohfxf/df n]lifofsf olt
d'b\bfsf] /Lt k'¥ofO= 3'; /f];jt\ giffO= cfkm\g' lj/fg' g5'6\ofO kgkIf gul/ wd{ /
csjt\ ;DemL cfkm' rf]iff] /lx xs lg;fkm\ u¥of dflnsjf6 OHht r9fO jS;LGof 5 e+Gof
7x/fO= k+rsf] lrQ j'emfO= c}g jdf]lhd\= lg;fkm\ ul/ emu/f 6f]l8 lbg'= n]lifofsf] s'/f]
5f]l8 hflg hflg cwd{ ul/= hf] lg;fkm\ unf{ `fxf /fh b+9df knf{= d¥ofkl5 Hd/fhsf]
b+9df knf{=
emul/of /= emul/ofsf d'if;f/ e} srxl/df= cfpGofnfO
xltof/ ln cfpg glbg'= e+Gof c}g\============================
93
#(= sf};n cbfnt\ 7fgf cdfn\ srxl/jf6 emu/f x]bf{ nfu jflb k|ltjflb / pGsf d'if;f/ e}
jf]nGof dflg;\nfO srxl/df xltof/ ln cfpg glbg' xltof/ km/s\ /fifg nufO srlx/df
cfpg j:glb lg;fkm\ x]g'{=

s}bL lemsfpGofsf]

!= k"j{ klZrd e/ d'n'ssf ift'ls bfdndf kGof{ hgDe/= sf s}lbnfO lemsfpg' kbf{ rf/
cbfnt= t}gfy kfpGofn] >L ldlgi6/sf] b:ift\ u/fO jf6fdf gpDsGof ul/ lemsfpg'=
@= /fh wflg ;x/= O6frkln jfx]s k"j{ klZrd pQ/ blIf0f c8f c8fdf if'g ift8f
Hofg ;+j+lw Ho" hfGof iftsfnfO= Ho" dfÙ{ kbf{ uf]8f uf}8fjf6= ;fws\ ul/ sfo]n gfdfsf]
gSsn :d]t gul/ O6frklndf k'¥ofO lbg'= O6frklnsf dflnsn]= dfl/Gof dflg:sf]
sfo]ngfdf c}gdf ldnfO= sf};ndf hfx]/ ug'{= sf};lnofn] thljh ul/ Ho"
dfGof{ 7x¥ofsfnfO= Ho" lng' e+Gof nfn df]xf]/ u/fO k7fOlbg'= Hofg lnbf ljgf nfn
df]xf]/ k"j{ klZrd c8f uf}8fdf HofFg gdfg'{=
#= dxfsfln k"j{= d]lr klZrd dWo]; kfxf8 xfd|f e/d'n'ssf c8f c8fdf hfGof ef/fbf/ /=
y'd y'dsf cdfln åf¥of ;j+ lsdfkm eofsf ljtnj u'l7sf d'lifof u'l7of/= u}în]
cbfnTdf d'2f dfldnfnfO glemsfO gx'Gof= dflg;nfO lemsfpg' kbf{ cbfntsf
dflnsn] hf}gf c8\8f cDjnsf] dflg; lemsfpg' k¥of] t];} c8fsf dflnsnfO n]lif
k7fpg'= cdfln ef/fbf/x?n] cbfntsf dflnssf] sfuh k'Uof kl5= cfÇgf cDjn
e/df= dflg; /x]5 eGof kqmfO= dflg; ;fy nufO rf+8f] ul/ k7fO lbg'= cDjn e/df
dflg; /x]g5 eGof= pQ/f rf+8f] n]lif k7fO lbg'= dflg; klg gk7fpGof= pQ/f klg
gk7fpGof= uf}8fdf /xGof ef/fbf/nfO %) ?k}of c8fsf l8ˆf ljrfl/nfO !% ?k}of c?
y'd y'Dsf cdfln åf¥of ljQ{jf/= u'l7of/= ;jf{sdflkm jfn:d]tnfO{ !).!) ?k}ofsf
bn]{ hl/jfgf ug'{=
$= dxfsfln k"j{ d]lr klZrd /fh wflg hufdf iftjftdf k¥ofsf= Ho" hfGof wg hfGof bfdn
x'+Gof s}b x'+Gof b+8 x'GofnfO c}g jdf]lhd hf] ug'{ kGof{ xf] ;f] dflkms rf/ cbfntsf
dflnsn] b:ift k'lh{ ul/lbg'= ;flw k7fpGofn] b'?:t kfl/ k7fofsf] /x]g5= sfo]ngfdf
klg b'?:t eofsf] /x]g5 eGof= t]:df cbfntsf xflsdnfO iftjft nfUb}g= t]:tf]
j]b'?l:tdf ws k7fpGof /= sfo]ngfdf uGof{ k"j{ klZrd c8f uf}8fsf xflsd /= cdfln
ljrfl/ åf¥of yl/sf] Ho"sf] jbnf Ho"+= wgsf] jbnf wg xf]nf iftjft p;}sf yfknfdf
nfUnf=
%= kf6\g efbufp sf7df8f}+sf cbfnt 7fgfdf k¥ofsf /fhsfh jfx]s= c? s'/fdf
sfl6Gof ;fl`w'jf hf] 5g\= ltGsf] sfo]n gfdf :d]t\= ;fO w'jf /= c? d'l8Gof bfdn x'Gof
ifTsf ;fl`w'jfsf] c}g jdf]lhdsf] ;j{:j / sfo]ngfdf ;fOw'jf O6frkln cbfnTsf
xflsdl;t= k'¥ofO lbg'=
^= HofFg hfGof bfdn x'Gof d'l8gof s'/f /= kflg grnGof hftl;t tfuf wfl/ nufo]t\=
kflgrnGof u}î hftn] s/l0f ul/ u/fO= eft kflgdf jf]l/ofsf s'/f /}s/ lsk6 hufdf
k¥ofsf] eof klg ;jf{s dflkm u'l7 ljtf{ j]iflkmu9f /= 5fk\ dfgf rfFjn u}î hufdf k¥ofsf]
eof klg= klqm ltGsf Hdfgj+lb sfo]ngfdf eof sfuh :d]t\= sfuhkq geof t];} jft
nfUGof dflg; cbfntdf k'¥ofO lbg'= P:tf s'/f klg cfofdf= c? srxl/ /= cdfnjf6
gx]g'{= cbfnt}jf6 s'/f] x]l/ c}g jdf]lhd ug'{=
&= d'unflg`f dflg;nfO xfd|f d'nssf dflg;n] d'unfgfjf6 hj/ h:tL u/L nUof egL
d'unflg`n] lkm/fb ul/= ;fljt u¥of] eGof Tof] hj/h:tL u/L NofpGof xfd|f d'n'ssf
dflg;nfO %)) ?k}of hl/jfgf ul/= ^ d}Gxf s}b ug'{= hl/jfgfsf ?k}of glt¥of s}b ug'{ =
s}b / hl/jfgfsf ?k}of lt¥of c}g jdf]lhd nL 5f8g'=
*= uf}8f cbfntsf xflsd afx]s c? huf hufaf6 Ho" hfGof ! bfdn x'Gof ! ;j{:j x'Gof !
d'l8Gof ! iff]lkGof ! hfthfGof ! kf+g ;o b]lif dflysf Hdfsf] ?Ssfsf] lhtfkq
ug'{ kGof{ huf hdLGsf] s'/f]= ! Plt & s'/fsf] sfo]ngfdf /= ;fws cfpbf= d'2f gk'¥ofO
u¥ofsf] sfo]ngfdf /x]5 / cbfntaf6 d'2f ;RofO csf} sfongfdf u/fpg' k¥of] eGof
94
 cl3 d'2f gk'¥ofO sfongfdfdf u/L ;fws\ k7fpGofnfO d'ifltof/l;t= hfx]/ ul/=
d'ifltof/sf thjLhn] d'2f x]l/= @) ?k}ofb]lif dlg cf7 cfgf;Dd b+8 ug'{= uf}8f cbfnTsf
xflsdn] d'2f gk'¥ofO sfo]ngdf u¥ofsf] 7x¥of c}g jdf]lhd ug'{=
(= c8f uf}8f cbfnt 7fgf cdfn u}îjf6 Hofgdf/f bfdn ift'l s jfktL rf]/ 8fs' u}î
cbfnt O6frklndf j'emfpg k7fpbf kmnfgfn] kmnfg' s'/f] ubf{ tfxf k7fofsf] 5 j'lem
lng' e+Gof c8fjfnf xflsdsf] 5fk ;lx eofsf] lrl7 /= ift'lssf] Hdfg j+lb sfo]ngfdf
cf}+ sfo]n u/fpGof= d'2fsf sfuhkq k|df0f hf] hf] 5g\= ;f] :d]t ul/ k7fofsf] /x]5 eGof
O6frklnjf6 j'lem ln /l;b lbg'= c8fjfnfsf] lrl7 /= ift'lssf] Hdfg j+lb sfo]ngfdf
gkfO ift'ls dfq k7fofsf] /x]5 eGof ift'ls j'lem t]; c8fsf xflsdnfO j]s'lj
hl/jfgf !) ?k}+of :d]t\= ul/ rflxGof Hdfgj+lb sfo]ngfdf lgh jfklt 9fnGof jflbx?sf]
d'rNsf]x? lemsfO k7fpg'= Tof] sfuhkq gcfO k'Ubf;Dd jfjlt j'‰ofsf] /;Lb= glbg'=
ift'lssf] Hdfgj+lb sfo]ngfdf eofsf] /x]g5= dflg; dfq} j'emfpg Nofofsf] /x]5 /= o:n]
u¥ofsf] s'/f b]ifGof hfGGof sfo]n ug{ ;sGof Og} x'g\= elg bl; k|df0f :d]t= k'¥ofO
Nofofsf] /x]5 eGof OGx]?sf] Ohxfn]{iffO ln ift'ls j'lem lng'= ljxf]/f gk'¥ofO= Nofofsf
jfjlt j'lem lnGof= O6frklnsf xflsdnfO{ !) ?k}of hl/jfgf ug'{= ift'lssf] Hdfgj+lb=
sfo]ngfdf u}î lnift\ b]ifGof= hf+Gof sfo]n u/fpg ;sGof ;fl5 k|df0f jflbx? gNofO=
kmfnfgfn] P:tf] ift u¥ofsf] 5 elg dflg; dfq} klqm Nofofsf] /x]5 eGof= P:nfO ;fl5
k|df0f k'¥ofO sfo]n u/fpnf sfo]n u/fpg ;lsg eGof c}g jdf]lhd k'¥ofsf] j'emfpnf=
e+GGof ift'ls ;f}+kg NofpGofsf d'r'\Nsf ln ift'lsnfO g]n xfln s}b ul/ t];nfO sfuh
kq ;fl5 k|df0f iff]hgfnfO lbg !) hgf hfbf cfpbf jf6fsf] c+bfh :d]t\= ul/ efiff s/f/
u/fO= Hdflg :d]t\ n]iffO= ln 5f]l8 lb= p; hufdf k7fO sfuh kq ;fl5 k|df0f jflb
lemsfO c}g jdf]lhd lg;fkm ug'{= ;fl5 k|df0f sfuh kq NofO ;fljt ug{ ;s]g /=
kf]Nofsf] dfq 7x¥of] eGof hf}g s'/f] kf]Nofsf] 5= p;} s'/fsf kf]ëfsf c}g jdf]lhd ;hfo
ug'{=

sfongfdf n]iffpGofsf]

!= b+8 x'Gof ifTdf bl; gkfO s'6\kL6\ ul/ sfo]ngfdf n]iffof]= kl5 s'/f] 7x/]g eGof xflsdnfO
!)) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= bl;kfO s'6\kL6\ ul/= sfo]ngfdf n]ifof] kl5 7x/]g eGof /= s'6\kL6\
s]xL gul/ sfo]ngfdf n]lif lbof] kl5 7x/]g eGof xflsdnfO ift nfUb}g=
@= bfdn x'Gof ifTdf xflsdn] bl; ;ifnif gkfO s'6\kL6\ ul/ sfo]ngfdf n]iffof] kl5 7x/]g
egof= t]:tf xflsdnfO= #^) ?k}+of b+8 ug'{= bl; ;ifnif kfO s'6\kL6\ ul/= sfo]ngfdf
n]iffof] kl5 s'/f] 7x/]g eGof /= s'6\kL6\ s]lx gul/ sfo]ngfdf n]lif lbof] k5L s'/f] 7x/]g
eGof xflsdnfO ift jft nfUb}g=
#= Ho" hfGof iftTdf bl; ;ifnif gkfO s'6\lk6\ ul/ sfo]ngfdf n]iffof] kl5 7x/]g eGof t]:tf
xflsdnfO &@) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= bl; ;ifnif kfO s'6\lk6\ ul/ sfo]ngfdf n]iffof] kl5= s'/f]
7x/]g eGof /= s'6\lk6\ s]lx gul/ sfo]ngfdf n]lif lbof] kl5 s'/f] 7x/]g eGof xflsdnfO
ift nfUb}g=
$= csf{nfO{ hxif'{jfO dfGof{= xftn] xltof/ rnfO dfGof{nfO hxif'{jfO df¥o+" xftn] xltof/=
rnfO df¥o+"= elg sfo]ngfdf n]iffpg' kGof{ ljxf]/fdf cfÇg" gftf kIf gkGof{ 3'; /f];jt\
giffO j'l4 gk'lu= xftn] xltof/= 5f]8ofsf] xf]Og hx/ ljif if'jfofsf] xf]Og= e+Gof ljxf]/fsf]
sfo]ngfdf n]iffofsf] /x]5 eGof p; xflsd\ ljrfl/sf hflusf]{ p7ltsf ;os/f %
?k}ofsf bn]{ hl/jfgf ug'{= Oh/f cdfgTsf cdfnL åf¥ofx?n] o:t} ljxf]/fsf] sfo]ngfdf
n]iffofsf] /x]5 eGof hf}g hufsf] cdfln åf¥of eofsf] 5= p; hufsf] p7lt x]/L= p;}sf
Hdfdf ;os/f % ?k}ofsf bn]{ hl/jfgf ug'{=
%= hxif'{jfO xltof/ rnfO Hofg df¥ofsf] 5= s;}nfO s'6\lk6\ gu/f}+ ;+sfn]= t xf]l:s egL
s]/sf/ ;f]wk'5= ubf{= s}ë] d}n] xf] elg sfo]ngfdf n]lif lbof]= s}ë] xf]Og elg s'/f] km]¥of]
eGof= P:tf s'/fdf xflsdn] j'lem lg;fkm\ ug'{= s'6\kL6\ gul/= sfo]ngfdf n]lif lbof] /=
kl5 s'/f] km]¥of] eGof sfo]ngfdf n]iffpGof xflsdnfO iftnfUb}g=

95
^= csf{nfO hxif'{jfO dfGof{ xftn] xltof/ rnfO dfGof{nfO 3'; /f];jt\ iffO eof] gftf kifkft
ul/ eof] xftn] xltof/ 5f]8L Ho" gdfGof{ hx/ ljif gif'jfpGof elg sfo]ngfdf n]iffpGof=
cbfnTsf xflsd ljrfl/= ufpsf cdfln åf¥of nfO sfd b]lif iff/]h ul/ ^ jif{ s}b ug'{=
Dofbsf ?k}of glng'= 8jn lbof ln 5f8L lbg'=
&= cbfnt\sf xflsd ljrfl/= ufpufpsf cdfln åf¥ofn] Hofg gsf6Gof nfO /= hx/
gif'jfpGof dflg;nfO= l/;n] sf6Gof hx/ if'jfpGof elg sfo]ngfdf n]iffO s6fof] eGof
Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg\ dfl/ lbg'= sfo]ngfdf dfq} n]ifo]5= sfo]ngfdf n]ifGofsf] Hofg
dfl/ofsf] /x]g5= eGof sfl/GbfnfO= sfd b]lif iff/]h ul/ c}g jdf]lhd p:sf] c+; ;j{:j
ul/= 5fl8 lbg'= cbfnTsf xflsd ljrf/L ufpsf cdfln åf¥ofn] Tof] jfjlt ;+sf
nfUofsfnfO xflsdn] g;f klg iffofsf] /x]g5= Tof] ift'lsnfO s'6\kL6\ klg u¥ofsf] /x]g 5
jfkltn] cfkm} d'ifkltt\= e} d}n] of lj/fj u¥ofsf] xf] elg sfo]ngfdf n]lif lb]o]5= kl5
ift'ls cs}{ 7x¥of] eGof xflsd cdflnnfO=ift nfUb}g=
*= !! jif{ b]lif pef]sf] jf]ng ghfGof= nf6fnfl6x¿n] Hofg df¥ofsf] / rf]l/ s/l0f u}î ift
nfUGof s'/f u¥ofdf= srxl/df NofO= /f]jsf/ ubf{ ljhfO u¥ofsf] ;frf] 7x¥of] eGof=
jf]ng ghfGof x'gfn] p:tf]sf] sfo]ngfdf ubf{ p:sf jfj' cfdf bfHo" efO glhssf
gftfbf/= jfl/; lemsfO{ P;n] `fxf+ ;Ddsf] tS;L/ u¥ofdf sfo]n eof] e+Gof ljxf]/fsf] pg}
jfl/;jfnfsf] Hdfgj+lb n]iffO ln pg}nfO ;fl5 xfln ln nf6f nfl6sf] sfo]ngfdf n]iffO
nf6fnfl6sf c}g jdf]lhd\sf] ;hfo ug'{=
(= cbfntsf xflsd n]km\6]g l8ˆf ljrfl/n] emul/ofnfO bf]x/f] k'k{If bf]x/f] l;/j+lb n]iffO
bf]x/f] k+r /flif jsfofdf k+r t];/n] jStfdf xfGof{n] sfo]ngfdf gn]lif c8L /xGofnfO
y'lg g]n xfln sfo]ngfdf n]iffpg'= t]:tfnfO Hdflg ln 5f]8Gof xflsdnfO @) n]km\6]gnfO
!) l8ˆfnfO * ljrfl/nfO ^ ?k}of hl/jfgf ul/ sf};njf6lng'= Hdflg ln 5f]8gfsf
emul/ofn] ltg'{ kGof{ ljuf] xflsd n]km6]g l8ˆf ljrfl/ h:n] 5f8ofsf] 5= p;}jf6 e/fO
lbg'= cfkm'n] lt¥ofsf] ljuf] pg} emul/ofjf6 cbfntjfnfn] iff]lh lng'=
!)= cbfnt 7fgfcdfn srxl/df bf]x/f] k'k{If x]l/= lg;fkm\ >]:tf c}gn] sfongfdf n]ifg' kGof{
7x¥ofsfn] ;xL xfn]g lxugfxL u¥of] eGof t]:tfnfO s}b ul/ /fifg'= h; lbg ;lx xfn5'
e+5= p;} lbg ;lx xnfO c}g jdf]lhd b+8 lhtfpl/ ul/= s}b eofsf lbgb]lifsf] Dofb sl§
ul/ hf] /èfsf] jf+ls tL5{ eGof ?k}of ln 5f8L lbg'= ?k}of lt/]g eGof s}b k'¥ofO 5fl8
lbg'=
!!= emu/fdf lg;fkm >]:tf c}gn] e6Øfsf s'/fdf sfo]ngfdfdf ;lx xfNg' kGof{= rf+lxn] ;lx
xfn]g lwugflx ul/= s}bdfk¥of] eGof p:sf emul/ofn] hjlt lhtGof 7x¥ofsf] 5 p;}sf]
lht u/fO= c}g jdf]lhd b;f}+b lj;f}+b ljtfpl/ hf] xf] ln lhtf kq ul/ lbg jxfln rnfO
emu/f /kmf ul/ lbg'= ;lx xfn]g elg Tof] emu/f g6fug'=
!@= !@ jif{ dlgsf jf]ng hf+Gof ghf+Gof nf]UGof xpg\ :jfl:g xpg\= P:tf jfnifn] sl/0f
;+j+lwsf s'/fdf u¥ofdf cbfnt 7fgf cdfnsf xflsdn]= P:tf s]6fs]l6sf] sfo]ngfdf
Hdfgj+lb ug'{ kbf{ lt s]6f= s]l6sf jfj' cfdf bfHo" efO dfjln ;;'/fln gftfbf/=
jfl/;jfnf lemsfO hf+xf+;Ddsf] s/l0f u¥ofsf] xf] plt s'/fsf] hdfgj+lb sfo]ngfdf
n]iffpbf lemsfO{ hxf;Ddsf] s/l0f Og} jfl/;jfnfdf glhssfnfO ;fl5 /flif lt
s]6fs]l6sf xftsf] ;lx xnfpg'= ;fl5 j:GofnfO ift jft nfUb}g= sl/0fsf c}g jdf]lhd
eft kflg jfx]s\= ug'{= kGof{nfO eft eflg jfx]s\ ug'{= eft kflgsf] kltof ug'{= kGof{nfO
kltof u/fO lbg'= ;j{:j b+8 s'6\lk6 s}b s]lx gug'{=
!#= cdfln åf¥of u}în] eft kflg ;+j+wsf s'/fsf] ;+sf ul/= bl; jflb kf]ëf sf]lx ge} p;}
klqm s]/sf/ u/]5 /= d}n] of] s'/f] u¥ofsf] elg d'ifn] dfq eg]5 jf sfuh n]lif ;lx :d]t \
xnfO lno]5 /= kl5 t];} dflg;n] c8f cbfntdf cfO d}n] u¥of lj/fofsf] 5}g dnfO=
xjlsbjls ubf{ jf s'6\kL6 ubf{ dfqeGofsf] egL gfln; u¥of] /= /f]jsf/ ubf{ r'Sof
lj/fofsf] 7x/]g cdfln åf¥ofx¿n] j]xSdf n]iffof] 7x¥of] eGof cdfln åf¥of u}în]
xjlsbjls ubf{= ctf:df n]lif lbofsf] 7x5{ sfuh n]lif lbg ghfGof jfjt\= @ ?k}of b+8
ug'{= k|folZrt kb}{g hft}df /x+5= jflb kf]nfxf bl; ge}= eft kflg ;+j+wdf geofsf
s'/fsf] sfuh n]iffpGof cdfln åf¥ofnfO= ^) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd
s}b ug'{=

96
hdfgL uGof{

!= cbfnt 7fgf cdfNdf k¥ofsf emu/fdf emul/ofx?n] b+8 / ;sf{l/of jf+ls ltg'{ kGof{ s'/f
ift eof kl5= Hdflg lng' kGof{df hufhdLg\= gub lhlg;= sdf/f sdfl/ j:t' efp= u}î
hf}g;'s}= s'/fdf klg Hdflg x'Gofsf 3/jf6= Hdf p7Gof 7x¥ofsfnfO Hdflg lng'= Hdf
p7Gof /x]g5 eGof t]:tfnfO hdflg glng'= h;jf6 b+8 lng' k5{ p;}nfO= d}Gxfsf %
?k}ofsf bn]{ s}b ul/ 5fl8 lbg'=
@= csf{n] iffofsf gulb lhlg; Ho" hdLg\ u}î= df sfuh n]lif sf]lx wg Hdflg eofsf] /x]5
eGof Hdflg x'Gof dflg;\= Ho"bf] 5+Hofn\= ;fx'n] Hdflg x'GofnfO= w/ ks/ ul/= cfÇg' wg
p7fO= lng kfp5= Hdflg x'Gof d¥ofsf] eof t]/f] kmnfg'=wg Hdflg eofsf] xf] c;fld xf+ld
5'b} g} Tof] wg b] egL= Hdflg x'Gofsf jfj' cfdf :jfl:g 5f]/f 5f]l/ bfHo" efO elhtfx¿nfO{
kqmg kfpb}g= cfÇg' c;fld /= c;fldsf ;+tfgnfO= c}gjdf]lhd klqm lng'= Hdflg x'Gofn]
c;fldjf6 gub lhlg; Ho" hdLg\ u}î n]iffO ln ef]u u¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof wg Hdflg
x'Gofsf ck'tfln iffGof hf] xf] p;}n] ltg'{ k5{= c;fld ;dfpg kfpb}g= ef]uu¥ofsf] /x]g 5
eGof Hdflg j:Gofsf] ck'tfln iffGofnfO ;dfpg kfpb}g=
#= huf hdLg\ rf}kfof Ho" ;'gf rf+lb s;g\ tdg\ gub lhlg; u}îsf] n]ifk9 s]xL 5}g= d'ifsf]
Hdflg eofsf] 5 elg srxl/df lkm/fb u¥of] eGof= ;fl5 ;"tf{ 5g\= eGof klg n]if k9
geofsf] wg d'ifsf Hdflgn] ltg'{ kb}{g=
$= Ho" hfGof / bfdn x'Gof jft nflu kqmL cfofsf ift'lsnfO g]n l7u'/f rdf}6 \ xfnL k"k{If
x]g'{= P:tfnfO Hdflg ln s;}n] g5f]8g'= s;}n] Hdflg ln 5f8\of} /= Tof] ift'ls ljrjf6
efUof] eGof Ho" hfGof ift nfUGof efUofsf] /x]5 eGof= ;j{:j gul/ Tof] Hdflg ln 5f]8Gof
xflsd\nfO ;fl`w'jf gklqm+~ofn= s}b ul/ /fifg'= bfdn x'Gof ifTsfnfO= Hdflg ln 5f]8\of]
eGof c}g jdf]lhd\ ;j{:j ln 5f]l8 lbg'=
%= Ho" hfGof ift\ /= bfdn x'Gof ifTsfnfO= Hdflg ln 5f]8of jfjt\ s}b eofsf] /= ;j{:j
eofsf xflsdsf bfHo" efO . Oi6ldqn] ;fl`w'jfnfO klqm Nofof eGof ;j{:j eofsf
xflDsf] ;j{:j lkmtf{ ul/ lbg'= s}b eofsf xflsdnfO s}b jf6 5'6fO lbg'= ;sf{/jf6 /=
c? s;}n] klqm Nofof eGof ;j{:j eofsf xflsDsf] ;j{:j dWo] ! efu ;sf{ / nufO @
efu lkmtf{ ul/ lbg'= s}b eofsf xflsdnfO s}bjf6 5'6fO lbg'=
^= Ho" hfGof / bfdn x'Gof ifTsf dflg:sf] HdflgnL 5f]8Gof xflsdsf] ;j{:j /
s}beofsfnfO Ho" hfGof / bfdn x'Gof ifTsf dflg; d¥ofsf] ifj/= cfof] eGof ;j{:j
x'Gof xflsdsf] ;j{:j dWo] ! if+8 ;sf{/ nufO @ if+8 lkmtf{ ul/ lbg'= s}b eofsfnfO
s}bjf6 5f]l8 lbg'=
&= b+8 x'Gof s'/fdf klqm cfofsf dfgL;\ dWo]= c}gn] Hdflgsf 5f8Gof 7x¥ofsf dflg;df
Hdflgul/ 5f8ofsf] /x]5 /= sf]lx eflu uofsf] 7x¥of] eGof Hdflg x'gofnfO NofO
kmnfgfn] kmnfg' s'/f] u¥ofsf s'/fdf d Hdflg eofsf] x'+= p efUofkl5= p:n] j'emfpg' kof{
b+8 d j'emfp5' e+Gof Hdfg j+lb n]iffOln Tolx Hdflg x'GofnfO c}g jdf]lhd b+8 hl/jfgf
ul/ lng'= efUofsf] dflg; kqmLof] eGof p;}sf] sfo]ngfdf n]iffO b+8 ul/ ln t];} dWo]
Hdflg x'Gofjf6 lnofsf] b+8 hlt p;nfO lkmtf{ u/fO lbg'= jfjltnfO c}g jdf]lhd ug'{=
*= s;}n] c+; ge}= ;+u j:ofsf 3/sf lbg' lng' uGof{ hftsf / dflns\ jfj' jfHof bfHo"
Ho]7f sf+5f jfj'= cfdf jHo" efpHo"= Ho]l7 sf+l5 cfdf 5b} pGsf !^ jif{ dlgsf
jfnifnfO= cfÇgf3/ c+; ugf{ jfx]s Hdflg xnfO jf ;fl5 /flif sfuhkq n]iffofsf] x7¥of]
eGof Hdflg xnfpGof ;fl5 /flif sfuh u/fpGofnfO hlt Hdfdf Hdflg xnfofsf] ;fl5
/fiofsf] 5= p;} Hdfsf ;os/f !) sf b/n] b+8 ug'{ !^ jif{ dlgsf c+hfg jfnifnfO
Hdflg ul/ jf ;fl5 xfln= n]iffofsf sfuhsf] ;b/ x'b}g=
Hofg ;+j+lw bfdn sl/0f eft kflgsf s'/fdf ciflt–
of/ glng' jft nfUGo}nfO NofO c}g jdf]lhd ug'{=
Plt jfx]s c? s'/fdf srxl/df hfÙ cifTof/ lbG5'
e+GofnfO= P:n] xf¥of xf/= lhTof lht e+gof ljxf]/f
sf] d'r'Nsf n]iffO ln= cifTof/gfdf ln emu/f x]g'{=
e+Gof c}g =================================================

97
(= e} ef/fbf/= /}ot\ b'lg`f u}î;+u Ohxf/ lnbf nf]UGof dflg; s;}n] Hofg ;+j+lw bfdn x'Gof
sl/0f eft kflgsf] s'/f jfx]s c? u}îs'/fsf em} emu/fdf P:s'/fnfO d srxl/df hf+g
d]/f] ;f6f] s'/f sxflg ug{ kmnfgfnfO= cifltof/L u/L k7fp5' eGof= d}n] kmnfgf s'/fdf=
kmnfgfnfO= cifltof/ u/fO k7f`f= t];n] lhTof d]/f] lht= t];n] xf¥of d}n] xf¥of= c}g
jdf]lhd hf] k¥ofsf] j''emfpnf= d]/f] ph'/ gfl:t e+Gof dflnssf] cifTof/fgfdf ln= p:n]
n]lif lbof= cifltof/jf6 s'/f] j'emg'= srxl/sf ?xn] Hdfgj+lb d'r'Nsf sfo]ngfdf u}î
n]iffpg' k¥ofdf= t];} cifltof/jfnfsf] ;lx xnfO emu/f l5Ù'= cfkm'n] cifltof/gfdf n]lif
lb;Sof kl5 cifltof/n] u¥ofsf s'/f pN6fO ph'/ ug{ kfpb}g= cifltof/jfnfn]= c}g
jdf]lhd\ u¥ofsf] ;b/ x'G5= Hofg ;+j+lw bfdn x'+Gof= s/l0f eft kflgsf s'/fdf cifltof/
gnLg'= h;nfO s'/f] nfUofsf] 5 p;}nfO= NofO c}g jdf]lhd ug'{=
cifTof/gfdf lnbf Psf d'2fdfsf] o]p6} cifTof/gfdf
lng'= e+Gof /= cifTof/ x'GofnfO km';{t\ gx'bf= ;§f /fifg
lbgf glbgfsf] cf} hflubf{/nfO= cifTof/ glng'=
eGof /= sfuhn]iffO gln cifTof/ lnGofsf] c}g –––
!)= cifTof/gfdf lnbf o]s dfldnfsf] o]s dflg;\sf] of}t} cifltof/ lng'= @ glng' ! dflg:sf]
$ dfldnf k¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof= $ dWo] hf}g dfldnfsf] ;fdlu| hf]l/ofsf] 5= ;f] dfldnf
tf]8of kl5= Ps dfldnfsf] Ps= Ps= cifltof/= ln dfldnf tf]8\g'= Tof] cifltof/sf]
sf]lx dl/ cfkm'n] s[of ug'{ k¥of] cyjf= 3/df cfuf] nfUof] cyjf srlx/df hfg g;sGof
ul/= ;fî} j]/fld eof], cyjf= 3/df b]:ofb k:of] eGof dfq= Tof] cifltof/= hZn] /fiofsf]
xf]= pZn] jbng' kfp5= d'r'Nsfn]lif cifTof/gfdf lbofkl5= cfkm} srxl/df s'/f u5{ eGof
s'/f ug{ kfp5= ljr Tof] cifltof/ jbn\g klg kfpb}g= cifltof/n] 5f]8g klg kfpb}g=
;sf{l/of h+uL lghfdltjfnfO emu/fsf] cifltof/ glng' pGn] klg gx'g'= xflsdn]
cifltof/gfdf lnbf d hflu¥of 5}g eGof Hdfgj+lb n]iffO lnO{ cifltof/gfdf lng' hdfj+lb
gu/fO cifltof/gfdf lnofsf] /x]5 eGof xflsdnfO %) 9fl6 ciflt+of/ x'GofnfO klg
df]xf]? %) hl/jfgf ug'{
csf{sf emu/fdf= cifltof/gfdf n]lif emu/f ug{ cfpGof
efUbf Dofb 6f+;\tfsf] c}g\ ––– ––– ––– –––
!!= dfldnf d's2df kbf{ cifltof/ x'Gof efUof] eGof= efUGof emul/ofsf plx c}g jdf]lhd\
ldofbsf] k'lh{ 6fl; emu/f l5Ù'=

bjfxfsf]
!= s;}n] j]xSdf s;}sf] Hofg df¥of]= Hofg dfbf{df dtnjdf gk:ofsf] dflg;\ df¥ofsf] rfn
kfO t]; if'lgnfO hfn;fh ul/= jrfpGof bjfxfx?df= Hofg dfGof{jf6= /f];jt\ iffO
bjfofsf] /x]5 eGof= c}g jdf]lhd\ c+; /= ljxf ifr{ k/;fl/= p:sf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ % jif{
s}b ug'{= 3'; /f];jt\ giffO df]xjt\n] dfq bjfofsf] /x]5 eGof t];sf] c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+;
dfq} ;j{:j ul/= 5fl8 lbg'= cfÇgf jfj' cfdf :jfl:g ;xf]b/ bfHo" efO lblb a}GxL 5f]/f
5f]/L ;f;' j'xfl/n] bjfofsf] eof PltnfO iftjft nfUb}g=
@= dflg; dfgf{sf] dtnjdf gk:ofsf] df5{Gelg rfnkfO{= s;}nfO gslx bjfpGofnfO=
dflg; dfl/ofsf] /x]5 eGof= gdfl;Gof hftsf nf]UGof= nfO c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+; ;j{Zj
ul/ ln $ jif{ s}b ug'{= dfl;Gof hftsf nfO{ dfl;lbg' :jf:gL dflg;nfO{ @ jif{ s}b ug'{
dfl;\Tof hfts= nf]UGof :jfl:gdf rfn kfO gsxGofnfO dfl; lbg'= Ho" d¥ofsf] /x]g5
eGof= gdfl;Gof dfl;Gof dfl;Gof hftsf nf]UGof dflg;nfO ;j{:j ul/ @ jif{ s}b ug'{=
:jf:gL dflg;nfO= @) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= Dofbsf ?k}of lbof nf]UGof dflg;\sf] klg :jfl:g
dflg:sf] klg ln 5f8g'=
#= cfÇgf nf]UGofn] eft kflgdf kGof{ s'/fsf] lj/fj u¥ofsf] yfxf kfO bjfO eft kf+lg iffofsf]
/x]5 eGof t]:tf :jfl:gsf] eft kflg sfl9 lbg'= nf]UGofn] Ho" hfGof s'/f rf]l/ u}î u¥ofdf
cbfnt 7fgf cdfndf eÙ cfof klg gcfof klg :jfl:gnfO iftjft s]lx nfUb}g=5f]l8
lbg' nf]UGofnfO c}g jdf]lhdsf] ;hfo ug'{=
98
$= cfÇgf Psf3/;Fu} /èfsf :jfl:gx? s;}n] cfÇgf 3/sf hfxfGdf ;f}tfn] ;f}tfnfO eof]
;f;'n] j'xfl/nfO j'xfl/n] ;f;'nfO eof]= cfdfn] 5f]l/nfO= 5f]/Ln] cfdfnfO lblbn]
a}lGxnfO= a}GxLn] lblbnfO s'6\kL6 ul/ ynf kl/= c}gsf Dofbleq= df sf]lx d¥of 5g\=
kmnfgfsf rf]6\n]= d¥ofsf] xf] egL rfn kfO cbfnt 7fgf cdfNdf hfx]/ gul/= bjfofsf]
eof yfxf kfpGofdf 3/sf] df]io dflns= hf] xf] nf]UGof dfgL;\ eof p:sf] ! hgfsf c}g
jdf]lhd\= c+; ;j{:j ul/ 5fl8 lbg'= :jfl:g dflg; eof @ jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf] 8jn
lbof lng'= c? 3/sf hxfg\= kl/jf/nfO ift nfUb}g= Hof+gdfGof{ :jfl:g dflg;nfO bfdn
ug'{=
%= c8f uf}8f em]niffgf sf]t O6frkln 7fgf cdfndf y'lgofsf Ho" hfGof ifTf ;fOw'jf
efUofsf h;\n] bjfO /fif5= hxfg\ jfx]s= kr{lqmn] bjfofsf] eof # jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf
?k}of 8an lbof ln 5fl8 lbg'= jfj' bfHo" efOn] bjfofsf] eof %) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= cfdf
:jfl:g Psf e"l8sf lblb j}lGx 5f]/L j'xfl/ ;f;' km'k'= ;f}ltGof cfdfn] bjfofdf ift
nfUb}g=
^= c8f uf}8f em]niffgf sf}t O6frkln= 7fgf cfdf u}î=df y'lgofsf bfdn x'Gof ifTsfnfO
hflg hflg bjfpGofnfO= cfÇgf bfHo" efO 5f]/fn] bjfofsf] /x]5 eGof= @% ?k}of hl/jfgf
ug'{= 3/sf Psf e'l8sf lblb j}lGx 5f]l/ j'xfl/= ;f;' km'k' ;f}ltGof cfdf :jfl:g dflgZn]
bjfofsf] /x]5 eGof= ift\ jft\ nfUb}g= c? k/rlqmn] bjfofsf] /x]5 eGof !.. jif{ s}b ug'{
s}bsf ?k}oflbof ln 5fl8 lbg'=
&= c8f uf}8f em]niffg sf]t= O6frkln 7fgf cdfn u}î=df y'lgofsf hft kltt\ x'Gof b+8 x'Gof
ift\ jftn] y'lgofsf Dofb k'Uof kl5 5'6\Gof s}lb efUofsfnfO jfj' bfHo" efO 5f]/fn]
bjfofdf !@.. ?k}of hl/jfgf ug'{= 3/sf Psf e'8Lsf lblb j}lGx 5]fl/ j'xfl/= ;f;' km'k'
;f}ltGof cfdf :jfl:g dflg;\n] bjfofdf ift nfUb}g= c? k/rlqm] bjfof eGof ( d}Gxf s}b
ug'{= ?k}of lt5{ eGof c}g jdf]lhDsf ?k}of ln 5f]l8 lbg'=
*= bfdn x'gof eflu uofsf klqmof kl5= xfTdf :d]t\ g]n xfln bfdn] ul/ lbg'=
(= em]niffgfdf y'lgofsf s}lb eflu uofsf km]l/ klqm cfofkl5= cl3 hlts} s}b x'Gof ul/=
y'lgsfof x'g\= t]:sf] 8]9f] Dofb j9fO s}bsf lstfjdf r9fO s}bdf xfln lbg'=
!)= cfÇgf cfdf jfj' cfdf :jfl:g bfHo" efO lblb j}lGx= 5f]/f 5f]/L ;f;' j'xfl/= u}î ;gx]df
s/l0f ;+j+lw /= eft kflg ;+j+lwsf] s'/f] pl5 cbfnt\ 7fgf cdfNdf n}lu /f]jsf/ u/fpbf
s'/f] 7x/]g= eft iffGof x7l/= etfxfn] eft iffof 5g\= kl5 plx s/l0f eft kflg= sf] s'/f]
7xg{ uof] eGof klg= cl3 p:sf xftsf eft iffGof etfxfnfO cbfnt\ 7fgf cdfnfjf6
j'‰bf s'/f] g7xl/= eft iffofsf] x'gfn]= ltg\nfO jft nfUb}g kltof lbg'=
!!= cfÇgf cfdf jfj' :jfl:g bfHo" efO lblb j}lGx 5f]/f 5f]l/ ;f;' j'xfl/sf s/l0fsf s'/fdf
eftdf kGof{ s'/f] yfxf kfO= p:sf xftsf] eft cfkm'n] iffO c?nfO :d]t\ jf]/] 5 eGof c}g
jdf]lhd\sf] c+; ;j{:j u/L= p;} hfTdf ldnfO lbg'= p;}sf xfTsf] cfkm'n] iffo]5= c?nfO
jf]/]sf] /x]g 5= eGof ;j{:j gul/= p;} hfTdf ldnfO lbg'= rfnkfO s'/f] hfx]/ gul/
bjfof]= eft cfkm'n] iffofsf] /x]g5= eGof t]:sf] hft hfb}g= cfÇg} hftdf /xG5 s'/f] bjfof
jfjt\ %) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
!@= tfufwf/L hftsf cfÇgf xf8gftfdf /= eft kflg grnGof hftdf sl/0fdf laU¥of elg=
s;}nfO jft nfUof] eGof c8f cbfnt 7fgf cdfNdf n}lu k'k{If u/fpg'= c8f cbfnt
cdfNdf gnlu 3/ srxl/ ul/ =s'/f] l5lg s/l0f geofsf] 7x/fO eft iffof 5g\ kl5 plx
s'/f] c8f cbfnt 7fgf cdfnjf6 x]bf{ s/l0f uofsf] 7x¥of] eGof= cl3 s/l0f eofsf
yfxf kfO hfn ;fh ul/ lhtfO= cfkm'n] eft iffo]5 eGof iffGofnfO= %) ?k}of b+8 ul/
lju|Gofsf] hf}g hft x'G5= p;} hfTdf ldnfO{ lbg'= eft iffO c? etfxfnfO :d]t\ jf]/]5
eGof= c}g jdf]lhDsf] ;j{:j ul/= p;} hfTdf ldnfO lbg'= s/l0fsf] s'/f] eGof yfxf
gkofsf 3/df srxl/ u/L= lhtfO eft iffGofdf cjnnfO @) bf]o+nfO !% l;+nfO /=
rfxf/nfO !) ?k}of b+8 ul/ kltof u/fO lbg'= srxl/df gj:ofsf lhTof] e+bf eft
iffGofnfO b+8 kb}{g kltof u/fO lbg'=
!#= tfufwfl/ hfTsf 5f]l/ j'xfl/= :jfl:g gflt gfltgf ef+lh cfdf jHo"df s;};+u ljU¥of elg
jft nfUof] cbfnt cdfn 7fgfdf gnlu cfÇgf 3/ 3/}df jl; emu/f l5lg s/l0f
gu¥ofsf] 7x/fO= etfxfn] eft iffofsf] /x]5 eGof /= t]lx s'/fdf km]l/= cbfnt 7fgf
cdfndf s'/f] kl/ lg;fkm x]bf{ s/l0f gu¥ofsf] 7x¥of] eGof t]:tf eft /= s/l0f ;+j+lwsf
99
 s'/f 3/ 3/}df l5Gof jfj\t= lt srxl/ uGof{ /= srxl/df j:GofnfO hglx !).!) ?k}of
b+8 ug'{=
!$= cfÇgf gftf ;+j+lw=df cdfln åf¥of ljrfl/ cfkm' e}= s/l0f hft eft ;+j+lw s'/f] s]lx kg{
cfofdf= df]nflxhf kl5 nfuL k'k{If lg;fkm x]/]g eGof t];nfO !)) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= lkm/fb
eGof ug{ cfof] kq kfq jflb k|ltjflb ;fl5 u'xfOsf] tflst ubf{ub}{ ;fd]ngx'Fbf l9n
eofsf] /x]5 eGof t];\ xflsdnfO jft nfUb}g=
!%= xf8 gftf cfkm' eGbf pkNnf] hft kflg grnGof hft l56f] xfng' kGof{ hflT;t ljU¥ofsf]
/= efTdf kf¥ofsf] ;+sf kfO= cfÇgf cfiffn] gb]lif bjfpGofdf ;fl5 u'xfO gkfO # d}Gxf;Dd
hfx]/ ug{ g;s\Gof txlst ul/= hfx]/ u/f}nf elg bjfpGof bjfxf 7x2}{g t];\nfO iftjft
nfUb}g k|folZrt\ kfp5 lbg'=
!^= 5f]of l56f] xfNg' kGof{ hfTf nf]UGof :jl:gx? cfkm' e+bf 7"nf kflg rnGof;Ddsf lji6
hftl;t s/l0f ul/ ljU¥ofsf] /= eft kflg iffO ljU¥ofsf] s'/f] Og} kflg grnGof l56f]
xfng' kGof{ hftn] b]lif hflg c?nfO= gslx bjfo]5 eGof bjfpGof nf]UGof :jfl:g ;wjf
ljwjf s+Gof hf] xf] p:nfO dfl; lbg'=
!&= s;}n] cfÇgf gftf uf]tf jfx]s= sl/0f ;gj+wsf s'/f /= eft grnGof hfTsf xfTsf] eft
iffofsf] b]lif hflt s'/f] bjfO P:tfsf xftsf] jf= P:tfsf xftsf] iffGofsf xftsf] hflg
hflg cfkm'n] eft iffO c? etfxfnfO jf]/]5 eGof c}g jdf]lhd ;j{:j ul/= :jfl:g dflg;
eof ;j{:j gul/= s/l0f uGof{ u/fpGof eft iffGofsf hf}g hft x'g5= p;} hfTf ldnfO
5fl8 lbg'= cfkm'n] dfq iffo]5= c?nfO jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof ;j{:j x'b}g= p;} hfTdf dfq
ldnfO 5fl8 lbg'= cfkm'n] t]:tfsf xfTsf] jf= t]:tfsf xfTsf] iffGofsf xfTsf] eft\= hflg
hflg hflg iffofsf] /x]g5 eGof hft hfb}g= b'lg~ffF eftdf kGof{ s'/f] cfkm'n] b]iof ;'Gof
kl5 hfx]/ ug'{ kGof{ s'/fdf hfx]/ gul/ s'/f] bjfof jfjt\= nf]UGof dflg;nfO %) :jfl:g
dflg; eof @% ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{= ef]/df kl/ iffGofnfO=
ef/sf] kltof lbg'=
!*= 5f]l8 l56f] xfng' kGof{ gkGof{ hft u}îxn] kflg rnGof rf]iff hfTdf sl/0f u/] u/fofsf]
yfxf kfO= bjfpGof eufpGof= ;fy nfUGof kflg grnGof df dfl;Gof hft u}înfO
dfl;lbg'=
!(= rf/ j0f{ 5lQ;} hft u}îsf :jfl:g dflg;n] cfÇgf nf]UGof 5f]/f ;;'/f b]j/ Ho]7fHo"= df
hft kltt x'+Gof / ;j{:j x'Gof lj/f+ u¥ofsf] rfn kfO s'/f] hfx]/ gul/ bjfO p;}sf xfTsf]
eft kflg cfkm'n] iffO= cfkm' :d]t\ hft kltt\= x'Gof :jfl:gdf eft hfGof s'/f] eof @% kflg
:d]t\ hfGof s'/f] eof %) ?k}of b+8 ul/= p;} hfTdf ldnfO lbg'= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd
s}b ug'{=
@)= tfufwf/L nufo]t\= kflg rnGof;Ddsf= rf]iff hft\ s;}n]= kflg grnGof l56f xfng' gkGof{
hftdf hflg hflg s/l0f dfq u¥of u/fosf] /x]5 p:sf xfTsf] eft\ kflg iffofsf] /x]g5=
Tof] s'/f] cfÇgf cfdf afa' u}î gftfsfn] jf= gftf gnfUof c? s;}n] b]lif xj;\= s/l0f
uGof{ u/fpGofsf d'ifn] xfld P:tf hftl;t ljU¥ofsf 5f}+ eGofsf] ;'lg bjfofsf] /x]5
cfkm'n] b]iof ;'Gofkl5 OGsf xfTsf] jf OGsf xftsf] iffGofsf] xfTsf] hflg hflg cfkm'n] eft
kfgL iffofsf] /x]g5= eGof t]:tf bjfxf nf]UGof dflg; eof %) :jfl:g dflg; eof @%
?k}of b+8 ug'{= hft hfFb}g= cfkm'n] b]iof ;'Gof kl5= P:tfsf xftsf] jf oLg}sf xftsf]
iffGofsf xftsf] hfgL hfgL cfkm'n] eft kfgL iffo]5 e+Gof sf/l0fn] kltof kfpGof x'gfn]
nf]UGof dflg; eof !)) :jfl:g dflg; eof %) ?k}of b+8 ul/ kltof lbg'= hft hfFb}g=
kflg grnGof l56f] xfng' gkGof{ hfTdf sl/0f ul/ u/fO jf= p;} eft\= kflg :d]t\ iffofsf]
cfkm'n] b]if]5 jf= Og}sf d'ifn] xfldn] P:tf hftsf] s/l0f u¥ofsf] 5 jf= OGsf xfTsf] eft\
kfgL iffofsf] 5'= egL ;'gfofsf s'/f] bjfO= P:tfsf xfTsf] jf= Og}sf xfTsf] iffGofsf xfTsf]
hflg hflg eft kf+lg iffO= etfxfnfO= jf]/5 eGof c}g jdf]lhd ;j{:j u/L :jfl:g dflg;
eof ;j{:j gul/= s/l0f uGof{ u/fpGof hf}g hft eofsf 5g\ p;} hfTsf] ! cIf/ jf`fF
ufnfdf iff]lb p;} hfTdf ldnfO 5fl8 lbg'= cfkm'n] dfq iffo]5 etfxfnfO /= 3/sf c?
hfxfgnfO jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof= ;j{:j x'b}g= cIf/ klg iff]bg' kb}{g= eft kf+lg jfx]s \ ul/
p;} hfTdf dfq ldnfO 5f8L lbg'=cfkm'n] t]:tfsf xfTsf] jf= t]:tfsf xfTsf] iffGofsf xfTsf]=
eft\ kflg hflg hflg iffofsf] /x]g5 eGof= hft hfb}g= b'lg`fF eft kflgdf kGof{ s'/f]
cfkm'n] b]ifo ;'Gof kl5= hfx]/ ug'{ kGof{df hfx]/ gul/= bjfof jfjt\= nf]UGof dflg; eof
100
 %) :jfl:g dflg; eof= @% ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{= ef]/df kl/
iffGofnfO= ef]sf]{ kltof lbg'=
@!= tfufwfl/ nufo]t\= kflg rnGof;dDdsf rf]iff hfTs;}n]= 5f]of l56f] xfng'= kGof{ hftdf
hflg hflg s/l0f dfq u¥of u/fofsf] o;tfsf xftsf] eft kflg iffofsf] s'/f] cfkm\gf
cfdf afa' u}¥x gftfsfn] gftf gnfUGof c? s;}n] b]lv xj; s/0fL uGof{ jf eft kflg
iffGofsf d'ifn] xf+ld P:tf hftl;t ljU¥ofsf 5f}+ eGofsf] ;'lg bjfO= eft kflgdf kGof{
s'/fdf hfn;fh ul/= 3'; if'jfO= 3'; if'jfpg nufO= 3'; lbg u} 3'; iffO s'/f] bjfO=
cfkm'n] b]iof ;'Gofkl5= P:tfsf xftsf] jf= OGsf xfTsf] iffGofsf xfTsf] cfkm'n] hflg hflg
eft kflg iffO= etfxfnfO /= 3/sf c?nfO jf]/]5 eGof nf]UGof dflg;n] eof 3'; iffofsf]
hkmt\ ul/= c}g jdf]lhd c+; :d]t\ ;j{:j ul/ :jfl:g dflgZn] eof ;j{:j gul/= 3':sf]
ljuf] dfq hkmt\ ul/= sl/0f uGof{ u/fpGof hf}g hft x'G5= p;} hftsf] ! cIf/ jf`fF
ufnfdf iff]lb eft\ kflg jfx]s\ ul/= p;} hfTdf ldnfO 5fl8 lbg'= cfkm'n] dfq iffo]5 c?
etfxfnfO /= 3/sf hfxfg\nfO jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5= eGof ;j{:j x'b}g= cIf/ klg iff]bg' kb}{g=
3':sf] ljuf] dfq} hkmt\ ul/= p;} hfTdf ldnfO 5fl8 lbg'= cfkm'n] b]iof ;'Gof kl5
sfl/0fsf xftsf] jf= sf/lgsf xftsf] iffGofsf xftsf] hflg hflg eft kfgL cfkm'n]
iffofsf] /x]g5 eGof= cfkm'n] b]Vof ;'Gof kl5 s'/f] bjfO= eft kfgL ;+j+wdf hf;fh u¥of
jfjt\=3':sf] ljuf] hkmt\ ul/= s'/f] bjfof jfjt\ nf]UGof dflg; eof @)) :jf:gL dfglg;
eof !)) ?k}+of b08 ug'{ hft hfb}g ef]/sf] kl/ iffGofnfO ef]/sf] kltof lbg'=
@@= tfufwfl/ nufo]t\ kflg rnGof;Ddsf rf]iff hfTs;}n] kflg grnGof l56f] xfng' gkGof{
hftdf hflg hflg s/l0f u¥of u/fofsf] s'/f] cfÇgf cfdf jfj', u}î gftfsfn] jf= gftf
gnfUGof c? s;}n] b]lif xj;\= s/l0f uGof{sf d'ifn] xfld P:tf hft ljU¥ofsf 5f}+=
eGofsf] ;'lg bjfO= eft kflgdf kGof{ s'/fdf hfn;fh ul/= 3';\ if'jfO= 3'; if'jfpg nufO=
3'; lbg u}= 3'; iffO= cfkm'n] P:tfsf xfTsf] jf OGsf xfTsf] iffGofsf xfTsf] eft kflg
iffofsf] /x]g5 eGof cfkm'n] b]iof ;'Gofkl5= b'lg`fF eft kflgdf jf]l/Gof= s'/fsf] hfn;fh
ul/ bjfof jfjt\= 3':sf] ljuf] hkmt\ ul/ nf]Ugfof dflg; eof %) :jfl:g dflg;\= eof=
@% ?k}of b+8 ug'{= hft hfb}g cfkm'n] b]iof ;'Gofkl5 P:tfsf xfTsf] jf= OGsf xfTsf]
iffGofsf xfTsf] cfkm'n] hflg hflg eft kflg iffo]5 eGof= sf/l0fn] kltof kfpGof x'gfn]
nf]UGof eof !)) :jfl:g dflg; eof %) ?k}of b+8 ul/= kltof u/fO lbg'= hft hfb}g=
P:tf hfTdf s/l0f ul/ jf= p;} eft kflg :d]t\= iffofsf] b]if]5 jf= s/l0f uGof{ u/fpGofsf
d'ifn] xfld P:tf hftl;t lju|L jf= p;} eft kflg :d]t\= iffofsf] 5'= eGofsf] ;'lg s'/f]
bjfO hfn;fh ul/ 3;' if'jfO= 3'; if'jfpg nufO= 3'; iffO lbg u}= 3'; iffO= cfkm'n]
P:tfsf xfTsf] iffGofsf xfTsf] hflg hflg eft kflg iffO etfxfnfO jf]g{ jf]/fpg nufo]5
eGof nf]UGof dflg; eof 3';\ iffofsf hkm\t ul/= c}g jdf]lhd\= c+; ;j{:j ul/= :jfl:g
dflg;\n] eof= ;j{:j gx'gfn]= 3':sf] ljuf] dfq} hkmt\ ul/= s/l0f uGof{ u/fpGof= hf}g hft
x'G5= p;} hfTsf] ! cIf/= jfF`fF ufnfdf iff]lb= eft kflg jfx]s\ ul/= p;} hfTdf ldnfO
5fl8 lbg'= cfkm'n] dfq iffo]5= c? etfxfnfO /= 3/sf hfxfg\nfO= jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof
;j{:j x'b}g= cIf/ iff]bg' klg k2}{g= 3':sf] ljuf] dfq} hkmt\ ul/= p;} hfTdf ldnfO 5fl8
lbg'= cfkm'n] b]iof ;'Gofkl5= sf/l0fsf xfTsf]=jf= sf/0fLsf xfTsf] iffGofsf xfTfsf] hflg
hflg eft kflg cfkm'n] iffofsf] /x]g5= eGof cfkm'n] b]iof ;'Gofkl5= s'/f] bjfO= eft kflg
;+j+lwdf hfn;fh u¥of jfjt\= 3':sf] ljuf] hkmt\ ul/ s'/f] bjfof jfjt\= nf]Ugof
dflg;nfO !)) :jfl:g dflg;\ eof %) ¿k}+of b+8 ug'{= hft hf+b}g= ef]df{ kl/ iffGofnfO=
ef]sf]{ k|fof lbg'=
@#= n+j/sf] c}g iff/]h=
@$= tfufwfl/ hft / gdfl;Gof dtjfln hft s;}n] 5]of l56f] xfng' gkGof{ kflg grnGof
hfTsf :jfl:gsf] s/l0f dfq u¥ofsf] /x]5 p:sf xfTsf] eft kflg eGof iffofsf] /x]g5= t];}
nf]UGofn] k|folZrt gul/ cfkm' ldNbf /= cfkm' e+Gbf 3l6 kflg rnGof hfTsf c? ;wjf
:jfl:gsf] s/l0f u/]5 eGof c}g jdf]lhd\ ;fw'sf] if'l; s+Gof / ljwjfsf] s/l0f u/]5 jf=
eft kflg if'jfo]5 eGof %) ?k}of b+8 ul/ c}g jdf]lhd k|folZrt lbg'= nf]UGofn] k|folZrt
kfof kl5 t];\nfO ef]/df s/l0f lbGof :jfl:gn] klg k|folZrt kfp5g\= ljU¥ofsf] hflg
hflg s/l0f lbGof :jfl:gdf= gdfl;Gof hfTsf :jfl:gnfO %) ?k}of b+8 ul/= c}g

101
 jdf]lhd k|folZrQ lbg'= dfl;Gof hfTsf :jfl:gnfO= dfl; k|fo]ZlrQ lbg'= sdfl/ eof ^
d}Gxf s}b u/L k|folZrQ lb if;Dsf lhDdf ul/ 5f]l8 lbg'=
@%= dfl;Gof hft s;}n]= 5f]of l56f] xfng' gkGof{= kflg grnGof hfTsf :jfl:gsf] s/l0f dfq
u¥ofsf] /x]5= :jfl:gsf xftsf eft kflg= eGof iffofsf] /x]g5 /= s;}n] k|folZrQ gul/=
cfkm' ldNbf /= cfkm' eGbf 3l7 kflg rnGof hftsf ;wjfsf] s/l0f u/]5= eGof c}g
jdf]lhd\ ;fw'sf] if'l; s+Gof /= ljwjfsf] sl/0f u/]5 jf= eft kflg if'jfo]5 eGof t]:tfnfO
dfl; k|folZrQ lbg'= nf]UGofn] k|fo]lZrQ kfof kl5= t];}l;t ef]/df s/l0f u/fpGof=
:jfl:gn] kgL k|folZrQ kfp5g\ hflg hflg s/l0f u/fpGof :jfl:gnfO dfl; k|fo]lZrt
lbg'=
@^= s;}n] bfdn x'Gof tS;L/ ul/ jf= kflg grnGof l56f] xfng' k¥of{ hftdf s/l0f ul/ eft
kflg jfx]s\ x'Gof s'/f ul/ srxl/df s'/f] gk2]{ df eof] jf= s'/f] gp7t}df eflu uofsfn]
c? :jfl:gsf] s/l0f u/]5 eGof Tof] :jfl:gn] ef]/df s/l0f lbofsf] 7x¥of] eGof= kflgsf]
kltof lbg'= P:tf s'/f u¥ofsf] 5 elg hflg hflg s/l0f lbGof :jfl:gn] kltof kfplbg=
nf]UGof dfl;n] bfdn x'+Gof eft kflg jfx]s x'Gof tS;Lu{¥ofsf] s'/f] cbfnt cdfNdf s'/f
kl/ eft kflgjf6 kltt\ e}= k|sf;\ eofsf dflg;nfO= k|sf; eofsf] s'/f] yfxf gkfO
ef]/df s/l0f lbGof :jfl:gn] c?nfO eft kflgdf kf¥of klg= gkf¥of klg p;} hftdf dfq
ldnfO lbg'= s}b klg x'b}g= Ho" klg dfl;b}g= hflg hflg s/l0f lbGof :jf:gLn] c?nfO
eft kflgdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof= p;} hfTdf dfq ldnfO 5fl8 lbg'= c?nfO eft kflgdf
kfl/ 5= s/l0f u/fOG5 eGof= tfufwfl/ nufo]t\= gdfl;Gof hfTsf :jfl:gnfO ! jif{ s}b
ul/= lt¥of ?k}of ln= glt¥of s}b k'Uofkl5= p;} hfTdf ldnfO dfl; 5flb lbg'= dfl;Tof
hftsL :jf:gLnfO{ p;} hftdf ldnfO{ dfl; lbg'= s}b x'b}g=
@&= tfufwfl/ nufo]t\ kflg rnGof;Ddsf rf]iffhft s;}n] 5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{ hfTdf
hflghflg s/l0fdfq u¥of u/fofsf] /x]5 jf= p:sf xfTsf] eft kflg iffofsf] /x]5 /= Tof]
s'/f] cfÇgf cfdf jfj' u}î gftfsfn] jf= gftf gnfUGof c? s;}n] b]lif xj;\ s/l0f uGof{
u/fpGofsf d'ifn]= xfld P:tfl;t ljuU¥ofsf 5f}+ eGofsf] cfkm'n] b]iof ;'Gof kl5 s'/f]
bjfO P:tfsf xfTsf] jf= P:tfsf xftsf] iffGofsf xfTf] hflghflg cfkm'n] eft kflgiffO
3/sf hfxfg\nfO= / c? etfxfnfO jf]/]5 eGof c}g jdf]lhd ;j{:j ul/= :jfl:g dflg;
eof ;j{:j gul/ s/l0f uGof{ u/fpGof hf}g hft eofsf 5g\= p;} hfTsf] ! cIf/ jfof+
ufnfdf iff]lb= p;} hfTdf ldnfO 5fl8lbg'= cfkm'n] dfq iffo]5 etfxfnfO= jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5
eGof ;j{:j x'b}g= cIf/ klg iff]bg' kb}{g= p;} hfTdf ldnfO 5fl8lbg'= cfkm'n] t]:tfsf
xfTsf] jf= t]:tfsf xfTsf] iffGofsf] xfTsf] eft kfgL hflghflg iffofsf] /x]g5= eGof
hfthfb}g= b'lg`f eft kflgdf kGof{ s'/f] cfkm'n] b]iof ;'Gof kl5= hfx]/ ug'{ kGof{ s'/fdf
hfx]/ gul/ bjfof jfjt\ nf]uGof dflg; eof !)) ?k}of :jfl:g dflg; eof= %) ?k}of b+8
ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{ ef]/df kfl/ iffGofnfO ef]/sf] kltof lbg'=
@*= tfufwfl/ hft u}îsf nf]UGof :jfl:g dflg; s;}n] xf8 gftfdf /= cfkm' eGbf 3l6 kflg
rnGof;+ddf s/l0f ul/ u/fO hft eft hfGof;Ddsf] s'/f u¥ofsf] cfÇgf cfdf jfj' u}î
gftfsfn] jf= gftf gnfUof c? s;}n] b]lif xj;\ s/lg uGof{ u/fpGofsf d'ifn]= xfld P:tf
l;t ljU¥ofsf 5f}+ eGofsf] cfkm'n] b]iof ;'Gof kl5 s'/f] bjfO= cfkm'n] eft iffO c?
etfxfnfO jf]/]5 eGof c}g jdf]lhd ;j{:j ul/ :jfl:gdflg; eof ;j{:j gul/= s/l0f
uGof{ u/fpGof= hf}g hft x'G5= p;} hfTdf ldnfO 5fl8lbg'= cfkm'n] dfq} iffo]5= c?nfO
jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5= eGof ;j{:j x'Fb}g= p;} hfTdf dfq ldnfO 5fl8lbg'= cfkm'n] t]:tfsf
xfTsf] jf= t]:tfsf xfTsf] iffGofsf xfTsf] eft\ hflg hflg iffofsf] /x]g5= eGof hft hfb}g=
b'lgofF efTdf kGof{= s'/f] cfkm'n] b]iof ;'Gof kl5 hfx]/ ug'{ kGof{ s'/fdf hfx]/ gul/ s'/f]
bjfof jfjt\= nf]UGof dflg; eof %) :jfl:g dflg; eof @% ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of
c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{= ef]/df kl/ iffGofnfO= ef]/sf] kltof lbg'
@(= kflg grnGofhft /= 5f]O l56f] xfng' kGof{ hfTsf :jfl:gn] cfÇg' hft 5kfO 7"nf hfTsLx'+
elg hft 9f+l6 cfkm' e+bf 7"nf hfTsf nf]UGofnfO{ ef]/df s/gL u/fO{ kfgLdf kfl/+5= Tof] s'/f]
hfx]/ x'+bf s/gL uGof{ nf]UGofn] d}n] P:sf] ef]/df s/lg u¥ofsf] 5= P:sf xfTsf] kflg klg
iffofsf]5= elg hfx]/ uGof{nfO{ b+8 kb}{g ef]/sf] kltof lbg'= ef]/df s/l0f u¥ofsf] /x]5=
kflg klg iffofsf] /x]5= Tof] s'/f] hfx]/ x'Fbf= d}n] kflg dfq} iffofsf] 5= elg k'lh{ kltof
u¥of]= kl5 /f]jsf/ ubf{ s/l0f :d]t\ u¥ofsf] 7x¥of] eGof t]:tf a]s'kmnfO @% ?k}+of b+8
102
 ul/ kltof u/fO lbg'= k'lh{ kltof u/fofsf] /x]g5= kflgdf dfq} k¥ofsf] 5' eÙ] cfof]
/f]jsf/ ubf{ s/l0f :d]t u¥ofsf] 7x¥of] eGof= @) ?k}of b+8 ul/= kltof u/fO lbg'= s/l0f
klg u¥ofsf] /x]5= kflg klg iffofsf] /x]5= kmnfg' hftls :jfl:g /lx5 elg= cfkm'n] yfxf
kfofkl5 kmnfgf hfTsf] :jfl:g xf] elg s'/f] k|sf; e}= t];\ :jfl:gdf kGof{= c?n] kltof
u¥ofsf] s'/f] cfkm'n] yfxf kfof kl5= cfkm'n] s/lg u¥ofsf] kflg iffofsf] s'/f] bjfO=
c?nfO eft kflgdf jf]/]5 eGof c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ p;} hfTsf] ! cIf/ iff]lb=
p;} hfTdf ldnfO= 5fl8 lbg'
#)= 5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{ hfTdf s/lg ul/ u/fO= chft eofsf] nf]UGof :jfl:g dflg;x?sf
xftsf] hflghflg eft kflg iffO c?nfO= :d]t\ jf]/]5 eGof nf]UGof :jfl:g hf] xf] tfufwfl/
nufo]t\= gdfl;gof hft /x]5 eGof c}g jdf]lhd ;j{:j ul/= cIf/ iff]lb p;} hfTdf ldnfO
lbg'= c?nfO eft kflgdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5= eGof p;} hfTdf ldnfO lbg'= cIf/ iff]bg' kb]{g=
;j{:j klg x'b}g dfl;Gof hftn] eft kflgdf kf/]5 eGof= cIf/ iff]lb dfl; lbg'= c?nfO
eft kflgdf kf¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof p;} hfTdf ldnfO lbg'= cIf/ iff]bg' kb}{g Ho" dfl;b}g=
#!= 5f]of l56f] xfng' k¥of{ hftdf s/l0f ul/ u/fO hft eofsf nf]UGof dflg;nfO hflghflg
s/lg lbGof / hflg hflg s/lg lnGof nf]UGof :jfl:g dflg;x¿nfO s/l0f u/L c?nfO
eft kflgdf af]¥ofsf] eof tfufwfl/ nufo]t\= gdfl;Gof hftsfnfO= c}g jdf]lhd ;j{:j
ul/ eft kflgdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5= eGof ;j{:j ul/ plx hfTfsf] ! cIfjf{`fFufnfdf iff]lb p;}
hfTdf ldnfO 5f]l8 lbg'= P:tfn] hft kfpb}g= dfl;Gof hftn] eft kflgdf jf]/]5 eGof=
cIf/ iff]lb dfl; lbg'= c?nfO eft kflgdf kf¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof p;} hfTdf ldnfO lbg'=
cIf/ iff]bg' kb}{g= Ho" dfl;b}g=
#@= 5f]ofl56f xfng' kGof{ hfTsf nf]UGof dflg;nfO s/l0flb l56f] xfng' kGof{ hfTsf
:jfl:gsf] s/lg ln tfufwfl/ nufo]t\ kflg rnGof u}î hfTsf chft\ eofsf nf]UGof
:jfl:g dflg;nfO hflghflg s/lglbg jf= s/lg ln eft kflg iffO c? hfTeofsf= P:tf
nf]UGof dflg;nfO hflg hflg s/lg u/fpGof /= uGof{ P:tf :jfl:g nf]UGofsf xftsf eft
kflg iffO bjpGof bjfxf tfufwfl/ hft nufo]t kflg rnGof hfTsf nf]UGof
:jfl:gdflg;n] cfÇgf xftjf6 c?nfO eft kflgdf jf]¥ofsf /x]5= eGof nf]UGof dflg:sf]
c}g jdf]lhDsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ :jfl:g dflg;eof ;j{:j gul/ hf}g hfTdf s/l0f ul/
u/fO chft eofsf 5g\= p;} hfTsf] ! cIf/ jfof ufnfdf iff]lb p;} hfTdf ldnfO 5fl8
lbg'= cfkm'n] P:tfsf] s/l0f ul/ u/fO eft kflg iffO= c?nfO= jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5= eGof
;j{:j gul/= p;} hfTsf] ! cIf/ iff]lb 5fl8 lbg'=
##= dfl;Gof hft s;}n] kflg grnGof 5f]of l56f] xfng' gkGof{ hfTsf :jfl:g sf] s/l0f dfq
u¥ofsf /x]5= t]; :jfl:gsf xfTsf] cfkm'n] eft kflg eGof iffofsf] /x]g5 cfkm'n] s/lg
u¥of kl5 k|folZrt gul/ cfÇgf xftjf6 etfxfnfO eftdf /= b'lgof+nfO kflgdf jf]/5 jf=
c? cfkm' ldNbf /= cfkm' eGbf 3l6 kflg rnGof hfTsf :jfl:gsf s/l0f u/]5= s/lg
u/fpGof :jfl:gn] t]; nf]UGofn] kflg grnGof hfTsf] s/lg u¥of sf] hflg hflg s/lg
u/fO5 eGof t];\nfO+ dfl; kltof lbg'= :jfl:gn] t];\ nf]UGofn]= kflg rnGof hfTdf
:jfl:gsf] s/l0f u¥ofsf yfxf gkfO ef]/df s/l0f u/fO5 eGof Ho" dfl;b}g kltof lbg'=
#$= pkfWof= /hk't\= h}l;= Iflq= tfufwfl/ hft gdfl;Gof dfl;Gof dtjfln kflg rnGof u}î
hfTsf nf]UGof dflg;\n] xj;\= :jfl:g dflg;\n] xj;\= kflg grnGof hft /= 5f]of l56f]
xfng' kGof{ hftdf s/lg ul/= u/fO d'l8 hft\ kltt\ ul/ p;} hfTdf ldnfofsf nf]UGof
dflg;n] km]l/ kfgLdf kf¥of] eGof ^ jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf] 8jn lbof klg glng'= :jfl:g
dflg;\n] eof # jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf ?k}of lt¥of ln 5f8g'= Og} kltt eofsfdf jfx'g\=
kltt\ eofsfn] Hofg\ df¥of] eGof c}g jdf]lhd c+; ;j{:j ul/= bfdn ug'{= :jfl:g
dflg;n] df¥ofsf] eof ;j{:j x'b}g= t];} bfdn ug'{= j|fé0f / :jfl:g jfx]s\= c? hfTsf
Ps km]/f ;hfo e}= kltt\ eofsf nf]UGof dflg;\n] Hofg\ df¥of eGof Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg\
dfl/ lbg'= Og}sf hft\ kltt\ eofkl5= h+GDofsf ;+Gtfg\= n] eft kflgdf kf¥of HofGdf¥of
eGof c}gn] hf}g\ hft\ eofsf 5g\= p;} hfTsf c}g jdf]lhd\ ;hfo ug'{=
#%= gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hft u}îsf nf]UGof :jfl:g dflg; s;}n] xf8 gftfdf / cfkm' e+bf 3l6
kflg rnGof;Dddf s/l0f ul/ u/fO hfteft hfGof ;Ddsf] s'/f u¥ofsf] cfÇgf cfdf jfj'
u}î gftfsfn] jf= gftf gnfUGof c? s;}n] b]lif xj;\= s/l0f uGof{ u/fpGofsf d'ifn]= xfld
P:tf hftl;t ljU¥ofsf 5f} eGofsf] cfkm'n] b]iof ;'Gof kl5= s'/f] bjfO cfkm'n] eft iffO
103
 c? etfxfnfO{ jf]/]5 eGof @) ?k}of b+8 ul/ s/l0f uGof{ u/fpGof sf] hf}g hft x'G5= p;}
hfTdf ldnfO 5fl8 lbg'= cfkm'n] dfq iffo]5 c?nfO{ jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof b+8 k2}{g= p;}
hfTdf dfq ldnfO 5fl8 lbg'= cfkm'n] t]:tfsf xfTsf] jf= t]:tfsf xfTsf] iffGofsf xfTsf]
eft hflg hflg iffofsf] /x]g5 eGof hft hfb}g= b'gof+ eftdf kGof{ s'/f] cfkm'n] b]iof
;'gof kl5 hfx]/ ug'{ kGof{ s'/fdf hfx]/ gul/= s'/f] bjfof jfjt\= nf]UGof dflg;\ eof $)
?k}of :jfl:g dflg; eof @) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{= ef]/df
kl/ iffGofnfO ef]/sf] kltof lbg'=

s}lb eufpGofsf]

!= dflg; dfGof{ ;fl`w'jf/ dflg; df¥ofsf d'2fdf bfdn x'Gof ;l`w'jfnfO{ xfNofsf] g]n
l7u'/f rdf}6 kmf]O lbGof /= sf]7f l5l8df y'lgofsf afWofsf nf]UGof dflg; jf :jfl:g
dflg;nfO kmf]O lbGofsf] c}g jdf]lhd c+; ;j{:ju/L lng' d}Gxf lbg leqdf To;n] vf]hL
Nofof] eg] %) ?k}Fof b+8 u/Lln;j{:j lkmtf{ ul/ lbg'= d}Gxf lbg eLqdf c?n] klqmNofof
klg= d}Gxf lbg kl5 t];n] klqm Nofof klg ;j{:j lkmtf{ x'Fb}g= ;fl`w'jf km]nf k¥of kl5
c}g jdf]lh+ ;hfo ug'{=
@= rf]l/ ;gj+wsf s'/fdf g]n l7u'/f rdf}6\ xfNofsf afWofsf sf]7f l5l8df y'Gofsf nf]UGof
:jfl:g dfl;nfO kmf]O lbGofnfO @) ?k}of b+8 ul/ rf]/n] rf]¥ofsf] ljuf] t];}jf6
rf]l/GofnfO e/fO lbg'= rf]/ t];}n] klqm Nofof klg c? s;}n] klqm Nofof klg rf]/
klqmof kl5 Tof] rf]/ ljuf] lbg ;s\Gof /x]5 eGof ljuf] p7fO t]lx kmf]O lbGofnfO lbnfO
b;f}b lng'= ljuf] lbg ;s]g eGof skfln td;'s u/fO rf]Gof{nfO c}g jdf]hLd b+8s}b
ug'{=
#= hfl/sf d'2fdf g]n l7u'/f rdf}6 xfNofsf jfWofsf sf]7f l5l8df y'Gofsf nf]UGof
dflg;nfO jf :jfl:g dflg;nfO kmf]O lbGofnfO tfufwfl/hftsfnfO kmf]O lbofsf] eof
ljxf ifr{ !@) ?k}of= c? hftsfnfO kmf]O lbofsf] eof p;} hftsf c}g jdf]lhdsf] ljxf
ifr{ e/fO @) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= hfl/ uGof{ km]nf k¥of] eGof hf/ xf+Gof hftn] hf/ xf+g kfp5=
b+8 x'Gof hftnfO b+8 x'G5= dfl;Gof hftnfO d;fpg kfp5=
$= xf8gftfdf /= cfkm' eGbf tNnf pkNnf hftdf cfkm' j/fj/sf hftdf s/l0f ;+j+wsf
s'/fdf g]n l7u'/f rdf}6 xfNofsf sf]7f l5l8df y'Gofsf jfWofsf nf]UGofdflg;nfO xj;\=
:jfl:gdflg;nfO kmf]O lbGofnfO $% ?k}of b+8 ug'{ e}Gxf lbgleqdf t];n] klqm Nofof]
eGof= @% ?k}of lkmtf{ lbg'= @) ?k}of dfq} lng'= d}Gxf lbgldqdf c?n] klqm Nofof klg
d}Gxf lbg pk|fGt t];n] klqm Nofof kgL c? s;}n] klqm Nofof klg ?k}of lkmtf{ ug'{ kb}{g=
c}g jdf]lhd s}b b+8 ug'{=
%= kflg grnGof hft /= 5f]of l56f] xfNg' kg]{ hftl;t s/0fL ;gj+wsf s'/fdf g]n l7u'/f
rdf}6 xfNofsf afWofsf sf]7f l5l8df y'Gofsf nf]UGof dflg;\ / :jfl:gdflg;nfO kmf]O
lbGofnfO %) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= d}Gxf lbg leq t];}n] klqm Nofof @% ?k}of lkmtf{ ul/ lbg'=
@% ?k}of dfq} lng'= d}Gxf lbg leqdf c?n] iff]lh Nofof kgL d}G xf lbgb]lif pk|fGt t];}n]
klqm Nof klg= c? s;}n] klqm Nofof klg b+8 lkmtf{ x'b}g= c}g jdf]lhd b+8 s}b ug'{=
^= s'6lk6 /ut kIfsf emu/fdf g]n l7u'/f rdf}6 xfNofsf afWofsf sf]7f l5l8df y'Gofsf
ift'ls nf]UGof dflg; jf :jfl:g dflg;nfO kmf]O lbGofnfO !) ¿k}+of b+8 ug'{= ift'ls
km]nf k¥of kl5 c}g adf]lhd b+8 s}b ;hfo ug'{=
&= huf hldgsf emu/fdf g]n l7u'/f rdf}6\ xfNofsf jfWofsf sf]7f l5l8df y'Gofsf
nf]UGofdflg;\ jf :jfl:gdflg;\nfO kmf]O lbGofnfO emu/f k¥ofsf] huf df]ln p;}sf
;os/f !) ?k}ofsf b/n] b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{= emul/ofnfO c}g
jdf]lhd b+8 s}b ug'{=
*= ;'gf rflb hjfx]/ s;Gtdg\ rf}kfof cÙ gub lhlg;\ u}î s'/f kl/ y'lgofsf g]n l7u'/f
rdf}6 xfNofsf jfWofsf sf]7f l5l8df y'lgofsf emul/of nf]UGofdflg; jf
:jfl:gdflg;nfO kmf]O lbGofnfO hlt Hdfsf] emu/f k¥ofsf]5= p;} hDdfsf ;os/f !)
?k}of b+8 ug'{= emul/ofnfO c}g jdf]lhd b+8 s}b ug'{=
(= cdfln 6lN;+n] cfÇgf xs lng' kGof{ s't jfln ;]df{ dx;'n glbbfdf g]n l7u'/f rdf}6 \
xfNofsf jfWofsf sf]7f l5l8of y'Gofsf nf]UGof dflg;\ jf :jfl:gdflg;\nfO kmf]O
104
 lbGofnfO hlt Hdfsf] emu/f k¥ofsf] 5 p;} hDdfsf ;os/f !) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
emul/ofnfO c}g jdf]lhd b+8 s}b ug'{=
!)= efUofsf jfwf jw]Toflg klqmNofO g]n l7u'/fr df}6 xfNofsf jfWofsf sf]7f l5l8df
y'GofsfnfO kmf]O lbGofnfO @) ?k}of b+8 ul/ y}ln e/fO lbg'= d}Gxf lbg leq Ho" km]nf
kfl/Nofof] eGof Ho" ;f}kfO lbg'= e/fO lbofsf] y}ln lkmtf{ u/fO lbg'=
!!= cfÇgf 3/sf] sfh sfd u¥ofg e+Gof s'/fdf /= efUofsf klqmofsf sdf/f sdfl/nfO g]n
l7u/f rdf}6 xfNofsf jfWofsf sf]7f l5l8df y'lgofsf sdf/fnfO xj;\ sdfl/nfO xj;\=
kmf]O lbGofnfO @) ?k}of b+8 ul/ sdf/f sdfl/sf pd]/sf df]nsf c}g jdf]lhd df]n e/fO
lbg'= Ho" km]nf klf/ Nofof] eGof= df]n lng / Ho" lng wlgsf] if'l;=
!@= c8f uf}8f cbfnt 7fgf cdfn u}îaf6 g]n l7u'/f rdf}6\ xfln klqmNofpbf jf6fdf xj;\
c8f uf}8f cbfnt 7fgf sf]t O6frkln em]niffgfdf y'lgofsf s}lbnfO xj;\= eufpgfsf
nflu j+r/f] sf6Gof s'/f] / 8f]l/ sf7xltof/ u}î efu gx'Gof s'/f] s;}n] lbo]5 /= s}b
eofsf] dflg; efug\ gkfpFb}df hfx]/ eof] eGof eufpgfsf] dtnj ul/ j+r/f] sf6Gof s'/f]
/= 8f]l/ sf7 xltof/ u}î efu gx'Gof s'/f lbGof gftfsf xj;\= c? sf]lx xj;\ nf]Uof
:jfl:g hf] xf] p;nfO @) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf b/n] s}b ug'{=
!#= Hofg hfGof / bfdn x'Gof d'2fsf srxl/df klqm cfofsf y'lgofsf dflg:sf]lx efuL uof
5g\= / eufpGof srxl/sf xflsdx? u}î /= cdfln åf¥of u}înfO eufof jfjt\ c}g
jdf]lhdsf] b+8 ;hfo x'g gkfpb}df efuL uofsf] ift'ls klqm cfof] eGof jft nfUGofnfO
c}g jdf]lhd ug'{= c}gn] ift'ls eufof bjfofdf PltnfO jft nfUb}g e+Gof n]lifofsf
gftf;gx] jfx]ssf dflg;n] gftf kIf df]nflxhf ul/ jf 3'; /f];jt\ iffO eufofsf] x7¥of]
eGof= kl5 jfkt p;}n] klqmNofj;\ jf= ;sf{/jf6= / c? k/rlqm s;}n] klqmNofj;\=
eufpGofnfO Ho" hfGof iftsf] eufpGofnfO %) bfdn x'Gof iftsf] eufpGofnfO @% ?k}of
b+8 ug'{= Ho" hfGof / bfdn x'g' kGof{nfO j'l4 gk'uL lhDdf hdfgL ul/ 5f8ofsf] efu]5 /
eufpGofnfO b+8 ;hfo x'g gkfpb}df klqm cfof] eGof= Ho" hfGof iftsfnfO lhDdf hdflg
ul/ 5f]8GofnfO @% bfdn x'g' k¥of{ iftsf]nfO lhDdf hdflg ul/ 5f8GofnfO !@.. ?k}of
b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
!$= dw]; t/fOsf cbfnt 7fgfdf c}gn] ?k}of glng' e+Gof e} s}b eofsf s}lbnfO kfnf] kx/f
j:ofsf s;}n] 3'; /f];jt\ iffO pdsfofsf] eof t];nfO nfUof jdf]lhdsf] s}bsf] $
if+8sf] ! if+8 s}b ug'{ Dofbsf ?k}of glng'=
!%= dw]; t/fOsf cbfnt 7fgfdf rf]l/ d'2fdf s}b eofsfnfO kfnf] kx/f j:ofsf s;}n] 3';
/f];jt\ iffO pdsfofsf] 7x¥of rf]/n] ltg'{ kGof{ ljuf] / b+8 s}bsf] $ if+8sf] ! if+8
pDsfpGofnfO b+8 s}b ug'{= rf]l/Gofsf] ljuf] t];}jf6 e/fO lbg'=
!^= dw]; t/fOsf cbfnt 7fgfdf Hofg df¥ofsf d'2fdf s}b eofsfnfO kfnf] kx/f j:ofsf
s;}n] 3'; /f];jt\ iffO pdsfofsf] 7x¥of t];nfO $ jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf] rf}j/ lbof klg
glng'= efUofsf] ift'ls klqmof] eGof s}b eofsfnfO 5f8L lbg'=
!&= dw]; t/fOsf cbfnt 7fgfdf kfnf] kx/f j:ofsfn] 3'; /f];jt\= s]lx giffO uflkmlnn]
pDsfofsf] /x]5 eGof t]:sf] gfp sfl6 iff/]h ul/ lbg'= efUofsf] dflg;\ kl5 p;}n] klqm
Nofof] eGof= uflkmlnn] pDsfpGof l;kflxnfO km]l/ egf{ ul/ lbg'= c?n] klqmNofof eGof
pDsfpGof l;kflxsf] ydf}lt eofsf] /x]g eGof kfSofsf] jfln= ydf}lt eofsf] /x]5 eGof
ydf}lt u¥ofsf ;fnsf] jfln hkmt tul/ csf{ ;fnnfO egf{ ug'{=
!*= dw]; t/fOsf cbfnt 7fgfdf kfnf] kx/f j:ofsf / Kofbf nfUofsf dflg; yf]/} /èf 5g\=
s}lb y'g'jf 9]/} /èf 5g\= jf sfd u/fpg n}hfbf uflkmlnn] pDsfofsf] 7x¥of
pdsfpGofnfO !).!) j]t 7f]ls 5fl8 lbg'=

KofbfnfO x'n uGof{

!= c8f cbfnt 7fgf cdfnsf l8ˆf ljrfl/ sfdbf/ l;kflx Kofbf / åf¥ofx?nfO lg;fkm
ubf{ ub}{ / kqmg uofdf srxl/df ;fd]n ge} s;}n] xflsdsf Kofbf l;kflxnfO j]cbk
ul/ jfwGof / ;dfpGof u¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof jfwGof / ;dfpGofnfO %).%) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
xftn] g;dfO x'ndfq p7fpGofnfO @).@) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b
ug'{=
105
@= ;sf{l/of jflsjfnf / emul/ofx?n] cfkm'nfO lng kqmg cfpGof cbfnt 7fgf u}îsf
l;kflx KofbfnfO 9'Fuf nf7fn] xflg /ut sf9\of eGof / nflQ h'ltn] xfGof eGof xf+GofnfO
@% ufpNof w'/f pl7 s'6\of 5g\ eGof / %.& lbg yflnGof ul/ s'6\of 5GeGof hlt hgf
;fd]n e} s'6\ofsf] 7x5{ pltnfO hgxL ^).^) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd
s}b ug'{=
#= ;sf{l/of jflsdf /= cbfnt 7fgfdf k¥ofsf emu/fdf nfUofsf Kofbf l;kflxx?n] lng
kqmg elg uofdf jfls jfnf /= emul/ofx?n] Kofbf nfO n5f/ k5f/ u¥of ufnf 7f]Sof
uw{lg nufof hfj/hl:t ul/ cl8O 3'rf{ 3'rL{ u¥of eGof /ut cfof klg gcfof klg @)
?k}of b+8 ug'{= ufpNof u}în] w'/f x'n pl7 KofbfnfO n5f/ k5f/ u¥of / emul/of pdsfof
eGof ltGx]x?nfO klg hglx @).@) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
$= csf{sf] Hofg dfGof{ dflg;nfO kqmg elg hfbf p;}n] xltof/ nl¶ rnfO pDSof] cyjf
p:sf hxfgn] x'n ul/ kqmg tnfl; ug{ glb Hofg dfGof{nfO pDsfof eGof= x'n uGof{
:jf:gL dflg;nfO{ hgxL @).@) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ nf]UGofdflg;nfO hgxL $).$) ?lkof
b+8ug'{= Hofg dfGof{ ;fl`w'jfnfO c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+; ;j{:j ug'{= Tof] klqmof kl5 c}g
jdf]lhd= sf6gfnfO sf6g' bfdn ugf{nfO bfdn ug'{= d'8gfnfO d'8g'= s}b ugf{nfO s}b
ug'{ hl/jfgf ugf{nfO hl/jfgf ug'{=
%= tfufwfl/ hft u}îsf cfÇgf lblb j}lGx5f]l/ j'xfl/ km'k' efpHo" cfdf jHo' ;f;'= s;}l;t
c?sf s+Gof kltj|tf ljwjf :jfl:gx? l;t emu/f kbf{ cfÇgfnfO c?n] c£of{ln u¥ofsf]
5 tfklg O cfÇgf x'g\= elg nf]UGof dflg;n] w'/f pl7 s'6kL6 gug'{= 5'6\ofO cbftn 7fgf
cdfndf k'¥ofO lbg'= 5'6\ofO lbgfkl5 gnfuL s'6kL6 u¥of] xft 5f]8\of] eGof= tfufwfl/
hftsf :jfl:gnfO s'6of] eGof %) dtjfln hftsf :jfl:gnfO !.@ rf]6 dfq} s'6GofnfO
!) gLn kfl/ ylnGof ul/ s'6GofnfO c}g jdf]lhd b+8 ;hfo ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g
jdf]lhd s}b ug'{= emu/fdf k}ë] xft 5f8Gof :jfl:gnfO klg c}g jdf]lhd b+8 ug'{=
^= emul/of kqmg elg l;kflx jS;fO n}uof kl5 emul/of km]nf k/]g kqmfpg ;s]g eGof
l;kflxn]] iffofsf] Kofh ifflg lkmtf{ ug'{ kb}{g=
&= emul/ofn] l;kflx lnu} emul/of b]iffO lbof kl5 b]iffO lbofsfnfO klqm NofOlbg'=
l;kflxn] kqmof kl5 pdsfof] eGof km]l/ t];} l;kflxnfO klqm Nof elg if6fO lbg'= Ps
km]/f emul/of kqmfO lbof kl5 l;kflxn] pd\sfof] eGof csf{ k6s klqm NofpgfnfO Kofh
ifflg lbg' kb}{g=
*= emul/of klqm NofpgfnfO cbfnt 7fgfdf l;kflx dfUg cfpGofn] hlt hgf l;kflx dflu
n}Uof] pltnfO hlt lbg nfU5= plt lbg Kofh ifflg lbbf gub ln+5f} e+Gof l;kflx
KofbfnfO hglx @ cfgf k};f lbg'= l;wf iff+5f} e+GofnfO @ 5fsdf @ cfgfn] k'UGof hlt
l;wf lbg'= l;wfiffGof nfO k};f lbg' kb]{g= k};f lnGofnfO l;wf lbg' kb}{g= n]iof b]lif
j9tf Kofh iffg] lnGofnfO ljuf jdf]lhd b+8 ug'{=

d'8\8f bfdn ubf{sf]

!= /fhsfh j]xf]/fdf xj;\= c}gn] ift nfUGof xf8gftfdf s/l0f u¥ofdf xj;\= d'8g' elg
n]lifofsf hftnfO d'8bf cIf/ iff]bg' kb}{g= tfufwfl/ hftnfO c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+; ;j{:j
ul/ hg} lemls d'l8 db ;'u'/sf] df;'if'jfO hft kltt ul/ gdfl;Gof ;"b| hftdf ldnfO
gdfl;Gof ;"b|hftnfO c}g jdf]lhdsf c+; ;j{:j ul/ s's'/sf] df;' if'jfO d'l8 hft kltt
ul/ ef]6\of hftdf ldnfO k"j{sf] eof klZrd= klZrdsf] eof k"j{ tkm{ glb s6fO wkfO
lbg'= d'l8 hft kltt eofsf dflg;n] ljxf jl/ ubf{ cfkm' hf}g hftdf ldNofsf 5g\
p;}hftdf ug'={
@= bfdn x'Gofx?nfO jf`f ufnfdf lrGx /xGof ul/ if'l8 bfdn\df xfln lbg'=
#= d'l8gof hft u}în] tlS;/ ul/ d'l8 wkfof kl5 km]l/ klg d'l8Go} tlS;/ u¥of] eGof
t]:tfnfO bfdn ug'{=
$= cfh;+d /fhwflg ;x/ O6fr kln jfx]s c? hufjf6 dfq dflg:sf] Hofg dfg'{ kbf{ ljgf
nfndf]xf]/ Hofg glng'= e+Gof lyof]= cjpk|f+t /fhwflg ;x/ O6frklnjf6 xj;\= c8f
uf}8f c? hufjf6 xj;\= /fhsfh jfx]s\ ift jftdf c}g jdf]lhd dflg:sf] Hofg dfg'{ kbf{
106
 / ;fws ubf{ Hofg lng' e+Gof eofsf dflg:sf] Hofg lnbf= cf}= d'8g' iff]bg' bfdn ug'{
hft kltt ug'{ hg} lemsg' kbf{ ljgf nfndf]xf]/n] ;hfo gug'{= kmnfg' ;hfo gug'{ e+Gof
j]xf]/f iff]ln nfn df]xf]/ u/fO ln ;hfo ug'{=
%= c8f cbfnjf6 iftjftdf c}gn] d'8g' eGofsfnfO d'l8 hft kltt ugf{nfO dlb/f ceIf
if'jfpbf kflg rnGof rf]iff hftsf xftjf6 dfq} if'jfpg'= kflg grnGof / l56f] xfng'kGof{
hftsf xftjf6 gif'jfpg'=

;j{:j ubf{sf]

!= :jfl:gdfl;x?n] ;j{:j x'Gof tlS;/ u¥ofdf ;j{:j gug'{ :jfl:g dflg;sf] ;j{:j x'b}g=
@= ;j{:j x'Gof s'/fdf / dfl;Gof s'/fsf] jft nfuL klqmofsf jfkltx? sfo]n eof kl5
;j{:j x'Gofsf ;j{:j gcfpg\Hofn\ /= dfl;Gof / gdfl;Gof hftsf] kQf gnfug\Hofn\
s}b}df /fifg'= ;j{:j x'Gofsf] ;j{:j cfof kl5 / dfl;Gof / gdfl;Gof hftsf] kQf nfUof
kl5 c}g jdf]lhd bfdn x'GofnfO bfdn ug'{= d'8gfnfO d'8g'= iff]lb 5f]8gfnfO cIf/ iff]lb
5fl8 lbg'= dfl;Gof hftnfO dfl;lbg'=
#= sfl6Gof bfdn x'Gof d'l8Gof dfl;Gof dflg;\ l;jfgf nˆf gflr efuL uof eGof= c}g
jdf]lhd c+; k/ ;fl/ efUGofsf] c+; ;j{:j ug'{=
$= Hofg dfl/Gof /= dfl;Gof tlS;/ uGof{x?nfO efUg gkfO klqm Hofg dfl/of] dfl;of] eGof
t]:tfsf] ;j{:j glng'=
%= cbfnt O6frklnjf6 jf kltsf] ;j{:j ubf{ s'dfl/ rf]ssf dflg;\ / 7fgfsf dflg; /flif
tfbfTsf] sfuh n]lif c}g jdf]lhd jf kltsf] c+; ;j{:j lng' ;j{:jdf cfofsf !))
?k}of b]lif pef]sf huf hldg\= if]tkfiff] ;b/ bkmb/ bflifn ug'{= !)) ?k}of b]lif pwf]sf
huf / 3/ sdf/f sdfl/ rf}kfof lhlg; u}î dfn k+rs[lt df]lnGof df]n u/L tf}n x'Gof
dfnsf] tf}n bfuul/ lnnfd x'gof lnnfd u/fO cbfnt O6frklndf :ofxf ul/
d'n'lsiffgf a'emfO lbg'= td;'s jlx kqsf c;fldsf] nxgf uxgf txl;n eof;+d
txl;n ul/= txl;n g eofsf td;'s sfuh kq s'dfl/rf]s a'emfpg'= sdfl/rf]s
jfnfn] klg a'lemln ekf{O lbg'=
^= cdfn cdfnaf6 jfkltsf] ;j{:j ubf{ @.# y'ddf cdfln el/ enf dflg; jl; tfbft
ul/ c}g jdf]lhDsf] jfkltsf] c+; ;j{:j ug'{= ;j{:j sf huf hdLg if]t kfiff] gub ;'gf
rflb h:tf] p7ofsf] dfn} NofO ufO e}l; rf}kfof u}î lhlg; dfn iff]nfsf efpdf ljlqm
ul/ gub kfl/ jfklt ;d]t cbfnt O6frkln j'emfO lbg'= O6frknLjf6 jfkltnfO P]g
jdf]lhd ;hfo ug'{= ;j{:jsf] !)) ?k}of b]lif a9tfsf] huf hldg\= ;b/ bkmb/ bflifn
ug'{= !)) ?k}of b]lif tnsf] huf eof t]:tf huf / c? gub jfx]ssf] wg dfn lnnfd
x'gof lnnfd ul/ df]n x'Gof df]n ul/ gub kfl/ d'n'lsiffgf j'emfO /l;b lng'=
&= jflt ift'lssf] ;j{:j ubf{ iftjft hfx]/ gx'b} ;fx'n] ef]u u¥ofsf huf / td;'sdf lwtf]
j+ws n]lifofsf Ho" hldg dfn u}îsf] td;'s jdf]lhdsf ;fx'sf ?k}of egf{ u/fO lb
j9tf 7x¥ofsfdf / p:sf 3/sf c? wgdfndf cfdf jfj' bfho" efO :jfl:g 5f]/fsf] c+;
/= laxf geofsf 5f]/fsf] / 5f]l/sf] ljxf ifr{ k/ ;fl/ jfklt ift'lssf] c+; dfq} ;j{:j
ug'{=
*= le+g ge} Ps} 3/df ;+u j:ofsf bfHo" efO jfj' 5f]/fx?df Ps hgfsf] ;j{:j eof] eGof
;fx'sf hDf y}lndf bfdf;lxsf] lx;fj ul/ ;j{:j x'Gofsf] efu hlt ;fx'n] kfpb}g= /èfsf
c+;df bfdf;lxsf b/n] hf] hf] kfpGof 7x5{ ;f] jdf]lhd ;fx' klg ltg'{ k5{= ;fx'nfO e/fO
lbg'=
(= Ho" eGof /èf] ;j{:j dfq} eofsf]5 eGof ;fx'nfO cflw wg ltg'{ k5{=
!)= Ho" sfl6O ;j{:j yfldGof dflg:sf ;fx'ltbf{ Tof] yfldofsf] ;j{:j ef]u uGof{ Psf3/;+u
j:ofsf 5f]/f :jfl:g efO elthf u}în] ;j{:j x'Gofsf kmf6df nfUofsf ;fx'nfO cfwf wg
ltg'{= ;j}ltg'{ kb}{g= cfÇgf c+;sf] kmf6 df nfUofsf ;fx' eof ;a} ltg'{ k5{= dfg'{ 5'6ofO
j]un j:ofsfn] Ho" sfl6Gofsf] c+;sf] ;j{:j iffofsf] /x]5 eGof Ho" hfGofsf] pklt iffof
kl5 p:sf kmf6df nfUofsf] ;a} ;fx' ltg'{ k5{ cflw dfq} lt5'{ e+g kfpb}g= sfl6Gofsf]
yfldofsf] c+; klg iff+g ;fx' ltg{ klg ;lStg elg 5f8\of] eGof ;j} ;fx' j6f]ln
107
 bfdf;lxsf lx;fjn] lt/fO lbg'= Ho" sfl6 ;j{:j :d]t\ eof] eGof p:sf ;fx'n] s]lx
kfpb}g=
!!= bfdn klg x'Gof lbof] s'rf] e} ;j{:j klg x'Gofsf ;fx'n] s]lx kfpb}g=
!@= s;}n] ;j{:j x'Gof ts;L/ u¥of] eGof jf kltsf] c}g jdf]lhDsf] c+;dfq} ;j{:j ug'{=
p:sf c? :jfl:g efO 5f]/fsf] c+; /= :jfl:g 5f]l/ a'xfl/sf] bfOhf] hkmt x'b}g yfld lbg'=
cbfnt 7fgf cdfnjf6 c+; u/fpg' kbf{ /= ;j{:j ul/
lng' kbf{ ljxf geofsf 5f]/f 5f]]l/sf] ljxf ifr{ lbgfsf] !
!#= cbfnt 7fgf cdfnjf6 s;}sf] c+; j+8f u/fpg' kbf{ xj;\ jf= iftjftdf ;j{Lj lng'
kbf{df 5f]/f 5f]l/sf] ljxf ifr{ k/ ;fg'{ kbf{ ljxf geofsf 5f]/f 5f]l/ 9]/} eof klg yf]/} eof
klg Hdf wg ;+klt @ xhf/ b]lif a9tf 7x¥of ;os/f % b'O xhf/ b]lif d'lg Ps xhf/
;Ddsf] wg ;+klt 7x¥of ;os/f !) Ps xhf/ b]lif 3l6sf] wg ;+klt 7x¥of ;os/f @)
sf b/n] ljxf vr{ k/ ;f/L P]g jdf]lhd u/Llbg'= ;j{:j ug'{ kbf{ klg Plxl/tn] ljxf ifr{
k/ ;fl/ jfktsf] c+; ;j{;j ul/ lng'=

b:t'/ lnGofsf]

!= cbfnt 7fgf cdfn u}îdf cj pk|f+t 9F'uf] 5'jfO k6s ubf{ c}gdf n]lifof jdf]lhd b+8sf
?k}of dfq} lng' 9'Fuf] 5'jfpbfsf] ! k};f b]lif a9tf 9'Fufsf ?k}of s;}n] glng'= lnof] eGof
lnofsf] lkmtf{ u/fO p;} jdf]lhd lnGofnfO hl/jfgf ug'{= 9'Fufsf] ! k};f lnofsf]
cbfntsf sf]6fnx¿nfO lbg'= cdfnsf] s6'jfNofn] lng'=
@= sf]lx emul/ofsf c}g jdf]lhdsf emu/f l5+bf ;fef;'lb|sf k};f glng'= s;}n] ;fef;'lb|sf
k};f ln jfl8 iffof eGof laufsf] bf]a/ hl/jfgf ul/ lng'=
#= sf]lx s}lb Dofb k'lu g]n iff]ln lbbf uIf cg';f/= s}bjf6 if'nGofn] df]xf]/ b]ifL k};f ;Dd
lbofsf] lng'= geof s/ nfUb}g=
$= cbfntsf xflsd l8ˆflarfl/ ch{a]uL dxfgfOSof dxfGof cdfnsf åf¥of d'lifofk"j{
klZrd c8f c8fsf l8ˆflarfl/ u}în] rf]/nfO s;}n] ;f}kg Nofof eGof a'lem OG;fkm
ul/lbg'= rf}/ ;f}kg NofpGof ;+u b:t'/ glng'= rf]/ ;f}kbfsf] b:t'/= lnof eGof ljufsf]
bf]j/ hl/jfgf ul/lng'=
%= sf}l; tf];fiffgf s+k"sf bkmb/= ;b/ bkmb/ cbfnt 7fgf s'dfl/ rf]s d'n'ls iffgf d]ulhg
5]e8]n a'e8]n lxl6 rf]s kf]tfbf/ sf7 dxn ;fo]/bf/ u}î /= kxf8 dw]; c8f uf}8fsf
e/ ef/fbf/ / l8ˆf ljrfl/ sfdbf/= cdfgTsf /sdbf/ u}în] cl3 b]lif rln cfof
jdf]lhd kfO iffO cfofsf] g]u b:t'/ u}î hf] 5 cj pk|fGt s;}n] giffg'= ;sf{/ bflifn ul/
/l;b lng'= ;sf{/ bflifn gul/ s;}n] iffo]5 eGof iffGofaf6 ljuf] j'lemln ljuf jdf]lhd
b+8 ug'{=
^= uff]iff{/fh e/d'n's kxf8 dw]; ;sf{/ df]km;n c8f uf}8fsf cbfnt 7fgf srxl/sf
xflsd l8ˆf ljrfl/n] c}g jdf]lhd l5Gofsf] emu/fsf] b+8 hl/jfgf lhtfpl/ jS;f}lg kfg
km'n ck'tfln 7]ls b;f}b lj;f}b ;j{:j u}î lnofsf] hf] 5 cfDbflg srxl/sf :ofxfdf
n]iffO rln cfof jdf]lhd /l;b kmf/iflbg' P:tf s'/fdf b:t'/ kmf/iftsf] ?k}of nfU5 egL
s]xL glng'= c}g eofkl5 s;}n] lno]5 eGof= ljuf] h:sf] xf] p;}nfO lkmtf{ u/fO p;} ljuf
jdf]lhd b+8 ug'{=

cbfntsf lkm¥oflbsf]

!= ljtf{u'7L j]ifd/f]6 dfgf rfdn 5fk u}î dflkm hUufsf wlg/ hfuL/ bf/n] cfÇgf hufsf
if'jfsf em} emu/f kl/ cfofdf cfkm' l;t cl3 lkm/fb u¥ofsf] cfkm}n] x]l/ c}g jdf]lhd=
lg;fkm kf/L l5gLlbg'= cfÇgf] huf / if'jf jfx]s c?sf] lkm¥ofb cfofsf] /= cfkm'n]
xfNofsf åf¥of / /sdLsf gfpsf] lkm/fb cfofsf] cbfntdf k7fO{ lbg'= cbfnt afx]s
108
 cfÇgf bnfg3/df emu/f s;}n] g;+g'= bnfg3/df ljrf/L klg gxfNg'= c? /s+ /s+sf
srx/Ln] klg cfkm'nfO{ eofsf ;gb ;jfn afx]s c? s]lx emu/f g;'g'= c? u}î emu/f
cbfnt}jf6 x]/L c}g jdf]lhd lg;fkm kf/L l5gL lbg'=
@= cbfntsf xflsd l8ˆf ljrfl/ 7fgfsf dflnsn] c}g jdf]lhd lg;fkm ldNofsf s'/f
l5Ù'= c}g b]lif jfx]ssf] lg;fkm ul/ l5lg b]p elg ;sf{sf]{ x's'd jlhsf]{ dlh{ cf1f
k|dfguL /= ;sf{/sf] nfndf]x/ jlhsf]{ b:ift\ e} cfof klg gdfÙ'= c}g jdf]lhdsf] lg;fkm
ul/ l5lg lbg'= df]xf]/ b:ift\ x's'd dlh{ cf1f k|dfguL dfg]gGelg Og\nfO hl/jfgf tlS;/
s]lx nfUb}g=
#= cbfnt\df cbfnt\sf xflsdn] cGofo uGof{nfO sfo]ngfdf n]iffO ;lx xfn]g elg
y'Gofsf j]nfdf= cyjf k"k{If ugf{nfO y'Gofsf j]nfdf 5f]l8 b]p elg k|dfguL >L #
dxf/fhsf]= k|fOlDdlgi6/ hg/n s0f]{n c?sf] cfof] eGof Ps k6s P:tf] j]xf]/f xf] elg
hgfO k7fpg'= hgfofkl5 klg km]l/ 5f]l8 b]p e+Gof k|dfguL cfof] eGof eGof k|dfguL e}
cfpGof nfO y'lg lbg'= k|dfguL e} cfpGofnfO y'g ;s]g eGof cbfntsf xflsd nfO %
?k}of hl/jfgf ug'{=
$= gub lhlg; huf hdLg\sf s'/fdf / s/l0fsf Hofg lnofsf s'/fdf cbfnt cdfTsf
xflsd l8ˆf ljrfl/ cdfln åf¥ofx?n] emul/ofnfO s'6kL6 s]lx gul/ ;f]wk'5 ubf{
cfÇgf if'l;n] sfo]ngfdf n]lif lbofsf] /x]5 eGof p;} sfuhsf] ;lx ul/ ;hfo ug'{ t];n]
c+Gofodf k¥of lg;fkm kfOg eGof] eGof klg km]l/ csf]{ sfo]ngfdf x'b}g= cl3
sfo]ngfdf n]iffpbfdf s'6kL6 ul/ n]iffofsf] /x]5 jf !^ jif{ d'lgsf] jfnif /x]5 jf=
cbj]>f] /x]5 jf p;j]nfdf hf8 efu u}î g;f iffO j]xf]; eofsf] /x]5= u'xfO t];/n] klg
g;f iffofsf] ;frf] xf] egof /= P;\tfn] lg;fkm kfOg elg s/fof] eGof= cl3 n]iffofsf
sfuhsf] ;b/ x'b}g km]l/ klg s'/f] j'lem c}g jdf]lhd\ lg;fkm ug'{= hf8 efu clkmd g;f
u}î iffofsf dflg;nfO g;f iffofsf] pœof kl5 lg;fkm x]g'{ g;f gplq x]¥ofsf] s'/f] ;b/
x'b}g=
%= cbfntsf xflsdnfO ufln uGof{ 3':ofxf e+GofnfO xflsdnfO eGofsf] eof !) l8ˆfnfO
e+GofnfO % ljrfl/nfO / cdflnnfO eGofnfO @..= ?k}of b+8 ul/ lng' Plt ?k}of 3';
iffofsf] 5 eGof]/ sfon ug{ ;s]g eGof hlt ?k}of iffsf] 5 elgkf]Nofsf] 5 plt ?k}of
kf]NnGofaf6 b+8 ul/ lng'= xflsd l8ˆf ljrfl/n] 3'; iffofsf] 7x¥of 3'; lnnfdul/
cbfntjf6 7fgfaf6 iff/]h ug'{ 3'; iffofsf] yfxf kfO eGofsf] /x]5 eGof jft nfUb}g=
^= cbfnt cdfn huf hufsf xflsdsf gfpdf c? c?;+u cGofo u¥of] elg elg lx8Gof
xflsd / ljrfl/;+u hf]l/ sfo]n d'sfo]n\ ug{ g;s\Gof dflns;+u klg ljlGt ug{
g;s\Gof P:tf jsjfb ul/ lx8GofnfO @) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ dfnLs;+u cfO cGofo u¥of]
elg lkm¥ofb ul/ cbfnt cdfnsf xflsd;+u hf]l/sg sfo]n ug{ ;s]g jsjfb
ul/lx8Gof 7x¥of] eGof t]:tfnfO hf}g s'/fsf] c+Gofo u¥of] elg ljlGt kf¥ofsf] 5 ;f]
adf]lhd k|fOldlgi6/n] ;hfo ug'{ kGof{ eof ;hfo ug'{ hl/jfgf ug'{ kGof{ eof hl/jfgf
ug'{=
&= c}g eofsf ldlt b]lif cl3 cbfnt cdfNdf Ps km]/f s'/f kl/ l5lgofsf /}s/ u'l7 ljtf{
u}î huf hldg 3/af/Lsf emu/f ;'gf rflb hjfx]/ s;Gtdg\ u}î gub lhlg;sf emu/f=
tt{d;'s jlx ifftfsf lnglbg sf/f]jf/= ;fx' l/l0fsf emu/f= jfwf jw]Toflg sdf/f sdfl/
chf k'q cf} rf}kfof u}îsf bfgbftAo lbofsf] kqkfqsf] wd{ esfofsf] lgof xnfofsf
u}¥o s'/fsf emu/fdf c}gsf /fxn] ldN5 lg;fkm ul/b]p elg s;}n] s/fpg cfof] eGof
cl3 l5Gofsf] s'/f] plN6 csf]{ lg;fkm x'g ;St}g . cl3 l5Go} jdf]lhDsf] s'/f] ;b/ x'+5
elg 7f]ls lbg' Tof] lg;fkm gx]g'{= cl3 l5Go}sf] ;b/ x'+5=
*= csf{sf cÝf iffndf k¥ofsf] emu/f hflg hfgL cfÇgf cÝfaf6 ljgf k|dfguL dlh{ cf1fn]
emu/f lemls x]Gof{ s'/f l5lg lbGof l8Ýf ljrfl/ cdflnnfO % ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
(= c8f uf}8f cbfnt cdfNdf emu/f tf]lsof kl5 l8Ýf ljrfl/ cdflnx¿n] s'/f x]bf{ x]b}{df
kmnfgf 7fpaf6 xfd|f] emu/f x]l/ lbofgg\ l5lg lbofgGelg emul/ofx¿n] s/fpg cfof
eGof= cl3 hf}gf 7fpdf k¥ofsf] xf] p;} 7fpdf c}g jdf]lhd lg;fkm kfl/ rf8f] l5lg lbg'
elg cîfO lbg'= csf{ c8fdf g;fg'{=

109
!)= c}g eof kl5 c}g jdf]lhd tf]ls l5Gofsf s'/f pN6fO{ yf]/} s'/fsf] 9]/}= 9]/} s'/fsf] yf]/} ul/
km/]j uGof{ hf]5 t]:tfnfO d'ifTof/n] eof ;sf{/jf6 ;hfo ug'{ c? 5f]6f j8f u}în] c}g
jdf]lhd lj+lt u¥of b:ift\ u¥of d'ifTof/jf6 ;hfo ug'{=
!!= ;sf{sf{ x's'dn] lj/fgf d'n'ssf ;sf{df{plsn jlsn e} sfh sfddf hfGof /hfuL/ iffO
x's'd sdfg n] lj/fgf /fhdf hfGof kmf}h dflg;n] jxf s]lx tS;L/ u¥of] eGof= cfÇgf
d'n'sdf 5bf tlS;/ ubf{ hf}g ;hfo x'Gof xf] ;f]lx jdf]lhdsf] ;hfo lj/fgf d'n'sdf u}
tlS;/ u¥ofsf] eof klg cfÇgf d'n'sdf cfof kl5 ;hfo ug'{=
!@= csf{sf] Ho" sf6Øf df¥ofsf s'/fsf] jft nfuL lhtGof bfdn x'Gof s'/fsf] jft nflu
lhtGof= s/l0f ;+j+lwsf s'/f lhtGofx¿nfO{ cbfnt 7fgf cdfnjf6 lhtfpl/ lnbf %
?k}of lng' j9tf glng'= P:tf s'/fdf % ?k}of b]lif j9tf lhtfpl/ lnGofnfO j9tf
lnofsf ljuf jdf]lhd b+8 ug'{=
!#= emul/ofn] dnfO lg;fkm ul/ lbofgg\= c+Gofodf sfo]ngfdf n]ifof elg sf]lx s/fpg
cfof] eGof / s'/f] x]bf{ c8f cbfnt 7fgf cdfnsf xflsd l8ˆf ljrfl/ cdfln åf¥of /
sfdbf/ u}în] emul/ofsf] sfongfdf u/fpbf c}g jdf]lhdsf] lg;fkm k'¥ofO sfo]ngfdf
u/fofsf] 7x¥of] eGof t]; emul/ofsf] em'7\7f] s'/fsf] gfl;n u¥ofsf] csf]{ sfo]ngfdf u/fO
;o ?k}of b]lif dflysf ljufsf] emu/f eof @) ?k}of ;o ?k}of b]lif tn %) ?k}of;+dsf
ljufsf] emu/f eof !) ?k}of %) ?k}ofb]lv tnsf ljufsf] emu/f eof % ?k}of b+8 ul/
ln tof] emul/of cl3 hf}g iffndf s'/f] k¥ofsf] xf] p;} iffndf k7fO lbg' c}g jdf]lhd
lg;fkm u¥ofsf] /x]g5 csf]{ sfo]ngfdf n]iffpg k¥of] eGof cl3 s'/f] k¥ofsf 7fpaf6
n]ifofsf] sfo]ngfdf Roflt /Lt dflkmssf] emul/ofsf] sfo]ngfdf u/fO j]lg;fkmsf]
sfo]ngfdf n]iffpGof xflsd l8ˆf ljrf/L cdfln åf¥of /sld u}î hf] xf] p;nfO p;}n]
u¥of jdf]lhdsf] b+8 ul/ emul/ofnfO c}g jdf]lhd lg;fkm ug'{=
!$= cbfnt 7fgf cdfnsf xflsd l8ˆf ljrfl/ cdfln åf¥of /sdbf/x¿n] c}g jdf]lhd
lg;fkm ul/ l5Gofsf s'/fdf cGofo eof] elg emul/of s/fpg cfofdf csf{ iffnaf6 s'/f]
a'embf cl3 s'/f] k¥ofsf iffnaf6 P]g adf]lhds} lg;fkm u¥ofsf] 7x¥of]eGof lg;fkm u/L
l5Gofsf s'/fdf cGofo eof] lg;fkm kfPg egL em'§f s'/fdf s/fpg hflgg eGof a]xf]/fsf]
sfongfdf u/fO{ cl3 s'/f] k¥ofsf 7fnaf6 b+8 u¥of jdf]lhdkm]l/ b+8 ul/ ln cl3 s'/f]
k¥ofiffnaf6 b+8 b;f}b lj;f}b js\;f}lg u}î hf] u¥ofsf] 5 p;} iffndf k7fO lbg'= kl5
u¥ofsf] b+8 kl5 af6 s'/f] x]Gof{ iffnaf6 lng'= ?k}of glt¥of d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf b/n] s}b
ul/ ?k}of sl§ e} ;lsof kl5 5fl8 lbg'= ࡚
!%= /}s/ ljtf{ u'l7 lsk6 u}î 3/ jfl/ if]t huf hldg\sf emu/fdf of] gub lhlg; ;'gf rflb
hjfx]/ rf}kfofsf emu/fdf eof] . rf]l/sf s'/fdf eof] srxl/df s'/f] k¥of= kl5 cfÇgf
emul/of jflb l;t u} of] s'/f] elg g b]p elg 3'; lbo]5 /= k'k{If ubf{ s'/f] hfx]/ e} 3';
lbofsf] 7x¥of] eGof Tof] em'§f 7x5{ dfldnf x]g'{ kb}{g 3'; lbGofsf] xf/ x'+5=
!^= cl3sf c}gn] 8fsf df¥ofsf d'2fdf rf]l/ jfjTdf s/l0f jfjTdf k¥ofsf bfdn eofsf
cIf/ iff]lbofsf g5'l6 s}b e} /èfsf s}lbdf cjsf P]gn] bfdn gx'Gof 7x¥ofsfnfO{ /
5fl8lbg' eGofnfO{ 5fl8lbg' = df;g' eGofsfnfO dfl;lbg' s}b 36fpg' eGofsfnfO 36fO
lbg'= s}b a9fpg' eGofsfnfO j7fO lbg'= cj pk|f+t= cj eofsf c}g jdf]lhd ug'{= cl3
cl3sf c}gdf ldnfO l5lg 5f]l8 ;Sofsf d'2fsf cjsf c}gn] pN6fO emu/f gx]g'{= cl3s}
c}gdf ldnfO l5lg5f]l8 ;Sofsf] ;b/ x'+5=
!&= c8f cbfnt 7fgfjf6 /= >]:tfaf6 Nofofsf ;fwSdf emul/ofsf] Ohxf/ km/s kfl/ csf]{
Ohxf/ n]iofsf] 7x¥of] cyjf Ohxf/df n]iofsf] emu/f tf]l8Gof sfuhkq ;fl5 k|df0f u}î
rflxGof d'2f glemsfO p;} ;fws xfNofsf] emul/ofn] ;fljt u¥of] eGof= ;fws xfnGof
c8fjfnfO gftf uf]tf kIf ul/ jf 3'; iffO u¥ofsf] 7x¥of] eGof . p;} emu/fsf ljufsf
Hdfsf ;os/f % ?k}ofsf b/n] hl/jfgf ug'{= gftf kIf ul/ jf 3"; iffO u¥ofsf] 7x/]g
eGof @) ?k}of hl/jfgf ul/ ;fws jb/ ul/ k7fOlbg'=
!*= sf};lnofn] k|df0f d'2f gk'Uofsf ;ws\ ;b/ ul/ k7fofsf] 7x¥of] eGof d'2f gk'Uofsf]
ljrf/ gul/ ;b/ uGof{ sf};lnofnfO @) ?k}+of hl/jfgf ug'{ Tof] ;fws\ jb/=
!(= cbfnt 7fgf c8f >]:tfaf6 bf]xf]/f] 5nkmn ul/ Hdfgj+lb sfo]ngfdf e} ;f] jdf]lhd
;fws\ tof/ ul/ emul/of :d]t\ sf};ndf nuL sf};ndf klg @ y/ emul/ofn] ;lx5fk
:d]t\ u¥ofsf] /x]5 /= ;f] ;fws\ sf};n nufo]t\ dlh{;+d ;b/ eofsf /x]5 eGof
110
 lhtGofsf] lht\ xfGof{sf] xf/ 5b}5= Tof] emu/f plN6b}g= ph'/ uGof{ emul/ofnfO @)
?k}ofdf b+8 ug'{=
@)= cbfnt 7fgf c8f >]itfjf6 @ y/ emul/of hf]l/ s'/fsf] 5nkmn e} Hdfgj+lb sfo]ngfdf
n]iffpg' kbf{= Ps y/ emul/ofn] ;lx xfNof] Ps y/n] xfn]g= xfldn] c}g ;jfnsf] /fxf
k'¥ofO u¥ofsf lg;fkmdf P:sf] lrj'em]g P;nfO c}g d'tfljs sfuhdf ;lx gxfn+lh
g]nxfln s}b uGof{ 7x/f~o' elg ;fw\ t}of/ ul/ c8fjfnfn] :d]t\ ;lx 5fk ul/ ;f] ;fws\
/ @ y/ emul/of :d]Tsf};ndf Nofof kl5 sf};njf6 emul/ofnfO ;f]4f klg @ y/
emul/ofdf Ps y/n] ;xL xfNof]= Ps y/n] ;lx xfn]g/ sf};njf6 klg P:tf lwgfxfnfO
c8fjfnfn] g]n xfng' e+Gof 7x/fO ;fws\ xfNofsf] d'gfl;j /x]5 elg ;f] ;fws ;b/
ul/ ;lx xfln sf};n nufo]t\ dlh{;Dd ;b/ eofsf] /x]5 eGof Tof] emu/f plN6b}g
;fwSdflht\Gofn] lht\ xfGof{sf] xf/ hf] 5 ;f]lx ;b/ ul/ l5lg lbg'=
d]/f jflb lkm/flb sf]lx ge} cfkm} xfls+jfbL e}= c+Gofo u¥of] elg
s/fpbf= ;f] xflsDnfO lbg #% sf] Dofb lb emu/f l5Gof c}g /
d]/f jflb lkm/flb sf]lx ge}= ;jfn ;gb jfbL 5 elg ;jfn ;gb
df geofsf] c+Gofo u¥of elg c/fpg cfpbf ;jfn ;gb jfbL5
egL c+Gofo uGof{ xflsd=nfO lbg #% sf] Dofblb emu/f l5Gof c}g=
@!= kmnfgf xflsd l8ˆf ljrfl/= /sdbf/ cdflnåf¥of u}în]= c+Gofo u¥of] elg s;}n] O{hxf/
lbof] eGof= t]/f gfpdf kmnfgfn] O{hxf/ xfNof] ;f] ljxf]/f /fxf k'¥ofO{ u¥ofsf] eof o:tf]
ljxf]/f ul/= l5Gofsf]5 eGof ;fws n]lif cfÇg' ;lx 5fk ul/ k6f c}g ;jfn ;gb
k|dfguLn] u¥ofsf] 5 e+5;\ eGof= ;f]lx ljxf]/f n]lif k7fp egL 6f9f eof hfgf cfpgf
jf6fsf] c}g jdf]lhdsf] lbg /= sfuh n]igf nfO lbg #% sf] Dofb lbg' ;f] Dofb leqdf
l/t k'¥ofO xfws xfNof] jf kmnfg' c}g ;jfn ;gb k|dfgLn] of] ljxf]/f u¥ofsf] 5 e+Gof
n]lif k7fof] eGof c}g jdf]lhd ul/lbg'= Dofb leqdf ;fws klg xfng ;s]g= c}g ;jfn
;gb k|dfguLn] u¥ofsf] 5 e+Gof klg n]lif k7fo]g eGof lkm¥oflbn] lbofsf Ohxf/sf] ;b/
ul/= o:tf jflb eofsf xflsdnfO c}g jdf]lhd b+8 b+8 ;hfo ul/ l5gL lbg' glhssf]
/x]5 eGof srxl/sf] k'lh+ ul/ l;kflx k7fO t];nfO lemsfO ;f]lx jdf]lhd ul/ l5lg lbg'=

cbfnt / cdfnLsf] emu/f

!= hflu/bf/ n] cfÇgf hflu/ if'jfsf em} emu/f kl/ cfofsf hfuL/bf/ cfkm}n] x]l/l5+g'=
hflu/bf/ n] xfNofsf åf¥ofn] ljhfl` u¥of elg /}lt s/fpg cfof eGof hflu/bf/n] g x]g'{
cbfnt 7fgfdf k7fOlbg'= cbfnt 7fgfaf6 åf¥of / /}lthf]l/ c}g jdf]lhdsf] lg;fkm ul/
l5lg lbg'=
@= cdfndf lkm¥ofb gkl/ cbfnt 7fgfdf lkm/fb ug{ cfpGofsf] k'k{If ul/ cfDbflg cbfnt
7fgfaf6 lng'= >Lldlgi6/k|e[lt u}îsf ljtf{ hflu/ j]if 5fk lkmu9f/ dfgf rfjn if'jfsf
lkm/flb cfofsf] cbfnt 7fgfaf6 k'k{If ug'{ cl3 cdfndf lkm¥ofb kl/ k'k{If x'bf x'b}
of}6fn] eflucfO cbfnt 7fgfdf s/fofsf] /x]5 eGof cbfnt 7fgfjfnn] ;f}lklbg'=
cdfndf ! km]/f s'/f k¥ofsf] l5Ù g;ls !.@ d}Gxf /lx kl5jf6 cbfnt 7fgfdf s/fpg
cfof] eGof s'/f] x]l/ cfDbflg cbfnt 7fgfaf6 lng'= cdfln åf¥ofn] a]lg;fkmdf b+8
ul/lnofsf] 7x¥of] eGof ljuf] lkmtf{ u/fO ljuf jdf]lhd b+8 ug'{ ?k}of lt/]g eGof d}Gxfsf
% ?k}ofsf b/n] s}b ug'{=
#= cdfndf lkm/fb kl/ s'/f] hf]l/ k'k{If x'bf x'b} cbfntdf lkm/fb ug{ cfof eGof cbfnt
7fgfaf6 dfuL cdfn}df n}hfg'= cbfnt 7fgfaf6 klg lbg'= dfUg cfofgg\ cbfnt 7fg}jf6
l5Gof] eGof= cfDbflg cbfnt 7fg}jf6 lng'= cdfndf s'/f] k¥ofsf] elg cdflnn] cfDbflg
dfUof eGof kfpb}gg\= cdflnn] of] emu/f cbfnt 7fg}jf6 l5lglbg' elg l5lgofsf
emu/fsf] cfDbflg cbfnt 7fg}jf6 lng' cdflnn] kfpb}gg\= cdfndf ;fdfg hf]l/ of}6f
emul/ofn] cdfndf lkm/fb u¥of]= of}6fn] cbfntdf lkm/fb u¥of] eGof Tof] emu/f cbfnt
7fg}jf6 l5Ù'= cfDbflg cbfnt 7fg}sf] x'+5=
$= Hofg ;j+lw / bfdn x'Gof s/l0f ;+j+lw eft kflgdf kGof{ cf} rf]l/ 3'; iffofsf] ;sf{l/of
/s+sn+ bafofsf s'/f afx]s\ c? u}î s'/fdf cbfnt 7fgf cdfn srxl/df lkm/fb kl/
111
 k'k{If x'bf ljuf] /fiofsf] eof klg sfo]ngfdfdf ;lx gxfn+HofN;Dddf b'a} emul/ofsf
dgf]dfg if'l;/flh ;Fu xfld ldN5f} 3/;f/ ub{5f} eGof / cyjf emul/ofsf Oi6 leq gftf
uf]tf enf dflg;x¿ cfO xfld ldnfp5f} elg e+g cfof eGof b'j} emul/ofjf6 emu/fdf
eg'{ kGof{ ljufsf ;os/f hglx !.! ?k}ofsf b/n] a:sfplg ln ldN5f} e+Gof emul/ofnfO
p:sf] sfuhkq ;lx;gb /= ljuf] :d]t\ lkmtf{ ul/lb xflsdn] 5f]l8lbg'= sfo]ngfdfdf ;lx
xfln;Sofsf] eof jS;fplg Nofof klg 5f8g x'b}g c}g jdf]lhd lg;fkm ul/ srxl/jf6}
l5lglbg'= jS;fplg lb 3/;f/ ub{5f} elg uof kl5 gldln km]l/ srxl/df emu/f ug{ cfof
eGof c}g jdf]lhd ug'{= km]l/ ldN5f} eGof ldng kfpb}gg\= hfxf s'/f] k¥ofsf] 5 p;}
7fpaf6 x]l/ l5lglbg'= cl3 lnofsf] jS;fplg lkmtf{ ug'{ kb}{g=
%= Hofg ;+j+lwsf s'/f s/l0f ;gj+lwsf s'/f rf]l/sf s'/f b+8 jfjTsf s}bdf k¥ofsf cf}=
;sf{l/of sf/f]jf/df /f]lsofsf emu/f jfx]s\= c? cfÇgf lng lbg sf/f]jf/ u}îsf] emu/f
e} lkm/fb kbf{ Psf iffndf 7"nf] 9]/} ljufsf] Psf iffndf ;fg' yf]/} ljufsf] lkm¥ofb k¥ofsf]
/x]5 eGof hf}gf 7fpdf 9]/} ljuf] eofsf] 7"nf] emu/f k¥ofsf] 5 p; 7fpdf Tof] emu/f :d]t \
emul/of k7fOlbg'= b'j} emu/f p;} 7fpsf] xflsdn] l5+g'=
^= Hofg ;+j+lw / bfdn x'Gof s/l0f ;+j+lw eft kflgdf kGof{ cf} 3'; iffofsf] ;/sf/Lof /sd
snd bafofsf s'/fdf aS;fpg' x'b}g P]g adf]lhd ug'{= Plt jfx]s c? ljuf] e/fpg'
gkGof{ / ljufsf] k|df0f geofsf u}î s'/fsf emu/fdf cbfnt 7fgf cdfndf s'/fk¥of kl5
sfo]ngfdf df ;lx gxfNbf;+ddf b'j} emul/ofsf dgf]dfg if'l;/flhl;t xfld ldN5f} elg
jfOg} emul/ofsf Oi6 ldq gftf uf]tf enf dflg;\ s;}n] OgnfO xfld ldnfp5f}+ elg
cbfnt 7fgf cdfndf sf]lx e+g cfof eGof pgnfO x'g' kGof{ b+8sf ;os/f !.! b/n] b'j}
emul/ofjf6 jS;f}lg ln 5fl8lbg'= sfo]ngfdf ;lx xfln;Sofkl5 / ! km]/f ldN5f} elg u}
km]l/ gldln cbfnt 7fgf cdfndf cfof eGof km]l/ ldN5f} egL ldng kfpb}gg\= c}g
jdf]lhd b+8 ;hfo s}b ug'{=
&= ljtf{ j]if lkmu9f/ 5fkdfgfrfjn\= d/f}6\ u'l7+ hflu/sf cdfln åf¥of /sdLx¿n] xfd|f
emu/f x]l/ b]p elg cbfnt 7fgfdf NofO c8f cbfnt 7fgfjf6 l5 Gofsf emu/fsf b+8
s'+8 b;f}b lj;f}b u}î hf] cfDbflg eofsf] 5= t]:sf] b;f}bln ljtf{ j]if lkmu9f/ 5fkdfgf
rfjn d/f}6\ u'l7 hfuL/sf] h:sf] huf xf] p;} hufjfnfnfO{ ;f]lklbg'=
*= s;}n] n'nf nu8f nf6f Ujfuf afx]s s;}nfO s'6kL6 /ut kIf c+ue+u ufln u}î u/]5 /=
s'6fO ufln u/fOdfUGofn] t];n] u¥of] tfklg d}n] ;èf P; s'/fsf] gfln;\ ulb{g elg
5f8of] eGof c8f cbfnt 7fgf cdfn u'l7 ljtf{ j]if 5fk 5k]nfsf wlgn] /= Ohf/f
cdfgt\ jfnfn] gkqmg'= s'l6Gof ufln u/fO dfUGofn] lkm/fb ul/ sfo]ngfdf e} ;lsofkl5
klg P;nfO dfkm lbG5' 5fl8b]p eGof] eGof 9'+uf] b'ef] gx'bf;+ddf eGof= s'6Gof ufln
uGof{nfO x'g' kGof{ b+8sf] ;os/f !.! ?k}of s'6Gof ufln uGof{jf6 ln sfo]ngfdf kmfl/
ldnfkq u/L 5fl8lbg'= lkm/fb kl/ srxl/jf6 sfo]ngfdf e} 9'+uf] b'ef] :d]t\ e} ;lsofsf]
eof s'6fO ufln u/fOdfUGofn] dfkm lb+5' 5fl8b]p eGof klg dfkm x'b}g= srxl/jf6 c}g
jdf]lhd ug'{= s'6fO uflnu/fO dfUGof nfO lhtfpl/ kb}{g 5fl8lbg'=
(= s;}n] csf{sf] hjfx]/ ;'gf rflb s;Gtdg\= gub lhlg;\ u}î / huf hldg\= 3/ if]t sdf/f
sdf/L rf}kfof kz' k+l5 jfln j}î c7\ofOlno]5 rf}kfof u}în] jfln if'jfo]5 d;fo]5 /=
wlgn] cbfnt cdfndf lkm/fb gul/ cfÇgf wgdfn u}î j'lemln xj;\= dfofdfl/ xj;\=
P:sf] ift dfkm ul/ 5f8L lbof] eGof 5f8g kfp5 ift jft nfUb}g srxl/df lkm¥ofb gul/
sfo]ngfdf eof kl5 ift dfkm ul/lb+5' 5fl8b]p eGof= 9'+uf] b'ef] gx'bf;+ddf eGofsf] eof=
sfo]ngfdf kmfl/ ldnfkq n]lif xfGof{nfO hlt b+8 x'g' kGof{ xf] t];}sf] ;os/f !.! ?k}of
jS;fplg ln 5fl8lbg'= srxl/df lkm¥ofb kl/ sfo]ngfdf n]iffO 9'+uf] b'ef] :d]t\ e}
;lsofsf] eof= wlgn] 5f85' eGof klg b+8 / b;f}b lj;f}b dfkm x'b}g= srxl/jf6 c}g
jdf]lhd ug'{= ljufdf eGof 5f8g' g5f8g' wlgsf] k';\=
;fx' cd;fldsf lnglbg sf/f]jf/sf s'/fdf s;}n] Plt lng'5
elg csf{nfO kqmfO NofO /f]jsf/ x'bf kqmof hlt Hdf lng'
kGof{ 7x/]g /= t]:t}df ldN5f} e+g cfpbf jS;f}lg lnbfsf] c}g\–@
!)= lbGof lnGof b'j}sf] d'if ldNof hlt Hdfsf] b'j}jf6 ul/ ;os/f !.! ?k}ofsf b/n] jS;f}lg
lng'=

112
!!= d'if gldNofsf txlst gul/ yf]/} lng' kGof{df 9]/} lng'5 elg Ohxf/ rîfO kqmfpGof hf]xf]
p;}jf6 j9tf n]lifofsf Hdfsf] ;os/f @ ?k}of jS;f}lg lng'= kqmfOdfUGofn] ltg'{ kGof{
g7x¥ofsf ?k}ofsf] jS;f}lg ltg'{ kb}{g=

Dofbsf]

!= huf hldg\ gub lhlg; rf}kfof sdf/f sdfl/ hft eft xf8gftf s/l0f ;+j+wsf s'/fdf /
rf]l/ hfl/sf s'/fdf srxl/df s'/f] hf]l/of kl5 k¥ofsf] s'/f] gl5lg emul/of eflu uof]
jf s'/f] ghf]l/b}+ cl3jf6 eflu uof] /= p:sf 3/df c}g jdf]lhd lbg #% sf Dofbsf] k"lh+
6fl;of kl5 t]Zn] Dofb leq}df d'ifTof/ l;t u} gfln; u¥of] eGof hf}g iffnjf6 k'lh{
6fl;ofsf] xf] p; 7fpsf sfdbf/nfO elglbg'= p;} 7fpdf k|dfguL k7fOlbg'= #% lbgsf
Dofbleq}df hf}gfiffnjf6 k'lh{ 6fl;ofsf] 5 p;} 7fpdf ;fd]n x'g cfof] eGof klg c}g
jdf]lhd\= lg;fkm x]l/ l5lg lbg'= Dofbleq ;fd]n x'g cfo]g eGof /= Dofb gf£of kl5 d}n]
d'ifTof/ ;Fu lj+lt u¥ofYof+ cyjf c? srxl/df gfln u¥ofYof+ eGof / jflb d¥of kl5 #%
lbgleq} cfof] eGof klg #% lbg kl5 cfof] eGof klg km]l/ t]:sf] s'/f g;'+g'= eft jfx]s \
x'Gof ift nfuL efUGofnfO eft jfx]s ul/lbg' kflg jfx]s\ x'Gof s'/f] ul/ efUGofnfO{ kflg
jfx]s ul/lbg'= s/l0fsf] jft nfuL efUofsf] eof Tof] s/l0f t];}n] u¥ofsf] 7x5{ c}g
jdf]lhd ;hfo ul/ efukfgLdf kGof{nfO{ kl6ofu/fO{ lbg' #% lbg kl5 s/fpg cfpGof
em'ˆf] 7x5{ cl3Nnfsf ift cg';f/sf c}g jdf]lhd b+8 ;hfo ul/ Dofbsf lg;fkmn]
l5Gofsf emu/fdf km/]j uGof{ emul/ofnfO ! d}Gxf j9tf s}b ug'{ Dofbsf ?k}of 8jn\ lbof
ln 5fl8lbg'=
@= dflg:sf] Ho" df¥ofsf] s'/fdf cfkm"nfO jft nfUofsf] ;'Gof kl5 jf cl3 jf6 efuf];\ jf=
srxl/df hf]l/of kl5 efuf];\= km]l/ cbfnt 7fgf cdfnjf6 #% lbgsf] k'lh{ 6fl;of kl5
d'ifTof/l;t u} gfln; u¥of] eGof hf}gf iffnjf6 k'lh{ 6fl;ofsf] xf] p;} 7fpsf sfdbf/nfO
s'/f] x]l/ l5lglbg' elg cîfOlbg' jf k|dfguL k7fOlbg'= #% lbgsf Dofbleq cfkm}
srxl/ofdf cfof klg c}g jdf]lhd lg;fkm x]l/ l5lglbg'= #% lbgleq ;fd]n ge} Dofb
gf£of kl5 d'ifTof/;Fu lj+lt u¥of Yof+ e+Gof= / c? srxl/df gfln; u¥ofYof+ eGof cf}
jflb d¥of kl5 #% lbg leq}df s/fpg cfof] eGof klg em'§f] 7x5{ P:tf] s'/f] gx]g'{= c}g
jdf]lhd Hofg sfl6Gof Hofg sfl6G5= d'l8Gof d'l8+5= bfdn x'Gof bfdn x'+5=
#= csf{sf] Hfg dfGof{nfO cbfnt cdfnjf6 kqmg elg dflg; hfbf eflu u} Ho" jrfof] eGof
Tof] efuL hfGof hlxn] klqm+5 . p;} lbg sfl6Gof sfl6G5 bfdn x'Gof bfdn x'+5 . #%
lbg;+d cbfnt cdfndf ;fd]n ge} efUof] eGof= c}g jdf]lhd ;j{:j ug'{= ;j{:j eof
kl5 ift'ls klqmof] eGof ift cg';f/ c}g jdf]lhd ;hfo ug'{= #% lbg;+d ;j{:j x'b}g=
#% lbg k'uL ;j{:j u¥of kl5 ift'ls klqmof ift'lsnfO ;hfo eof] eGof klg ;j{:j lkmtf{
x'b}g=
$= jft nfUofsfn] k'k{If gul/ efUof] eGof nf]UGof :jfl:g hf]xf] t];n] xf¥of] emu/f g6fug'=
/xGofn] lhTof] efUGofn] xf¥ofsf] 7x5{=
%= c8f cbfnt 7fgf cdfn srxl/ u}îdf lkm¥ofb kl/ k'k{If x'bf x'b} emul/of eflu uof]
eGof efUGofsf 3/sf b}Nxfdf #% lbgsf Dofbsf] k'lh{ 6f;g' Dofbleqdf hf]l/g cfof c}g
jdf]lhd lg;km ul/ l5lg lbg'= #% lbg;+d hf]l/g cfo]g eGof efUGofn] xf¥of] /xGofnfO
lhtfkq ul/lbg'= efUGof km]nf k¥of kl5 sfo]ngfdf n]iffO b+8 ug'{= srxl/jf6 kg\kIf ul/
;s; ubf{ efUGofn] cbfnt 7fgf cdfnsf xflsd l8¶f ljrfl/sf gfpdf lbg #% leq}df
lkm/fb ug'{ csf{ srxl/df hf]l/ lbg' #% lbg pk|f+Gt cfpGof em'¶f 7x5{= t]:tfnfO
sfo]ngfdf n]iffO c}g jdf]lhd b+8 ug'{=
Hofg df¥of] e+Gof jft nufO csf{nfO y'gfO cfkm' hf]l/g cfpbf
uGof{ c}g ===================================================================$
^= csf{nfO y'gfO hf]l/g cfo]g eGof t]:sf 3/sf b}Nxfdf lbg #% sf Dofbsf] k'lh{ 6f;g'=
&= Dofbleq kf]nxf hf]l/g cfof c}g jdf]lhd lg;fkm ug'{=
*= jft nfpGof kf]Nxf Dofbleqdf hf]l/g cfo]g eGof y'lgofsfnfO 5fl8lbg'=
(= kf]Nxf h}Nx] klqm+5 p;} lbg Hofb ;+j+lwsf kf]NfxfnfO n]iofsf c}g jdf]lhd ;hfo ug'{=
113
 c}g jdf]lhd Dofbsf] k'lh{ 6fl;O srxl/df ;fd]n eofsf
emul/ofsf jfkltn] P; d'2fdf rflxGof k|df0f ;lx ;gbu}î
kmnfgf 7fp 5g\ ln cfp5' eGbf uGof{ s'/fsf] c}g ============@
!)= Ohxf/df n]lifof jdf]lhd\ rflxGof kq kfq ;fl5 >f]tf ef]u bl; k|df0f lemsfpg' 7x5{
pltsf] hfbf cfpbfsf] c+bfh / sfuhkq if]hgfnfO d'2f x]l/ ! lbg b]lif !) lbg;Ddsf]
efiff iffjflb rflxGof sfuhkq k|df0f lemsfO{ c}g jdf]lhd lg;fkm ug'{
!!= Ohxf/df n]lifof jdf]lhDdf lemsfofsf sfuhkq ;fl5 >f]tf ef]u bl; k|df0f u}î dWo]
gNofofsf s'/fsf] csg{gfdf n]iffO lnNofof;+dsf kq kfq ;fl5 >f]tf ef]u bl; k|df0f
j'lem c}g jdf]lhd\ emu/f l5lg lbg'= csg{ n]lif lbof kl5= kl5jf6 Nofofsf ;lx ;gb
k|df0f em'¶f 7x5{=
Dofbsf] k'lh{ 6fl;ofsf emul/ofn] Dofbleq ;fd]n x'g cfO
km]l/ efUof uGof{ s'/fsf] c}g =======================================#
!@= Dofbleqdf p;} srxl/df ;fd]n x'g cfO km]l/ eflu uof] eGof k}ë] 6fl;ofsf k'lh{df hlt
lbg jfls /èfsf] 5= p;} jfls lbgsf] dfq Dofb ul/ km]l/ csf]{ k'lh{ 6f;g'=
!#= jfls lbgsf Dofbleq hf]l/g cfof c}g jdf]lhd\ ul/ l5lg lbg'=
!$= jfls lbgsf Dofbleq hf]l/g cfo]g egof t];n] xf¥of] emu/f g6fug'= /xGofnfO lhtfkq
ul/ lbg' Dofbleq ;fd]n e} s'/f] gl5lg km]l/ efuGof km/]lj em'¶f] 7x5{=
Dofb 6fl;ofsf emul/ofn] Dofbleq cfkm' gcfO lrl7 ifr/
n]lif k7fpbf uGof{ s'/fsf] c}g ––– ––– ––– ––– #
!%= 3/df Dofbsf] k'lh{ 6fl;ofsf emul/of ;sf{/jf6 if6fO uof jfx]s cfÇgf ;f]ifn] b]; kb]{;
6f9f uofsf] x/]5 /= p;\n] Dofbleqdf cfkm' cfpg g;ls lrl7 ifj/ k7fof] eGof.
Dofbleqdf lrl7 ifj/ k7fpbf= cfkm'n] ;lx5fk u¥ofsf] cqmf/ :d]t\ ul/ k7fofsf] /x]5
eGof Dofb gf£of] elg emu/f hfb}g= lbgsf] $ sf];sf lx;fjn] cfpg jf6fsf] c+bfh /=
cfuhkq iff]hgfnfO lbg !) ;Dddf srxl/df xflh/ eof] eGof t]:sf] c}g jdf]lhd
lg;fkm ul/ lbg'=
!^= n]lifofsf lbg leq srxl/df xflh/ klg x'g cfo]g= cqmf/ klg k7fo]g eGof cl3Nnf
Dofbsf ;b/ ul/ emu/f tf]l8 lbg'=
!&= cfkm' cfpg kfOg t]; d'2nfO{ rflxGof kqkfq k|df0f hf] eofsf] ln kmnfgfnfO cifTof/
ul/ k7fofsf] 5' P;b]lif j9tf kqkfq k|df0f s]lx 7x¥of csg{ em'§f= P;n] xf¥of xf/
lhTof lht e+Gof n]lif cfÇg' ;lx5fk :d]t\ nufO hf] eofsf sfuh k|df0f cifTof/ :d]t\
k7fof] eGof ;f] sfuhsf d'2f j'lem c}g jdf]lhd lg;fkm ug'{=
df]km;njf6 c}g jdf]lhd Dofb 6fl;ofsfn] ;b/df= s/fpg
cfpbf uGof{s'/fsf] c}g= ––û– ––û– ––û– ––û– ––û– ––û– @
!*= 3/df lbg #% sf] Dofb 6fl;of kl5 Dofbleq p:srxl/df ;fd]n ge} d]/f] lrQ a'em]g
;b/df s/fpg hf+5' elg c8fdf cfÇg' lrl7 k'lh{ k7fO ;b/df s/fpg cfofsf] /x]5 eGof
cfpbf lbgsf $ sf];sf lx;fjn] jf6fsf] c+bfh ul/ plt lbg leqdf cfO k'Uofsf] eof
Dofb gf£of] elg t]:sf] emu/f hfg} emu/f hfb}g= c}g jdf]lhdsf] lg;fkm ul/ l5lg lbg'=
df]km;n jf6 6f:ofsf] Dofb jb/=
!(= cfpbf jf6fsf lbgleq ;b/df s/fpg cfO k'Uofsf] /x]g5 eGof c8fdf k'lh{ lrl7 k7f`f
e+Gof em'§f] 7x5{ cl3Nn} Dofbsf] ;b/ ul/ l5lg lbg'=
@)= g]kfn cbfntdf s'/f] kl/ emul/ofn] Hdfgj+lb n]lif ;lx xfln lb ;ls ;f] jdf]lhDsf]
;fws t}of/ ul/ c8fn] ;lx5fk u¥ofsf] ;fws\= sf};ndf k'¥ofO ;Sof kl5 efu\Gof
emul/ofn] efUofsf lbg & leq d'ifTof/l;t u} s/fof] eGof s'/f] j'lem c}g jdf]lhd
lg;fkm u/fO lbg' & lbg;Dd s/fpg cfo]g eGof t];n] xf¥of] Tof] emu/f g/fifg'=
;fws\ssf] ;b/ ul/ l5lg lbg'= efUGofn] ltg'{ kGof{ ljuf] / ljuf jdf]lhd\sf] hl/jfgf
p:sf 3/ 3/fgfjf6 lng'= k'u]g eGof klqmofsf lbg ;fws\ jdf]lhDddf jfls /èfsf] lng'
kGof{ /= ;hfo ug'{ hf] k5{ ;fws\ jdf]lhd ug'{=

bkm] cbfntsf lkm/fbLsf]

jflb k|ltjflbsf] Ohxf/df n]iofsf] d'2f s]lx 5f]l8 s]lx n]lif

114
 ;fws xfnGof c8fjfnfnfO b+8 uGof{ c}g –––––––––––
@@= c8f cbfntsf xflsd\ l8¶f ljrfl/n] b'O y/ emul/of jflb k|ltjflbsf] Ohxf/sf] d'2f
j'lem k|df0f k'¥ofO ;fws\ xfng' Ohxf/df n]lifof jdf]lhDsf] d'2f j'emL k|df0f k'Uof kl5
Hdfg j+lb ;fwsdf ;xgxfnL lwugflx u¥of] eGof= sfo]ngfdf n]ifpGofsf !) n+j/sf
c}gn] g]n 7f]sGof 7x/f~o" egL ;fw\s xfng'= ;f] ;fws j'‰bf Ohxf/sf] k|df0f ;j}
gj'emL s]lx k|df0f j'lem s]lx k|df0f 5f]l8 ;fws xfNofsf] 7x¥of] eGof= ;f] k|df0f j'embf
xfGof{n] lhtGof lht\Gofn] xfGof{ t'NofO d'2fsf] k|df0f 5f]8ofsf] 7x¥of] eGof= t]; xflsDsf]
Hdfgj+lb ul/ gftfkIf ul/ jf 3'; iffO u¥ofsf] 7x¥of] eGof p;} emu/fsf ljuf jdf]lhd\
b+8 ug'{= gftf kIf ul/ jf 3'; iffO u¥ofsf] 7x/]g eGof d'ifTof/sf thjLhn] ! ?k}of b]lv
@) ?k}of;Dd hl/jfgf ul/ ;fws\ jb/ ul/lbg'= d'2f 5f]8ofsf] 5 tfklg lht\Gofn] lht\Go}
xfGof{n] xfGo}{ u¥ofsf] 7x¥of] eGof j'l4 gk'Uofsf] 7x5{= ;fws xfn\Gof xflsd\nfO{ jft
nfGb}g= P:tf] s'/f] e'n kfl/ ug{ hfgLg e+Gof HDffg j+lb n]iffO 5fl8lbg'=

lg`f xnfpGofsf]

!= s;}n] elg sf]lx hufdf lg`f xfNbf wf]sfdf xfln kflgdf 8'jfO lg`f xfNbf /èf5g\= cj
pk|f+t c}g gfl3 t]:tf lg`f gxfng'= 8'jfof] d¥of] eGof Tof] lg`f xnfpGof l8ˆf ljrfl/
cfdfnL lhDdfjfn d'lifof hf]xf] p;nfO t];} wf]qmfdf xfln kflgdf 8'jfOlbg'= lg`f jb/=
@= huf hldg rf}kfof ;'gf rflb hjfx]/= s;Gtdg\ . gub lhlgl;g Ho" df¥ofsf] chf
k'qnfO sdf/f sdfl/ x'+GeGof /= jf]S:of/fsf] s'/f] s/l0f ;gj+lw u}î s'/fdf Gofo u}î
gxfng'= Gofo xfln xf/ lht u/fpGof cbfntsf xflsd l8ˆf ljrfl/ cfdln åf¥of yl/
d'lifof ldemf¥of uf}8f uf}8fsf ef/fbf/nfO @) ?k}of hl/jfgf ug'{ Tof] lg`f xf/ lht
eofsf] lj;lx= Tof] emu/f km]l/ cbfnt cdfn uf}8fjf6 x]g'{= kq kfq ;lx ;fr;fl5 ;'tf{
Ujflx ef]usf] ljrf/ ul/ emu/f l5+g'= p:tf j]xf]/f ;+u h:tfsf] t:tf] lg;fkm ubf{ b'O
emul/ofdf hZn]lht\5 p;sf] ;b/ u/flolbg'=

b+8 s}b ugf{sf]

!= Ps} hgfn] 9]/} k6s\ Ho" hfGof bfdn x'Gof dfl;Gof ift u¥ofdf c}g jdf]lhd Ho" lng'
bfdn ug'{ df;g'= Plt s'/fdf ift ifflkb}g rf]l/ u¥ofdf Ps} hgfn] hlt k6s\ rf]¥ofsf]
7x5{= plt k6s\ rf]l/sf c}g jdf]hLd\ ift ifflk s}b ug'{= s/l0fsf s'/fdf cfkm'e+bf 3l6
kflg grnGof /= l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftdf s/l0f u¥ofdf @.# hgfsf] s/l0f u¥of klg ift
ifflkb}g= Ps} k6s\ s/l0f u¥ofsf] ;hfo ug'{= cfkm'e+bf 7"nf hftsf xj;\ jf 3l6 hftsf
xj;\ kflg rnGof hftsf :jfl:gsf] s/l0f u¥ofsf] eof hlt hgfsf] s/l0f u¥ofsf] 5=
pltsf] c}g jdf]lhdsf] k6s\ k6s\hf]l/ Hdf ul/ s}b hl/jfgf ug'{=
@= Ps} hgf emul/ofn] 9]/} k6s\ssf] ljhf`L u¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof hlt ljhf`L u¥ofsf] 5
p;n] u¥ofsf ljhfl`sf c}g x]l/ ;j} c}gsf] Hdf ubf{ hlt s'/fsf] j]hfl` 7x5{ ;j}
iftsf] Hdf ul/ c}g jdf]lhd k6s\ s}b ugf{nfO s}b ug'{= b+8 ugf{nfO{ b+8 ug'{=
#= hufjf6 txl;n ul/ bflifn uGof{ 7fpdf bflifn gul/ /xofsf jfls jfnf / . wg rf]/sf]
ljuf] ljuf j/fj/ b+8sf ?k}of gk'Uof;+d d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf b/n] s}b ug'{=
$= ljuf] e/fO lhtfpl/ u¥ofsf] / b;f}b lng'= kGof{df emu/f ug{ cfpGof d¥of] eGof klg
p:sf hxfgn] ljuf] ef]u u¥of kl5 b;f}b lhtfpl/ ltg'{ k5{= c}g jdf]lhd lhtfpl/ b;f}b
hf] lng' kGof{ xf] dGof{ emul/ofsf 5f]/f :jfl:g efOx¿af6 j'lemlng'=
%= cbfnt 7fgf c8f cdfn ;jf{s dfkm eofsf u'l7 ljtf{ ljtnj / j]if d/f}6 \ 5fk dfgf
rfjn\ lsk6 /}s/ u}îjf6 808 kfg km'n lj;f}b u}î k6s ul/ Kofbf nufofsf Hdflg ln
5f]8Øfsf srxLjf6 eflu uofsf cdf;Lx¿ sf]lx d¥ofeGof= d¥ofsf dflg:sf] ift dfkm
x'+5 . hf}gf ift'lsnfO b+8 eofsf] 5 p d¥of kl5 p:sf c? :jfl:g 5f]/f efO kl/of/n] b+8
ltg'{ kb}{g hxfg kl/of/nfO g;dfpg'= hxfg jRrf ;dfO lnof] eGof lnGofnfO ljuf
jdf]lhd b+8 ul/lng'=

115
^= c}gdf b+8 hl/jfgf eofsfn] b+8 hl/jfgfsf ?k}of lt¥of] eGof 5f]l8 lbg'= b+8 hl/jfgf
lt/]g eGof d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf lx;fjn] s}b ul/ ?k}ofsf] Dofb k'¥ofO 5f]l8 lbg'= jif{ d}Gxf
s}b kGof{nfO klg d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf b/n] lt5'{ eGof ?k}of ln 5f]l8lbg'= ?k}o f lt/]g
eGof= hlt d}Gxf hlt jif{s}b n]lifosf] 5 plts}b u/L 5f]l8 lbg'= ?k}of ln g5f8g'
eGofsfnfO 8jn\ lbof ln 5fl8lbg'= 8jn\ lbof klg g5f8\g' eGofsf dflg:sf] Ho" dfGof{
Hofgdf/ elg jrg lbGof= Hofg dfgf{sf] dtnj uGof{ rf]l/ uGof{ Plt jfx]s\= c? s'/fdf
Dofbsf] rf}j/ lbof ?k}of ln 5fl8lbg'=
&= ;fx' l/l0fsf emu/f jfx]s\ rf]l/ jfjt\ huf hldg\ gub lhlg;\ rf}kfof u}îsf emu/fdf
ljuf] klg ltg{ ;s]g b+8sf ?k}of klg ltg{ ;s]g eGof= emul/ofn] ljuf] dfof dfl/ lbof]
eGof= b+8sf ?k}ofdf dfq} d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf b/n] s}b ul/ 5f]l8lbg'= wlgn] ljuf] dfof
df/]g p:sf 3/jf6 klg s]lx p7]g eGof= ljuf]/ b+8sf b'j} ?k}of Hdf u/L d}Gxfsf %
?k}ofsf b/n] s}b ul/ 5f]l8lbg'= s}b ul/ 5fl8lbof kl5 wlgn] ljufsf ?k}ofdf ph'/ ug{
kfpb}gg\=
*= s0f]{nb]lif lkkftns hflu/bf/jf6 c}g jdf]hLd b+8 lhtfpl/ jS;f}lg 5}6L b;f}b lj;f}b
;j{:j u}î hf]lbg' kGof{ s'/f] lbo]g eGof cbfnsf xflsdn] bkm/b/sf sfl/GbfnfO kmnfgf
j]xf]/fn] kmnfgfsf iffguLjf6 Plt ?k}of lng' k¥of] t]:sf] iffguL y'g'jf ul/ ?k}of k7fOb]p
elg 5fk nfUofsf] k'lh{ k7fOlbg' t];} k'lh{ jdf]lhd bkmb/ bkmb/sf sfl/Gbfp:sf] iffguL
y'gL rflxbf ?k}of a'emfO{ /l;b lng' cbfntsf xflsdn] kmnfgfsf iffguLsf] olt ?k}of
o; a]xf/fdf rflxof] elg 5fk nfUofsf] k'lh{ k7fofdf tflstL u/L iffguL y'g'jf guGof{ /
?k}ofF k7fO glbGof bkmb/ bkm/bsf sfl/GbfnfO{ ljuf jdf]lhd hl/jfgf ;d]t u/L
emul/of hfl/bf/sf] ljuf] lng' cbfntaf6 cfofsfk'lh{ jdf]lhdsf ?k}of hflu/bf/sf
iffguLn] k'u]g eGof eof hlt ?k}of a'emfO lbg' gk'Uofsfdf bkmb/ bkmb/sf sfl/GbnfO{
hl/jfgf x'Gb}g .
(= rf/ cbfnt 7fgf k"j{ klZrd c8f uf}8f huf hufsf cbfnt cdfnjf6 c}g jdf]lhd b+8
hl/jfgf eofsf] ltg{ g;s\bf s}b k¥ofsf / Doflb s}lb rf]/ bfdn Ho" hfGof s}beofsf
eflu uof / iff]Hbf km]nf k¥ofgg\ eGof= ltGsf s}bsf] jfsL ?k}ofdf s}b uGof{ cbfnt
7fgfsf xflsd l8ˆf ljrfl/nfO / = cdfnsf åf¥ofnfO kqmfpx'b}g= s'dfl/rf]s\ / c? jlx
j'emGofx¿n] ldgxf lbg'= 3'; /f];jt\ iffO= jf dfof df]nflxhf ul/ eufof pdsfofsf]
7x¥of] eGof eufpGofjf6 s}b kGof{n] j'emfpg' kGof{ ?k}+of dWo] p;lbg ;Ddsf] Dofb sl§
ul/ jfls 7x¥ofsf ?k}ofdf s}lb klqmof] egof s}bsf ?k}of eufpGofn] ltg'{ kb}{g= s}bsf
jfls ?k}ofsf ljuf jdf]lhd b+8 dfq} ug'{= s}lb efUofsf] klqmo]g eGof s}lbsf Dofbsf
jfls ?k}of / 3'; iffofsf] ljuf] :d]t\=eufpGof hf]xf] p;jf6 ln 3';sf / Dofbsf jfls
?k}ofsf ljuf jdf]lhd b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
!)= csf{sf] Hofg dfGof{ bfdn x'Gof tlS;/ uGof{ hfl/ uGof{ rf]l/ uGof{ eft kflg grnGof
iftjft uGof{ /= ;sf{l/of xpg\ b'lg`fsf xpg\= c;fld eof jfwf sdf/f sdfl/ eof o;tf
sf]xL cfkm' a:ofsf k'/fgf] /fhdf 58f iftjft tlS;/ ul/ cfÇg' /fh 5fl8 lj/fgf /fhdf u}
cl3b]lif j:ofsf /èf5g\= kl5 n8fl` e} xj;\ d]n e} xj;\= Tof] d'ns cfO csf]{ g`f
l;jfgf e} d'n's cfÇg' eof kl5 t]; d'n'sdf cfÇg' l;jfgf gx'Fb} cl3b]lv u} a:off olt
n]Vofsf ifjft tlS;/ uGof{ dfl;gnfO /fhift nfUb}g ;hfo x'b}g hfl/ uGof{nfO ;fw'n]
hf/ sf6g /= c}g jdf]lhd ;hfo ug{ klg x'b}g= d]/f] c;fld elg ;fx'n] kqmg klg
kfpb}g ;sf{/n] klg gkqmg' . eflu u} j:ofsf jfwf sdf/f sdfl/ klg cd\n]if x'+5g\
wlgn] kqmg x'b}g= c}gn] eft kflg grnGof ift ul/ u} j:ofsfsf] eGof eft kflg rNb}g=
!!= csf{sf c}gn] hf/ xf+g x'Gof / ljxf ifr{ e/fpg' kGof{;+dsf ;wjf ljwjf s+Gof
:jfl:gnfO t}n] kmnfg' s'/f lj/fofls 5;\ elg jflb lkm¥ofb sf]lx ge} p;} cQf] nufO
kqm\of]= t]; :jfl:gn] r'Sof lj/fofsf s]lx 7x/]g p;} cQf] nufO kqm\ofsf] 7x¥of eGof
kqmGof c8f uf}8fsf ef/fbf/ cbfnt 7fgfsf xflsd l8ˆf ljrfl/ cdfnsf cdfln åf¥of
/sld u}înfO tfufwfl/ hftsf :jfl:gnfO kqm\ofsf] eof !)) ?k}of gdfl;Gof dtjfln
hftsf :jfl:gnfO kqm\ofsf] eof *) ?k}of dfl;Gof dtjfln hftsf :jfl:gnfO
kqm\ofsf] eof ^) ?k}of l56f] xfng' gkGof{ hftsf :jfl:gnfO kqm\ofsf] eof $) ?k}of
l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf :jfl:gnfO kqm\ofsf] eof #) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of c}g
jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
116
!@= rfj{0f{ 5lQ;} hft u}îsf nf]UGof dflg;nfO t}n] kmnfg' s'/f lj/fofsf] 5:elg kqm\of]
p;n] u¥of lj/fofsf] s]lx 7x/]g jflb lkm¥oflb sf]lx ge} p;} cQf] nufO kqm\ofsf] 7x¥of]
eGof kqmGof c8f uf}8fsf ef/fbf/ cbfnt 7fgfsf xflsd l8ˆf ljrfl/ cdfnsf cdfln
åf¥of /sldu}înfO @% ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
!#= s;}n] ;'gf rflb s;Gtdg\ gub lhlg; hjfx]/ huf hldg\ rf}kfof sdf/f sdfl/ s/l0f
hft eft 3/jfl/ lng lbg sf lgldQ emu/f e} Wo" t]n ltx'g\ kfgL d}g b'b dlb/f ttfO
eof] e'F/f] e'Te'Tof if/flg s;}sf cfudf ifGofOlbof] /= p dflg;\ t]lx 3fp kfls t]lx 3fpsf
j]yfn] d¥of] eGof d'l8Gof hftnfO c}g jdf]hLd c+; ;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{= :jfl:g
dflg;nfO ;j{:j gul/ bfdn ug'{= sfl6Gof hftnfO Hofgsf jbnf Hofb sfl6 dfl/ lbg'=
tftf] s'/f] ifGofO lbofsf] dflg;\ d/]g d}Gxf lbgleq lgsf] eof] eGof %) b'O d}Gxf nfuLsg
lgsf] eof] eGof !)) ltg\ d}Gxf nfuLsg lgsf] eof] eGof !%) rf/ d}Gxf nfuLsg lgsf]
eof] eGof @)) kfr d}Gxf nfuLsg lgsf] eof] eGof @%) 5 d}Gxf nflu sg lgsf] eof]
eGof ^)) ;ft d}Gxf nfulsg lgsf] eof] eGof &)) cf7 d}Gxf nfuLsg lgsf] eof] eGof
*)) gf} d}Gxf nfuLsg lgsf] eof] eGof ()) b; d}Gxf nfuLsg lgsf] eof] eGof !)))
P3f/ d}Gxf nfuLsg lgsf] eof] eGof !!)) jfî d}Gxf nfuLsg lgsf] eof] eGof !@))
?k}of hl/jfgf ug'{= tftf] j:t' ifGofofsf] 3fpn] c+u'nf rn]g eGof ylnofsf] hlt d}Gxfsf]
hl/jfgf n]iofsf] 5= p;dfly %)) ?k}of ylk hl/jfgf ug'{= uf]8f ifhfxf eof] eGof
ylnofsf] hlt d}Gxfsf] hl/jfgf n]iofsf] 5 p;dfly !))) ?k}of ylk hl/jfgf ug'{= Ps
cfiff j+b eof] eGof ylnofsf] hlt d}Gxfsf] hl/jfgf n]iofsf] 5 p; dfly !%)) ?k}of
ylk hl/jfgf ug'{= b'O cfiff j+b eof] eGof ylnofsf] hlt d}Gxfsf] hl/jfgf n]iofsf] 5
p;dfly @))) ?k}of ylkhl/jfgf ug'{= sfg j+b eof] eGof cfiffsf= c}g jdf]lhd
hl/jfgf ug'{= hl/jfgfsf ?k}of lt¥of] eGof ?k}of ln 5f]l8lbg'= ?k}of ltg{ ;s]g eGof
d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf lx;fjn] s}b ug'{= :jf:gL dflg;n] of] tlS;/ u¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof
n]iofsf hl/jfgfsf] cfwf hl/jfgf ug'{=
!$= s;}n] ;'gf rflb s;Gtdg\ gub lhlg;\ hjfx]/ huf hdLg\ rf}kfof sdf/f sdfl/ hft
eft e/ jfl/ s'nf] kflg jf6f] s/l0f lng lbg :jfl:gsf lgldQ emu/f e} y'F'g' kGof{nfO{
c+g kflg cfkm'n] klg iffg glb y'lg Tof] dflg; d¥of] eGof d'l8Gof hftnfO c}g jdf]lhd
c+; ;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{= :jfl:g dflg;n] eof ;j{:j gul/ bfdn ug'{= sfl6Gof hftn]
c+g kflg j+b ul/ y'lg df¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg sfl6 dfl/ lbg' c+g kflg
j+w ul/ ! lbg /ft\ dfq} y'Gofsf] /x]5 eGof % ?k}of @ lbgsf] !% ?k}of lbg # sf] #)
?k}of lbg $ sf] ^) ?k}of lbg % sf] !@) ?k}of lbg ^ sf] @$) ?k}of lbg & sf] $*)
?k}of lbg * sf] (^) ?k}of lbg ( sf] !(@) ?k}of lbg !) sf] #))) ?k}of ?k}of lbg !!
sf] $))) ?k}of lbg !@ sf] %))) ?k}of lbg !# sf] ^))) ?k}of lbg !$ sf] &))) ?k}of
!% sf] *))) ?k}of lbg !^ sf] ())) ?k}of lbg !& sf] !)))) ?k}of lbg !* sf] !!)))
?k}of lbg !( sf] !@))) ?k}of lbg @) sf] !#))) ?k}of lbg @! sf] !$))) ?k}of
hl/jfgf ug'{= hl/jfgfsf ?k}of glt¥of d}Gxfsf] % ?k}oofsf b/n] s}b ug'{=
!%= s;}n] ;'gf rflb s;Gtdg\= gub lhlg;\ hjfx]/ huf hldg\ rf}kfof sdf/f sdfl/ hft
eft 3/ jfl/ s'nf] kflg jf6f] :jfl:g lng lbg s/l0f ift l5tsf lgldQ emu/f e} y'+g'
k¥of{nfO y'Gofsf] /x]5= cfÇg' xj;\ jf p:sf] xj;\ c+g kflg iffg lbofsf] /x]5 Tof] dflg;
d¥of] eGof y'+Gof dflg;nfO{ ift\jft nfUb}g= Tof] y'lgGof dflg;nfO y'FGof dflg;n] c+g
kflg iffg lbofsf] giffO cfkm} cgf:df kl; d¥of] eGof klg y'FGof dflg;nfO iftjft
nfUb}g=
!^= s;}n] ;'gf rflb s;Gtdg\ gub lhlg;\ hjfx]/ huf hldg\ rf}kfof sdf/f sdfl/ s/l0f
hft eft 3/ jfl/ s'nf] kflg jf6f] :jfl:g ift l5t lng lbgsf lgldQ emu/f e} c+g kflg
j+b ul/ y'lg /fiofsf] /x]5= Tof] y'lgofsf] dflg;\ d¥of] eGof= y'FGof dflg; bfdn x'Gofsf
hft bfdn x'G5 sfltGof hft sfltG5 sfltGof / bfdn x'Gofsf ;+tfgn] y'lg dGof{sf
;+tfg;+u cfÇgf sf/f]jf/ lng lbgsf ?k}of dfn lng kfpb}g c+g kflg j+b ul/ y'lgofsf]
/x]5 y'lgGofsf] Hofg d/]g eGof y'FGofnfO y'Gofsf lbg b]lifsf] lbg u+ltsf] hl/jfgf lt¥of
kl5= cfÇgf c;fld;Fu lx;fj jdf]lhdsf] ?k}of lng kfp5=
!&= s;}n] ;'gf rflb gub lhlg;\ s;Gtdg\ hjfx]/ huf hldg\ rf}kfof sdf/f sdfl/ s/l0f
hft eft 3/ jfl/ s'nf] kflg jf6f] :jfl:g lng lbg u}îsf lgldQ emu/f e} y'Fg' kGof{
117
 dflg;nfO klqmNofpbf jf6fdf cfkm} eL/jf6 n8L sflx kmfn xfln vf]nfdf kmfn xfln
efuL hfbf 7];7Ss/ nfuL d¥of] cyjf xft if'§f hifd eof] c+u e+u eof] eGof
klqmNofpGof nfO iftjft nfUb}g y'lg/fiftf c+g kflg iffglb cfÇgf 3/dfeof] csf{sf
3/df eof] sf]7f rf]6f j}un l5l8df y'lg/fiofdf y'lgofsf] dflg; ‰ofn sf};L 5fgfjf6
kmfn xfln d¥of] xft if'§f hifd eof] c+u e+u eof] cfÇgf xftn] ;]l/of] xltof/ wl; d¥of]
3/ elSt ldlrof] cfuf] nfuL d¥of] kf;f] nfuL d¥of] hx/ iffO d¥of] eGof y'FGof dflg; nfO
iftjft nfUb}g Tof] dGof{;+u lng' kGof{ lx;fj jdf]lhdsf ?k}of d¥of{sf ;+tfg ck'tfln
iffGof;+u lng kfOG5=
!*= c8f uf}8f cbfnt 7fgf ;b/ bkmb/ bkmb/ s'dfl/ rf]s dfn /sd bf/ 7]sOhf/fbf/sf
srxl/df cfofsf y'g'jf emul/ofx¿nfO ! lbg ! /ft cÙiffg lbofsf] /x]g5 eGof ift
nfUb}g= ! lbg ! /ft\ c+g kflg klg b'j}yf]s j+b ul/ iffg glb y'Gofsf] /x]5 eGof y'g'jfsf
c}g jdf]lhd sfl/+bfnfO tlS;/ nfU5=
!(= emul/of y'g'jfx¿sf cfÇgf 3/sf] iffgfsf] ;fjuf; klg /x]5= p:sf Oi6ldq rfs/
jfs/sf] Tof] emul/of y'g'jfl;tsf] cfjt hfjt klg /x]5 eGof t]:tfn] iffg lkg kfOg
elg s/fof] eGof t]:sf] gfln; ;'lgb}g y'Gofsf s'/fsf] ift nfUb}g=
@)= Ho" hfGof / bfdn x'Gof s'/fsfnfO g]n 7f]ls k'k{if x]l/ >]:tfn] 7x¥ofsf] lg;fkm ug'{= c?
s'/fsf] emu/f hf]l/ofsf] 5 . t]:t}df Ho" hfGof bfdn x'Gof d'2fsf] s'/f kl/ cfof] eGof=
OGsf] s'/f] g;'lg c?sf] emu/f g;'FÙ'=
@!= Hofg hfGof bfdn x'Gof ;j{:j x'Gof iftjft uGof{ lsTof{ nfn df]xf]/ d'ifTof/sf b:ift=
wdf{lwsfsf] kltof srxl/sf] k'lh{ bkmb/sf lthf{ /l;b kmf/ift\ td;'s lsTof{ uGof{
gkfofsf] kul/ kf`f elg kk{hlg uGof{= cf} csf{sf ;wjf ljwjf s+Gofsf] /= cfkm' e+Gbf
7"nf hftsf :jfl:gsf] s/l0f uGof{ c}gn] j+b eofsf xf8 gftfdf s/l0f u¥of{ kflg
grnGof/ 5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf] s/l0f uGof{ eft kflg iffGof= csf{sf] ;'gf rflb
gub lhlg;\ rf}kfof hjfx]/ Ho" hldg 8fsf dfGof{ n'6 lk6 uGof{ 9f6Gof rf]l/ uGof{ /=
c}gn] s}b ug'{ elg n]lifofsf s'/fdf s;}n] gfln; u¥of] eGof emu/f ghf]l/b} k|ltjflbnfO
kqmg k7fpbfdf eof klg= klqmcfof kl5 eof klg g]n 7f]ls s'/f] x]g{' P:tfnfO g]n
7f]Sofsf s'/fdf cbfnt 7fgf cdfnjfnfnfO jft nfUb}g= c? s'/fdf jflbn] gfln;
u¥ofdf kls« cfPsf k|ltjfbLnfO g]n gxfNg' gh/ j+lb ul/s'/f] x]l/ c}g jdf]lhd lg;fkm
ul/ l5lg lbg'=
@@= kmnfgfn] dflg; df¥of] elg xj;\ kmnfgfn] df¥of] e+Gof ;+sfn] xj;\ c8f uf}8f cbfnt
7fgf cdfndf sf]lx lkm/fb ug{ cfof] eGof Ho" ;+j+lwsf s'/fsf] gfln; cfofdf clN;
ul/jf sfdsf] km';{Teo]g elg lg;fkm gx]Gof{ iff]h ifj/ guGof{ c8f uf}8f cbfnt 7fgfsf
xflsd l8ˆf ljrfl/ cdfln åf¥of hf] x'g\ p;nfO @)) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g
jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
@#= dflg; df¥ofsf] jf kmnfgfn] dflg; df¥of] xf] e+Gof s'/fsf] lkm/fb ug{ cfof] kmnfgfn]
df¥of] e+Gof dflg;\= cfÇgf gftf uf]tfsf] /x]5 / lkm¥ofb ;'lg s'/f gx]Gof{ c8f uf}8f cbfnt
7fgfsf xflsd l8ˆf ljrfl/ /= cdfnsf cdfln åf¥ofdf hf] x'g\ p:nfO %)) ?k}of b+8
ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
@$= cfkm'l;t kmnfgfn] dflg; df¥of] elg xj;\= jf kmnfgfn] dflg; df¥of] xf] eGof ;+sfsf]
s'/f] ln lkm/fb ug{ cfofdf 3'; iffO s'/f g;'+Gof c8f uf}8f cbfnt 7fgfsf xflsd l8ˆf
ljrfl/ /= cfnsf cdfln åf¥of hf] x'g\= p:sf] c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ $ jif{ s}b
ug'{= Dofbsf] 8jn\ lbof ln 5f8g'=
@%= Hofg df¥ofsf s'/fdf s;}n] lkm¥ofb ul/ klqm cfofsf xpg\ jf p;} klqmcfofsf xpg\=
srxl/df cfO d}n] df¥ofsf] xf] elg sfo]n eofsf ;fOw'jfnfO 3'; iffO hdflg ul/
5f]8f];\ jf p;}5f]8f];\= 5f8Gof c8f uf}8f cbfnt 7fgf=sf xflsd l8ˆf ljrfl/ /=
cdfnsf cdfln åf¥of hf] x'g\= pGsf] c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ ^ jif{ s}b ug'{=
Dofbsf rf}j/ lbof ln 5f8g'=
@^= Hdfg dfgof{ s'/fsf] jrg lbofsf s'/fdf /= dtnj u¥ofsf s'/fdf s;}n] lkm¥ofb ul/
klqm cfofsf xpg\ jf p;} klqm cfofsf xpg\= srxl/df cfO d}n] dtnj u¥ofsf] xf]
jrg lbofsf] xf] elg Hofg d/fofsf s'/fdf sfo]n eofsf dflg;nfO 3'; iffO Hdflg ul/
5f]8f];\ jf p;} 5f]8f];\ P:tfnfO 5f8Gof c8f uf}8f cbfnt 7fgfsf xflsd l8ˆf ljrfl/ /
118
 cdfnsf cdfln åf¥of hf] x'g\= pGsf] c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ ^ jif{ s}b ug'{=
Dofbsf ?k}of rf}j/ lbof ln 5f8g'=
@&= Ho" hfGof / bfdn x'Gof iftjfx]s c? hf}g hf}g s'/fdf ?k}of lnsg g 5f8\g' Dofb;+d s}b
ug'{ elg c}g n]lifofsf] 5 t]; ift'lsn] ?k}of lt5f}{ 5f]l8b]p eGof d}Gxfsf !) ?k}ofsf
b/n] ?k}of lbG5 eGof ?k}of ln 5f]l8 lbg'= 8jn lbof klg g5f8g' e+Gof n]lifofsfdf
dflg:sf] Ho" dfGof{ Hofg df/elg jrg lbGof Hofg dfgf{sf] dtnj uGof{ rf]l/ uGof{ Plt
jfx]s c? s'/fdf Dofbsf] rf}j/ lbof lnO 5f8g'=
@*= iftjftn] k¥ofsf s}lb hf}gf c8f cbfntjf6 s}b eofsf 5g\ p;} c8f cbfnt 7fgfjf6
sfo]ngfdf eof kl5= s}bdf kGof{nfO t}n] kmnfg' s'/f ubf{ c}g jdf]lhd Plt jif{ Plt
d}Gxf Plt lbg s}b e};\ elg srxl/sf] 5fk nfUofsf] ldlt jf/sf] k'lh{ lbg'= em]n iffgfsf]
x]/ ljrf/ uGof{ l8ˆf /fO6/ x'bf l;kflx dxfGofdf hf] 5 . p;l;tsf s}lbsf xflhl/
sfuhdf klg ldlt jf/ n]iffO lbg'= srxl/sf xflsd l8ˆf ljrfl/n] s}b kGof{nfO 5fk
nfUofsf] k'lh{ lbo]g5 . s}lbsf xflhl/ 98fdf klg n]iffo]g5 /= s}lb eofsf] dflg; Dofb
e+bf j9tf s}b k¥ofsf] 7x¥of] eGof Dofb gf£ofsf d}Gxf lbgb]lv pef] hlt lbg j9tf s}b
eofsf] 7x5{ plt lbgsf] sf] d}Gxfsf !) ?k}ofsf b/n] s}b uGof{ xflsd l8ˆf ljrfl/
cdflndf hf] xf] p;nfO hl/jfgf ul/ ln cflw c}gsf Dofb e+bf j9tf lbg s}b kGof{
s}lbnfO lbnfO cflw sf};njf6 lng'=
@(= gdfl;Gof hft xf] jf dfl;Gof hft xf] elg kQf s]lx gnfUGofsf dtjfln u}î hftnfO
tS;L/ ;hfo ubf{ dfl;Gof hftsf] ;/x gug'{= gdfl;Gof dtjfnL hftsf c}g jdf]lhd
b+8 ;hfo s}b ug'{=
#)= s/l0fsf s'/fdf / rf]l/ u}î c? iftjft u¥of jfjt\ c}g jdf]lhd cl3 em]n iffgfdf s}b
kl/ /èfsf dflg; kl5 Hodbndf egf{ e} 5'6\tf xfldn] cj pk|f+t klg tlS;/ u¥of}+ eGof
cl3 jfls /èfsf s}bsf] bf]j/ s}b ug'{= elg d'r'Nsf n]lif 5'6\ofsf s}lbn] km]l/ s;}sf]
rf]l/ s/l0f u}î s}b x'Gof iftjft u¥of eGof pGn] n]lif lbofsf d'r'Nsf jdf]lhdsf] bf]j/
s}b ylk s}b ug'{=cl3 bfdn eofsfn] iftjft u¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof bfdn} ug'{=
leQf kmf]Gof{ 8fsf dfGof{ n'6\ uGof{ cfFiff 5ln
l6kGof cjn\ rf]/nfO uGof{ c}g –––
#!= leQf kmf]Gof{ 8fsf dfGof{ n'6\ uGof{ cfFiff 5ln l6kGof P:tf rf]/x¿df h:n] rf]/5 h:tf]
lj/fp5 . rf]/sf c? c}g jdf]lhd ug'{= Hofg dfGof{ / bfdn x'Gof jfx]s rf]¥ofsf] ljuf] /
ljuf] jdf]lhd b+8 if8f ugf{nfO rf]¥ofsf] wg iffbf hlt ;+u 5g\= ltGsf] / rf]¥ofsf] wg
iffof kl5 le+g x'gof ltgx?sf] :d]t c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+; k/ ;b}{g= gub lhlg;\ ;'gf rflb
hjfx]/ s;+tdg\= nQf sk8f 3/ if]t rf}kfof b'Okfof sdf/f sdfl/ jfwf jw]Toflg hf] 5
;a} tfobft ul/ ljuf] / b+8nfO rflxbf] lnnfd\ ul/ egf{ ug'{= c}g jdf]lhd b+8 egf{+ eof
kl5 j9tf ;+klt 7x¥of] eGof= p;}nfO lkmtf{ ul/ lbg'= t]lt ubf{ klg ;+kltn] k'u]g eGof
jfls /èfsf ?k}ofdf ^ ?k}of d}Gxfsf lx;fjn] s}b ug'{= #^ jif{ pwf]df s}bsf] Dofb k'Uof]
eGof h'g\ lbg Dofb k'Uof]= Dofb k'Uofsf lbg 5f]l8 lbg' #^ jif{;Dd s}b ubf{ jfls
?k}ofsf lx;fjn] s}b k'u]g eGof klg #^ jif{ k'Uof kl5 s}b gug'{ 5f]l8 lbg' s}b k¥ofsf
jifTdf t]:tf rf]/ s}b}df d¥of] eGof ;+u j:ofsf efO 5f]/f :d]tsf] ;+kltn] ljuf] / b+8
jfjtdf lnnfd ul/ cl3 jf6} lnofsf] x'gfn] #^ jif{ k'lu d/f]:tf klg gk'lu d/f]:tf klg
d¥of kl5 t]:sf efO 5f]/f ;+tfgnfO kqmg kfOb}g= gkqmg'=
txljn df;Gof /fifg lbofsf] df;Gof lhDdfjfl/ lbofsf]
df;Gof w/j6\ df;Gof åod rf]/nfO uof{ c}g –––––––
#@= txljn df;Gof /fifg lbofsf] df;Gof lhDdfjfl/ lbofsf] df;Gof w/j6\ df;Gof iff]Hofsf
j]nfdf lbg g;sGof P:n] Plt iffofsf] 5 elg kf]nfxfn] kf]ng cfofdf . df:ofsf] ;fljt
7x¥of] eGof P:tf rf]/nfO rf]¥ofsf] ljuf] / ljuf jdf]lhd b+8 if8f ugf{nfO rf]¥ofsf] wg
iffbf hlt ;u5g\= ltGsf] / rf]¥ofsf] wg iffof kl5 leÙ x'Gof ltgx¿sf] :d]t c}g
jdf]lhDsf] c+; k/ ;b}{g= gub lhlg;\ ;'gf rflb hjfx]/ s;+tdg\ nQf sk8f 3/if]t
rf}kfof b'Okfof sdf/f sdfl/ jfwf jw]Toflg hf] 5 ;j}tfobft ul/ ljuf] / b+8nfO rflxbf]
lnnfd\ ul/ egf{ ug'{= c}g jdf]lhd ljuf] / b+8 egf{ eof kl5 j9tf ;+klt 7x¥of] eGof
p;}nfO lkmtf{ ul/ lbg' t]lt ubf{ klg ljuf] / b+8 ;+kltn] k'u]g eGof jfls /èfsf ?k}ofdf
& ?k}of d}Gxfsf lx;fjn] s}b ug'{= @$ jif{ pwf]df s}bsf] Dofb k'Uof] eGof Dofb k'Uofsf
119
 lbg 5f]l8 lbg'= @$ jif{;Dd s}b ubf{ jfls ?k}ofsf lx;fjn] s}b k'ug] eGof klg s}b
gug'{ 5f]l8lbg'= s}b k¥ofsf jifTdf Tof] dflg; s}b}df d¥of] eGof ;u j:of efO 5f]/f
:d]tsf] ;+kltn] ljuf] / b+8 jfjtdf lnnfd\ ul/ cl3 jf6} lnofsf] x'gfn] s}bsf] Dofb
k'uf];\ gk'uf];\ km]l/ p:sf efO 5f]/f ;+tfgnfO kqmg kfpb}g= gkqmg'=
huf hldg ifflg /sd sndsf] cfkm'n] ;jfn k§f?Ssf b:ift\
;gbln sj'lnot\ u¥ofdf Oh/f cdfgt\sf] hufjf6 eGof txl;n
eofsf] t];dWo] s]lx >L % ;sf{/df / cfÇgf dflnsnfO hfxf
a'emfpg' kGof{ xf] jfxf j'emfO s]lx cfkm'n] iffO ls:tf k'Uofsf] ?k}of
df;GofnfO uGof{ c}g – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –
##= huf hldg\ ifflg /sd\sf] ;jfn k§f ;gb ln sj'n ul/ Ohf/f cdfgTsf] sfh sfd
u¥ofdf hufjf6 eGof c;'n txl;n eofsf] t];dWo] s]lx >L % ;sf{/df / cfÇgf
dflns;+u hfxf bflifn ug'{ k¥of{ xf] jfxf bflifn u¥of s]lx cfkm'n] dfl; ls:tf k'Uofsf]
?k}ofdf ltg{ ;s]g eGof P:tfn] df:ofsf] ljuf] / ljuf jdf]lhd b+8 if8f ugf{nfO df:ofsf]
wg iffbf hlt;+u5g\ ltGsf] / df:ofsf] wg iffof kl5 leÙ x'Gof ltgx¿sf] :d]t\ c}g
jdf]lhdsf] c+;k/ ;b}{g= gub lhlg;\ ;'gf rflb hjfx]/ s;+tdg\ nQf sk8f 3/ if]t
rf}kfof b'Okfof sdf/f sdfl/ jfwf jw] Toflg hf] 5 ;j} tfobft ul/ ljuf] / b+8nfO
rflxbf] lnnfd\ ul/ egf{ ug'{= c}g jdf]lhd ljuf] / b+8 egf{ eof kl5 j9tf ;+klt 7x¥of]
eGof p;}nfO lkmtf{ ul/lbg' t]ltubf{ klg ljuf] / b+8 ;+kltn] k'u]g eGof jfls /èfsf
?k}ofdf * ?k}of d}Gxfsf lx;fjn] s}b ug'{= !* jif{ pwf]df s}bsf] Dofb k'Uof] eGof Dofb
k'Uofsf lbg 5f]l8 lbg' !* jif{;Dd s}b ubf{ jfls ?k}ofsf lx;fjn] s}b k'u]g eGof klg
s}b gug'{ 5f]l8 lbg' s}b k¥of jifTdf Tof] dflg; s}b}df d¥of] eGof;+u j:ofsf efO 5f]/f
:d]tsf] ;+kltn] ljuf] / b+8 jfjt\df lnnfd\ ul/ cl3jf6 lnofsf] x'gfn] s}bsf] Dofb
k'uf];\ gk'uf];\ km]l/ p:sf efO 5f]/f ;+tfgnfO kqmg kfpb}g gkqmg'=

huf hldg ifflg /sd\ snd\sf Ohf/fbf/ ;jfn k§f

ln sfdsfh ubf{ hf]p7ofsf] bfd >L % ;sf{/df /
cfÇgf dflns;+u hfxf bflifn ug'{ k¥of{ xf] jfxf bflifn
u¥ofsf] 5 dl/ eflu htf{ cl;gf u}î b}jfut\ kl/ ifflg
x/fO c;'n ge} Hd} if8feo]g ;jfn k§f sj'lno]t\ jdf]lhd
\ k'¥ofpg ;s]g srf hfrbf klgiffofsf] 7x/]g
gf]S;fg} k¥ofsf] 7xGof{ e} gk'¥ofpGofnfO uGof{ c}g=
#$= huf hldg\ ifflg /sd\ snd\sf] Ohf/fsf] ;jfn k§fln sfuhsfd ubf{ hf] p7\ofsf] bfd
>L % ;sf{/df / cfÇgf dflns;+u hfxf bflifn ug'{ kGof{ xf] jfxf bflifn u¥ofsf] 5 dl/
eflu htf{ kl/ cl;gf u}î b}jfut\ kl/ ifflg x/fO c;'n ge} Hd} if8f eo]g ;jfn k§f
sj'lno]t\ jdf]lhd= k'¥ofpg ;s]g eGof Plt ?k}of sj'n u¥ofsf] xf] d'n'sjf6 p7\ofsf]
Plt ?k}of bflifn u¥of cj o]lt ?k}of d'n's\df Hd} if8f eo]g o]:df sRrf hfFrbf osbfd
ljrdf d}n] iffofsf] 7x¥of] eGof= c}g jdf]lhd ;hfo ug'{ elg d'r'Nsf n]iffO lng'= gk'Gof
s'/f sj'n u¥of jfkt /= lskmfo]t\ eof gfkmf iffGof x'gfn] oGsf ;+u j:ofsf efO 5f]/fsf]
c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+; k/;b}{g= gub lhlg;\ ;'gf rflb hjfx]/ s;+tdg\ nQf sk8f 3/ if]t
rf}kfof b'O{kfof sdf/f sdfl/ jfwf jw]Toflg hf] 5 ;a} tfbft ul/= sj'n jdf]lhd
gk'Uofsf] ?k}of egf{ ul/ ln j9tf 7x¥ofsf] p;}nfO lkmtf{ ul/ lbg'= ;+kltsf wgn] jfls
?k}of k'u]g eGof klg km]l/ p:nfO= / p:sf ;+tfg c+l;of/nfO 3/ ks8 s}b gug'{ kmf/iflt
ul/= lbg' tfxf kl5 srf hfr ubf{ clwb]iffofsf] lx;fj e+bf s]lx cfkm'n] iffof df:ofsf]
7x¥of] eGof hf]iffof df:ofsf] 5 p:sf] bf]r+bf nufO ;f] ?k}ofdf * ?k}of d}Gxfsf lx;fjn]
s}b ug'{ !* jif{ pwf]df s}bsf] Dofb k'Uof] eGof Dofb k'Uofsf lbg 5f]l8 lbg' !* jif{;d
s}bf ubf{ jfls ?k}ofsf lx;fjn] s}bsf] Dofb k'u]g eGof kgL s}b gug'{= 5f]l8 lbg'=
s}bk¥ofsf jiftdf Tof] dflg; s}b}df d¥of] eGof;+u j:ofsf efO 5f]/fsf] :d]t ;+kltn]
jfls ?k}of jfjTdf lnnfd\ ul/ cl3jf6} egf{ eofsf] x'gfn] s}bsf] Dofb k'u]f;\ gk'uf];\
km]l/ p:sf efO 5f]/f ;+tfg c+l;of/ nfO kqmg kfOb}g gkqmg'=
b+8 lhtfpl/ ltg{ g;ls s}b eofsf –––––

120
#&= c+ue+u ge} s'6\lk6 / ufln uf]kmtfsf] emu/f gub lhlg;\ ;'gf rflb hjfx]/ s;+tdg\ nQf
sk8f 3/if]t rf}kfof b'Okfof sdf/f sdfl/ jfwf jw]Toflg jfjt\sf] emu/f hfl/ hft
;+j+lw eft kflg ;+j+lw s/l0f ;gj+lwsf] emu/fdf b+8 lhtfpl/ jS;fplg b;f}b lj;f}b
ltGof{ / ljuf ltGof{n] ltg{ g;ls s}b ug'{ kof{nfO ( ?k}of d}Gxfsf lx;fjn] s}b ug'{ !@
jif{ b]lif pwf]df s}bsf] Dofb k'Uof] eGof h'g\ lbg s}bsf] Dofb k'Uof p;}lbg t'/+t 5f]l8 lbg'=
!@ jif{;Dd s}b ubf{ jfls ?k}ofsf lx;fjn] s}b k'u]g eGof kgL s}b gug'{ 5f8Llbg'=
o:nfO / o:sf ;+tfg efO 5f]/f c+;Lof/ s;}nfO gkqmg' kmf/iflt ul/lbg'=

;f6f] s}b j:5' e+Gofsf]

!= :jfl:g dflg;n] bfdnx'Gof jfx]s c? tlS;/ u¥ofdf p:sf 3/ tkm{sf eof] dfjln
dfOlt tkm{sf eof] gftfbf/ sf]lx nf]UGofdflg; cfO OGsf] ;f6f] O{gn] j:g' k¥of} s}bdf xfld
jl;lb+5f} OgnfO 5fl8b]p e+g cfof nf]uGofdflg:sf] sfuh n]iffO ln c}g jdf]lhd pGn]
j:g' kGof{ s}bdf sj'n ug{ cfpGof nf]UGof dflg;nfO xfln :jf:gLnfO 5f]l8 lbg'=
@= s;}sf ;wjf ljwjf s+Gofx¿n] Hofg df¥ofsf] ift s/l0f eft kflg ;+j+wsf s'/f u¥of
jfx]s c? em} emu/f jfjt\ b+8 x'Gof s'/fdf nf]UGof 5f]/f ;;'/f jfj' bfHo" efO b]j/
Ho]7fHo"x?n] P;nfO xfld srxl/df Nofpbf}g hf] u¥ofsf] tlSt/ xfld j'emfp5f} eGof=
:jfl:gdflg;nfO srxl/df gNofpg'= xfld j'emfp5f} e+g cfpGof dflg;nfO{ c}g jdf]lhd
ug'{= e+g cfpGof dflg;x? jfl/; sf]lx cfofgg\= pGsf] nf]UGof klg kb]{; c+t uofsf] /x]5
eGof= P:tf :jfl:gnfO b+8 ug'{ kbf{ 9'Fuf] g5'jfO c}g jdf]lhd 7fl8 k6s ug'{= 9'Fufsf]
?k}of glng'= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
#= :jfl:g dflg;x¿n] bfdn x'gof s'/f u¥of jfx]s= c? ifb jft u¥ofdf p:sfnf]UGof 5f]/f
b]j/ Ho]7fHo" jfj' bfHo" efO dfjlnx¿ s;}n] P:sf] Hdflg xfld x'+5f} P;nfO k¥ofsf] s'/f]
xfld j'emfp5f} eÙ cfof eGof= Hdflg k:g cfpGof nf]UGof dflg;sf] sfuh n]vfO ln
c}g jdf]lhd t];}nfO ug'{= :jfl:g dflg;nfO 5f]l8lbg'= Hdflg k:Gof nf]UGof dflg; sf]lx
cfofgg\= eGof= eof :jfl:g Kofbf geof nf]UGof dflg;\ Kofbf @ hgf k7fO 8fls Nofpg'=
gcfO cl8 eGof j}Bn] gfl/ x]Gof{ 7fpdf ;dfO srxl/df NofO s'/f] x]l/ lg;fkm ug'{=
:jfl:g dflg;nfO kqmg Kofbf k7fpbf nf]UGof Kofbf Psn} gk7fpg'=

bkm] b+8 s}b

huf hldg ifflg /sd\ snd\sf] ;jfn k§f ;gb ln sj'n ul/
Ohf/f cdfgTsf] sfh sfd uGof{ Ohf/fbf/ /sldn] j'emfofsf]
ln cfkm"n] iffO ls:tf k'Uofsf] ?k}of df;Gof dflnsnfO
uGof{ c}g –––– –––– –––– –––– –––– –––– –––
#%= huf hldg\ ifflg /sd\ snDsf] ;jfn k§f ;gb ln sj'n ul/ Ohf/f cdfgTsf] sfd sfh
uGof{ Ohf/fbf/ /sldn] j'emfofsf] ?k}of cfkm'n] j'lem ln j'emfpg' kGof{ 7fp gj'emfO ifr{
ul/ ls:tf k'Uofsf ?k}of ltg{ ;s]g eGof P:tfn] df:ofsf] ljuf] / ljuf jdf]lhd b+8 if8f
ugf{nfO df:ofsf] wg iffbf hlt ;u5g ltGsf] / df:ofsf] wgiffofkl5 leÙ x'Gof
ltgx¿sf] :d]t\ c}g jdf]lhDsf] c+z k/ ;b}{g= gub lhlg;\ ;'gf rflb hjfx]/ s;+tdg\
nQf sk8f 3/ if]t rf}kfof b'Okfof sdf/f sdfl/ jfwf jw]Toflg hf]5 ;j} tfobft ul/
ljuf / b+8nfO rflxbf] lnnfd\ ul/ egf{ ug'{= c}g jdf]lhd\ ljuf] / b+8 egf{ eof kl5 j9tf
7x¥of] eGof p;}nfO lkmtf{ ul/lbg'= t]lt ubf{ klg ljuf] / b+8 ;+kltn] k'u]g eGof jfls
/èfsf ?k}ofdf * ?k}of d}Gxfsf lx;fjn] s}b ug'{ @$ jif{ pwf]df s}bsf] Dofb k'Uof] eGof
Dofb k'Uofsf lbg 5fl8lbg' @$ jif{;Dd s}b ubf{ jfls ?k}ofsf lx;fjn] s}b k'u]g eGof
klg s}b gug'{= 5f]l8lbg'= s}b k¥ofsf jifTdf Tof] dflg; s}b}df d¥of] eGof ;u j:ofsf
efO 5f]/f :d]Tsf] ;+kltn] ljuf] / b+8 jfjTdf lnnfd\ ul/ cl3jf6} lnofsf] x'gfn] s}bsf]
Dofb k'uf];\ gk'uf];\ km]l/ p:sf efO 5f]/f ;+tfg nfO kqmg kfOb}g=
txljn df;Gof /fifg lbofsf] df;Gof lhDdfjfl/ lbofsf]
df;gof w/j6 df;Gof huf hldg\ ifflg /sd\ snd\sf]
;jfn k§f sj'lno]t\ jdf]lhd\ ls:tfdf gk'¥ofO df:ofsf]
121
 ljuf] / ljuf jdf]lhd\sf] b+8 if8f ugf{nfO ;sf{/jf6 kqmfpg
x'b}g efuGofnfO uGof{ c}g –––– –––– –––– ––––
#^= txljn df;Gof /fifg lbofsf] df;Gof lhDdfjfl/ lbofsf] df;Gof w/j6\ df;Gof huf
hldg ifflg /sd\ snd\sf] ;jfn k§f sj'lno]t\ jdf]lhd\ ls:tfdf gk'¥ofO df:ofsf] ljuf]
/= ljuf jdf]lhd\ b+8 if8f ugf{nfO ;sf{/jf6 kqmfpg x'b}g= efUofsf] /x]5 eGof= df:ofsf]
wg iffbf hlt ;+u 5g\= ltGsf] / df:ofsf] wg iffof kl5 leÙ x'Gofsf] :d]t c}g jdf]lhd\sf]
c+; k/ ;b}{g= gub lhlg;\ ;'gf rflx hjfx]/ s;+tdg\ nQf sk8f 3/ if]t\ rf}kfof
b'Okfof= sdf/f sdfl/ jfwf jw]Toflg hf]5 ;j} tfobft ul/ ljuf] / b+8nfO rflxbf]
lnnfd\ ul/ egf{ ug'{ c}g jdf]lhd\ ljuf] / b+8 egf{ eof kl5 j9tf ;+klt 7x¥of] eGof
p;}nfO kmLtf{ ul/lbg' t]lt ubf{ klg ljuf] / b+8 ;+kltn] k'u]g eGof jfls /èfsf ?k}ofdf
efUofsf efO 5f]/fx?n] /:t ls:t kfof gf]sl/ rfsl/ if]lt sdfO ul/ lt?+nf e+5g\ eGof=
bfdf;lxsf b/n] /sd\ lnbf ;u j:ofsf hlt hgf 5g\ plt hgfsf gfpdf efiff td;'s\
ul/ /:t ls:t ul/lng'= wg ltg{ ;Stf}g eGof jflsdf /sd\ lnbf ;u j:ofsf hlt hgf
5g\= plt hgfnfO ul/ Hdf !@ jif{ s}b ug'{ !@ jif{ pwf]df s}b k'Uof] eGof Dofb k'Uof kl5
5fl8lbg' !@ jif{ s}b ubf{ jfls ?k}ofsf lx;fjn] s}b k'u]g eGof klg s}b gug'{ 5fl8lbg'
ljuf] / b+8 jfjTdf ;u j:ofsf efO 5f]/fx¿sf] :d]t\ lnnfd\ eofsf] x'gfn] kl5jf6
OGnfO / Ogsf ;+tfgnfO kqmg kfOb}g= gkqmg'=

l;wf lbGof ;8s iff]bfpGof

!= cbfnt 7fgfsf dflnsn] s}bdf k¥ofsf s}lbnfO c}g jdf]lhd ;8s iff]bfo]gg\= kg\kIf
u¥of eGof @) ?k}of hl/jfgf ul/lng'= Dofb k'UofnfO 5f]l8lbofgg\ eGof klg= Dofb
k'UofsfnfO g5fl8 hlt s}bdf hlt /èfsf 5g\= p;} jdf]lhd lx;fj hl/ hl/jfgf ug'{=
@= csf{sf] Hofg dfGof{ / /fhsfhdf k¥ofsf Hofg df¥of] e+Gof s'/fsf] jft nfuL klqmofsf
cf} Hofg df¥of jfjt\= bfdn eofsf nf]UGof dflg;nfO ;8s\df / c? sfhdf g k7fpg'
g]n xfln em]niffgfleq} s}b ul/ /fifg'= /f]hsf] $ k};f iffg lbg'= Hofg df¥of jfjt\= bfdn
eofsf :jfl:g dflg;nfO g]n xfln jf?biffgf k7fO jf?b lkwfpg'= /f]hsf] ^ k};f iffg
lbg'= em]niffgfdf /èfsf :jfl:gnfO /f]hsf] rf/ k};f iffg lbg'= c? u}î s'/fdf bfdn
eofsf /= s/l0f jfjt\ rf]l/ jfjt\= b+8df ljufdf sfo]ngfdfdf ;lx gxfNbfdf P]g
jdf]lhd s}b eofsf Doflb s}lbx¿nfO /f]hsf] ^ k};f iffg lb ;8s\ / c? sfhdf nfpg'=
cfÇg' ifr{ iffO em]n iffgfd} /x+5f} e+Gof nf]UGof dflg;nfO em]n iffgfd} /fifg'= ;8s\ / c?
sfhdf gk7fpg'= x's'd dlh{n] j9fOlbg' e+Gof eofsfnfO l;wf j9fOlbg'= 36fOlbg' e+Gof
eofsfnfO 36fOlbg' Ps rf]6 s}bdf s}bL efuL uofsf klqm cfofsfnfO{ em]n iffgfjf6
lgsfng' kbf{ x's'd dlh{n] kx/f rf}lssf] ;+ef/ k'UGof ul/ dfq} lgsfng' x'+5= p;}
lgsfng x'Fb}g=
#= em]n iffgf jfx]s srxl/df ift jftn] y'lgosfsf cfÇgf 3/jf6 ifr{ NofO iffg g;s\Gof
ift'ls kftls rf]/ emul/of u}î ul/j s+ufn\nfO /f]hsf] $ k};f l;wf sf}l; tf];fiffgfjf6
lemls cbfntjfnfn] lbnfOlbg'=
$= cbf cbfnt em]niffgf / huf hufdf y'lgofsf s}lb y'g"jf dWo] dflg:sf] Hofg dfGof{ /=
Ps k6s\ em]n iffgfjf6 eflu u} klqmofsf jfx]s . c? ;8s\df sfd ug{ hfGof Doflb
s}lb kftsL l5tls bfdn u}î y'g'jfx¿df thljhn] kl§jflw tL s}lb dWo] kl§ kl§df
$.$ gfOSof u/fO kl§sf $ dWo] @ hgfnfO /f]hsf] gf} k};f @ hgfnfO cf7 k};fsf b/n]
l;wf lbg' ltGx]¿n] cfÇgf cfÇgf kl§sf s}lbnfO x]/ ljrf/ ul/ efUg pDsg glbg'= efUg
nfUofsf] yfxf kfof rf}lsdf hfx]/ ug'{= 3"; k]; iffO pDsfofsf] 7x¥of efuL hfGof s}lbsf]
Dofb :d]t\ yk ul/ eufpGofnfO s}b ug'{ . uflkmlnn] pdsfofsf] eof !).!) j]t 7f]sg'=
s}lbnfO sfddf n}hfGof rk|fl; / kfnfdf /xGof l;kflx dxfGofx¿n] klg uflkmn e}
pdsfof !).!) j]t 7f]sg' 3'; k]; iffO pdsfofsf] 7x¥of / sfo]n eof] eGof= eflu
hfGofsf Dofb jdf]lhd s}b ul/ 5fl8lbg'=
122
%= b+8 ltg{ g;sGof s}lb jfln ltg{ g;s\Gof s}lb ljuf] lbg g;sGofs}lbn] cfÇgf ifr{ iff+5f}
;8s iff]bbf}g eGof em]nifgfleq g]n 7f]ls y'lg dfq /fifg' ;8s giff]bfpg'= ltGx]x¿sf
3/jf6 Nofofsf] iffGof lkGof ;/fhfd lbbf kx/fjfnsf ;u u} lbg'= Psf+tdf s'/f sxflg
klg ug{ glbg'= kx/fjfnsf ;fdfGo ;fkm if'nf;f s'/f ug{ cîfpglbg'=
^= j8f xj;\ 5f]6f] xj;\= s}b ug'{ elg c}g jdf]lhd s}bdf k¥ofsfnfO g]n 7f]ls ;8s
iff]bfpg'= ;fh ;j]/ cfÇgf 3/sf] ifr{ iffGofnfO g]n dfq} xfng' ;8s giff]bfpg'= ;sf{sf]{
ifr{ iffGofnfO ;8s iff]bfpg'=
&= em]niffgfdf k¥ofsf :jfl:gdflg; /= jfnif jf}nfxf cf} x's'd dlh{ cf1fn] ;8sdf
gk7fpg'= em]niffgfd} s}b ul/ /fifg' e+Gof eofsf s}lbx¿nfO ;8s giff]bfpg'= em]niffgfdf
jl; /f]lhGbfsf] l;wf iffg lbg'= x's'd dlh{ cf1fn] j9fOlbg' e+Gof eofsfnfO l;wf
j9fOlbg'= 36fOlbg' e+Gof eofsfnfO l;wf 36fOlbg'=
*= bfdn x'Gof / Ho" sfl6Gof rf]/ 9f6 /fhsfhsf] ;ntgt\ ljufGof{ dtnjdf nfUGof
s}lbnfO xftdf /= uf]8fdf g]n 7f]ls /fifg'= iffgfnfO ;sf{/jf6 lbg' ;8s iff]bfpg'= pGsf
3/jf6 iffglkg NofO lbofsf] kx/f rf}ls j:Gof dfkm{tjf6 lbnfOlbg'= lt kx/f rf}ls
j:Gofn] b]lif b]lif c? dflg;;Fu Psf+t Psnf;df s'/f sxflg ug{lbof eGof t]; kx/f
jfnsf] tfgf jfgf Roftg'=
(= :jfl:g dflg;n] s}bsf ?k}oflbg ;SofgGeof t]:tf :jfl:gnfO :jfl:gdflg;\ /xGof s}b
iffgfdf s}b ug'{= Dofb k'Uof kl5 5f]l8 lbg'= nf]UGofdflg; /= :jfl:gdflg;nfO Ps} 7fpdf
s}b gug'{= j]unf j]un} s}b ul/ /fifg'=
!)= em]niffgfdf /èfsf s}lb :jfl:gdflg; hf]5g\ ltgnfO s'6Gof lkwGof :o"Gof hf}g sfddf
kl/cfp5 ug{ nfpg'= jflx/ ulNndf g8'nfpg'= if+Gof iff]>Gof sfd gnfpg'=
!!= g]n 7f]ls s}b eofsf ule{l0f :jfl:g dWo] bfdn eofsf / Hofg ;ga+lw sf s'/fdf s}b
k¥ofsf jfx]s c? j]xf]/fn] s}b eofsf g]n 7f]lsofsf ule{l0f :jfl:g dflg;nfO ^
d}Gxfsf] ue{ eof kl5 g]n s6fO 5f]l8lbg' OgnfO ift dfkm x'+5 . em]niffgfd} s/l0f u/fO
k]6 jf]Sofsf :jfl:gx¿nfO ;'TSofl/ x'Gof j]nfsf] @ d}Gxf g]n iff]ln gh/j+b ul/ /fifg'=
;'TSofl/ ifr{ /f]hsf] $ k};f l;wf tf];fiffgfjf6 yk u/fOlbg'= @ d}Gxf k'Uof kl5 km]l/ g]n
7f]ls /fifg'= yk l;wfsf $ k};f klg 36fOlbg'= h+Dofsf] jfnif ^ d}Gxfsf] eof kl5
tf];fiffgfaf6 c}g jdf]lhd jfnifnfO klg l;wf lbnfOlbg'=

Onfh uGof{sf]

!= >L % ;sf{/ nufo]t\ b'lg`fbf/ u}în] cfÇgf= s;}nfO j]/fd eof] / Onfh u/fpg' kbf{=
cf}iflw ug{ hf+Gof k¥èfsf] xj;\ jf gk¥èfsf] xj;\ ldq h:tfnfO 7x/fO cf}iflw ug{
nfpg'= Onfh ub}{df sfn ultn] dg{ uof] /= d]/f kmnfgfnfO cd\sf j}bn] cgfxs\df
dfl/lbof] elg s;}n] s/fpg cfof efO 5f]/f :jf:gLsf] c+; / 5f]l/sf] ljèf ifr{ k/ ;fl/
t]:tf kf]nfxfsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ 5fl8lbg'=
@= g;f]lwofsf] sfrf] ljif ch}kfn xtf{n ;f]dn ;+Iof s[of k'lu g;f]lwosf] c? j'l6x¿
s]lx gldnfO lg/fnf j}Bn] s;}nfO if'jfpbf d¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof km]l/ t]lx cf}iflw dGof{nfO
if'jfo} jdf]lhdsf] dfqf ul/ p;} j}bnfO if'jfpg nfpg' / pklg d¥of] eGof t]; j}Bn] buf
u¥ofsf] 7x5{= Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg uof]= t];nfO s]lx eo]g eGof sfn ultn] d¥ofsf]
7x5{= if'jfpGofnfO jft nfUb}g= j|fé0f j}Bn] if'jfpbf d/]5eGof plx Onfh pq} dfqf ul/
s''s'/ jfiffnfO if'jfpg' /= pd¥of eGof buf u¥ofsf] 7x5{ j|fé0f j}BnfO bfdn ug'{=
# s[of k'lu ;f]lwofsf] ljif ch}kfn xtf{n ;f]dn ;+iof k¥ofsf] cf}ifwL if'jfpbf dg{ uof] /=
j}Bn] dfl/lbof] elg s/fpg cfofdf= sfn ultn] d¥ofsf] 7x5{ j}BnfO jft nfUb}g=
kf]ng cfpGofnfO @) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
$= eL/df nl8 iff]nfdf jlu ?if 9'Fuf] d'9fn] dLlr jf nf]l6 7Ss/ nfuL uf]ln xltof/sf] rf]6
nfuL xft uf]8f c+u'nf hifd eofsf ifl6/fx¿ eofsf kTyl/ /f]u eofsfnfO kmnfg' bb{5
P:df sf6g' lrg'{ kmf]g'{ cf/f] xfng' hf] k5{ ul/ cf/fdf u/fOb]p elg dbf]? jfnif /x]5 /=
p:sf jfj' cfdf bfh' sfsfx¿n] eGof] eGof / ebf}? hfgsf/ /x]5 /= plx dbf}?n] klg
123
 eg]5 p:sf :jfl:g jfj' cfdf bfHo" efO 5f]/f sfsfx¿n] klg ;Nnfx lbof eGof pGsf]
Hdfg ln bb{ cf/fd ugf{sf] nflu hifd eofsf xft uf]8f c+u'nf sf6\tfdf= kTyl/ eofdf
lrbf{ ifl6/fx¿ eofsf kmf]bf{ cf/f] xfNbf j]/fld dg{ uof] eGof klg eljtJo 7x5{ Onfh
ug{ nfpGofx¿nfO / Ohfn uGof{nfO ift jft nfUb}g=

l;l7 h'emsf]

!= cj pk|f+t ltg ;x/ g]kfn iffn\8fdf l;l7 h'em s;}n] gif]ng'= c}g eof kl5 s;}n] l;l7
h'em if]Nof]] eGof if]nGofnfO hglx @.. ?k}of b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
@= k"j{ klZrd pQ/ blIf0f rf/f]tkm{ b]pdf8f] / 36jf/df wg' sf9 t/jf/ if's'l/n] /= 9'Fuf]
em6f/f] xfgfxfg ul/ h'em if]nYof. cj pk|f+t plb{ eof kl5 s;}n] if]Nof] eGof if]nGofnfO
@.. 3'Uofqf]n] if]nGofnfO @.. ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of lbg !% s}b ug'{=

s'6 lk6 Ho" hifd\

!= sf]lx j8f cfbld wgL dd{xfhg\ OHh2f/ dflg;n] OHh2f/ j8f cfbld dd{xfhg\ wlgx¿
s;}nfO cfÇgf lhon] xj;\ c?nfO nufO xj;\ nf7f 9'+uf nflt h'lt u}în] xfGof
s'6Øfsf df cf7 cfgfb]lif @) ?k}of;+dsf] efl/ b+8 x'Gof tlS;/df b+8 ul/ lngfsf] / b+8
gln s}bdfxfngfsf] d'ifGof/ /= cbfntsf xflsdsf thjLhn] ug'{= hZn] cîfofsf] 5
p;}nfO b+8 x'+5 csf{n] cîfOsn s'6GofnfO Hofg df¥of jfx]s= c? s' /fdf cîfpGofnfO
eofsf b+8 s}bsf] cflw s}b ug'{=
@= csf{sf] gfs sf6GofnfO ^ jif{= Ps cfiff kmf]Gof{nfO ^ jif{ s}b ug'{ Dofbsf] 8jNsf
lx;fjn] lbof ln 5fl8 lbg'= @ cfiff kmf]Gof{nfO c}g jdf]hLdsf] c+;;j{:j ul/ t];} cfiff
km'6ofsfnfO lbnfO cfiff kmf]Gof{nfO bfdn ug'{=
#= :jfl:g :jfl:gsf emu/fdf eof] nf]UGof nf]UGofsf emu/fdf eof]= cyjf= nf]UGof :jfl:gsf
emu/fdf eof] gfs sfgsf] nf]lt r'8flnlbof] c+u'nf 6f]sL l5gfO{ lbof] /= if'g x'GofnfO{
if'g uGof{n] s]lx lb lrQ j'emof] / d]/f] rLQ j'‰of] elg dgf]dfgl;t 5fl8lbof] eGof
/flhgfdf n]iffO nL 5fl8lbg' if'g x'Gofn] dfg]g 5f8]g lg;fkm ul/b]p eGof] eGof= gfs
sf] 6'Kkf] bftn] 6f]ls r'8fnGofnfO # jif{ sfg 6f]ls r'8fnGofnfO @ jif{ c+u'nf 6f]ls
r'8fnGofnfO ! jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf ?k}of 8jn\ lbof ln 5fl8lbg' c? c+udf bftn]
6f]ls /ut sf9GofnfO !) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
$= s;}n] s;}nfO s'6\tf bft em/+hL s'6Øf] elg lkm/fb ug{ cfof] eGof] hlt bft
km'sNofsf] 5 bft lk5] ^).^) ?k}ofsf b/n] b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf
b/n] s}b ug'{=
%= s/l0f hft eftsf s'/f afx]s c? s'/fsf emu/fdf 7"nf hftnfO ;fg' hft xf];\ elg
ufln uGof{nfO klg %.% ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
^= s;}n] ufln u/fu/df eof] c? s'/fsf Oljdf eof] chfk'q cfkm' ;'lif dflg;nfO
ltGx]¿ sdf/f sdfl/ xf} eGofnfO / c? hftnfO kf¥of 3lt{ xf];\ e+GofnfO %.% ?k}of
b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of !.! d}Gxf s}b ug'{=
&= s;}n] emu/fdf s;}nfO xft uf]8fsf c+u'nf dsf{O lbof] /= x]bf{df dSof{ ;'lgofsf] /x]5
eGof ! c+u'nf dsf{pGofnfO @) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= hlt c+u'nf dsf{O lbofsf] 5 plt
lx;fj;+u @).@) ?k}+ofsf b/n] b+8 ug'{= xft uf]8f dsf{Olbof] x]bf{df dSof{ / ;'lgofsf]
7x¥of] eGof dsf{O lbGofnfO ^) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
124
*= xft uf]8fsf c+u'nf l5lg @ 6'qmf ul/lbGofnfO # jif{ s}b ug'{ P;} l/tn] hlt c+u'nf
l5lglbof]= plt c+u'nfsf #.# jif{sf lx;fjn] s}b ug'{= Dofbsf ?k}of 8jNsf lx;fjn]
lbof ln 5fl8lbg'=
(= c? c+udf g;f sfl6sg xft if'§f s+j/ rn]g d+6f] yy{/fpg nfUof] iffofsf] jflx/
lg:sg nfUof] eGof /= xf8 :d]t\ sfl6+sg d¥of] eGof Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg hf+5= jfRof]
eGof c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+; k/ ;fl/ t]:sf] ;j{:j ul/ cbfntjf6 b;f}b ln pk/ t];}
3fOTofnfO lbnfO s'6GofnfO !) jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf ?k}of 8jNsf lx;fjn] lbof ln
5fl8lbg'=
!)= s;}n] s;}nfO s'6\tf xft uf]8fsf c+u'nf eflrlbof] elg lkm/fb ug{ cfof] eGof !
c+u'nf efRof %) ?k}of @ c+u'nf efRof !)) ?k}of # c+u'nf efRof !%) ?k}of P;}
l/tn] hlt c+u'nf eflrlbofsf] 5 plt ?k}of hl/jfgf ug'{= b+8sf ?k}of ltg{ ;s]g eGof
c}g jdf]hLd s}b ug'{=
!!= nf]UGof dflg;n] nf]UGo} dflg;nfO s'6kL6 ubf{ xft if'§f eflr xft 8'8f] uf]8f] nu8f]
u/fOlbof] / O{nfh u/fpbf klg ;fj'b eo]g sfd gnfUof eof] elg s/fpg cfof j'embf
txlst 7x¥of eGof hifd uGof{nfO !) jif{ s}b ug'{ Dofbsf ?k}of lbof c}g jdf]lhd
ln 5fl8lbg' Onfh u/fpbf ;fj"b eof] eGof @ jif{ s}b ug'{ Dofbsf ?k}of lbof lng'=
!@= :jfl:gdflg;n] :jfl:gdflg;df kltj|tf xj;\ j]:of xj;\ rfs/ hft xj;\ s;}nfO
s'6kL6 ubf{ xft if'§f eflr xft 8'8f] uf]8f] nu8f] u/fOlbof] /= Onfh u/fpbf klg ;fj'b
eo]g . sfd grnGof eof] elg s/fpg cfof j'embf txlst 7x¥of] eGof hifd
uGof{nfO % jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf ?k}of lbof ln 5fl8lbg'= Onfh u/fpbf ;fj'b eofsf]
7x¥of] eGof ! jif{ s}b ug'{=
!#= nf]UGof dflg;n] :jfl:g dflg;nfO s'6kL6 ubf{ xft if'§f eflr xft 8'8f] uf]8f] nu8f]
u/fOlbof] Onfh u/fpbf klg ;fj'b eo]g sfd grnGof eof] elg s/fpg cfof] / j'embf
txlst 7x¥of] eGof hifd uGof{nfO !@ jif{ s}b ug'{ ?k}of lt¥of c}g jdf]lhd ln
5fl8lbg'= Onfh u/fpbf ;fj'b eofsf] 7x¥of] eGof # jif{ s}b ug'{=
!$= xft xfnfxfn s'6fs'6 /ut kIf uGof{ :jfl:g dflg;x¿n] s}bsf ?k}of lt5f}{ eGof c}g
jdf]lhd ln 5f]l8lbg'=
!%= rfj{0f{ 5lQ;} hflt u}î b'lg`fbf/df sf]lx nf]UGof nf]UGofsf] xj;\ nf]UGofdflg:sf] /
:jfl:gdflg:sf] xj;\= :jfl:g :jfl:gsf] xj;\= emu/f em} s'6fs'6 u¥of /ut kIf u¥of=
s'6\tfdf c+usf] e+u u¥of Ho" eGof d¥ofsf] /x]g5 /= s'6fOdfUGofn] s'6Gof dflg:sf
gfpdf lkm/fb ug{ cfofgGeGof c? kf]nfxfsf d'ifn] kf]ngcfOsg cbfnt 7fgf
cdfnjf6 P:tf s'/f g;Fg'= s'6fOdfUGof dflg;\ lkm/fb ug{ cfof s'/f] x]l/ c}g jdf]hLd
lg;fkm ul/ lbg'=
!^= s;}n] s;}nfO kfif'/f lk8f}nfdf xflg l5Gof] / Tof] 3fpgyfls t];} j]yfn] hlt;'s} d}Gxf
kl5 d¥of klg xf+Gofsf] Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg lng'= 3fpyfls lgsf] eof] eGof= xf+Gofsf]
c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ cbfnt 7fgf cdfnjf6 b;f}b ln pk/ t]lx 3fOTofnfO
lbnfO xf+GofnfO !@ jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf] 8jn lbof klg glng'=
!&= s;}n] s;}nfO s'6lk6 ubf{ s/ª\sf] xf8 km'6Øf] elg s/fpg cfof] / hfrtf j'embf
km'6ofsf] 7x¥of] /= kl5 Ohfn u/fpbf ;fj'b e} sfd sfh ug{ ;s\Gof eofsf 7x¥of]
eGof km'6ofsf]5 e+Gofsf] d'r'Nsf n]iffO ln s/+sf] xf8 km'6\Gof ul/ s'6\GofnfO ^) ?k}of
b+8 ug'{= ?k}of ltg{ ;s]g eGof= c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=

ufnL u/f u/sf]

!= s;}n] csf{l;t s'/fsfxflg egfeg x'bf t]/f j7dflysf h'3f x'GeGof kmnfg' s'/f] u/=
h'3f xf]Ogg\ hf7f x'GeGof ug{ ;sf]Og;\ e+GofnfO @.. ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
@= nf]UGof dflg;n] nf]UGo} dflg;nfO em} emu/fdf wf]lt km'sfln b]iffO lbGofnfO @.. ?k}of
b+8 ug'{=
#= nf]UGof dflg;n] ;wjf ljwjf s+GofnfO em} emu/fdf wf]lt km'sfln b]iffO lbGofnfO @)
?k}of b+8 ug'{=
125
$= nf]UGof dflg;n] j]:of :jfl:gnfO / sdfl/nfO em} emu/fdf wf]lt km'sfln b]iffO lbof @
?k}of b+8 ug'{=
%= :jfl:gdflg;n] :jfl:gdflg;nfO{ em} emu/fdf u'Go" km'sfln b]iffOlbof @.. ?k}of b+8
ug'{=
^= :jfl:g dflg;n] nf]UGof dflg;nfO em} emu/fdf u'Go" km'sfln b]iffOlbof @.. ?k}of b+8
ug'{=
&= cfÇgf hxfg kl/of/ Oi6ldq ;wjf ljwjf s+Gof 5f]l/ j'xfl/ cfdf jHo"x¿ j:ofsf
ljrdf nf]UGofdflg;nfO em} emu/fdf u'Go" kmsf{O b]iffO lbGof :jf:gLnfO !) ?k}of b+8
ug'{=
*= 9fqm\of dxfhg /}ot u}î db iffGofn] db iffO csf{nfO d'ifn] ufln u'Çtf uGof{ / xftn]
nlˆn] 9'Fufn] xf+Gof ulNndf nf]l6/xGof lx8\bf 9gdgfpGof nfO % ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of
glt¥of ! d}Gxf s}b ul/ 5f]l8lbg'=
(= hf]lu h+ud ;+Gofl; cf]3/ sfgkm§fx¿n] db /lS; iffO ulNnfdf nf]l6 /xGof lx8bf
9gdgfGopof csf{nfO{ ufnL u'Çtf uGof{ xftn] 9'+uf nl¶n] xf+GofnfO klqm cfÇgf
guLrsf l;jfgfsfiff]nf] s6fO wkfOlbg'=
!)= s;}n] s;}nfO j]lg;fkm j]lS;/df jfWof] elgs/fpg cfof] eGof lg/f]k0f ubf{ j]gL;fkmL
j]tlS;/df jfWofsf] 7x¥of] eGof Tof] jfwGofnfO{ $ d}Gxf g]n 7f]ls s}b ug'{ ?k}of 8jn
lbof ln 5f]l8lbg'=
!!= s;}n] nf]UGof dflg; s;}nfO bflî h'3f / skfnsf /f}+ j]xSdf slq lbof] eGof %
?k}of b+8 ug'{=
!@= s+Gof / ;wjf ljwjf :jfl:gnfO j]xDdf skfnsf /f} slq lbGofnfO $) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
j]:of hft / rfs/ hftsf :jfl:gsf skfnsf /f}+ slq lbGofnfO @) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
eu'O g;'O sfd guGof{ rf]Gof{ sdfl/ / jw]Toflgsf] dflnsn] skfn slq lbofdf ift
nfUb}g=
!#= nf]UGof nf]UGof xj;\= :jfl:g :jfl:gn] xj;\ :jfl:gdflg;n] nf]UGof dflg;nfO xj;\=
s;}n] csf{sf skfn sf /f} ;dfO hu6ØfpGofnfO % ?k}of b+8 ug'{= nf]UGofdflg;n]
csf{sf :jfl:gdflg;nfO hu6Øfof eGof !) ?k}+of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd
s}b ug'{=
!$= csf{nfO j]xSdf uw{lgnfpGof /= n5f/ k5f/ uGof{nfO # ?k}of hl/jfgf ug'{= ?k}of
glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
!%= csf{sf ;wjf ljwjf s+GofnfO pgn] xft g5fl8 ljgf s;'/df unxQf nfpGof nf]UGof
dflg;nfO @) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
!^= cfÇgf if;dsf ;Todf g/èfsf j]:of eofsfnfO j]xSdf unxQf nfpGofnfO @.. ?k}of
b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of lbg !% s}b ul/ 5fl8 lbg'=
!&= s;}n] s;}nfO ! rf]6 xj;\ @ rf]6 xj;\ ufnf 7f]Sof] / dnfO ufnf 7f]Sof] elg lkm¥ofb
ug{ cfof] / j'embf7x¥of] eGof ufnf 7f]sGofnfO $ ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g
jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
!*= k}Nx] of]6fn] ufnf 7f]Sof] uw{gL nfof]= ufnf 7f]sfO dfUGof / uw{lg nfO dfUGofn] kl5jf6
cfdf rsfl/ ufln u¥of] eGof ufln uGof{nfO iftjft nfUb}g= ufnf 7f]sGofnfO $ uw{lg
nfOpGofnfO # ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
!(= sf]lx dflg;n] p;} j]xSdf ufln u¥of] elg lkm¥ofb ug{ cfof] eGof nf]UGof dflg;nfO
cfdfrsfl/ ufln uGof{ /= :jfl:g dflg;nfO t]/f jfj' ls hf]O e+GofnfO @.. ?k}of c?
yf]s ufln uGof{nfO ! ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
@)= nf]UGof dflg; s;}n] csf{ nf]UGofdfl:sf u'nf ln+u hf7f / j]:of :Jffl:gsf hf7f ;dfO
tf+GofnfO @% ?k}of b+8 ug'{= cfÇgf hft wd{df /èfsf s+Gof ;wjf ljwjf
:jfl:gdflg:sf hf7f tfGof nf]UGof dflg;nfO{ %) :jfl:gdflg;nfO @%?k}of b+8 ug'{=
?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
@!= s'nf kw]/f sf]njg 3f; kft u}î ;fgfltgf s'/fsf emu/fdf cbftn 7fgf cdfndf s'/f
kl/ sfo]ngfdf eof] eGof= c}g n]lifofsfdf c}g jdf]lhd b+8 ug'{= c}g gn]lifofsf
s'/fdf ! ?k}of b+8 ul/ 5fl8 lbg'=

126
@@= egf eg ufln u/f u/sf] emu/f x'bf k}Nx] of}6fn] cfdf rsfl/ ufln u/]5 / kl5jf6
p;nfO xftn] xltof/ glemls d'l7n] klg g;dflt d'ifn] dfq sfl6o]nf;\ eGof sf] /x]5
eGof t]:tfnfO jft nfUb}g=

s'6lk6sf]

!= nf7f 9'+uf nlˆn] xflg /ut kIf eof] c+usf] e+u eGof eo]g ylnGof ul/ u'6Øfsf] klg
/x]g5 !.@ rf]6 xf+bfdf /ut cfof] eGof= !) ?k}of c+u e+u gu/L !% lbg;+d ylnGof
ul/ s'6GofnfO @) ?kof b+8 ug'{= !% lbgb]lif j9tf #) lbg ;+d ylnGof ul/ s'6Øfsf]
7x¥of $) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= lhtGofnfO lhtfpl/ kb}{g= b'j}n] xfgfxfg u¥of eGof k}Nx]
xfGofnfO !) kl5jf6 xfGofnfO % ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
@= s;}n] s;}nfO nfQn] xfGof] / dnfO nfQn] xfGof] elg s/fpg cfof] eGof nfQn]
xf+GofnfO !% ?k}of b+8 ug'{= b'j}n] xfgfxfg u¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof= k}Nx] xf+GofnfO ^
kl5jf6 xf+GofnfO # ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
#= s;}n] emu/f ubf{ h'tfn] xfGof] h'tf nufO nfQn] xfGof] elg lkm/fb ug{ cfof] eGof
h'Qfn] xf+Gof / h'Qf nufO nfQn] xf+GofnfO @) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ b'j}n] h'tfn] xfgfxfg
u¥of= b'j}n] h'tf nufO nfQn] xfgfxfg u¥of eGof= k}Nx] xf+GofnfO !) kl5jf6 xf+GofnfO
% ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
$= xft xfnfxfn gªsf sf]/fsf]/ ubf{ /ut cfof] eGof @.. csf{nfO 3'Rofl6 leQfdf bln
uw{lg nufO 7s/ nfUbf gfy«L km'l6 rf]6 nflu eofsf P:tf ;fgf ltgf s'/fsf /ut
kIfsf emu/fdf /ut sf9GofnfO % ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
%= csf{nfO !).* k6s\ s'l6 cfudf gLn kl/ cf]5\ofGdf k¥ofsf] 5}g eGof s'6\GofnfO @)
?k}of hl/jfgf ug'{ glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
^= s;}sf] Ho" wg hjfx]/ gub lhlg;\ rf}kfof c+g huf hldg\ rf]l/ofdf / s/l0f ;+j+wsf
s'/fdf s;}dfly ;+iff p7\of] p;\jf6 bl; eGof s]lx ldNofsf] 5}g eGof= ltgnfO
srxl/df NofO j/k/ b]iffO xjsfO bjsfO ;f]wk'5 ul/ lg;fkm x]g'{= s'6lk6 gug'{= !.@
s'/fsf] bl; kfOof] eGof t]:tf ;fl`w'jf rf]/x¿nfO Ho" gdGof{ c+gue+u gx'Gof ul/
;+lw jrfO sf]/f{ j]t 7f]ls lg;fkm x]g'{=
&= c+usf] e+u gul/= /ut kIf gul/= nlˆn] !.@ rf]6 xfGofsf s'/fdf dnfO s'6Øf] elg
lkm¥ofb ug{ cfof] /= s'6Øfsf] 7x¥of] eGof= ^ ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
*= s;}sf ;wjf ljwjf s+Gof :jfl:g :jfl:g dflg:sf] emu/f x'g nfUofsf j]nfdf
5'6ofpbf Ho]7fHo"n] xj;\ jf c? k/rlqm ;fgf 7"nf jft / kflg grnGof hft u}în]
xft xfln 5'6Øfofsf s'/fdf dnfO kmnfgfn] xft xfNof] elg :jfl:gn] e+g kfpb}gg\=
cfudf ;dfO 5'6ØfO lbGof dflg;nfO emu/f uGof{ :jfl:gsf nf]UGofn] klg iftjft
nfpg kfpb}g /fhift klg nfUb}g=
(= s;}n] j]xSdf l;Zg' nfof] elg s/fpg cfof] / j'embf l;Zg' nfofsf] txlst 7x¥of]
eGof !) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of @ d}Gxf s}b ul/ 5fl8lbg'=
!)= Doflb s}lb jfx]s c? u}î s'6lk6 xft xfnfxfnsf s'/fdf s'6lk6 xft xfnfxfn u¥of]
elg s/fof]= /f]jsf/ ubf{ ;fljt ug{ ;s]g eGof t]:tf kf]nfxfnfO s'6lk6sf c}gdf hf}g
s'/f] kf]Nofsf] 5= p;} c}gsf] cflw b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
!!= kfnf] kx/f plb{ sjfo]t\df hf8 /lS; iffO j]xf];l;t jf]nGof 3/ w/fO lx8Gof
kN7lg`fsf] tfgfjfgf Roflt hfuL/ iff]l;lbg'=
!@= s;}n] s;}nfO j]xSdf jfWof] sf]/f{ 7f]Sof] elg s/fpg cfof] /= j'embf txlst 7x¥of]
eGof= kftf gkmsf{O jfwGofnfO $ d}Gxf s}b ug'{= Dofbsf] 8jn\ lbof ?k}of ln 5f8g'=
sf]/f{ 7f]sGofnfO klg hltrf]6\ sf]/f{n] xfGofsf] 5= Psrf]6sf] $.$ ?k}ofsf b/n] b+8
ug'{= j]xSdf csf{nfO g]n l7u/f rdf}6\ xfnGofnfO hlt lbgxfNofsf] 7x5{ xfnGofnfO
lbgsf] @.@ ?k}ofsf b/n] b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{= jf}Nxfofsf
dflg;nfO cf}iflw lgldQ g]n l7u'/f rdf}6 xfNofdf iftjft nfUb}g=
!#= s;}n] s;}nfO hu6Øfo]5 klg= uf8]5 klg eGof To;tfnfO{ & ?k}of b08 ug'{= ?k}of
glt¥of s}b ug'{=
127
!$= s;}n] s;}nfO hu6Øfo]5 ufnf klg 7f]s]5 uf8]5 klg eGof t]:tfnfO @) ?k}of b+8 ug'{
glt¥of s}b ug'{=
!%= s;}n] s;}nfO hu6Øfo]5= ufnf 7f]s]5 uf8]5= nfQn] xfg]5 eGof t]:tfnfO #) ?k}of
b+8 ug'{= glt¥of s}b ug'{=
!^= s;}n] s;}nfO hu6Øfo] 5 ufnf 7f]s]5 uf8]5 tfQn] xfg]5 h'tfn]\ xfg]5 t]:tfnfO $)
?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of s}b ug'{=
!&= s;}n] s;}nfO hu6Øfo]5 ufnf 7f]s]5 uf8]5 nfQn] xfg]5 h'Qfn] iffb]5 nlˆn] :d]t\
xfg]5 eGof t]:tfnfO %) ?k}of b+b ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of s}b ug'{=
!*= s;}n] s;}nfO hu6Øfo]5 ufnf 7f]s]5 uf8]5 nfQn] xfg]5 h'Qfn] xfg]5 nlˆn] xfg]5=
l;:g' :d]t\ nufo]5 eGof t]:tfnfO ^) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ glt¥of s}b ug'{=
!(= nf]UGof dflg; s;}n] csf{sf ;wjf ljwjf :jfl:gnfO h'QfgnufO nfQn]iffb]5 eGof
#) ?k}of h'Qf nufO nfQn] iffb]5 eGof= $) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of+ c}g jdf]lhd
s}b ug'{=
@)= s'6\lk6\sf c}gdf n]lifofsf ;gx] /= b+8 s}b n]lifofsf s'/f jfx]sdf cfÇgf gftf nfUGof
xj;\ gnfUGof xj;\= :jfl:g dflg:nfO nf]]UGof dflg:s;}n] s'6\ lk6\ u¥ofsf s'/fdf
nf]UGof dflg;nfO nf]UGo} dflg;n] s'6\l6k u¥ofsf b+8 ;hfosf c}g jdf]lhDsf] bf]j/sf
lx;fjn] j9fO b+8 s}b ug'{= xltof/sf] rf]6 nfUofsf] /x]g5 xltof/ d'l7n] ;dfTofsf]
lemSofsf] dfq /x]5 eGof= c}g jdf]lhd b+8 ug'{= ljjflxtf xj;\ NofOtf xj;\ cflÇg
:jfl:gnfO s'6\lk6\ u}î ift nfUGof s'/f] u¥ofsf bf]j/ b+8 gug'{= c}g jdf]lhd dfq} ug'{=
@!= !@ jif{ dfly !^ jif{ ;Ddsf dflg;n] csf{nfO s'6\lk6\ u}î u¥ofdf c?n] s'6\tfsf b+8
s}bsf c}g jdf]lhd= df cflw 36fO b+8 s}b ;hfo ug'{=
@@= s;}n] j]xSdf csf{nfO ;s; ul/ iffbNdf xfnGofnfO @) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of
s}b ug'{=
@#= s;}n] j]xSdf csf{nfO ;s; ul/ rf]Sofdf xfnGofnfO @) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of
s}b ug'{ .
@$= s;}n] j]xSdf csf{nfO ;s; ul/ 9'+uf] d'9f] rkl/ jf]sfpGofnfO $) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
?k}of glt¥of s}b ug'{=
@%= s'6\lk6\ xftxfnfxfnsf emu/fdf b'j} emul/ofnfO s'6\lk6\ e} /ut kIf eofsf] 7x¥of]
eGof= 3fp /ut kIf x]l/ 3fp /ut cg';f/ c}g jdf]lhd b'j} emul/ofnfO b+8 ug'{= @
hgfn] s'6lk6 ul/ 3fnfofsf /ut kIf u¥ofdf Psf emul/ofnfO 5fl8 PsfnfO dfq}
sfo]ngfdf ul/ b+8 uGof{ c8f cbfnt 7fgf cdfn jfnf j}înfO c}gn] p;}nfO x'g' kGof{
b+8 hl/jfgf ug'{=
Hofg dfgf{sf] dtnj gu¥ofsf xltof/ iff];f iff]; rnf rn
ul/ 3fpnfUbf uGof{ s'/fsf] c}g ––
@^= emu/f x'bf xfg' elg xltof/n] xfGof 3f]Rofsf] 7x/]g xltof/ iff];fiff]; ubf{ 3fpnfuL /ut
cfofsf] 7x¥of iff];Gof rflxnfO 3fp nfu]5 eGof b'j}nfO b+8 x'b}g= xltof/ leGof{
rflxnfO 3fpnfUofsf] eof cl3jf6 xft xfln csf{sf] xltof/ iff];GofnfO cf7 cfgf
b+8 ug'{=
@&= jf6fdf lx8bf if's'l/ t/jf/ u}î xltof/sf] 6'Kkf] Dofg 6fkjf6 lg:Sofsf] /x]5 /= csf{nfO
sf]/}5 3f]r]5 sf6]5 / sf]lx s/fpg cfof] eGof To:tf xf]; g/fifL xltof/ leGof{
j]s'kmnfO rf/ cfgf b+8 ug'{=
@*= rnfrn ubf{ if]Nbf lx8bf csf{n] xltof/ u}î 3fpnfUGof s'/flnofsf] sDj/df le¥ofsf]
yfxf gkfO csf{nfO ;dfpbf kqmbf 3fpnfuL rf]6 nfUof] /ut cfof] eGof= eljtJo
7x{5 jft nfUb}g=
@(= jf]ng ghf{Gof nf6fn] dflg;nfO s'6lk6 u¥ofsf s'/fdf Ho" hid eofsf] /x]g5= /ut
kIfdfq u/]5 eGof % sf]/f{ 7f]ls 5fl8lbg'= b+8 x'b}g=

afa' 5f]/fsf] s'6lk6

128
!= afa' cfdfn] s'6\of elg 5f]/f 5f]l/ lkm¥ofb ug{ cfof eGof 5f]/f 5f]l/n] lj/fj ubf{ xft
uf]8f gds{Gof cfudfgLn] gkGof{ /ut kIf gx'Gof ul/ s'6Øfsf] /x]5 eGof= jfj' cfdfnfO
iftnfUb}g= 5f]/f 5f]l/n] lj/fofsf] /x]g5= j]xSdf s'6Øfsf] /ut kIf u¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof=
c}g jdf]lhd ;hfo ug'{=
@= afa' cfdfn] 5f]/f 5f]l/nfO gs'6\g' s]lx lj/fj u¥of= eGofsf] dfg]gg\ ;hfo ug'{ k¥of]
eGof cWof/f sf]7fdf 5]sg' y'Ù' xjsfpg'= c? ;hfo gug'{=
#= jfj' cfdf jfHof jHo" d+q ;'gfpGof u'?df{nfO ufln u¥of] / lkm¥ofb ug{= cfof a'‰bf
ufln u¥ofsf] ;b/ 7x¥of] eGof. ufln uGof{ 5f]/fnfO ! d}Gxf s}b ug'{= Dofbsf ?k}of
lbof lng'= jfj' cfdfn] e+g cfof 5f8g'=
$= jfj' cfdf jfHof jHo" d+q ;'gfpGof u'? u'df{nfO !.@ rf]6 nj6fn] xf+Gof 5f]/fnfO # d}Gxf
s}b ug'{= Dofbsf ?k}of 8jn lbof klg glng'= jfj' cfdf jfHof jHo"n] e+g cfof 8jn
lbof ln 5f]l8 lbg'=
%= jfj' cfdf jfHof jHo" d+q ;'gfpGof u'? u'df{nfO nfQn] iffBf] gLn k/]g eGof klg t]:tf
5f]/fnfO !@ d}Gxf s}b ug'{= Dofbsf] 8jn lbof klg glng'= jfj' cfdf jfHof jHo"n] e+g
cfof 8jnln 5f]l8 lbg'=
^= jfj'cfdf jfHof jHo" d+q ;'gfpGof u'? u'df{nfO cfudf gLn kl/ nfQn] iffBf] nlˆn]
xfGof] egof t]:tf 5f]/fnfO # jif{s}b ug'{ Dofbsf ?k}of 8jn lbof klg glng' jfj'
cfdfjfHof jHo'n] eÙ cfof 8jn ln 5f8g'=
&= jfj' cfdf jfHof jHo" d+q;'gfpGof u'? u'df{ nfO s'6\tf gfsjf6 /ut cfof] eGof !@
d}Gxf s}b ug'{= c? c+ujf6 /ut sf9GofnfO # jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf] 8jNbLof klg
glng'= jfj' cfdf jfHof jHo"n] e+g cfof 8jn lbof ?k}of ln 5f8g'=
*= jfj' cfdf jfHof jHo" d+q ;'gfpGof u'? u'df{nfO s'6\tf xft if'§f ds}Gof bft emGof{ ul/
s'6\of] eGof t]:tfnfO % jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf] 8jn lbof klg glng'= jfj'cfdf jfHof
jHo"n] e+g cfof 8jn lbof ?k}of ln 5f8g'=
(= jfj' cfdf jfHof jHo" d+q ;'gfpGof u'? u'df{nfO s'6\tf xft uf]8f eflrGof s/+sf] xf8
eflrGof u/L s'6\GofnfO !@ jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf] 8jn lbof klg glng'= jfj' cfdf
jfHof jHo"n] eÙ cfof 8jn lbof ln 5f8g'=
!)= 5f]/fn] s'6Øfsf] jfj' cfdfn] ;fljt ug{ ;s]g= kf]Nofsf] 7x¥of] eGof 5f]/fnfO hf}g
jdf]lhdsf] s}b x'+5 . t]:sf] cl3sf] lx;fjn] jfj' cfdfnfO hl/jfgf ug'{=
!!= s;}sf of}6} :jfl:g 5 p;} kl§sf] 5f]/f]5= p;} 5f]/fn] ef+u clkmd ;/fkm iff+5 cfÇgf
3/sf] wgdfn rf]l/ klg u5{ h'jf klg if]n5 eGof t]:tf 5f]/fnfO jfj'n] g]n l7u/f xfN5'
eGof cbfnt 7fgf cdfndf ;fwg' kb}{g= jfj'n] xfng' x'g5 jft nfUb}g=
!@= 5f]l/n] cfk'nfO hGdfpGof cfdf nfO / j'xfl/n] cfÇgf if;dnfO hGdfpGof ;f;'nfO
ufln u¥ofsf] s'6 lk6 u¥ofsf] / xft uf]8f dsf{ofsf] /ut kIf u¥ofsf] ;hfo s}b
5f]/fnfO eof jdf]lhd ug'{= 5f]l/ j'xfl/sf s}bsf ?k}of lbof ln 5fl8 lbg' glbof s}b}
ul/ /fifg' Dofb k'Uof kl5 5fl8 lbg'= OGx]¿nfO Dofbsf] 8jn x'b}g=
!#= h:sf Ps :jfl:g b]lif j9tf :jfl:g 5g\= t]:tfsf 5f]/fn] efFu clkmd ;/fkm iff+5=
cfÇgf 3/sf] wgdfn rf]l/ klg u5{= h'jf klg if]N5 eGof t]:tfnfO jfj'n] g]n l7u'/f
xfN5' eGof cbfnt 7fgf cdfnjf6 hflr j]Odflg u¥ofsf] 7x¥of] / sfon eof] eGof
g]n l7u'/f xfNg kfp5 l/;n] xfn\g kfpb}g=
!$= nf]UGofn] cfÇgf :jfl:gl;t emu/f ubf{ s]lx glj/fO s'6lk6 ubf{ /ut sf9of elg
:jfl:gn] lkm¥ofb ug{ cfO{ eGof % ?k}of b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of ! d}Gxf s}b ul/ 5f8L
lbg'= :jfl:gn] klg kf]O xf] elg lkm¥ofb ug{ cfOg= nf]UGofn] klg :jfl:gsf] xf] elg
lkm¥ofb ug{ cfo]g eGof ift nfUb}g=k|folZrt klg kb}{g=
!%= :jfl:gn] cfÇgf nf]UGofl;t emu/f ubf{ hflg hflg sf]/sf/ ul/ kf]OnfO /ut sfl9 lb /
nf]UGof lkm¥ofb ug{ cfof] eGof= 6f]ls /ut sf9GofnfO % ?k}of b+8 ug'{= sf]/sf/ ul/
/ut sf9GofnfO @.. ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{= P:tf s'/fsf]
cbfnt 7fgf cdfnjf6 iff]lh gug'{=
!^= cfÇgf sdf/f sdf/L jfwfjw]Toflg bdf{xfbf/ rfs/ rfsl0f{n] cfÇgf if;d\ ifl:dgL
;fx]jnfO s'6kL6 ugf{sf] xft kft dfq u¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof ! d}Gxf s}b ug'{= /ut kIf /
129
 c+ue+u u¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof= c?sf c}gdf e+bf 8]9f] j9tf ul/ s}b ug'{ Dofb k'Uofkl5
h:sf sdf/f sdfl/ jfwf bdf{xfbf/ x'g\ p;}nfO ;f}lk lbg'= Dofbsf ?k}of lt¥of c}g
jdf]lhd ?k}of ln 5f8L lbg'=
!&= 5f]O l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftn] cfkm' e+bf pkNnf hftsfnfO s'6lk6 u¥of] eGof ! d}Gxf
s}b ug'{= c? /ut kIf c+ue+u u}î uGof{nfO c?sf ;hfo e+bf 8]9f] j9tf s}b ug'{=
Dofbsf ?k}of lt5{ eGof ln 5f8L lbg'=
!*= cfÇgf rfs/n] / 5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{ hft jfx]s= c? :jfl:g dflg;n] emu/f ul/
xft xfnfxfn s'6fs'6 /ut kIf u¥of eGof nf]UGofx?nfO n]iofsf c}g jdf]lhdsf] cflw
b+8 ug'{= ;f}tf ;f}tfsf emu/f e} s'6lk6 u¥ofsfdf nf]UGofnfO n]iof jdf]lhdsf] b+8
hl/jfgf ug'{=
!(= 5f]O l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftn] cfkm' ldNbf hftdf / c? sfld ;fls{ ufOGof x'Sof{ bdfO
jflb ef8 s';Gof s;flx s'n'Rof èifns\ wf]lj d';ndfg kf]9of u}î 5f]7f hftn] cfkm'
cfkm'df s'6lk6 /ut kIf c+ue+u u¥of eGof b'lg`fsf ;hfo jdf]lhd ;hfo ug'{=
@)= cflÇg :jfl:gnfO hGdfpGof ;f;'nfO s'6lk6 uGof{nfO jfj' 5f]/fsf s'6lk6sf c}g
jdf]lhDsf # if+8sf] @ if+8 dfq} b+8 ;hfo s}b ug'{=
@!= cflÇg 5f]l/ uofsf h'jf`LnfO s'6lk6 u¥of] eGof jfj' 5f]/fsf s'6lk6sf c}g jdf]lhDdf
# if+8df @ if+8 dfq} b+8 ;hfo s}b ug'{=

gfn g/s

!= s;}n] csf{nfO j]xSdf gfndf xfNof] eGof xfnGofnfO @) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of gltGof
c}g jdf]lhDs}b ug'{=
@= s;}n] csf{nfO em}emu/f u}îdf u'x'df uf8Øf] eGof uf8GofnfO %) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ . ?k}of
glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
#= s;}n] :jfl:gsf] hfl/ u¥of jfx]s c? s'/fsf emu/fdf s;}nfO rlk{df y'Gof] eGof
t];\nfO @) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
$= s;}n] cfÇgf sdf/f sdfl/nfO l/;n] d'ifdf g/s xfln lbof] eGof lt sdf/f sdfl/
g/s xfln lbGof wlgn] kfpb}g= cbfnt 7fgf cdfnn] !) ?k}of sdf/f sdfl/jf6 ln
cDn]if u/fO 5fl8 lbg'= ltgnfO @ ?k}of ln wdf{lwsf/jf6 kltof u/fO lbg'= jfwf
jw]ToflgnfO d'ifdf g/s xfln lbofsf] eof y}ln e'; u/fO cDn]if u/fO @ ?k}of ln
kltof u/fo y}lnsf] b;f}b jfwf jw]Toflgjf6 ln 5fl8 lbg'= d'ifleq jfx]s\ c? c+udf
g/s xfln lbGofnfO iftjft nfUb}g=
%= rf]l/sf s'/fdf jf]S:of/ffsf s'/fdf s/l0f hft ;+a+wsf s'/fdf cfÇgf gftf ;gj+wdf
jft nfpGofn] xj;\ jf= jftnfO dfUGofn] xj;\= s;}n] d'if leq u'x' d't d't xfln lbof]
eGof= u'x' d't xfln lbGofnfO @)) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
hj/hl:t u'x' d't d'ifdf xfln lbofsf] x'gfn] d'ifdf kGof{sf] hft hfb}g= @ ?k}of uf]bfg
wdf{lwsf/n] ln kltof u/fO lbg'=
^= cfÇgf gftf ;gj+wnfO xj;\= c? s;}nfO xj;\ hflg hflg j]xSdf csf{sf d'ifleq
xuGof d'tGofnfO /= u'x' d't xfln lbGofnfO !))) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g
jdf]lhd s}b ug'{= j]xSdf xfln lbofsf] x'gfn] u'x' d't d'ifdf kGof{sf] hft hfb}g
wdf{lwsf/n] @ ?k}of uf]bfg ln kltof lbg'= d'if leq jfx]s c? c+udf d't xfln 3fF;
lbGof /= xlu d'lt lbGofnfO %) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{ c?
c+udf u'x' d't kGof{nfO kltof ug'{ kb}{g=
&= s;}n] d'ifdf u'x' d't xfln lbof] elg kf]Nof] ;fljt ug{ ;s]g eGof t]:tf nfO u'x' d't
if'jfpGof d'ifdf xfln lbGof= c? c+udf xfln lbGofnfO n]lifofsf b+8sf] cflw b+8 ug'{
?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
*= pkfWof a|fé0fn] csf{ nf]UGof :jfl:g dflg;nfO d'ifleq ln+u xfln ljo{ emf¥of] jf
em¥ofsf] ljo{ if'jfof] eGof/ pkfWoflg j|fél0fn] /h if'jfO 5 eGof= pkfWofnfO
if'jfpGofnfO %)) /hk"t h}l; hftnfO if'jfpGofnfO $%) tfufwfl/ If]t[ hftnfO{
130
 if'jfpGofnfO $)) gdfl;Gof dtjfnf] hftnfO if'jfpGof nfO @%) dfl;Gof dtjfln
hftnfO if'jfpGofnfO @)) kflg grnGof hftnfO if'jfpGofnfO !%) l56f] xfng' kGof{
hft nfO if'jfpGofnfO !)) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=
(= /hk"t h}l; hftn] csf{ nf]UGof :jfl:g dflg;nfO d'ifleq ln+u xfln ljo{ emf¥of] jf
em¥ofsf] ljo{ if'jfof] eGof /= /hk"tlg h}l;lg jfx'lgn] /h if'jfO 5 eGof= pkfWofnfO
if'jfpGofnfO %)) /hk"t h}l;nfO if'jfpGofnfO $%) tfufwfl/ Ift[nfO if'jfpGofnfO $))
gdfl;Gof dtjfln hftnfO if'jfpGofnfO @%) dfl;Gof dtjfln hftnfO if'jfpGofnfO
@)) kflg grnGof hftnfO if'jfpGofnfO !%) l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftnfO if'jfpGofnfO
!)) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
!)= tfufwfl/ Ift[ hftn] csf{ nf]UGof :jfl:g dflg;nfO d'if leq ln+u xfln ljo{ emf¥of] jf
em¥ofsf] ljo{ if'jfof] eGof /= tfufwfl/ Ift[gLn] /h if'jfO 5 eGof pkfWof /hk"t
h}l;nfO if'jfpGofnfO %)) tfufwfl/ Ift[ hftnfO if'jfpGofnfO $)) gdfl;Gof dt'jfln
hftnfO if'jfpGofnfO @%) dfl;Gof dtjfln hftnfO if'jfpGofnfO @)) kflg grNGof
hftnfO !%) l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftnfO if'jfpGofnfO !)) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of
c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
!!= gdfl;Gof dtjfln hftn] csf{ nf]UGof :jfl:g dflg;\nfO d'if leq ln+u xfnL ljo{
emf¥of] jf em¥ofsf] ljo{ if'jfof] eGof /= Og} gdfl;Gof hftls :jfl:gn] /h if'jfO 5
eGof= pkfWof nufo]t\ tfufwfl/ hft u}înfO if'jfpGofnfO %)) gdfl;Gof dtjfln
hftnfO if'jfpGofnfO @%) dfl;Gof dtjfln hftnfO if'jfpGofnfO @)) kflg grnGof
hftnfO if'jfpGofnfO !%) l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftnfO if'jfpGofnfO !)) ?k}of b+8 ug'{
?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
!@= dfl;Gof dt'jfln hftn] csf{ nf]UGof :jfl:g dflg;\nfO d'ifleq ln+u xfln ljo{ emf¥of]
jf em¥ofsf] ljo{ if'jfof] eGof /= Og} dfl;Gof hftls :jfl:gn] /h if'jfO eGof= pkfWof
nufo]t\ tfufwfl/ / gdfl;Gof dtjfln ;+dsf hftnfO if'jfpGofnfO dfl; lbg'= dfl;Gof
dtjfln hftnfO if'jfpGofnfO @)) kflg grnGof hftnfO if'jfpGofnfO !%) l56f]
xfng' kGof{ hftnfO /h if'jfpGofnfO !)) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]l hd s}b
ug'{=
!#= kflg grnGofdf l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftn] csf{ nf]UGof :jfl:g dflg;nfO d'ifleq ln+u
xfln ljo{ emf¥of] jf em¥ofsf] ljo{ if'jfof] eGof /= Og} kflg grnGof hftsf :jfl:gn]
/h if'jfO5 eGof= pkfWof nufo]t\ tfufwfl/ gdfl;Gof dfl;Gof u}î kflg rnGof hftnfO
if'jfpGofnfO dfl; lbg'= kflg grnGofdf l56f] xfng' gkGo}}{ gkGof{ hftnfO if'jfpGof nfO
!%) l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftnfO if'jfpGofnfO !)) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g
jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
!$= 5f]O l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftn] csf]{ nf]UGof :jfl:g dflg;nfO d'ifleq ln+u xfnL ljo{
emf¥of] jf em¥ofsf] ljo{ if'jfof] eGof /= Og} l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftls :jfl:gn] /h if'jfO
5 eGof= tfufwfl/ nufo]t\ kflg grnGofdf l56f] xfng' gkGof{ ;+dsf u}î hftnfO
if'jfpGofnfO dfl; lbg'= cfkm' ldNbf l56f] xfng' kGo}{ kGof{ hftnfO if'jfpGofnfO !))
?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
!%= csf{ nf]UGof :jfl:g dflg;\sf] ljo{ /h iffGof pkfWof nufo]t\ rfj{0f{ 5lQ;} hftn]
hj/hl:t kl/ iffofsf] /x]5 eGof / !@ jif{ dlgsf] jfnif /x]5 eGof hft hfb}g= @
?k}of uf]bfg ln wdf{lwsf/n] kltof lbg'= iffGofn] if'l; /flhn] iffofsf] eof kltof
kfpb}g= tfufwfl/ hft gdfl;Gof z'b| hft x'+5= gdfl;Gof dtjfln hft dfl;Gof hft
x'+5= dfl;Gof kflg rnGof grnGof u}î hft p; e+bf 3l6 dfl;Go} hft x'G5=

kfbGofsf]

!= tfufwfl/ nufo]t\ rfj{0f{ 5lQ; hft u}î s;}n] cfkm' ldNbf hftsf / cfkm'e+bf 3l6
hftsf d'ifdf kfBf] eGof % ?k}of b+8 ug'{ rf/ cfgf ln kltof lbg'=
@= /hk"t nufo]t\ tfufwfl/ u}î hftn] cfkm' e+bf 7"nf hftsf d'ifdf kfBf] eGof &.. ?k}of
b+8 ul/ wdf{lwsf/n] rf/ cfgf ln kltof lbg'=
131
#= gdfl;Gof dtjfln hft u}în] tfufwfl/ hftsf d'ifdf kfBf] eGof !) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= cf7
cfgf ln wdf{lwsf/n] kltof lbg'=
$= dfl;Gof hft u}în] tfufwfl/sf d'ifdf kfBf] eGof !% ?k}of b+8 ug'{ wdf{l wsf/n] !
?k}of ln kltof lbg'= gdffl;Gof dtjfln hftsf d'ifdf kfBf] eGof % ?k}of b+8 ul/=
rf/ cfgf ln kltof lbg'=
%= kflg grnGof hft / l56f] xfng' kGof{ hft u}în] kflg rnGof 7"nf hftsf d'ifdf kfBf]
eGof @) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= !.. ?k}of ln wdf{lwsf/n] kltof lbg'=
^= l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftn] l56f] xfng' gkGof{ hftsf d'ifdf kfBf] eGof % ?k}of b+8 ul/
rf/ cfgf ln kltof u/fO lbg'=

y'sGofsf]

!= a|fé0fhftn] /hk"t tfufwfl/ hftsfd'if leq kfl/ y'Sof % ?k}of b+8 ug'{= gdfl;Gof
dt'jfln hftnfO y'Sof @.. ?k}of dfl;gof hftnfO y'Sof !.. ?k}of= kflg grnGof
hftnfO y'Sof .. b+8 ug'{= P:tf jftsf] gfln;\ gcfof cbfnt 7fgf cdfnjf6 iff]lh
gug'{= chfgdf y'ls lbof df s/fpg cfof klg g;'Fg'=
@= /hk"t tfufwfl/n] cfkm' e+bf 7"nf hftsf d'ifleq kfl/ y'Sof eGof &.. ?k}of b+8 ug'{= 5
cfgf ln wdf{ lwsf/n] kltof lbg'= d'ifleq jfx]s= c?c+udf y's\GofnfO ! ?k}of b+8
ug'{ :gfg ul/ >'4 x'g'=
#= cfÇgf hft eft ldNbf s;}n] d'ifleq kGof{ ul/ y'Sof] eGof % ?k}of b+8 ug'{= rf/ cfgf
ln wdf{ lwsf/ jf6 kltof lbg'= d'ifleq jfx]s cGoq c+udf y'Sof] eGof cf7 cfgf b+8
ug'{ y'SofO dfUGofn] :gfg ul/ z'4 x'g'=
$= dtjfln gdfl;Gof hftn] tfufwfl/ hftsf d'ifleq kfl/ y'Sof] eGof !) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
cf7 cfgf ln wdf{ lwsf/n] kltof lbg'= d'if jfx]s c? c+udf y'Sof !... ?k}of b+8 ug'{
:gfg ul/ z'4 x'g='
%= dfl;Gof dtjfln hftn] tfufwfl/ hftnfO d'ifleq kfl/ y'Sof !% ?k}of b+8 ug'{= !
?k}of ln wdf{ lwsf/jf6 kltof lbg'= d'ifleq jfx]s\ c? c+udf y'Sof @ ?k}of b+8 ug'{
:gfg ul/ z'4 x'g'=
^= dfl;gof dtjfln hftn] gdfl;Gof dtjfln hftnfO d'ifleq y'Sof] eGof % ?k}of b+8
ug'{ rf/ cfgf ln wdf{ lwsf/jf6 kltof lbg'= d'ifleq jfx]s c? c+udf y'Sof ! ?k}of
b+8 ug'{= :gfgul/ z'4 x'g'=
&= kflg grnGof hftn] 7"nf hftsf d'ifleq kf/L y'Sof @) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ !.. ?k}of ln
wdf{ lwsf/jf6 kltof lbg'= d'ifleq jfx]s\ c+udf y'Sof @.. ?k}of b+8 ug'{= .. ln wdf{
lwsf/jf6 kltoflb k|folZrt ul/ z'4 x'g'=

sf6\5' elg xltof/ lemsGof

!= s;}n] s;}nfO df5'{ elg if's'l/ t/jf/ if'8f s6fl/ efnf xftn] dfq ;dfof] Dofg bfkjf6
lems]g eGof /= iffln j+b's wg' df5'{ elg xftdf dfq lnof] eGof t]:tfnfO @..= b08
ug'{= Dofg bfkjf6 lemls df5'{ elg if's'l/ t/jf/ if'8f s6fl/ efnf /= e¥ofsf] a+b's lt/
r9fO wg'sdfg ;f]‰ofpGofnfO @). ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
@= Hofg dfgf{sf] dtnj gu¥ofsf huf hldGsf emu/fdf eof] d]nf hfqfdf eof] sf/f]jf/
lnglbgsf emu/f e} eof] gub lhlg; s;Gtdg\= hjfx]/ u}îsf emu/fdf eof] d]nf kft
s'nf 3f;kft hfbf eof] :jfl:g wgdfn rf}kfof u}îsf emu/fdf s'6\lk6\ x'bf= s;}n]
nlˆ 9'Fufn] xfGof]= s;}n] xltof/ rnfof] eGof= nlˆ 9'Fufn] xfFGofnfO s'6kl6sf c}g
jdf]lhd ;hfo ug'{= Plt u}îsf emu/fdf xltof/ rnfO Hofg d/]g5 3fpdfq} nfof]
eGof= xfGofsf 3fpsf] ndf`L /f]Kofsf 3fpsf] u}îf] gflk Ps c+u'nsf] 3fp eof ! jif{=
b' lo c+u'nsf] 3fp eof @ jif{ P;} l/tn] hlt c+u'nsf] 3fp nfUof]sf] 5 plt jif{ s}b
ug'{= Dofbsf ?k}of lt¥of lng'=

132
#= s;}n] s;}nfO df]/f] elg /ft lbgsf ljrdf= eL/ eL/sf /:tf kf]ifl/ Ogf/ iff]nf h3f/=
;f3' emf]n+uf ?if ‰ofn sf}l; 5fgfjf6 / u}îf iff8Ldf 3Rofl6 uw{lgnfO if;fO lbof]=
Psnf;df klqm l3r«fdf kf;f] nfof]= d'ifdf df6f] iffBf] sk8f emf/ kft u}în] j'hf]nfof]=
;'Tofsf j]nfdf 3f]qmf] ;dfo c7\ofof] kTy/ d'9fn] lyRof]= Ho" jrfO cf~ff elg lkm¥ofb
ug{ cfof] /= h:sf gfpdf lkm¥ofb u¥of] t];nfO NofO /f]jsf/ ubf{ ;fljt u¥of] eGof=
t]:tf ck/flwnfO c}g jdf]lhDsf] c+;;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{= sf]lx ;ifnifOlj bl;sf]
;+sf kfO kf]Nofsf] /x]5 eGof= ;+sf k'¥ofO iff]hGof kf]nfx 7xb}{g b+8 hl/jfgf klg s]lx
kb}{g= Ho" eGof d¥ofsf] /x]5 Olj bl; ;ifnifsf] ;+sf gk'¥ofO l/;n] cQf]nfO kf]Nofsf]
7x¥of] eGof % jif{ s}b ug'{= OGsf Dofbsf ?k}of glng'= Ho" eGof d¥dofsf] /x]g5
cDsfn] Ho" dfg{ nfUof] elg kf]Nof] ;fljt ug{ ;s]g eGof t]:tfnfO @.. jif{ s}bug'{=
Dofbsf ?k}of ln 5f8Llbg'= :jfl:gdflg;n] Plx Joxf]/f u¥ofsf] eof= nf]UGofdflg;nfO
n]iofsf ;hfosf] cflw s}b ug'{=
$= pkfWof j|fé0f c? u}î hft s;}n] sf]lx lj/fj gu¥of{ dflg;nfO df/f} elg xltof/
rnfO 3fp nfof] eGof Tof] 3fp nfpGof pkfWof xj;\ jf c? sf]lx hft xj;\= t]:tf 3fp
nfpGofnfO 3fp nfO dfUGofn] xflg Hofg df¥of] eGof klg t]:sf] Hofg klg hfb}g iftjft
klg nfUb}g=
%= lg;fkmn] j]hf`L uGof{nfO s'6lk6 ug'{ kGo}{ lyof] #.$ hgfn] klqm s'6lk6 ubf{ cfkm}n]
j]hf`L lj2t ul/ lj/fpGof cfkm} xltof/ rnfpGof u¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof Hofg df¥ofsf]
/x]5 eGof Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg\= Hofg df¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof= 5¥ofs\ 5'?s\ xltof/
rnfO 3fp nfofdf cfkm'n] s'l6ofsf jifTdf xltof/ rnfofsf] x'gfn] xfGofsf df ndfO
/f]Kofsfdf u}îf] gflk hlt c+u'nsf] 3fp5 plt jif{ s}b ug'{ Dofb sf ?k}of lbof lng'=
^= s;}nfO kftfkmsf{O jfw5fg u¥of] t];} lk/n] ynfkl/ sfddfgnfuL % lbg leqdf d¥of]
eGof= jfwGof j|fé0f /x]5 eGof c}g jdf]lhd c+; ;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{ c? hftn]
/x]5 eGof= Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg sfl6 dfl/lbg'= 3fp klg s]lx b]lifosf] 5}g= sfddf klg
nfuL % lbg leq}df d¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof= t]:sf lk/n] d¥ofsf] 7xb}{g= iftjft sf]xL
nfUb}g lg`f l;t afWofsf] /x]5 eGof klg ift nfUb}g j]s;'/df jfWofsf] /x]5 eGof
jfwGofsf] c}g jdf]lhd ;hfo ug'{=

Hofgdf/fsf]

!= pkfWof j|fé0f h}l; j|fé0f / t]îf}Tof e§, u}î b]l; j|fé0f s;}n] dflg; df¥of c}g
jdf]lhdsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{=
@= /hk't hftn] cfÇgf xf8\gftfdf /= cfkm'e+bf pkNnf hftdf s/l0f /= rf]l/ u}î= s'/f
u¥ofdf c}g jdf]lhd d'8LGof, bfdn x'Gof= s}b x'Gof= b+8 x'Gof= ;j{:j x'Gof x'+5= Hofg
hf+b}g= hfl/ u¥ofdf ;fw'sf] if'l;= hf/ sf6Øf] eGof ;fw'nfO ift nfUb}g= /hk'tn]
dflg; df¥of] eGof Hofgsf] abnf Hofg sfl6+5=
#= pkfWof j|fé0f hf]lu eofsf h}l; jfx'g= hf]lu eofsf= /hk"t hf]lu eofsfdfjlnsf]
kQf gnfUofsf]= hf]lu eofsf /= s;}l;t gljU¥ofsf pkfWofsf /= h}l;sf ljw'O= b;
gfd / hf]lu h+ud ;] j8fn] NofO= hGDofsf ;tfg\= cf} jfj' /= dfjlnsf kQf gnfUofsf
/ dtfkmls/= sfglr¥ofsf sfgkm§f= o:tfn] Hofg hfGof 6lSt/ u¥of eGof= Hofg sf]
jbnf Hofg glng'=c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{=
$= tfufwfl/ Iflq u}îdtjfln z'b| hft= OGèf]?sf ;+tfg b; gfd hf]lu h+ud ;]j8fl;t
d'l8ofsf] /= Og}sf s+Gof ljwjf j]:of b; gfd hf]lu h+ud ;]j8fn] NofO ltg}jf6
hGDofsf ;+tfg d'l8ofsfn] Hofg df¥of] eGof Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg lng'=
%= ;j} yf]s yfxf kfpGof rt'/f] hfFGof= d'ifn] jf]ng g;sGof= nf6fn] xltof/ nlˆ 9F'ufn]
xflg dflg; df¥of] eGof= Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg lng'= uGof{ guGof{ s'/f] yfxf gkfpGof
Ujfufn] dflg; df¥of] eGof t]:tfnfO{ !@ jif{ s}b ug'{=
^= rf/ j0f{ 5lt;} hft u}îsf ;wjf ljwjf /= !! jif{ b]ifL dflysf] s+Gofn] dflg; df¥of
eGof= t]:tf :jfl:gnfO bfdn ug'{= ;j{:j gug'{=

133
&= cfkm'n] hGdfofsf 5f]/f5f]l/ dfGof{ /= cfÇg' nf]UGof dfGof{ rf/ j0f{ 5lt; hftsf
:jfl:gnfO bfdn ul/= xft uf]8fdf g]n xfnL= em]niffgf uf]n 3/df /fifL /f]hsf] rf/ k};f
l;wf lbg'= jflx/ glgsfng'=
*= s;}n] cfÇgf huf hldg gub lhgL;= rf}kfof sdf/f sdfl/ u}î d'2fdf emu/f e}
s;}nfO 9]/} hgf ldnL Hofg df¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof= df/f}+ egL dtnj uGof{= ;dftGof !
xfFGof= ! df/ egL jrg lbGof ! O ltghgfsf] Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg lng'= Og b]ifL jfx]s
c? 5]ls 5]ls s'6fO d/fpGofnfO bfdn ug'{ c+Gofodf csf{sf] Hofgdf¥ofsf] b]ifL
g5'6ofO x]/L /xGofsf s'6Gof dfGof{ e+bf x]/L /xGof 9]/} /èf 5g\eGof !^ jif{ b]ifL dflysf
^% jif{ ;Ddsf hfgsf/= hjfgnfO hgxL @).@) ?k}of b+8 ug'{+ s'6GofdfGof{ e+bf b]ifGof
dflg; yf]/} /è]5 eGof hfgsf/= xpg\ jf j'9f jfnif xpg\= OGx]¿nfO ift jft nfUb}g=
(= sf]xL nf]UGof dflg;n]= /ft lbgsf ljrdf wgdfnsf nfnrn] eof]= c? s]xL Oljn]
eof] s;}nfO df?+ egL xltof/n] xfgL= /f]lk hx/ ljif if'jfO HofgdfGof{ le/lesf{ /:tf
kf]ifl/ u}îfiff8L= Ogf/ iff]nf h3f/= ;fw' emf]nufk'n kiff{t\ 8'+uf ?if ‰ofn sf}l; 5fgfjf6
3Rof6L uw{gL nufO if;fpGof jufpGof= osnf:df kqmL kf;f] nfpGof= d'ifdf df6f]
sk8f emf/kft u}în] j'hf] nfpGof ul/ dflg; df¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof= OGdf df/ elg jrg
lbGof dfgf{nfO ;dflt lbGof hlt hgf 5g\= ltGx]? xfFGof /= 3Rofl6 lbGof klg hlt hgf
5g\= ltGx]x¿ dfGof{ j]nfdf ;+u uofsf] eof klg guofsf] eof klg= dfgf{sf] k}ë] dtnj
sf] s'/f] p7fO df/ elg jrg lbGof /= xltof/ lbGof= oltsf Hofg\sf] jbnf Hofg lng'=
efunf egL ljs6 j:Gof df/f]; egL jl/kl/jf6 5]ls lbGofx¿sf] c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+;
;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{= c? dfgf{sf] dtjnjdf k:ofsf= dfGof{ 7fpdf kgL uofsf=
xltof/ grnfpGof= g5]sGof= g;dftGof= o:tf o:tf dtnljx¿nfO c+; ;j{:j ul/
!@ jif{ s}b ug'{= dtnjdf o:kfsf dfGof{ 7fpdf ghfGofx¿nfO ;j{:j ul/ ^ jif{ s}b
ug'{= Dofbsf] 8jn\ lbof kgL ?k}of nLg5f8\g'= oxL ljxf]/f ul/ :jfl:g dflg;n] Hofg
df¥ofsf] /x]5= eGof bfdn ug'{= o;} c}g df nf]UGofdflg;nfO bfnd ug'{ egL n]lifofsf]
ift= :jfl:gdflg;n] u¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof= !@ jif{ s}b ug'{= c? s}b x'Gof s'/fdf :jfl:g
dflg:sf] ;j{:j x'b}g= ;j{:j gu/L nf]UGof dflg;nfO n]iofsfs}bsf] cflw s}b ug'{=
:jfl:gsf Dofbsf ?k}of lbof ln 5fl8 lbg'=
!)= sf]xL nf]UGof dflg;n]= s;}nfO df/f}+ egL xltof/n] xfGof]= hx/ ljif if'jfof] le/ le/sf
/:tf u}îfiff8L kf]ifl/ Ogf/ iff]nf h3f/ ;fw' emf]nuf k'n kif{fn'= 8F'uf ?if ‰ofn sf}l;
5fgfjf6 3Rofl6 if;fof]. osnf:df kqmL kf;f] nfof]= d'idf df6f] sk8f emf/kft u}îsf]
j'hf] nfof] /= Tof] dflg; d/]g b}j ;+hf]un] jfRof] jf= u'xfl/ kfO jfRof] jf= Onfhx¿n]
jfRof] eGof= OGdf df/ egL jrg lbGof dfgf{nfO ;dflt lbGof hlt 5g\= ltGx]¿ xfFGof /
3Rof6Gof kgL hlt 5g\= ltGx]¿ p;j]nfdf ;+u uofsf] eof klg= guofsf] eof kgL= k}ë]
dtnj s'/f] p7fO df/ egL jrg lbGof= oltsf] c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ bfdn
ug'{= efUnf egL ljs6 j:Gof /= df/f]; egL jl/kl/jf6 5]sGofx¿nfO c}g jdf]lhd sf]
c+; ;j{:j ul/ ^ jif{ s}b ug'{= c? dtnjdf k:ofsf dfGof{ 7fpdf klg uofsf= xltof/
grnfpGof= g5]sGof= g;dftGof= o:tf dtnljnfO ;j{:j ul/ # jif{ s}b ug'{= dtnj
ul/ dfGof{ 7fpdf ghfGofnfO /= dtnj u¥of 5g\= ug{ gkfO hfx]/ eof] eGof= t]:tfnfO
;j{:j ul/ !.. jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf ?k}of glng'= oxL j]xf]/f :jfl:g dflg;n] u¥ofsf]
/x]5 eGof= bfdn x'Gof ifTdf :jfl:gdflg;nfO !@ jif{ s}b ug'{= c? ljxf]/fdf :jfl:g
dflg:sf] ;j{:j x'b}g= ;j{:j glng'= s}bdf nf]UGofdflg;nfO n]iofsf s}bsf] cflw s}b
ug'{= :jfl:gdflg:sf] Dofbsf ?k}of lbof nL 5f8L lbg'=
!!= ljgf xSdf Ps hgf dfly rf/ hgf cfO nfUof] /= nfQn] nlˆn] s'6\lk6\ u¥of t];n] Ho"
jrfpg lgldQ= xltof/ sfl9 kG;fpbf= sf]xL d¥of] eGof t];nfO ift jft nfUb}g= Ps
hgf dfly j]xSdf # hgf cfOnfUof= nfQn] nf7fn] s'6\lk6 u¥of /= t];n] xltof/
rnfof] /= 3fp nfUof] eGof ift jft nfUb}g=
!@= sf]xL nf]UGofdflg;n] jf= :jfl:g dflg;n] ;'Tofsf j]nfdf jf= ljpemfdf nf]UofGnfO
xj;\= :jfl:gnfO xj;\= jfnifnfO xj;\= df/f}+ elg= /]6]5 3f]r]5 xfg]5= kTy/ d'9fn]
lyr]5= kf;f] nfo]5= d'ifdf j'hf] nfo]5 /= Hofg d/]5 eGof klg= b}j ;+of]un] jfr]5
eGof kgL= jfx'g\ /= c}g jdf]lhdsf e]ifwfl/nfO= p:sf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ :jfl:gnfO
;j{:j gul/ bfdn ug'{= c? hftnfO Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg\ df/L lbg'=
134
!#= s;}n] ;fj'b dflg;nfO= nlˆ 9'+ufn] xfGof]= xfGofsf 3fp kfsL lgsf] ge} t];}sf kL8fn]=
@@ lbgleq d¥of] eGof t];}sf rf]6n] d¥ofsf 7xgf{n]= sfl6Gof hftsf] Hofgsf] jbnf
Hofg sf6L df/L lbg'= gsfl6Gof hft eof= c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{=
@@ lbgb]ifL pk|fGt # d}Gxf leq d¥of] eGof= ;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{= t];} 3fpsf] / bb{
lgsf] ge}= t];} lk/n] # d}Gxf pk|fGt ^ d}Gxfleq d¥of] eGof !)) ?k}ofF 8+8 ug'{= ?k}`f
glt¥of s}b ug'{= ^ d}Gxfleq pk|fGt= d¥ofsf] eof / s'6\ofsf] @@ lbgleq} 5]¿jf ljkm/
cf9Øf ifj8Øf nl8 jlunf]l6 bfFt x'Gofn] 6f]ls d¥ofsf] eof Hofg df¥ofsf] ift nfUb}g=
hfxf;Ddsf] u¥ofsf] xf] p;} p;} c}g jdf]lhd b+8 s}b ul/ 5fl8 lbg'=
!$= s;}n] dnfO s'6\lk6\ u¥of] egL= s'6LGofn] cfO lkm/fb u¥of] /= c}g jdf]lhd\ s'6GofnfO
8+8 eof kl5= s'6Øfsf lk/n] @.$ lbg yln lgsf] e} cfÇgf sfh sfd ug{ lx8\g 8'ng
nfUof] kl5jf6 c? j]yf nflu @@ lbgleqdf d¥of] eGof lgsf] e} sfhsfd ug'{ / lx8\g
8'ng nfUofsf] x'gfn] s'6\GofnfO km]l/ ift jft nfUb}g=
!%= s;}n] nfQn] iff+Bf] nlˆ 9'Fufn] xfGof] / ynf kl/ lx8\g ;s]g t];} kL/n] @@ lbgleqdf
d¥of] eGof= t];}n] df¥ofsf] 7x5{= dfGof{sf] Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg lng'= p7g g;sL t];}
kL/n] @@ lbg gf£of kl5 d¥of] eGof= Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg x'b}g= ynf kGof{ ul/ s'6Øof
jfjt\ ^) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}`f glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=
!^= s;}n] ufnf 7f]Sof]= xftn] s'6fpdf ! rf]6\ b]ifL c£of{nf] xfGof] t];}sf kL/n] ynf kl/
p7g ;s]g & lbgleqdf d¥of] eGof t]:sf] Hofg dfl/5= & lbgkl5 d¥of] eGof= Hofgsf]
abnf Hofg x'b}g= s'6Øfsf ift jdf]lhdsf] hl/jfgf ug'{= ufnf 7f]Sof]sf !.@ lbg ynL=
lx8\g 8'ng sfd ug{ nfUof kl5 & lbgleqdf d¥of] eGof kgL= Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg
x'b}g= s'6\kL6\sf c}g jdf]lhd\= 8+8 ug'{=
!&= Hofg df/f rf]/ jfklt ift'sL wlgsf] 3/ 5f8L efUofsf jfFwf sdf/f sdfl/ s;}n] of]
o:tf] sfd s'/f] uGof{ xf] egL kf]Nbf= kqmL jfwL g]n l7u'/f rdf}6\ u}î j+wgdf xfnL
Nofofsf dflg;= glbdf eL/df iffl8 ‰ofn 5fgf Ogf/ ;f+3' emf]n+uf 9'Fufjf6 kmfn xfnL
nl8 jlu bf}8\bf=ˆs/ nfuL d/f]:tf klg y'lg /fiofsf 7fpdf hx/ ljififfO eof]= ;]/LO
kf;f]nfO d¥of] eGof klg kqmL NofpGof y'GofnfO iftjft nfUb}g=
!*= csf{nfO j]xSdf df/L e+Gof dtnj ul/ kqmGof jfGèfdf sfl6Gof hftnfO sfl6 lbg'=
gsfl6Gof hftsfnfO bfdn ug'{= xflsdsf dlh{ cf1f /= c8f cbfnt cdfnjf6 kqmg
k7fofsfnfO kqmLNofpGbf csf{n] ljrdf rf]6\ 5f]8L df/]5 eGof= df¥of{nfO c}g
jdf]lhdsf] ;hfo ug'{= kqmGofnfO iftjft nfUb}g=
!(= c8f cbfnt cdfnjf6 /= xflsDsf dlh{ cf1fn] huf hldg\= gub lhlg;\ rf}kfof
sdf/f sdfl/ lng lbg u}î s'/fdf= lng kqmg k7fofsf nfO= Kofbf l;kflxn] kqmL
Nofpbf= ljrdf klqmofsf nfO s;}n] s'6\lk6\ ul/ Hofg d/]5 eGof= j|fé0fn] /x]5
eGof= c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{= c? hftn] eof Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg
lng'= kqmGof / klqm NofpGof Kofbf l;kflxnfO iftjft nfUb}g= xflsd\ c8f cbfnt
cdfnn] gegL= klqm NofofsfnfO csf{n] rf]6\ 5fl8 df¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof= hlt hgfn]
rf]6\ 5f]8ofsf] 5= plt hgfnfO= sfl6Gof= hftsfnfO= Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg lng'=
gsfl6Gof hftnfO= c}g jdf]lhd\sf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{= kqmGof/ klqm
NofpGofsf] Ho" hfb}g= c}g jdf]lhd sf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ nL= 5f]l8 lbg'=
@)= csf{sf] Hofg df/Lsf]lx dflg; nˆf l;jfgf gf3L= dWo]; ef]6\ tkm{ eflu uof] eGof
t]:tfnfO dWo]; lt/ uofsf] eof /lh8+bl;t egL= ef]6\ tkm{ uofsf] eof ef]6sf
df]iosflh l;t egL= `fxf lemsfO Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg lng'= lj/fgf d'n'sdf u} Hofg
dfg{ lj/fgf d'n'sdf u} ;dfpg kgL x'b}g=
@!= s;}n] dflg;nfO dfg{ nfUof] /= ;fw'n] u'xf/ b]p egL= u'xf/ dfUbf ifa/ ;'gL= u'xf/
gbLGofx¿df dflg; x]/L= cf}jNnfO @% bf]o]dnfO @) l;dnfO !% rfxf/nfO !) ?k}of
b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
@@= /fhf jlh/= / b]; b];jf6 cfofsf plsn\ jlsn\ ;gj+lw s'/f jfx]s s;}n] s;}sf]
Hofg df¥of] eGof= Hofg dfGof{ /= Hofg dfgf{sf] dtnj uGof{x¿nfO c}g jdf]lhd ;hfo
ug'{= Hofg dfgf{sf] dtnjdf gk:ofsf Hofg dfl/of kl5 yfxf kfO bjfpGofdf= cfÇgf
cfdf jfj' :jfl:g ;xf] b/ bfHo" efO lblb a}lGx 5f]/f 5f]l/ ;f;' j'xf/Ln] bjfPdf olt
nfO iftjft nfUb}g= ufpsf hfGsf/åf/f d'lifof yl/ gfOSof dxfGof k|wfg ldemf/ Ho]7f
135
 j'9f uf}? s6'jfNofx¿n] bjfofsf] eof c}g jdf]lhd sf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ ! jif{ s}b ul/
5fl8 lbg'= c? ufpsf b'lg`f /}ltn] ;'lg bjfofsf] eof c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/
5fl8 lbg'=
@#= s;}n] s;}nfO Hofg df?+ e+Gof dtnj u¥ofsf 5GeÙ cfof] /= p;n] kf]NofsfnfO
lemsfO /f]jsf/ ubf{= dflg; dfgf{sf] dtnj u¥ofsf] s]xL 7x/]g /L;n] kf]Nofsf] 7x¥of]
eGof= t]:tf kf]nfxf nf]UGof dflg; nfO ;j{:j u/L @ jif{ s}b ug'{=Dofbsf ?k}of lbof
glng'= :jfl:g dflg;nfO @) ?k}`f b+8 ug'{= glt¥of s}b ug'{=
@$= ;sf{/sf b]pl9df kx/f j:Gof= ifhgfdf kx/fj:Gof= x's'dn] / sdfgn] c? hufdf kfnf]
kx/f j:Gof= gub lhlg;\ rf}kfof dflg:sf] kx/f j:Gof cf}= /dg\ ljs6df kfnf] j:Gof
dflg;nfO s;}n] j+b's lt/ xltof/ rnf of] / 3fpnfuL= kfnf] j:Gofsf] Hofg d/]5
eGof klg= d/]g5 eGof kgL t]:tf xltof/ rnfpGofnfO sf6L Hofgdf/L lbg'= /utdfq}
cfofsf] eof kgL sfl6lbg'= xltof/ eGof rnfo]5= /ut cfofsf] /x]g5 eGof bfdn ug'{=
@%= nfn df]xf]/ b:stn] cl3 b]ifL j+b eofsf jf6fdf h;n] 3'ififfO ifif'{;fdt\= dfof
df]nflxhf kl5 nfuL= Ho" dfGof{dflg;nfO pDsfp5= p;nfO bfdn ug'{= rf]l/ ul/
cfpGofnfO pdsf of] eGof= hlt rf]l/ ul/ efUofsf] 5= pDsfpGofjf6 plt ljuf] lng'=
rf]/ km]nf k¥of] eGof t]/f] ljuf] o;}jf6 p7fOn] egL ;f}kL lbg'= c? s'/f] ul/
efUofsfnfO= pdsfpGofnfO efUGofnfO= hf}g ;hfo hf}g ljuf] ltg'{ egL n]lifofsf] 5=
;f]xL ;hfo ug'{=
@^= x's'dn] /èfsf rf}ls kx/fdf s;}n] xltof/ rnfO= rf}lsbf/nfO sf6L ldrL uof] eGof=
Tof] sfl6Gof dflg;\= d/f]:t kgL 3fp dfq nfuL jfrf]:tf kgL= rf}lsdf xltof/
rnfpGofnfO= Hofgsf] ;hfodf bfdn ugf{ hftnfO bfdn ug'{= sfl6Gof hftnfO sf6L
df/L lbg'=
@&= x's'dn] kx/f rf}ls j:ofsf 7fpdf hfg x'b}g egL= rf}lsbf/ kx/f jfnn] /f]sbf=
kx/fjfn /= rf}lsbf/ dfly xltof/ lemSof] a+b's tfSof] eGof= t];nfO kx/fjfnn] /=
rf}lsbf/n] sfl6 dfl/ lbg'= iftjft nfUb}g=
@*= nf]UGofdflg; s;}n] s;}nfO Hofg dfgf{sf] dtnj u/L hx/ if'jfpg tof/ x'Gof /=
xltof/ nL l5l8 uf}8f jyfGofnfO kqmL ;fljt ubf{= Hofg lnofsf] /x]g5= dtnj dfq
u¥ofs]f /x]5 eGof= dfgf{sf] dtnj uGof{ ;j}nfO ( jif{ s}b ug'{= xltof/ rnfO Hofg
jfRofsf] /x]5 eGof= xltof/ rnfpGofnfO xfGofsf 3fpsf] ndfO gfkL xltof/ /f]Kofsf
3fp df u}îf] gfkL hlt c+u'n 3fp nfUofsf]5 5= Ps c+u'nsf] 3fp eof & jif{ @
c+u'nsf] 3fp eof * jif{= hlt c+u'nsf] 3fp 5 p;} l/tn] j9fO plt jif{ s}b ug'{
dtnjdf hfGof xltof/ grnfpGofnfO ^ jif{ dfq} s}b ug'{= hx/ eGof if'jfo]5= Hofg
eGof d/]g5 eGof !@ jif{ s}b ug'{= Ogx¿n] s}bsf ?k}`f 8jnsf lx;fn] lt5'{ eGof
klg lt/L hfg kfpb}gg\= Dofbsf ?k}`fnL 5f]8Øf eGof tL 5f]8\Gof cbfnt 7fgf
cdfnsf xflsdnfO= plx ift'sLsf s}b jdf]lhd s}b ug'{= ;fljt ubf{ Hofg df¥ofsf]
/x]5 eGof= dtnj lbGof /= Hofg dfGof{nfO Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg df/L lbg'=
@(= :jfl:gdflg; s;}n] s;}nfO Hofg dfgf{sf] dtnj ul/ hx/ if'jfpg tof/ x'Gof /=
xltof/ nL l5l8 uf}8f jyfGofnfO kqmL ;fljt ubf{= Hofg df¥ofsf] /x]g5= dfgf{sf]
dtnjdfq u¥ofsf] /x]5= eGof dtnj uGof{ :jfl:gdflg;= ;j}nfO # jif{ s}b ug'{=
xltof/ rnfO Hofg jfRofsf] /x]5 eGof= xltof/ rnfpGof nfO= xfGofsf 3fpsf] ndfO
gfkL= xltof/ /f]Kofsf 3fp df u}îf] gfkL= hlt c+u'nf 3fp nfUof sf] 5= Ps c+u'nfsf]
3fp eof $ jif{ @ c+u'nsf] 3fp eof % jif{= hlt c+u'nsf] 3fp 5= o;} l/tn] j9fO= plt
jif{ s}b ug'{= dtnj df hfGof xltof/ grnfpGofnfO dtnjsf # jif{ dfq} s}b ug'{=
hx/ eGof if'jfO5= Hofg eGof d/]g5 eGof= !@ jif{ s}b ug'{= Ogx¿n] s}bsf ?k}`f
8jn sf lx;fjn] lt5'{ eGof kgL lt/L hfg kfpb}gg\= Dofbsf ?k}ofnL 5f]8Øf eGof tL
5f]8\Gof cbfnt 7fgf cdfnsf xflsdnfO pxL if'tsLsf s}b jdf]lhd s}b ug'{= ;fljt
ubf{ Hofg df¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof= dtnj lbGof /= Hofg dfGof{ :jfl:gdflg; nfO bfdn
ug'{=
#)= Hofg hfGof tS;L/ uGof{ ift'sLx¿sf] Hofg\ dfg'{ kbf{ ls Hofg sfl6 lbg'= lskmfl; lbg'=
c? yf]s ;hfo ul/ Hofg gdfg'{= olt @ s'/f b]ifL jfx]s c? ;hfo u/fO Hofg d/fpGof
jlh/nfO !)))) ?k}`f hl/jfgf ug'{=
136
#!= sf]xL dflg; eL/ kf]ifl/ Ogf/ iff]nf ;fF3' emf]n+uf ?if ‰ofn sf}l; 5fgf jf6 /= u}îf
iffl8df ifl; nf]l6 juL 8'jLn8L d¥of= cyjf cfkm}n] kmfn xfnL nl8 8'ljjuL d¥of]=
cyjf cfkm}n] kf;f]nfO jf= xltof/ rnfO xTof ul/ d¥of] cyjf cfkm} n] hx/ ljif iffO
jf= cdnnf u'+lrhx¿ iffO j]xf]if e} d¥of]= cyjf 7Ss/ nfuL nf]l6 efl/:d]t n8L
d¥of]= cyjf jg hfFbf 9Fuf] n8Øfsf] nfuL d¥of]= cyjf cs:dft s]xL j]yf / 3fp hfx]/
ge} d¥of]= jf ;'Tofsf] ;'To} d¥of]= csf{ s;}n] xltof/ rnfO sf6L df¥of]= o:tf u}î
j]xf]/fn] d¥ofsf dflg;nfO /L;n] cQf]nfO kmnfgfn] df¥of] egL kf]ng cfof] eGof=
h;nfO kf]Nofsf] xf]= p;nfO lemsfO /f]jsf/ ubf{ ;fl5 u'xfO b]iffO ;fljt ug{ ;s]g
oxLn]lifofsf j]xf]/fn] sfnn] d¥ofsf] /= cfkm} xTof ul/ d¥ofsf] af= c?n] df¥ofsf]
b}jfut k/L cs:dft d¥ofsf] 7x¥of] af= d¥of] eGofsf] dflg; Ho" bf]/x]5 eGof= t]:tf
kf]nfxfnfO % jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofb sf ?k}`f bf]j/ lbof klg nL= g5f8\g' s}b ug'{
:jfl:gdflg;n] oxL j]xf]/fsf] s'/f] kf]Nofsf] /x]5= ;fljt ug{ ;sLg eGof= t]:tf kf]nfsf
:jfl:gnfO @.. jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf ?k}`f bf]j/ lbofnL 5f8Llbg'=
#@= s;}n] s;}nfO nf7f 9Fuf nlˆ xft nft u}în] s'6lk6 u¥of]= s'6Øf kl5 s]xL lbg ynL
lx8\g 8' ng sfhsfd ug{ nfUof kl5= c? j]yf nfuL @@ lbgleqdf d¥of] eGof= cfÇgf
sfnn] d¥ofsf] 7x5{= s'6\GofnfO Hofg df/fsf] tS;L/ nfUb}g= s'6\lk6\sf c}g jdf]lhd
8+8 ;hfo ug'{=
##= s;}n] s;}nfO s'6\lk6\ u¥of] s'l6Gof dflg; ylnofsf] lyo]g= jf ynL lgsf]e} sfddf
nfUofsf] lyof]= s'l6ofsf @@ lbg gf£of kl5 c?a]7f nfuL d¥of eGof kl5 t}Fn] s'6\of
kL/n] @@ lbg leq d¥of elg kf]nof] /f]]jsf/ ubf{ @@ lbg gf£of kl5 d¥ofsf] 7x¥of]
eGof= cl3 s'6\lk6\ x'bf hfxf;Dd eofsf] xf]= plt s'/f] dfq ul/ kf]nGof kf]nfxf nfO !..
jif{= cl3 eofsf e+bf s'/f] j9fO /L;n] kf]nGofGnfO @..= jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf] ?k}of
8jn lbof nL 5f8L lbg'= :jfl:g dflg;n] eof o;}sf] cfl3 s}b ug'{=
#$= b'O hgf dflg; dfq} k/ b]; uof jf= jg d]nf u}îdf uofsf lyof= t]:t}df iff]nf] tbf{
eL/sf /:tf lx8\bf= kf}l8 if]Nbf 9'Fuf] d'9f] nfuL n8L alu ;u} eofdf xj;\= cl3 kl5
eofdf xj;\= o]s hgf d¥of] ;+u hfGofn] d¥ofsf 3/df cfO o:tf /Ltn] kmnfg' d¥of]
egL ;'gfof]= d¥ofsf hfxfgn] ;+sf ul/ o;}n] buf ul/ xfd|f] kmnfgfnfO df/L lbof] egL
s/fpg cfof= /f]jsf/ ubf{ ;fl5 u'xfOjf6 eof]= cyjf @ hgfs] Olj nfu k¥ofsf] s]xL
b]lifo]g= cfÇgf sfnn] d¥ofsf] 7x¥of] eGof= @ hgfdfq} eofsf ;+sfdf kf]Nofsf] /x]5
eGof= 3/sf hfxfgn] /x]5 eGof= ift nfUb}g= c?n] /L;n] kf]Nofsf] /x]5 eGof= o:tf
kf]nfxfnfO @..= jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf ?k}`f 8jn lbof nL= 5fl8 lbg'= c? :jfl:g
dflg; eof= !.. jif{ s}b ug'{=
#%= hfF8\ /lS; c/s clkmd ef+u wt'/f] u}î nfu' s'/f] iffO csf{nfO ufln u¥of] s'6\lk6\ u¥of]
c+u e+u u¥of] eGof= s'6\lk6\ c+u e+usf c}g jdf]lhd b+b ;hfo ug'{= Hofg df/]5 eGof=
d'l8Gofhft eof c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{= sfl6Gof hft eof Hofgsf]
jbnf Hofg sfl6 dfl/ lbg'= \
#^= sf]xL jf}Nxfofsf dflg;n] dflg; df¥of] eGof= Tof] jf}Nxfofsf] dflg; uGof{ guGof{=
s'/fsf] yfxf klg kfpbf]/x]g5= hft hfGof ceIf u}î klg iffbf] /x]5= lgjf{0f e} lx8\bf]
klg /x]5 eGof= c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{= uGof{ guGof{ s'/f] klg yfxf
kfpbf] /x]5= ceIf u}î klg iffbf] /x]g5= lgjf{0f e} lx8\bf] kgL /x]g5 eGof= t]:tf jf}Nxfn]
dflg; df¥of= d'l8Gof hftnfO c}g jdf]lhd c+; ;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{= sfl6Gof
hftnfO sfl6 dfl/ lbg'= cl3 ceIf u}î iffofsf] /x]g5= cfkm'n] dflg; df¥of kl5=
ceIf u}î vfofsf] 7x¥of] eGof= t];n] Ho" jrfpgfsf nflu iffofsf] 7x5{= t]:tf d'l8Gof
hftnfO= c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{= sfl6Gof hftnfO sfl6 dfl/ lbg'=
#&= sf]xL dflg; 5]?jf cfF7Øf ifj6Øf /f]un] kqmfosf] /x]5 jf= h/f] clt;f/ cfp /ut jfy
;'n jfls /= c? u}î j]yf nfUofsf] /x]5= nl8 nf]l6 7Ss/ nflu jf= cl3jf6 csf{
s;}n] s'6\lk6 ul/ ylnofsf] /x]5= P:tf u}î /f]un] sfd ug{= g;sGof ul/= ylnofsf
/f]lunfO s;}n] s'6\lk6\ ul/ Hofg d/]5 eGof Ps} rf]7dfq xfGofsf eof klg t];n]
df¥ofsf] 7x5{= /f]un] d¥ofsf] 7xb}{g dfGof{ d'l8Gof hft eof= c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+;
;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{= sfl6Gof hft eof Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg sfl6 dfl/ lbg'=

137
 s'l6Gofsf] Hofg d¥ofs]f /x]5g eGof= s'6\lk6\sf c}g jdf]lhddf bf]j/ j9fO b+8 s}b
ug'{=
#*= sf]lx ifl6/fkl6/f e}= cf]5Øfgdf kGof{ ul/ ylnofsf /f]lunfO= s;}n] s'6\lk6\ ul/ Hofg
d¥of] eGof= os}rf]7 dfq xfGofsf] eof klg t];}n] df¥ofsf] 7x5{= /f]un] d¥ofsf] 7xb}{g=
df¥of{ d'l8Gof hftnfO c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{= sfl6Gof hftnfO
Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg sfl6 dfl/ lbg'= s'l6Gofsf] Hofg d¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof= s'6 \lk6\sf
c}g jdf]lhDdf bf]j/ j9fO 8+8 s}b ug'{=
#(= s;}nfO cl3 Psfn] s'6\lk6\ u¥ofsf] /x]5= s'6Øfsf] bb{ lgsf] ge} t];} s'l6Gof
dflg;nfO= cl3Nnfn] s'6Øfsf * 3l8 kl5 b]ifL @@ lbgleq df= csf{ s;}n] s'6 \lk6\
ul/ s'l6Gof dflg; d/]5 eGof= cl3jf6 s'6\GofnfO s'6\lk6\ u¥of;Ddsf] ift nfU5=
s'6\lk6\sf c}g jdf]lhd b+8 s}b ug'{= kl5jf6 s'6\GofnfO Hofg df¥ofsf] jft nfU5=
d'l8Gof hft eof c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{= sfl6Gof hft eof Hofgsf]
jbnf Hofg sf6L df/L lbg'= Hofg d¥ofsf] /x]g5= eGof= s'6\lk6\sf c}g jdf]lhddf bf]j/
j9fO b+8 s}b ug'{=
$)= kmnfgfn] kmnfgfnfO Hofg lngfsf nfuL= kmnfg' s'/f] u¥of] egL s/fpg cfof] /=
/f]jsf/ ubf{ kf]Nofsf] dfq 7x¥of] eGof Hofg ;gj+wsf s'/fdf kf]nfxfn] srxl/df
sfuh n]ifL ;lx:d]t xfnL lbofsf] eof= Hofg ;+j+wsf kf]nfxfnfO n]iofsf c}g
jdf]lhd ug'{= sfuh n]ifL ;lx xfNofsf] /x]g5 j]l8 sk{g kgL k¥ofsf] /x]g5 /= o:tf
s'/fdf sfo]n u/fpg ;lStg eGof] eGof= ufln u¥ofsf] 7x5{= t]:tfnfO Hofg ;+j+wsf]
s'/f] eof @) bfdn x'Gof s'/f eof !% ?k}`f 8+8 ug'{= ?k}`f glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b
ug'{=
$!= Hofg df¥of] eGof d'2fdf c8f uf}8f cbfnt cdfndf klqm cfO sfo]n eofsf dflg;
O6frklndf cfpbf, Ohxf/ n]ifGof b]ifGof hfFGof u'xfO t];/n] n]iofsf] hdfg j]lb k|df0f
/= jf kltn] jSofsf s'/fsf] d'ifldNof] eGof lt u'xfO t];/ lemsfpg' kb}{g= jf kltnfO
c}g jdf]lhd ug'{= u'xfO t];/n] n]iofsf hdfg j+lb k|df0fsf] j]xf]/f / = jfjltn] eGofsf]
s'/f ldn]g= km/s k¥of] eGof= rflxGof dflg; k|df0f lemsfO /f]jsf/ ul/ hf] 7x5{= c}g
jdf]lhd ug'{=

eljtJodf Hofg dfGof{sf]

!= s;}n] !@ jif{ b]ifL pef]sf dflg;nfO= Hofg dg{ uof] eGof eljtJo 7x5{= j]xSdf Hofg
df¥ofjfjt dfGof{sf] c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ 5f]l8 lbg'= c? c+udf xfg]5 eGof
eljtJo 7xb}{g= !@ jif{ b]ifL tnsf nfO !.@ rf]6\ xftn] xfGbf d¥ofsf] kgL eljtJo
7xb}{g= j|fé0fn] eof c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{= c? hftn] eof
Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg x'G5 . s+7f lkl9ofdf os} rf]6\ d'8\sLn] xfGbf /= nj6fn] ufnfdf
os} rf]6\ xfGbf=
@= cl3 kl5sf] Ho" hldg\ :jfl:g wgdfn rf]kfof u}î s]xL s'/fsf] klg cfkm'l;t em}
emuf/O ljnfu s]xLgk¥ofsf dflg;nfO= /ftsf ljrdf hgfj/x? s]xL xf] egL glrGxL
xfGbf= s;}n] dflg; d¥of] eGof= ef]/ 7x5{= xf+GofnfO iftjft nfUb}g= t];jf6 dGof{sf]
s[of ifr{ %) ?k}`f lbnfO dfGof{nfO ! lty{ u/fO caNnfO %) bf]o]d \nfO @% l;dnfO
!) rfxf/nfO % ?k}`fnfO bn]{ uf]bfg nL= ef]df{ Hofg df¥of jfjt\sf] k|folZrt u/fO
lbg'=
#= s;}n] kz' k+lIfnfO xfGbf /= kmnkm'nx? emfbf{= 9'Fufn] nlˆn] em7f/fn] xfGbf csf{nfO
nfUof] /= lhp dof]{ egof= dGof{nfO s[of ifrf{ xfFGofjf6 %) ?k}`f lbnfO lbg'= 3fp dfq
nfUof] eGof !) ?k}`f lbnfO lbg' c? ;hfo kb}{g=
$= h+undf l;sf/ hfbf= jgsf] d[uxf] hgfj/xf] egL txsLt gj'lemj+b's sf9n] xfgL
dflg; dg{ uof] eGof= d¥of{sf efO 5f]/fnfO s[of ifr{ dfGof{jf6 %) ?k}`f lbnfO lbg'=
lhp dg{ uPg 3fp dfq nfUof] eGof 3fp nfUGofnfO !) ?k}`f 3fp nfUGofaf6 3fp
vr{ lbnfO lbg' c? ;hfo nfUb}g=
%= j+b's lt/ xfGbf uf]lnlt/ 6k"iffof] df/ xfGbf if's'l/ if':Sof] t/jf/ ef+rL pl5l§ s;}sf]
Hofg dg{ uof] eGof t];nfO ift nfUb}g= k|folZrt ug'{ k5{= s[of ifr{ %) ?k}`f t];}jf6
138
 lbnfO lbg'= Ho" d/]g eGof 3fp ifr{ !) ?k}`f t];}jf6 lbnfO lbg'= % ?k}`f uf]bfg nL
wdf{ lwsf/n] kltof lbg'=
^= ;x/ leq ;x/sf ghLSdflg;\ l88\Gof x'nGof 7fpdf= dflg;\ gx6fO uf]lnsf] tk\iffGof
thljh g/fifL xfFbf= s;}nfO uf]ln nfuL 3fp nfUof] eGof %) ?k}`f= 3fp k'5fplg
lbnfO lbg'= Hofg d¥of] eGof !)) ?k}`f s[of ifr{ lbnfO lbg'= c? ;hfo nfUb}g=
&= s;}n] nf]UGof :jfl:g s]6fs]6Lx¿ s;}nfO nL= iff]nf h3f/ tfbf{= tfGof{ sfjnn] gk'uL=
iff]nfdf nf]6LjuL= iff]nf] tfGof{n] yfdg g;sL= dflg; xft cfFu b]ifL if':sL n8LjuL 8'jL
d¥of] eGof tfGof{nfO iftjft nfUb}g= k|folZrt kgL kb}{g=
*= s;}n] iff]l/ofnf] x:of kf]Nbf= l;sf/ if]Nbf= 89Øfnf] nfpbf= jgdf dflg; rf}kfof gb]ifL=
cfuf] nfof]= t];} cfufn] dflg; rf]kfof 89L d¥of] eGof= ef]/ 7x5{= dflg; d/]5 eGof
89]nf]nfpGofjf6 dGof{sf] s[of ifr{ @) ?k}`f lbnfO lbg'= c? ift\jft nfUb}g=
(= s;}n] sf6Øfsf] ?if 9nL eof]= xfuf sf6tf xfufif;L eof]= d'9flu8\bf d'9f]9nL+pl5l§
eof]= sf7 l3Rofpbf n8fpbf sf7n] dLrL eof]= ?if 9fNbf sf7 l3Rofpbf= iff]l/of jf/L
hf]Qf if+bf jf6f] s'nf] agfpbf= 9F'uf] 8Nnf] n8L= sf7 yfdg g;sL3sL{ n8L dflg;nfO
nfuL ldrL Ho' d¥of] eGof /= rf}kfofnfO nfuL ldrL d¥of] eGof= eljtJo 7x5{= n8f
pGofnfO ift nfUb}g= k|folZrt ug'{ kgL kb}{g=
!)= s;}n] ?if d'9f sf6\tf j+r/f] if's'l/ if'kf{ r'lk if'l:s= s;}nfO nfuL Ho" d¥of] egof=
dfGof{jf6 dGof{sf] s[of ifr{ @) ?k}`f lbnfO= k|folZrt u/fO lbg'= 3fpdfq nfUofsf]
/x]5 eGof= ifr{ % ?k}`f lbnfO lbg'=
!!= glb tbf{ n8L auL dGof{ ?if eL/ 5fgf ‰ofnjf6 nf]l6 dGof{ ;Kk{ rf}kfof u}î hgfj/n]
iffO 6f]sL xfgL ldrL dGof{= jh| k/L cfuf jf?bn] kf]nL dGof{= 9'Fuf d'9f ?if k}/fn] ldrL
dGof{= o:tf b}jfut k/L d¥of{ /= kflg grn\Gof hftjf6 d¥ofsf jfx]s c? kflg rnGof
hftn] em'SofO= hx/ ljif if'jfO eL/ u+uf 5fgf ‰ofnnfO 3Rofl6 xltof/ rnfO dGof{=
rf]/n] sfl6 dGof{= hfl/df sfl6Gof= OGx]¿sf] bfx s[ofugf{nfO kltof k|folZrt ug'{ kb}{g
o:tfnfO kltof gul/ bfx s[of ug{ hfGofgf} egL 8+8 uGof{nfO 8+8 ul/ lnofsf] ljuf]
lkmtf{ u/fO= p;}n] u¥ofsf k6s jdf]lhd 8+8 ug'{= xtgf u/L8fx qmLof c8\sfpGofnfO{
%?k}of b+b ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
!@= agsf 5]pdf 3/ uf]7 jgfpGofn]= cfÇgf 3/sf jl/kl/ 89]nfsf] jrfp x'Gof ul/
;fkmul/ /fifg'= 3/ s6Øf/f] jgfpGofn] ;kmful/ /fif]g5 /= csf{n] jgdf nfofsf] 89f]nf]
cfO 3/ s6Øf/f] kf]ln dflg; rf}kfof wgdfn k¥of] egL= sf]lx s/fpg cfo] eGof ef]/
7x5{= 89]nf] nfpGofjf6 a]s'eofdf !) ?k}`f nL 3/ 89GofnfO lbnfO lbg'= c? ljuf]
klg lbg' kb]{g= ift kgL nfUb}g= k|folZrt kgL kb}{g=
!#= cj pk|fGt h+undf l;sf/ if]NGofn]= u}8f s;}n] gdfg'{= df/]5 eGof u}8f dfGof{nfO %)
?k}of 8+8 ug'{= csf{n] df/ e+bf df¥ofsf] 7x¥of cîfpGofnfO @% df¥of{ nfO @% ?k}`f
8+8 ug'{=
!$= h+unsf xfltnfO uf]nLn] xfGofnfO @)) ?k}of 8+8 ug'{ csf{n] cîfO xfGofsf] eGof=
cîfpGofnfO !)) xfFGofnfO !)) ?k}`f 8+8 ug'{= ufp 3/df cfO lj2t uGof{ /=
dflg;nfO hifd uGof{ xfltnfO uf]lnn] xf+Gof dfGof{nfO jft nfUb}g=
!%= h+undf jf3 efn' j+b]n dfGof{nfO jft nfUb}g=
!^= x's'dn] / ;gbn] l;sf/ gif]ng'= egL j+b eofsf h+undf l;sf/ if]nL= d[u lrtn\
h/fof] rf}u8f b'lD; u}îsf] l;sf/ if]nL df¥of{nfO % ?k}`f b+8 ug'{=
!&= x's'dn] / ;gbn] l;sf/ gif]ng'= egL j+b eof jfx]ssf h+undf l;sf/ if]nL d[un
lrtn h/fof] rf}u8f b'lD; u}î dfGof{nfO iftjft nfUb}g=
!*= cfÇg' jfln iffg cfofsf= d[u lrtn h/fof] rf]u8f b'lD; u}î df¥ofsf s'/fdf jft
nfUb}g=
!(= g]kfn iffn8f leqdf kfNkfsf= efuL uofsf h/fof] dfGof{nfO &) ?k}`f nu'gf lrtn\
dfGof{nfO @) ?k}`f d[u dfGof{nfO !) ?k}`f 8+8 ug'{= 9]/} hgf ldln df¥ofsf /èf
5GeGof= df¥of{ hlt hgf x'g plt hgfjf6 oxL ljuf] p7fO lng'= dfbf{df ;fd]n geofsf=
df;'sf] ljnf] lbiffGofnfO 8+8 kb}{g=

139
uf]j{w uGof{

!= hflg hflg ufO df¥of] eGof= t]:tfnfO bfdn ug'{=

@= ufOnfO s;}n] hflghflg xltof/ rnfof] Ho" d/]g eGof= gdfl;Gof hftnfO c}g
jdf]lhd p:sf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ 5fl8 lbg'= dfl;Gof hft nfO dfl; lbg'=
#= s;}n] ufO kmsf{pbf 5]stf y'Fbf 9Fuf nlˆn] xfFbf= uf]? ;'jfbf{ bfpbf= bfO xfNbf hf]Qf
eljtJo kl/ d¥of] eGof= t]:tf ef]sf{nfO ! ?k}`f 8+8 ul/= k|folZrt lbg'=
$= cfkm'n] ufO 5]stf kmsf{pbf= 9'Fuf]n] bxn] xf+bf= s'7fpdf nfuL ufO uf]? d¥of] eGof=
xfGofn] cfx]/ ug{ cfof] eGof c}g jdf]lhd ! ?k}`f nL= gLlt :d[lt u/fOlbg'= csf{nfO
t}n] dfl/;\ egL cQf] nfof kl5 cfkm'n] df¥ofsf] 7x¥of] eGof= t]:tfnfO !)) ?k}`f b+8
ug'{= cfkm} sfnn] d¥ofsfnfO csf{n] df¥of] egL kf]Nof]= df¥ofsf] 7x/]g= /L;n] kf]Nofsf]
7x¥of] eGof= t];nfO ^) ?k}`f 8+8 ul/ k|folZrt u/fOlbg' ?k}`f glt¥of s}b ug'{=
%= ufO df¥ofsf] b]ifL= hfx]/ ug{ cfo]g= bjfO/fiof] eGof %) ?k}`f hl/jfgf ug'{=
^= ufOnfO xf+bf /ut sf9GofnfO{ @..= ?k}`f 8+9 ug'{= ufO e}l;sf] uf]8f ef+lrlbof] eGof=
wlgnfO ljuf] k/ ;fl/ !) ?k}`f hl/jfgf ug'{= Tof] hif+ eofsf] j:t'= hif+ uGof{nfO lbg'=
ufO iffGof hftn] ufOsf] uf]8f ef+Rofsf] /x]5 eGof= t]:tfnfO ufO glbg'= ufO klg ljuf]
klg wlgsf] x'+5 =
&= s;}n] ef]/ jfx]s hflg hflg ufO uf]?nfO df¥ofsf] b]iftf= ufO uf]? dfGof{nfO dfl/lbof]
eGof t];nfO ift nfUb}g= ef]/df ufO uf]? dfGof{ dflg;nfO= s;} dflg;n] df¥of] eGof=
d'l8Gof hftnfO bfdn ug'{= sfl6Gof hftnfO Hofgsf] abnf Hofg lng'=
*= ufO uf]?sf l;ª\ sf6\g' k¥ofdf= l;ª\ sf6\tf iff]¥ofb eofdf= if'/ kfgf sf6\tf 3fpsf ls/f
lemsbf w'bf 3l6/fdf / nf]l6 7Ss/ nfUofsf= lk8f eofsf 7fpdf kmf]g'{ kbf{= 8fdg'
kbf{df /= /ut lemsg' kbf{= ufOsf pksf/ lgldQdf ;j}n] ug'{ x'+5= pksf/ u¥ofsf
s'/fdf iftjft nfUb}g= c8f cbfnt cdfndf ;fwg' kb}{g=
(= uf]iff{ /fhe/ d'n's\df= ufO uf]? dfg{ egL= xltof/ lemsL s;}n] sf6gfnfO{ tof/ eofsf]
b]iof] eGof= dfg{ x'b}g= gdf/ egL dgflx ug'{= plt ubf{ klg gdfgL cfÇgf ;fdfGodf=
df¥of] eGof= t]:tf uf]jw uGof{ dflg;nfO= p;} lbg p;} j]nfdf p;} 7fpdf sfl6 dfl/
lbGofnfO= Hofg df¥of} e+Gof iftjft nfUb}g= uf]jw u¥ofsf] p; j]nfdf b]if]g= kl5 jf6
kmnfgfn] df¥ofsf] /x]5 e+Gof kQf nfUof] eGof= t]:tfnfO kqmL g]n 7f]sL cbfnt 7fgfdf
k'¥ofOlbg'=
!)= uf]iff{/fhe/ d'n's\df rf/ j0f{ 5lQ;} hft u}în]= o]sfbl;sf c+s n]lifofsf lbg= s[i0f
hGdfi6ldsf lbg= l;j/flqsf lbg= oltdf k/fk'j{b]ifL rnL cfofsf] gul/ gx'Gof k'hf
u'l7df jlnbfg ugf{ jfx]s\= c? kz'k+lIf hn hGt' u}¥x lhj sf6df/ gug'{ :yn l;sf/
hn l;sf/ klg gug'{= O n]lifofsf lbgdf rf}kfof kz' k+lIf hn h+t' u}î Ho" dfGof{nfO=
hf}g s'/f] df¥ofsf] 5 p;}sf df]n jdf]lhd 8+8 ug'{= sfo]ngfdf n]lifofsf Ho" hfGof
iftsf ;fOw'jfsf] olt n]lifofsf lbgdf= Ho" s6fpGof cbfnt 7fgfsf xflsdnfO @%
?k}`f 8+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{= olt lbgdf iffGofn]= jfl;df5f df;'
iffGofnfO ift nfUb}g= giffof s/ kgL 5}g=
!!= ufO uf]? dfgf{sf] dtnj gu¥ofsf= jfln gfln iffof] egL wkfpgfsf nflu nf7f 9Fuf
nlˆn] @.$.%.& k6s xf+bf]= ufO uf]? dg{ uof] eGof eljtJo 7x5{= ljuf] e/fO lju}
jdf]lhd 8+8 ug'{=
!@= eljtJo k/L ufO d¥ofsf] s;}nfO gsxL bjfpGof /= csf{n] eljtJo kl/ ufO uf]?
df¥ofsf] b]ifL= ;'gL s;}nfO gsxL bjfO eft kflgdf jf]Gof{ jf]/f pGofnfO s/l0fn] :d]t\
eljtJosf] kltof kfpGof x'gfn]= o:tfnfO hglx @) ?k}`f 8+8 ul/ kltof u/fOlbg'=
o:tf s'/fdf o;nfO olt 8+8 u¥of= xfldnfO Sof xf]nf egL c}g gx]/L gj'emL= c+gfhn]
8+8 uGof{= cdfln åf/f¥of u}înfO p;n] 8+8 ul/ lnofsf] ljuf] h:sf] xf]= p;}nfO lkmtf{
lbnfO !) ?k}`f 8+8 ug'{= jft nfUGofnfO c}g eofsf s'/fdf c}g jdf]lhd\= c}g geofsf
s'/fdf sf};Ndf hfx]/ ul/ c}g ul/lbof p;} c}g jdf]lhd ;fws ul/ lbof ;fws
jdf]lhd ul/ l5Ù'=

140
!#= uf]7df jfWofsf ufO uf]?x¿ jf3n] iffO eof]= cfuf] nfuL jh| kl/ eof]= cyjf c? j]yf
nfuL jf= j]yf /f]u s]xL gnfuL= cs:dft kl/ jfWofsf bfdndf kl/ d¥of eGof=
eljtJo 7x5{= cbfnt cdfnjf6 @ cfgf b:t'/ nL k'hL{ ul/ ef]/sf] kltof u/fOlbg'=
!$= jf]ng ghf+Gof nf6fn] ufO uf]?nfO xltof/ nf7f 9'Fufn] xfgL 3fpnfu]5= hifd eofsf]
/x]g5 eGof !) sf]/f{xfgL 5fl8lbg'= 8+8 x'b}g= kltof u/fOlbg'=

if';f{lgsf]

!= nf]UGof dflg; s;}n] dnfO if';f{lg xfnL lbof] egL sf]xL s/fpg cfof eGof hf]l/ k'k{If
ubf{= if';f{lg xfNo}sf] 7x¥of] eGof= nf]UGofnfO xj;\= :jfl:g dflg;nfO xj;\= d'ifdf
sfgdf if';f{lg xfnGof bnGofnfO @) ?k}`f if';f{lgsf] w'jf lbGofnfO %) ?k}`f= cfiffdf
if';f{lg xfnGofnfO %) ?k}of u'båf/df xfnGofnfO !)) ?k}of ln+udf if';f{lg bnGofO
nfO @)) ?k}of eudf if';f{lg xfnGofnfO $)) ?k}`f 8+8 ug'{= ?k}`f glt¥of c}g
jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
@= :jfl:g dflg;n] s;}nfO if';f{lg xfln elg sf]xL s/fpg cfof] /= /f]jsf/ ubf{= xfNo}sf]
7x¥of] eGof= nf]UGofnfO xj;\= :jfl:gnfO xj;\= d'ifdf sfgdf xfnGof bnGofnfO !)
if';f{lgsf] w'jf lbGofnfO @% ?k}`f= cfiffdf if';f{lg xfnL lbGofnfO @% ?k}`f u'båf/df
xfnGofnfO %) ln+udf bnGof+nfO !)) eudf xfnGofnfO @)) ?k}`f 8+8 ug'{= 8+8sf]
?k}1f glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
#= :jfl:gdflg; s;}n]= nf]UGofdflg;nfO xj;\= :jfl:g dflg;nfO xj;\= if';f{lg
xflnlbofsf] /x]5 eGof cfiffdf xfnGofnfO @% u'båf/df xfnGofnfO %) eudf
xfnGofnfO @)) ?k}`f 8+8 ug'{= ?k}`f glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
$= s;}sf jf+wf jw]Toflg sdf/f sdfl/x¿ xfd|f if;d\ ifl:dgLx¿n] if';f{lg xfnL lbof] egL
s/fpg cfof eGof= /f]jsf/ ubf{ if';f{lgsf] w'jf lbofsf] /= cfiffdf if';f{lg xfNofsf] /x]5
eGof= jfwf jw]Toflgsf] td;'s km/fO cfkm' if'l; u/fOlbg'= sdf/f sdfl/nfO t];} cfkm'
if'l; u/fOlbg' d'ifdf /= sfgdf bNofsf] /x]5= eGof= nf]UGofn] eof !) :jfl:g /lx5
eGof % ?k}`f 8+8 ug'{= cdn]if x'b}g= u'båf/df /= ln+udf xfNof bNofsf] /x]5 eGof
nf]UGofnfO !)) :jfl:gnfO %) ?k}`f 8+8 ul/ cdn]if u/fOlbg'= eudf if';f{lg xfNofsf]
/x]5 eGof nf]UGofnfO @)) :jfl:gnfO !)) ?k}`f 8+8 ul/ cfkm' if'l; u/fOlbg' 8+8sf
?k}`f glt¥of s}b ug'{=
%= s;}n] csf{sf c}gn] hf/ xf+g x'Gof ;Ddsf :jfl:gx¿nfO eudf / u'båf/df sf]lx
nf]UGof dflg;n]= if';f{lg xfnL lbof]= t];} :jfl:gsf nf]UGofn]= d]l/ :jfl:gsf OHht lnof
kl5= o;nfO sfl6 lbG5' eGof] eGof pkfWof / pOln+udf h}l; cfÇgf xf8\uf]q jfx]s\=
c?nfO sfl6lbof] eGof sf6GofnfO /fhift nfUb}g= :jfl:gnfO hj/hl:tl;t if';f{lg
xfNofsf] x'bf= /= s/l0fsf] ;+sf gx'gfn]= o:tf :jfl:gsf] hft hfb}g= k|f olZrQ kgL
kb}{g= cl3 cbfntdf lkm/fb kl/ 8+8 e} l5Gof kl5 Ho" df¥of] eGof= j|fé0f /x]5 eGof=
c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{= c? hft /x]5 eGof Hofg sf6L df/L lbg'=
Ho" gsf6L s/fpg cfof] eGof= if';f{lg xfnGofnfO p;} c}g jdf]lhd 8+8 ug'{=
^= s;}n] dnfO if';f{lg xflnlbof] elg= kf]ng cfof] / /f]jsf/ ubf{ if';f{lg xfNofsf] 7x/]g
j]xSsdf kf]Nofsf] 7x¥of] eGof /= nf]UGof dflg;n] kf]Nofsf] /x]5 eGof= d'ifdf sfgdf
if';f{lg xfNof] bNof] eGofnfO !) ?k}of if';f{lg sf] w'jf lbof]= cfiffdf if';f{lg xfNof]
e+GofnfO @% u'båf/df /= lnudf if';f{lg xfNof] bNof] e+GofnfO !)) ?k}`f= eudf if';f{lg
xfNof] eGofnfO @)) ?k}`f 8+8 ug'{= ?k}`f glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
&= s;}n] dnfO if';f{lg xflnlbof] egL= kf]ng cfof]= /f]jsf/ ubf{ if';f{lg xfNofsf] 7x/]g=
j]xSdf kf]Nofsf] 7x¥of] eGof /= :jfl:g dflg;n] kf]Nofsf] /x]5 eGof= d'ifdf sfgdf
if';f{lg xfNof] e+GofnfO % ?k}`f if';f{lgsf] w'jf lbof] cfiffdf if';f{lg xfNof] e+GofnfO !@..
?k}`f u'båf/df/ ln+udf if';f{lg xfNof] 8Nof] e+GofnfO %) ?k}`f eudf if';f{gL xfNof
eGofnfO !)) ?k}of 8+8 ug'{= 8+8sf ?k}`f glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
*= nf]UGof dflg;n] s;}sf cfiffdf if';f{lg xfnL lbof] jf= if';f{lgsf w'jf lbbf= ! cfiff
km'6]5 eGof= ^ aif{ s}b ug'{ Dofbsf 8an lbof lnO 5f8g' b'O cfiff km'6]5 eGof c}g
jdf]lhd p:sf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ cfiff km'6GofnfO lbnfO= kmf]Gof{nfO bfdn ug'{=
141
(= :jfl:gdflg;n] s;}sf cfiffdf if';f{lg xfNbf jf= if';f{lgsf w'jf lbbf= ! cfiff km'6]5
eGof # jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf ?k}`f lbof nL 5f8g\= @ cfFiff km'6ofsf] eof !@ jif{ s}b
ug'{= Dofbsf ?k}`f lbof lng'=
!)= nf]UGofdflg;n] s;}sf cfiffdf if';f{lg xfNbf jf= if';f{lgsf] w'jf lbbf jf= s'6\lk6\ x'bf=
k"mnf] kl/ cfiff gb]ifGof eP5 eGof! cfiff gb]ifof u/L km'nf]k/]5 eGof ^ jif{ s}b ug'{=
Dofbsf] 8jn lbof nL 5f8\g'= @ cfiff gb]ifGof ul/ km'nf] k/]5 eGof= ;j{:j ul/ t];}nfO
lbnfO= km'nf] kfGof{nfO bfdn ug'{= cfiff b]ifGof /x]5 eGof ! cfiff eof # jif{ s}b ug'{= @
cfiff eof ^ jif{ s}b ug'{= ?k}`f lbof nL 5f8g'=
!!= :jfl:gdflg;n] s;}sf cfiffdf if';f{lg xfNbf jf if';f{lgsf] w'jf lbbf jf= s'6\lk6\ ubf{
km'nf] k/]5 /= cfiff eGof b]iftf] /x]5= eGof ! cfiffdf km'nf] k¥ofsf] eof !.. jif{ @
cfiffdf km'nf] k¥ofsf] eof # jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf] ?k}of lbof lng'=

rf]l/sf]

!= k}Nx]sf] 6fkl6Kkf rf]/ /x]5 s;}sf] dfn rf]bf{ $.% yf]s rf]¥ofsf ! rf]sdfnsf]= bl;= df
sfon eof] eGof c? yf]s dfn lnofsf] 5}g= elg cl8of] eGof t]:tf rf]/nfO= rf]l/
nfpGof dflg;= ;frf] /x]5= rf]l/ofs} lbg= c?x¿nfO d]/f] olt yf]s dfn= rf]l/of] elg=
;'gfofsf] /x]5= rf]/n] eGof os yf]s dfnb]lif c? lnofsf] 5}g elg cl8Gof rf]/nfO=
xjsfO bjsO ;f]wk'5 ug'{ xjsfpbf= bjsfpbf km'Nofpbf klg= s]lx 7/fpg ;lso]g
eGof= >L k|fod\ ldlgli7/l;t ;flw= Ho"gdGof{ ul/ sf]/f] 7f]ls s]/sf/ ug'{ sf]/f{ nfpbfdf
rf]/ d¥of] eGof cbfnt 7fgf= cdfnsf åf¥of ljrfl/nfO= iftjft nfUb}g=
@= rf]l/sf] jft nflu cfofsfnfO s]/sf/ ubf{ rf]l/sf] ;if nif kfOof] jf bl; kfof] eGof /
cl3 klg !.@ k6ssf] rf]/ /x]5 eGof t]:tf rf]/nfO / j]xSdf csf{sf] Hofg df¥ofsf
d'2fdf klqmofsfnfO ;ifnifn] e]6fofsf] /x]5 jf u'xfO t];/ af6 klg= ;ifnifsf]
ljxf]/fn] e]6fofsf] /x]5 eGof t]:tfnfO= >L k|fod ldlgi6/;+u ;flw d'gfl;j dflkms
s'6\lk6\ ubf{ sf]/f{ 7]sbf t]:sf] Hofg d¥of] eGof klg cbfnt 7fgfsf xflsd l87f
ljrfl/x¿nfO{= iftjft nfUb}g=
#= bl; gkfO= d]/f] dfn o;}n] lbof]=xf] elg ;+sfn] s'6\lk6\ ul/ Hofg df¥of] eGof df/GofnfO
Hofgsf] abnf Hofg lng'=
$= s;}n] bl;g kfO{ rf]l/sf] s'/f] kf]Nof rf]l/nfO dfUGofn] xf]Og eGb} lyof] so]n eofsf]
lyo]g t]:t}df kf]nfxf d¥of] eGof lg;fj b}j}n] l5Gof] rf]l/sf] ljuf] eg'{ e/fpg' kb]{g=
cbfnt 7fgf cdfn srxl/jf6 rf]l/nfO dfUGof rf]/ 7xb}{g= gx]g'{ 5fl8lbg'=
%= cl3 klg !.@ km]/f rf]l/ u¥ofsf] sfo]ngfdf eofsf] 5 km]l/ klg t];}n] rf]/ ug{ hfbf jf
wg kqmgsf] cf};/ k/]g cfÇgf e+bf rf]/sf] Hofbf hf]/ b]ifbf eon] rf]Gof{ j]nfdf= ;fw'n]
rf]/nfO{df¥of] eGof jft nfUb}g=
^= bn jflw x'n ul/= leQf] kmf]l/= xltof/ jflw= cfpGof k}Nx]sf] xj;\ bf]>f] xj;\= t]:tf
3/ rLg{ cfpGof= rf]/nfO dfnsf wlgn] xltof/ nf7f] 9'Fuf] ul/ xflg df¥of] eGof
t];nfO= b+8 k|folZrt kb}{g /fhift klg nfUb}g=
&= !@ jif{ d'lgsf jfnifn] hlt;'s} k6s rf]l/ u¥of klg rf]l/Gofsf] ljuf] hfxf lbof
j]Rofsf] 5= lemls wlgjf6 b;f}b ln e/fOlbg'= t]:tf s]6fs]l6l;t ?k}of lb= dfn
lnGofsf] y}ln e'; x'+5 t]:tf s]6fs]6Ln]= rf]l/ Nofofsf]dfn jfj'= cfdf bfHo"= hfgsf/
Oi6 ldq gftf uf]tf c?n] j]Rofsf] /x]5 eGof lhg}jf6 ls+Gofsf] y}ln e/fO ljuf
jdf]lhd b+8 ug'{ !@ jif{b]ifL d'lgsf jfnifnfO b+8 s}b s]lx kb}{g=
*= !@ jif{ b]ifL dfly !^ jif{;Ddsf dflg;n] ! km]/f rf]l/ u¥of ljuf] e/fO lju} jdf]lhd=
bf]>f] k6s\sf] rf]/= eof klg ljuf] e/fO lju}jdf]lhd b+8 ug'{= t]>f k6s\sf] rf]/= nfO{
ljuf] e/fO= ljufsf] bf]j/ b+8 ug'{rf}yf k6s\sf o:tf rf]/nfO ljuf] e/fO{ # jif{= kfrf}
142
 k6ssfnfO{ ljuf] e/fO{ ^ jif{ s}b ug'{= 5}6f k6ssf] rf]/nfO ljuf] e/fO{ !@ jif{ s}b ug'{=
o:t} l/tsf ;ft k6sb]lif pef]sf rf]/nfO ljuf] e/fO c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/
bfdn ug'{=
(= csf{sf] wg dfn cÙ rf}kfof lhlgl; u}î rf]Gof{ k}Nx] k6ssf rf]/nfO{ h:sf] dfn
rf]l/ofsf]5= p:sf] lj+uf] e/fO ljuf] j/f]j/ b08 ug'{ ljuf] eg{ ;s]g b08 klg ltg{ ;s]g
eGof eGof ljuf] / b+8sf ?k}ofdf d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf bn]{ s}b u/L 5fl8lbg' ?k}ofsf
bn]{ s}b ul/ 5fl8lbg'=
!)= lbg /ft sf ljrdf cfÇgf 3/leq kl; rf]Gof{ cfudf nfofsf uxgf hj/hl:g ul/=
l5gfpGof osnf; jgsf ljrdf= gub lhlg;sf efl/ u}î lnhfbf 8fsf dfGof{ n'6 \lk6\
uGof{ rf]/nfO{ dfnsf wlgn]= kqmgfsf] jn gk'lu= xltof/rnfO{ rf]/sf] Hofg df¥of]
eGof t]; j]nfdf rf]/ sf6Gof ;fw'nfO{= iftjft nfUb}g=
!!= !^ jif{b]lif dflysf r]f/n] k|yd k6s rf]/f]:t klg gfssf] /f]lt sfgsf] nf]lt r'8fln
nf7fn] s'6\lk6\ /ut kIf ul/= lgnf] 8fd j;fO{ s'l6 Ho" gd/f]:tklg rf]l/ uGof{n] yf]/}
rf]/f];\= jf9] /} dfn rf]/f]; t]:tf rf]/nfO{ ljuf] e/fO ^ jif{ s}b ug'{= s}bjf6 5'l§ olx
l/tn] rf/Gof{ if'lg rf]/ 7xgf{n] o:tf bf]>f k6sb]lifsfrf]/nfO{ c}g jdf]lhd c+; ;j{:j
ul/ bfdn ug'{=
!@= k}Nxf k6ssf rf]/nfO{ ljuf] / ljuf jdf]lhdsf ?k}of lbof ?k}of ln 5fl8lbg'= lbo]g
eGof ljuf] / hl/jfgfsf ?k}ofsf] Hdf ul/= d}gxfsf % ?k}ofsf bn]{ sl§
xf]Og;ls+Hofn s}b ul/= Dofb k'Uofkl5 5f]l8 lbg'=
!#= !^ jif{b]lif dflysf rf]/n] uf/f] klg gkmf]Gof{ tfnrf ;frf] klg iff]nn 5fgf ‰ofnjf6
klg= gk;Gof lb+g /ftsf ljif]df 3/ leq klg gk;Gof 3f6 jf6f uf]7df @) ?k}of b]lif
dlgsf gub lhlgl; jflx/ km]/f= /fiofsf ;'sfofsf sk8f n'uf rf]Gof{ e]8f jfif«f xf;
s'if'/f u}î= k;' k+l5 / jgdf rGx{ nfofsf rf}kfof u}î rf]Gof{ k}Nxf k6ssf rf]/nfO{=
rf]¥ofsf dfnsf] ljuf] egf{ ul/ ln lju} j/fj/ b+8 ug'{= olx l/tsf bf];|f k6ssf
rf]/nfO ljuf] e/fO{= ljuf]sf] bf]j/ b+8 ug'{= olx l/tsf t];|f k6ssf rf]/nfO{ ljuf] e/fO{
ljufsf] t]j/ b+8 ug'{+ olx l/tsf rf}7f k6ssf rf]/nfO{ # jif{ s}b ug'{ s}bjf6 5'6Øf kl5
km]l/ klg= olx l/tl;t kfFrf} k6s rf]¥of] eGof ^ jif{ s}b ug'{ s}b af6 5'6\ofkl5 km]l/
klg olx l/tn] 5}6f} k6s rf]¥of] eGof !@ jif{ s}b ug'{= ;ftf} k6s rf]¥of] eGof bfdn ug'{
of] rf]/ yf]/} dfnsf] 6fkl6Kof 7x5{= o:tf jflx/= km]/f 6fkl6k\ ul/= rf]Gof{n] osf k6sdf
@) ?k}ofb]lif= 3l6sf] dfn= 9]/} km]/f rf]/]5 / klqm ljuf] Hdf ubf{ @) ?k}of b]lif j9tf
7xg{ uof] eGof klg k6s k6ssf] Hdf ubf{ j90f uofsf] lx;fj gug'{ osf k6sdf @)
?k}ofb]lif= 3l6 dfq} rf]¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof 6fk\l6Kkf rf]/ 7gf{n]= o:tf] rf]/ hlQ k6s\
sfo]ngfdf eofsf] 5 plt k6s dfq 7x5{= k6s\ k6s\sf] 7xb}{g @) ?k}ofb]lif j9tfsf]
Hdf rf]¥ofsf] eof sfo]ngfdfsf] lx;fj x'b}g= hlt km]/f rf]¥ofsf] 5 plt k6ssf] 7x5{
o;} c}g jdf]lhd ;hfo ug'{=
!$= !^ jif{b]ifL dflysf rf]/n] uf/f] leQf] kmf]Gof{ 9f]sf tfnrf iff]ln= 3/ leqsf]= dfn rf]Gof{
5fgf ‰ofn 9f]sf leq kl; 3/ k;nsf] dfn rf]Gof{ o:df k}Nxf k6s\sf rf]/nfO{ ljuf]
e/fO lju} jdf]lhd b+8 ug'{ ljuf] / b+8sf ?k}of lt5{ eGof ln 5fl8lbg'= ltg{ ;s]g
eGof= ljuf / b+8sf ?k}ofdf s}b ug'{= olx l/tsf bf]>f k6ssf] rf]/nfO ljuf] e/fO
ljufsf] bf]j/ b+8 ul/ d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf bn]{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf ?k}of d}Gxfsf !)
?k}ofsf bn]{ lbof klg glng'= olx l/tl;t t]>f k6s rf]¥of] eGof ^ jif{ s}b ug'{ rf}7f
k6ssf nfO ( jif{ s}b ug'{ kfFrf} k6s rf]¥of] eGof !@ jif{ s}b ug'{= o:tf rf]/n] 5}7f
k6s rf]¥of] eGof ;j{:j ul/ ln bfdn ug'{= o:tf l/tsf rf]/n] os} /fTdf rf]/f]:tklg
k6s k6s ul/ rf]/f]:tklg hlt k6s\ 3/ k;n rf]¥ofsf] 5pl6 k6ssf] rf]/ 7x5{
rf]¥ofsf] lx;fj ul/ plt ;hfo ug'{=
!%= os} rf]/n] jflx/ km]/fsf] dfn 6fkl6k\ ul/ rf]¥ofs]f klg /x]5= 3/ leq kl;sg klg=
rf]/]5 eGof os} sfo\ngfdf eofsf] eof klg @.# sfongfdf eofsf] eof klg t];tf
rf]/nfO 3/ leq kl; rf]¥ofsf] c}g / 6fkl6Kof rf]/sf] c}g x]l/ b'j} s'/fsf] s}bsf] lx;fj
ul/ s}b ug'{=
!^= jflx/ km]/f ifnf cfuGdf /fiof ;'sfofsf /= s'lg~o'F nfO /fiof wfg ux' u}î cÙ / k/fn
rf]Gof{ rf]/nfO{ ljuf] e/fO ljufsf] bf]j/ b+8 ug'{= if]tjf/Lsf] cGg / ifn u}î rf]/GofnfO{
143
 ljuf] e/fO ljufsf] t]Aa/ b08 ug'{= hlu¥of dflg;n] rf]¥ofsf] eof ljuf] e/fO hflu/
iff]l;lbg' hflu/ iff]l;of kl5 b+8 s}b x'b}g=
!&= clkmd ef+u wt'/= hfokmn hfoklq lj/f}dfh'd dlb/f u}î nfu' lrhg;f if'jfO{= ukmnt
k/L= s;}n] s;}sf] wg rf]l/ lnof] eGof h:sf] wg xf] t]; wGsf] b;f}b ln wgsf
wlgsf] ljuf] lkmt{f u/fO= t]:tf dtna lbGof / g;f if'jfO{ rf]l/ n}hfGofsf] c}g jdf]lhd
;j{:j ul/ ^ jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf] 8jn lbof klg glng' g;f if'jfO rf]g{ kfo]g eGof @
jif{ s}b ug'{ Dofbsf ?k}of lbof lng'= :jfl:g dflg; /lx5 eGof= rf]¥ofsf] ljuf] e/fO
lju} jdf]lhd b+8 u/L= # jif{ s}b ug'{= g;f if'jfO{ 5 rf]g{ kfOg eGof !.. jif{ s}b ug'{
?k}of lt¥of ln 5fl8lbg'=
!*= op6} rf]/n] 9]/} hgfsf] dfn rf]¥ofsf] /x]5 rf]/ klqmof kl5 t]:sf 3/sf] tfobft ul/=
lg:Sofsf dfndf h:sf] h:sf] 7x5{ lrlGx kQf nfpg ;Sofsf] pg} pg}nfO{= ;f}kfO lbg'=
gub /= c? kQf gnfUofsf dfndf h;n] rf]/= klqm Nofofsf] 5= p:sf ljuf] egf{ ge}=
c? s;}n] kfpb}gg\= klqm NofpGofsf] ljuf] egf{ ul/ jfls /èfsf wg dfndf h;
h:sf] dfn rf]l/ofsf] 5 rf]/nfO sfo]d ul/= ;Sofsf] c?nfO c}g jdf]lhd p:sf
c+;df bfdf;lx u/fOlbg'= rf]/sf 3/jf6 ljuf] p7]g eGof= rf]sf]{ Dofb /= ljuf]df c}g
jdf]lhd s}b ug'{ jLuf] e/fO rf]sf]{ wg jfls /xg uof] eGof c}g jdf]lhd= rf]sf]{ ;j{:j
ul/lng'= rf]sf]{ dltof/= hxfg} /èf5g\ eGof !@ jif{ d'lgsf jfnifx¿sf] c+; / 5f]l/sf]
ljxf ifr{ jfx]s c? ;j}sf] ;j{:j ul/ lng' rf/] klqm s]bf{ xfd|f] dfn olt rf]l/ofsf]5
elg ;fd]n e} ;fljt uGof{x¿nfO{ bfdf;lxsf efu ul/ lbnfO lbg' cbfnt cdfn
7fgfjf6 b+8 ul/ ;Sof kl5 d]/f] klg rf]¥ofsf] xf] elg ;fd]n gx'Gofn] kfpb}gg\=
!(= 9]/} hgfn] dtf] ul/ csf{sf] 3/ rf]g{ elg u} t]:t}df s;}n] wg dfn p7fO n}uof s;}n]
;+lul;t= dtnj gul/= dflg; df¥of] eGof dfbf{df hlt hgf ;fd]n e} dflg; df¥ofsf
5g\= 5]sGof xfGGof ;dfQGof df/ eGGof nfO Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg lng'= dflg; dfgf{sf]
dtnjdf gk:ofsf ;+uLx¿n] dflg; df¥ofsf] yfx kfO bjfGofx¿sf] c}g jdf]lhd c+;
;j{:j ul/= ^.^ jif{ s}b ug'{= 3f dfq} nfofsf] yfxf kfO{ bjfofsf /x]5 egof # jif{ s}b
ug'{= Dofbsf ?k}of 8jn lbof klg glng'= :jfl:g dflg;n] bjfofsf] /x]5 eGof t];}sf]
cfwL cfwLsf b/n] s}b ug'{= :jf:gLsf Dofbsf ?k}of lt¥of ln 5fl8lbg'=
@)= kfFrhgfb]lif dflysf hdfTe} 3/ leQf kmf]l/ rf]Gof{ hj/hl:t ul/ n'6\lk6\ uGof{ hj/l:t
s/l0f lnGof o:df rf]/ 8fs'x?df d'io d'io sf] s/l0f lngofsf] Hofg gd¥ofs]f eof
klg= o:tfsf] Ho" sfl6 lbg'= OGsf kmf}hsf c?x¿df bf]odnfO{= ;j{:j ul/= bfdn ug'{
l;dnfO !@ jif{ s}b ug'{ rxf/nfO ^ jif{ s}b ug'{= rfxf/b]lif dlgsfnfO{ lj/fDx]l/ ;j{:j
ugf{nfO{ ;j{:j ug'{+ b+8 ugf{nfO{ b+8 ug'{=
@!= @.$ hgf rf]/n] s;}sf] wg dfn rf]¥of5g\= ltg} rf]/ dWo]df sf]lx eflu uof5g\ sf]lx=
klqmof eGof t]:tfdf rf]l/ofsf dfnsf] ljuf] e/fpg' kbf{ / klqmofsf] rf]/af6
bfdf;xLsf b/n] 7x¥of adf]lhd p;sf kmf6df nfUofsf] ljuf e/fpg'=s}b / b08 ubf{
hlt hDdf rf]l/ofsf] 5 ;j} rf]/nfO{ p;} ljuf jdf]lhd hglx b08 / s}b ug'{= s}b /
b08df bfdf;fxL x'b}g efUGof rf]/ hlxn] km]nf kb{5 p;nfO{ p;}lbg P}g jdf]lhd ug'{'=
efUGofrflx rf]/sf kmFf6sf] ljuf] klxn] klqmGofn] ltg'{ kb}{g= ;j} rf]/ klqmof eGof klg
bfdf;lxs} b/n] ljuf] e/fpg' b08 s}b hglx hDdf jdf]lhd ug'{=
@@= b'O hgf dfq kb]{z uofsf /èf5g\ b'O hgfdf ! hgfsf] Hofg dfl/ osn} kmls{ cfo]5 /
xfld @ hgf ;u} kb]{z uPsf x' ;lun] dnfO buf ul/= dfg{ nfUbf d}n] cfÇg' Ho" wg
jrfpgsf nflu df¥ofsf] xf] e+g cfof] ;fl5 sf]lx /èfg5g\ eGof @ hgfsf cl3sf]
emu/f Olj klg k¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof b'j} hgfsf ufp 3/sf dflg; /flif cl3sf] klg !.@
k6s\sf rf]/ /x]5 eGof klg= sf6GofnfO= if6 nfUb}g= cl3sf] rf]/ klg /x]g5 dfgf{df
;fl5 u'xfO{ klg sf]lx /èfg5g\= cl3 kl5sf] s]lxs'/fsf] Olj emu/f klg /x]g5 eGof /=
tfnrf iff]Nofsf] uf/f] leQf 9f]sf kmf]¥ofsf] klg /x]g5 eGof t]:tfnfO{ dnfO{ dfg{ nfUbf
d}n] df¥ofsf] xf] elgcfkm} e+g cfofsf] x'gfn] rf/ j0f{ 5lQ;} hft u} înfO{ c}g
jdf]lhdsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{= dfGof{n] hfx]/ u/]g iff]lh ubf{ c?jf6 hfx]/ eo]5
eGof !.@ rf]6\sf] rf]/ xf] / d}n] df¥ofsf] xf] eGof s'/fn] 5'l§ kfpb}gg\= Hofgsf] jbnf
Hofg x'+5=

144
@#= x's'd dlh{ cf1f jfx]s\ cfÇgf if'l;n] lty{= ug{ / j]kf/nfO hfGof xfd|f d'n'ssf
dflg;=x¿ s;}n] l;jfgf n¶f kf/ ef]6\ dWo];= la/fgf d'n'sdf u} ljhfO= ljB't= rf]l/
ul/ jfxfjf6 ;hfof eofsf eof klg ;hfo ge}= p;} cfofsf] eof klg= p;} d'n'sjf6
lkm/flb cfogg\ eGof t]; dflg; nfO= p;} jftdf= km]l/ `fxfjf6 b+8 ;hfo gug'{ rf]l/
Hofg dfl/; if'g u/L cfofsf] /x]5 /= p; d'n'sjf6 dfluk7fof eGof= ;sf{/df ;flw
cxb jdf]lhd ug'{ eft kflg jfx]s x'Gof s'/f] ul/= cfofsf] eof eft kflg jfx]s ul/
lbg' b+8 ;hfo gug'{=
@$= 5f]6f j8f hflu/bf/ u}în] os df]x/b]lif pef] cfÇgf hflu/n]= iffDofsf hDdf;Ddsf]
rf]l/ u¥ofdf ljuf] e/fO{= hflu/ iff]l; rf]¥of jfjt\= jfln :d]t hkmt ul/ lng' b+8 kb}{g
cfÇgf hflu/e+bf j9tfsf] Hdf rf]¥ofsf] eof= ljuf] e/fO b+8df p:sf hflu/n]
iffDofsf;Ddsf] hflu/ hkmt\ ul/ lng'= hflu/n] gk'Uofsf] b+8 p:sf 3/ 3fgfjf6 lng'
ltg{ ;s]g eGof c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
@%= ;sf{l/of jlx j'emfO kmf/ift\ lng' kGof{ dflg;n] cfÇgf lhDdfsf] dfn df;]5 jlx
j'embf j'emfpg ;s]g p;}n] df:ofsf] 7x¥of] eGof= dfl;ofsf] ljuf] / hlt jif{ hlt d}Gxf
eofsf] 5= c}g jdf]lhdsf] b;f}b Jofh ln= ;os/f @.. ?k}ofsf bn]{ hl/jfgf :d]t\ ul/
ln 5fl8lbg'= df:ofsf] Hdf j'emfpg ;s]g eGof dfn bflvn eofsf] ;sf{l/of txljn
df:of jfjt\= sfl6Gof hftnfO Ho" sfl6 dfl/lbg'= d'l8Gof hftnfO c}g jdf]lhd ;j{:j
ul/ bfdn ug'{=
@^= hflu/bf/ pd/fj nufo]t\ l;kfxL kLkf ifnfl;ts= s;}n] ;sf{l/of dfn c;jfj cfkm'n]
kx/f j:bf lhDdf lnofsf] dfn rf]l/ u¥of] eGof sfl6Gof hftnfO{= sfl6 dfl/lbg'
d'l8Gof hftnfO= ;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{=
@&= kN6lg`f rfFb dfq} xj;\ jf= tf]8f dfq} xj;\= cyjf rfFb tf]8f b'j} yf]s xj;\ s;}n]
nfofs}df rf]/f];\ jf= /fiofsf] 7fpjf6 rf]/f]\= o:tf rf]nf{O ljuf] e/fO{ lx/f dflgs= kÙf
k'ik/fh u}îh8fpgsf] rf]Gof{nfO{ !) jif{ ;'gsf] rf]Gof{nfO{ * jif{ rflbsf] rf]Gof{nfO{ ^
jif{ s}b ug'{ os} km]/f= P]+hg\ h8fp u}î klg ;'gfsf] klg rf]¥ofsf] eof h8fpsf]
rf]Gof{nfO{ n]iof jdf]lhd s}b ug'{= ;'gfsf] klg rflbsf] klg rf]/]5 eGof ;'gfsf]
rf]Gof{nfO{ n]iof jdf]lhd s}b ug'{= Dofbsf] 8jn lbof klg glng'=
@*= hflu/bf/n] cfkm'n] nfofsf rfb tf]8f cfkm'n] ufNofsf] /x]5 eGof ljuf] p7fO ljuf]sf] %
if+8 j9tf b+8 ul/ ln tfgfjfgf Roflt jfln klg lnnfd ul/ lng'= c? s;}nfO nufO
unfo]5 eGof unfpGofnfO o;} jdf]lhd ug'{= rf8 tf]8f xf] elg hflg hflg=
uflnlbGofnfO{ klg uflnlbofsf ljufsf] % if08 j9tf b+8 ug'{= yfxf gkfO ufNGofnfO
ift nfUb}g ?k}of glt¥of d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf bn]{ s}b ug'{=
@(= n8fOdf hfbf efl/ jf]sfO n}Uofsf el/ofn] efl/ rf]l/ efl/ 5f]l8 efUof] eGof= dfl;Gof
hftnfO= dfl; wlgjf6 b;f}b ln= ;f}lk lbg'= gdfl;Gof hft /x]5 eGof ljuf] e/fO @ jif{
s}b ug'{= Dofbsf] ?k}of lbof ln 5fl8lbg'=
#)= ;sf{/sf ;jfl/ l;sf/df / c? ;sf{l/of u}î sfhdf hfbf efl/ jf]sfO{ n}Uofsf jfwfn]
efl/ kmfln jf efl/ ln efuf];\= t]:tf jfwfnfO{= dfl; cbfntjf6 b;f}b ln jfwfsf
wlgnfO ;f}lklbg'=
#!= dxfhgsf efl/ /= c? d';fkm]/= u}în] el/of t'NofO{ n}Uofsf el/ofn] efl/ dfn rf]¥of]
l6lk efUof] eGof t]:tf] rf]/ el/ofnfO{ lbuf] e/fO ljufsf] bf]j/ b+8 ug'{ b+8 / ?k}of ltg{
;s]g eGof d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf bn]{ s}b ug'{=
#@= cfÇgf gftf uf]q rfs/n] Ho" gdfl/ cfÇg' wg dfn rf]l/ u¥of] wlgn] cfÇg' wg dfn
iff]hd]n ul/ lnof] cbfnt cdfn df lkm/fb ug{ cfofgg\ rf]/nfO 5fl8lbof eGof Tof]
rf]/ cbfnt cdfnjf6 kqmg x'b}g=
##= cfÇgf gftf uf]q rfs/n] rf]/L u¥of] / cbfnt cdfndf lkm/fg u/fb u¥of]
cbfntcdfnaf6 rf]/ klqm wg dfn iff]lh;Sof kl5 rf]/nfO 5fl8b]p eGof= 5f]l8b}g
c}g jdf]lhd bfnt cdfnjf6 rf]sf]{ ;hfo ug'{=
#$= s;}n] rf]l/ u¥of] / wlgn] cfÇgf 3/df rf]¥ofsf] kQf kfO cbfnt 7fgf cdfndf gnlu
3df{ 5f]l8lbofsf] /x]5 eGof kl5 t];} rf]/n] csf{ 7fpdf rf]l/ u/]5 / klqm s]/sf/ ubf{
cl3 rf]l/ u¥ofsf] s'/f]:d]t k¥of] eGof cbfnt 7fgf cdfndf gkl/ wlgn] cfÇg'
dfndfofdfl/ jf wg ln 5f]8f];\= wlgn] 5f8Øfsf s'/fdf cl3sf] :d]t rf]/ xf] elg kqmg
145
 x'b}g cl3 cfkm\gf 3/af6 5f]8ofsf] x'gfn] / c8\8f uf}8f cbfnt cdfndf g;f}Kofsf]
x'gfn] cl3sf] rf]/ 7xb}{g rf]¥ofsf] dfnsf] td;'s u/fofsf] /x]5 /= ?k}of lbo]g elg
s/fpg cfof rf]l/sf] s'/f] 7xb}{g ;fx' l/l0fsf l/tn] lbnfO lbg'=
#%= csf{nfO rf]l/ nfof kl5 k'k{If ubf{ rf]¥ofsf] 7x/]g eGof rf]l/ Nofofsf ljuf jdf]lhd
b+8 ug'{ b+8sf ?k}of ltg{ ;s]g eGof d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf bn]{ s}b ug'{ Dofbsf ?k}of
lbof lng'=
#^= uf/f] kmf]l/ 9f]sf iff]ln 5fgf ‰ofnaf6 rf]g{ elg leÙ k:of] dfn rf]g{ gkfO{ klqmof] eGof=
t]:tf] k}Nxf] k6ssf] /x]5 eGof ! jif{ s}b ug'{ Dofbsf] ?k}of lng'=
#&= rf]/ xf] ;dfltb]p elg u'xf/=dfUbf u'xf/ uo]g eGof= dflg; x]l/ c?nfO !@.. bf]odnfO
!) l;dnfO &.. rxf/nfO % ?k}ofsf bn]{ b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of s}b ug'{=
#*= kflg grNof /= l56f] xfNg' kGof{ hftn] kflg rNGof rf]iff hftsf 3/ k;ndf leq= kl;
k}Nx] k6s rf]¥of] eGof sfo]ngfdf u/fO{ rf]/ofsf] ljuf] e/fOdf dfl;lbg'= hf8 g;f iffO
j]xf]; eofdf / jf}Nxfofdf k:ofsf] /x]5 eGof 5'g nfUGof lrh;Ddsf] ljuf] e/fO %
?k}of b+8 ug'{ ?k}of ltg{ g;Sof ! d}Gxf s}b ul/ 5fl8lbg'=
#(= csf{sf 5f]/f5f]l/ rf]Gof{ /= rfgf{sf] dtnj lbGof dfl;Gof hftsf nf]UGof :jfl:g
dflg;nfO= dfl;lbg'= gdfl;Gof= hftn] eof= nf]UGof dflg;nfO c}g jdf]lhdsf]
c+;;j{:j ul/ # jif{ s}b ug'{= :jfl:g dflg; eof ;j{:j gul/ # jif{ s}b ug'{ OGx]x¿sf
Dofbsf ?k}of 8an lbof lnO 5fl8lbg' = csf{sf] 5f]/f5f]l/ rf]¥of n'sfofsf] yfxf kfO{
bjfpGof nf]UGof :jfl:g dflg;nfO %) ?k}of 8+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b
ug'{=
$)= rf]l/ eof df k'j{ klR5d\= pQ/ blIf0f rf/ lb;f tkm{sf jf6fdf cbfnt 7fgf cdfnsf
dflg; /flif tnfl; ug'{= rf]l/ eofsf dfn tnfl; ubf{ lgsNof] eGof= dfn /= dflg;
gpdsGof ul/= klqmNofO cbfnt 7fgf cdfnjf6 c}g jdf]lhd lg;fkm x]g'{=
$!= rf]l/ eofsf] dfn hflghflg ln/fifGof cyjf hflg hflg ls+Gof o;tfsf 3/ cbfnt
7fgf cdfn jf6 ptfl/= /fif\g' rf]l/ eofsf cbfnt 7fgf cdfnjf6= Tof] rf]l/ofsf]
dfnx¿ ln/fifGof / ls+Gofsf 3/sf] tnfl; ug'{= km]l/ klg p:sf 3/jf6= rf]l/ eofsf]
dfn lg:Sof] eGof r]f/sf] dltof/ 7x5{ p:sf 3/ df lg:Sofsf] dfn ln p;} ljuf
jdf]lhd 8+8 ug'{=
$@= sf]]lxglrGxØfsf ;+sf nfUofsfdflg;n] gub lhlg; rf}kfof hldg j]rg Nofof] eGof=
cbfnt7fgf cdfnsf dflnsnfO= ;fl5 /flif hrfO lslg lnofsf] /x]5= eGof rf]/n]
rf]l/ Nofofsf] /x]5 eGof klg ls+gofsf] ;b/ x'+5 cbftn 7fgf cdfn ;fl5 g/flif lslg
lnofsf] dfn kl5 s;}sf] rf]l/ Nofofsf] /x]5 /= dfnsf wlgn] d]/f] rf]l/ofsf] dfn xf]
egL rf]/ klqm ;fljt u¥of] eGof Tof] dfn h:sf] rf]l/ofsf] xf] p;}n] kfp5 t]; rf]/nfO
rf]l/sf c}g jdf]lhd ;hfo ug'{= ;hfo kl/ ;Sof kl5= wlgn] cfÇgf dfn rf]/jf6
lng'= rf]/l;t dfn ls+Gof wlgn] o;jf6 ?k}of p7b}g s}b ul/= b]p eGof] eGof ljufdf
d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf bn]{ sl§ gx'+Hofn s}b ul/ Dofb k'Uof kl5 5fl8 lbg'=
$#= s;}n]= ;'gf rflb hjfx]/ rf}kfof sdf/f sdfl/ ef8f sk8f u}î lhlg; dfn ls+bf
cfkm'n] glrGof ghfGofsf dflg;l;t j]rGofnfO uh{ k¥of] gkf¥ofsf] klg cfkm'n] yfxf
gkfO= dfn ls+bf 8]9f];Dd gfkmf ul/ lnofsf eof dfn lkmtf{ u/fO lbg' lsGofnfO{ ift
nfUb}g = 8]9f] b]lif j9tf gfkmf ul/ lsGof] / kl5 Tof] dfn j]rGofn] rf]l/ Nofofsf] 7x¥of]
eGof dfn wlgnfO lkmtf{ u/fO lbg ls+GofnfO hlt gfkmf ul/= lsGofsf]5 p;} gfkmfsf
ljuf jdf]lhd b+8 ug'{ t]:sf ?k}of rf]/sf] Dofb k'Uof kl5 t];} rf]/l;t p7fO lng'= d]/f
?k}of lbo]g elg s/fpg cfof ljuf] ltg{ ;sGof /x]5 eGof lt/fO lbg'= ;s]g eGof /
s}b ul/= b]peGof d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf bn]{ s}b u/fO Dofb k'Uof kl5 5fl8 lbg'=
$$= s;}n] csf{sf ljtf{ 3/ if]t\ hjfx]/= sdf/f sdfl/ rf}kfof xft xltof/= u}î= lhlg;
dfn d]/f] xf] elg j]Rof] eGof csf{sf] dfn d]/f] xf] elg j]rGof n'rf] 7x5{= t]:tfn]
j]Rofsf] dfn ls+Gofjf6 lemls b;f}b ln wlgnfO e/fO lbg'= jr]GofnfO ljuf jdf]lhd
b+8 ug'{= ls+Gofn] csf{sf] dfn xf] elg hflghflg lsGofsf] /x]5 eGof t]:tf] ls+Gof
n'Rrfsf] dltof/ 7x5{= t]:tf ls+GofnfO klg lsGofsf] ljuf jdf]lhd b+8 ug'{= o:tf]
ljxf]/fsf] xf] elg yfxf gkfO= ls+Gofsf] /x]5 eGof ls+GofnfO= iftnfUb}g= hflg sLGofsf]
xj;\ tfklg ghflg sLGofsf] eof klg j]rGofl;t= ?k}of lng kfp5= ljuf] ltg{ ;s]g
146
 eGof= cfkm' c;fdL j'lem ln+5 tfklg= skfln td;'s u/fO dfU5 tfklg= c}g jdf]lhd=
s}b u/fp5 tfklg p:sf] if';\=
$%= s;}n] ;'gf rflb hjfx]/ s;g\ tdg\ gub lhlg; nQf sk8f u}î x/fpsf] kfofdf
cbfnt 7fgf cdfndf hfx]/ u/fO /fifg'= kl5 s;}n] kQf kfO{ d]/f] xf] eÙ cfof] eGof
x/fofsf] kfpGofnfO= ;os/f @) lbnfO dfn cbfnt 7fgf cdfnfjf6 b;f}b ln dfnsf
wlgnfO ;f}kfO lbg'= x/fofsf] kfpGofnfO= lj;f}b nfUb}g= glng'= d]/f] xf] elgsf]lx
cfofgGeGof hZn] x/fofsf]= kfofsf] 5= p;}sf] x'+5= b;t'/ lbg' klg s]lx kb}{g kfpGofn]
lng'=
$^= x/fofsf] kfpGofsf] cbfnt 7fgf cdfndf hgfo]g= bjfO /fiofsf] /x]5 /= wlgn] d]/f]
dfn xf] elg ;dfTof] /f]jsf/ ubf{ p:sf] 7x¥of] eGof= Tof] n'Rrf 7x5{= kfofsf dfnsf]
;os/f @) ?k}of hl/jfgf ul/= dfnsf wlgjf6 b;f}b nL e/fO lbg'= lt/]g eGof d}Gxfsf
% ?k}ofsf bn]{ s}b ug'{ ?k}of lt¥of 5f]l8 lbg'=
$&= x/fofsf] o]sfsf] dfn s;}n] kfofsf]5 ljrdf csf{n] d]/f] xf] elg eÙ cfof] ;fljt ubf{
p:sf] 7x/]g eGof= t]:tf n'RrfnfO ljuf jdf]lhd b+8 ug'{= b+8sf ?k}of lt/]g eGof
d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf bn]{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf ?k}of lbof lng'=
$*= s;}n] kmnfgfn] eGofsf]5 elg s]lx 9fl6 n}Uof] s;}n] elgjf6 sf;g nfUGof lrhxfln
dflyjf6 d'ifdf ?k}of k};f c+t u}î b]iffO cfiff 5ln 9fl6 n}hfGof P:tf 7unfO ljuf]
e/fO{ ljuf] jdf]lhd hl/jfgf ug'{ ?k}of lt/]g eGof d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf bn]{ s}b ug'{
Dofbsf ?k}of lbof lng'=
$(= nf]UGof :jfl:g dflg; s;}n]= 6s nfUofsf] gub / g`f sk8f c+Ùx¿ afx]s c?
hjfx]/ ;'gf rflb ef8f jt{g= tf; lsgiffk o; ljgf k':ts kqf xft xltof/= sdf/f
sdfl/= rf}kfof u}î dfn kmnfgf sfd nfO rflxof] sfd ;Sof kl5 NofO lbpnf elg=
dflu= n}Uofsf] dfn sfd rnfO ljtf{ ul/lbof] eGof ift nfUb}g= em]nif]n ul/= cWofof]
dfUg hf+bf bLog5 / cbfnt 7fgf cdfndf lkm/fb kl/= kqmL Nofpbf cfkm'n] n]uofsf]
dfn lkmtf{ lbof] eGof b+8 kb}{g b;f}b lj;f}b ln= dfn wlgnfO lkmtf{ u/fO lbg'=
dflunUofsf] dfn j]r]5 p7fo5 eGof Tof] n'Rrf] 7x5{ n}Uofsf dfnsf] kRr lslt{ df]n
ul/ ljuf] e/fO lju} jdf]lhd b+8 ug'{= P:tf n'Rrfn] hlt ;'s} km}/f7 lu9f bL n'Rrf] ul/
n}uof] eGof klg k6s k6ssf] lx;fj x'b}g= hlt k6s n}hfF5 ljuf] e/fO lju} jdf]lhd
b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
%)= s;}sf uxgf nfofsf 5f]/f 5f]l/nfO rf]/n] sflx osnf;df n}lu dfl/ uxgf lnof] cyjf
3/ kmf]l/ dfnx¿ rf]l/ lnof] jf kmf6 km'6 dfnx¿ dfq rf]l/ lnof] eGof rf]l/Gofn] t'/+t}
cbfnt 7fgf cdfndf cfO{= d]/f] dfn o:tf t/xsf] olt yf]s rf]l/ of] elg 3l6 j9L
gkfl/= tkl;/jf/sf] sfuh n]lif ;lx 5fk ul/ lbg'= cbfnt 7fgf cdfnjf6 ltg ;x/
ufpF ufpsf dxfGofx¿nfO tk l;njf/= rf]l/ofsf] dfnsf] lkml/i6 ptfl/ k7fO{ 3/ 3/df
o:tf] o:tf] dfn rf]l/ e} /x]5= elg jflr ;'gfpg' ;'gfof jdf]lhdsf= dfnx¿ s;}n] 3/
bf]ufg\ Hof;ndf cfO j]rg w/f]6\ gf;f] /fifg Nofof] eGof Tof] NofpGof dflg;nfO
gpdsGof ul/= dfn :d]t cbfnt 7fgf cdfndf NofO ;k't ul/ lbg' cfÇgf jnn]
e]6fo]g eGof dxfGof l5DoflsnfO u'xfl/= klqmNofpg' rf]/nfO Nofpg' ;s]g dfn dfq}
km]nf kfl/ Nofof] eGof t]; dflg;nfO rf]/ pdsfof] elg s]lx jftnfUb}g e+Gof ljxf]/fsf]
plb{ dfxfGofx¿n] cfÇgf cfÇgf 6f]n / km]/fsf/ 3/ 3df{ ;'gfO lbg'= dfn rf]l/ofsf] yf]/}
5 d]/f] dfn rf]l/ofsf] 9]/}5 elg j9tf n]lif lbofdf rf]/nfO ;fljt ug{ ;s]g j9tf
n]iffofsf] 7x¥of] eGof j9tf n]iffofsf] ljuf jdf]lhd b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd
s}b ug'{=
%!= oxL plb{ jdf]lhd= lt dxfGof s6'jfNof Ho]7f j'9f uf}?+ gfOSof uf]8f Ot\x¿n] cfÇgf
cfÇgf 6f]n /= km]/fsf 3/ 3/df u} lkml/:t jdf]lhdsf] plb{ lbofsf] 7x/]g eGof lt
dxfGofx¿nfO cbfnt 7fgf cdfndf NofO abnf ug'{=
%@= os hgfsf] Hofg dfgf{df hlt hgf rf]/n]= ;fd]n e} ;dflt 5]ls sf]lx ;dfpGof sf]lx
5]sGof sf]lx xfFGof sf]lx xfg elg cf1f lbGof sf]lx ljs6j:Gof ul/ ;x:q rnfO Hofg
klg df¥ofsf] /x]5 rf]¥ofsf] dfn klg a/fa/ ul/ jfl8 lnofsf] /x]5 eGof ! hgfnfO
dfg{ % hgf ;Dd d'2f d'2f ldln df¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof kfr} hgfsf] Hofg hfG5 @ hgfnfO
dfg{ !) hgf ldln df¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof !) hgfsf] Hofg hf+G5 # hgfnfO dfg{ !% hgf
147
 ldln df¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof !% hgfsf] Hofg hfF5 kfrf} b]lif j9tf hf]5g\ ltgnfO bfdn
x'+5= t]:df 5]sGof ;dfpGof xfGof xfg elg cf1f lbGof xltof/ lbGof d'2f k}NofO %
hgfsf] Hofg hfF5 ljs6 j:Gof cnu j:of bfdn x'+5g\=
%#= ;sf{/jf6 xj;\ c? ;s}n] xj;\= :yfkgf u¥ofsf b]jtf eof dflns d'lt{ eof o:tf]
lslt{ e+u ul/= df]l8 rf]Gof{ rf]/ j|fé0f hft / j|fé0f /hk't hf]lu eofsf] dfjlnsf] kQf
gnfUofsf hf]lu eofsf j|fé0fsf ljw'O bz gfd n]NofO= hGDofsf sfg lrGofsf sfg
km§f u}î d'l8Gof hftsf] c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{= c? u}î sfl6Gof
hft eof Hofg sfl6 dfl/ lbg'= e+udfq u/]5 rf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof @ jif{ s}b ug'{=
Dofbsf] 8jn lbof ln 5fl8 lbg'=
%$= s;}n] tkl;n jdf]lhdsf] dfn rf]¥of] elg s;}nfO kf]Nof] p;n] kf]Nofsf dflg;nfO
lemsfO{ /f]jsf/ ubf{ ;fljt eof] eGof rf]l/ u¥ofsf] dfn} eof dfn e/fO{= dfn lbg
;s]g eGof n]lifof jdf]lhdsf bn]{ ljufsf] ?k}of e/fO{= p;} ljuf jdf]lhd b+8 ug'{= Og}
s'/f kf]nfxfn] kf]Nof] ;fljt ug{ ;s]g eGof= t]:tf kf]nfxfnfO{ klg ;f]lx jdf]lhd b+8
ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=

tkl;n
;flnu|fdsf nIdLgf/fg\– !sf]¿ !)) c?
;fnu|fd sf] dtLrqm ! d'lif?b|fIf bfgf ! sf] ? –!
;f]0f eb|u0f]z ! sf]¿@ @.#.&.*.(.!).!!.!@.!#.
7"nf jf0fln+Í ! sf]¿%) d'lif?b|fIf bfgf !sf]¿%
;fgf jf0fln+Í !sf]¿@ $.^d'lif?b|fIf bfgf !sf]¿..
bflx+gf;+if !sf]¿!)) %d'lif?b|fIf bfgf !sf]¿.
Dofnl;+lw+uf}nf]rgs';u|]ly !sf]?! !$d'lifb]lifsf?b|fIf bfgf !sf]¿!$
uhdf]lt !sf]¿..

%%= kflg grnGof / l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftn]= kfgL rnGof rf]iff hftsf 3/ k;ndf leq
kl; @.# k6s rf]/]5 eGof c}g jdf]lhd s}b ul/ dfl; lbg'=
%^= of] s'/f] gug'{= of] sfd gug'{= of] s'/f] gj]rg'= of] s'/f] s;}n] j]rg Nofof] eGof glsÙ'
hfx]/ ug'={ of] s'/f u¥of Ho" dfl/o]nf ;j{:j xf]nf hl/jfgf xf]nf elg ‰ofln lkl6 r'Ols
lkl6 ;x/ ;x/= df Olt:xf/ 6fl;ofsf s'/fdf plb{ gfl3 Ho" dfl/o]nf eGofsf] s'/f]
nf]UGof dflg; s;}n] u/]5 eGof d'l8Gof hftn] eGof c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+;= ;j{:j ul/
bfdn ug'{= sfl6Gof hftn] eof Ho" sfl6 dfl/ lbg'= ;j{:j xf]nf eGofsf] s'/f u¥ofsf]
/x]5 eGof= c}g jdf]lhd c+; ;j{:j ul/ 5fl8 lbg'= hl/jfgf xf]nf e+Gof s'/f u/]5 eGof
olt hl/jfgf xf]nf e+Gof eofsf]5 plt h/Ljfgf ug'{= :jfl:g dflg;n] Ho' dfl/o]nf
eGofsf] s'/f] u¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof bfdn ug'{= ;j{:j xf]nf eGofsf] s'/f u¥of /x]5 eGof
!@) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
%&= s;}n] b]jb]jtfsf :yfgdf cIf/ n]lif6f:ofsf] s;}sf] lslt{ j+;fjln k'/fgf s'/f huf
hldgsf] s'/f n]iofsf] ;gb kq n]iofsf] u'l7 uf}r/sf s'/f n]lifosf] b]jtf lk7sf lgTo
g}ldlts jif{ j+wgsf s'/f /= u'l7 ef]h ef]hgsf] s'/f n]lifofsf]= ;bfjt{sf] s'/f
n]lifosf] b]jb]jtfsf :yfgdf 6f;Lof /fiofsf] xj;\ jf wgL / u'l7of/sf 3/df /èfsf]
xj;\= o:tf] n]lifofsf] ;'gf kq xj;\= rflbsf] kq xj;\= tfjf kq xj;\ df]nDaf u¥ofsf]
kq xj; jf c? wft'sf] kq xj; rf]l/ wd{ gi6 uGof{nfO ljuf] e/fO $ jif{ s}b ug'{=
Dofbsf] ?k}of lbof ln 5fl8 lbg'= rf]/l;t P:tf] s'/f] hflghflg lsGof /hflg hflg
ufnGofnfO @.@ jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf ?k}of lbof ln 5fl8 lbg' Og} s'/f\ rf]g{ elg uo]5=
rf]g{ gkfO klqmof] eGof ! jif{ s}b ug'{ Dofbsf] ?k}of lbof ln 5fl8 lbg'=
%*= s;}n] b]j b]jtfsf :yfgdf cIf/ n]ifL 6f:ofsf] s;}sf] lslt{ j+;fjln k'/fgf s'/f= huf
hldg\sf] s'/f n]iofsf] ;gb kq n]lifosf] u'l7 ufp 3/sf s'/fn]iofsf] b]jtf lkt[sf
lgTo g}ldlts jif{ j+wgsf s'/f / u'l7 ef]h ef]hg\sf] s'/f n]lifofsf] ;bfjt{sf] s'/f
n]lifofsf] b]jb]jtfsf :yfgdf= 6fl;of /fiofsf] xj;\ jf= wlg / u'l7of/sf 3/df /èfsf]
xj;\= o:tf] n]lifofsf] nfn df]x/sf sfuh kq l;nfkq tf/kq bfgkq sf] sfuh u}î
148
 xj;\= P:tf] ;gb x¿ rf]l/ wd{ gi6 uGof{nfO @ jif{ s}b ug'{= :jfl:g dflg;\nfO ! jif{
s}b ug'{ Dofbsf] ?k}of lbof ln 5fl8 lbg'=
%(= sf]xL n'Rrf 7un] csf{sf] lhlg;\ Ho" u}î dfn 7lu csf{nfO j]Rof p7fof 5GeGof dfn
h:sf] xf] p;}nfO{ lbnfO lbg'= ls+Gof nfO td;'s u/fO{ dfU5 eGofskfln td;'s u/fO
lbg'= td;'s u/fO dfu lbg eGofln+5 tfklg 5f85 tfklg t]/f] if'l; elg 5fl8 lbg'=
csf{sf] dfn 9fl6 NofO n'Rrfn] j]Rof p7fofsf] ;b/ x'b}g=
^)= h+uf] dfn c?= c;jfa u}î rf]Gof{ rf]/nfO b'lg`fbf/sf] rf]Gof{nfO n]iof sf c}g
jdf]lhd b+8 s}b x'Gof s'/fdf bf]j/ j9fO b+8 s}b ug'{=Ho" hfGof bfdn x'Gof dfl;Gof
s'/f u¥ofdf Ps km]/fsf] eof klg 9]/} km]/fsf] eof klg ;hfo P]s} x'G5 O # s'/fdf ift
ifflkb}g=
^!= ;sf{l/of txljn\ ;sf{l/of tf]8fifhfgf cfofsf] cbfnt cbfntsf txljn c?
;sf{l/of srxl/ txljn\ rf]g{ elg uf/f] leQf kmf]l/ xj;\ 5fgf ‰ofn 9f]sf sf}l;jf6
xj;\ leq k:of]= t]:t}df rf]g{ gkfO klqmof] eGof @ jif{ s}b ug'{ Dofbsf] 8jn lbof
lng'=
^@= s;}n] cfÇg' dfn x/fof rf]/ofdf wfld emflqmsf]x/f] u}î ug{ hfGof l;t d]/f] dfnsZn]
lno]5 k'¥ofO b]p e+bf wfld emflqm sf]x/f] u}î uGof{ n] ljgf bl; dfn lnGof kmnfg' xf]
elg k'¥ofO{ lbof] /= p;n] rf]l/ lnofsf] 7x/]g eGof t]:tf wfld emflqmsf]x/f] u}îuGof{nfO{
rf]l/ nfofsf] ljuf jdf]lhd\ b+8 ug'{ wfld emflqm sf]x/f] u}în] egof kl5 d]/f] dfn t];}n]
rf]¥of lnofsf] /x]5 elg= klqm 5]s y'g\ u/]5 eGof p;nfO klg ljuf jdf]lhd b+8 ug'{=
ljgf bl; wfdL emflqm sf]x/f] u}în] eGofsf] ;lx x'b}g= elg kqmof y'Gof 5]Sofsf] /x]g5
eGof wfld emflqm sf]x/f] ug{ nfpGofnfO jft nfUb}g=
^#= s;}n] csf{sf] td;'s jlxkq rf]l/ n}lu t];} sfuhn] c;fdL p7fO{ lno]= 5 eGof ljuf]
lkmtf{ u/fO lju} jdf]lhd b+8 ug'{= rf]/} 5 dfq} cf;fld l;t ?k}of p7fO lnofsf] /x]g5=
eGof rf]¥ofsf] td;'s eof= p;}sf Hdfsf] ;os/f @) ?k}ofsf b/n] jlxkq rf]¥ofsf]
eof p;}sf hDdfsf ;os/f !% ?k}ofsf b/n] b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of= c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b
ug'{=
^$= s;}n] ;sf{l/of j+b's rf]¥of] eGof # jif{ rfk\ ;+lug\ rf]¥of] eGof @.@ jif{ rk|f;
uhtf];bfg\ ;+lu+sf] nf]tf tf]k\ s'ly{ r':tf jnd\ rf]/]5 eGof !.! jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf
?k}of lbof lng'=
^%= c}g gx'b} cl3 rf]l/ jfjt\df kl/ cbfntjf6 xft c+u'nf] gfs sfg sfl6 5f8\Øfsf rf]/n]
km]l/ klg rf]l/ u/]5 eGof t]:tf rf]/nfO Hofg hfGof bfdn x'Gof ;j{:j x'Gof s'/f jfx]s
c? b+8 s}b x'Gof s'/fdf hlt k6ssf] rf]/ 7x5{ p;} p;} c}g jdf]lhd b+8 ;hfo s}b
ul/ j9tf @) ?k}of b+8 ul/ 5f8L lbg'= ?k}of glt¥of kl5Nnf b+8 jfjt\df klg c}g
jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
^^= s;}sf] rf]l/ e} rf]/ klqm cbfnt 7fgf cdfndf= ;k't{ ug{ Nofpbf cbfnt cdfnjf6
rf]/ klqm NofpGof= ;u ltd|f] dfnsf] :d]t kQfnfO iff]lh lbg' k5{ ls cfÇgf dfnsf]
kQfnfO{ ln rf]/sf] dfq ;hfo ul/= b]p e5f}+ elg rf]/ klqm NofpGof ;+u ;f]wg' /= d]/f
dfnsf] kQf nfUof] jf d}n] kfof rf/]sf] dfq ;hfo ul/ b]p e+5 eGof ;f]O jdf]lhdsf]
sfuh n]iffO ln rf]/ sfod\ ul/ hf elg= 5f]l8 lbg'= b;f}b nfUb}g= d]/f] dfn :d]t\ iff]lh
b]p eGof] eGof cbfnt cdfnjf6 iff]lh e/fO{ lbofsf] ?k}of dfn u}îsf] b;f}b ln
rf]l/ofsf] dfn dfnjfnfnfO e/fO lbg'=
^&= rf]l/ jfkt\ bfdn e} s}b eofsf sf]lx efuL u} km]l/ rf]l/ u¥of eGof= t]:tf sfl6Gof
hft eof Hofg sfl6 dfl/ lbg'= gsfl6Gof hft eof bfdn} ug'{=
^*= cfh;Dd cÝf cbfnt 7fgf cdfnjf6 rf]/x¿nfO{ c}g jdf]lhd s;}nfO ljuf] / b+8
lt¥of ln 5fl8 lbg'= ltg{ g;sGof rf]/nfO{ d}Gxfsf % ?k}of sf bn]{ s}b ul/ Dofb sl§
eof kl5 5f8g'= s;}nfO{ ljuf] / b+8 lt¥of klg Dofb gk'uL g5f8g'= s}b} dfq ug'{= e+Gof
lyof]= rf]sf]{ hdflg ln g5f8g' e+Gof lyo]g= cj pk|fGt ljuf] / b+8 ln 5f8gf rf]/nfO{
xj;\= ljuf] b+8 ltg{ g;Stf s}b eofsf jf= ljuf] / b+8 lt¥of klg Dofb gk'uL g5f8\g'
s}b} ug'{ e+Gof eGofsf rf]/x¿nfO{ Dofb s}b k'Uofkl5 5f8\bf lt+Gsf] Hdflg gul/ rf]/nfO
g5f]8\g'= h}ë} hdflg Nofp5g\= p;} lbg hdflg ln 5f8g'= hdflg x'Gof dflg; Nofpg
;s]g rf]l/ uGof{ 3/ if]t\ s]lx geofsf kms8f /x]5 eGof t]:tf uf]iff{ e/ d'n'ssf nf]UGof
149
 r]f/nfO{ g]kfnsf d]ulhgdf n}uL /f]hsf] ¥ cfgf k};f l;wf iffg lbg] n} :d]t\ d]ulhgsf]
sfd u/fpg' :jf:gL rf]/ eof g]kfn}df n}lu /f]hsf] ¥ cfgf k};f l;wf iffglb jf¿b
lkGxfpg'= h}ë} hdflg lbg ;s5g\ p;} lbg= Hdflg ln g]n sfl6 5fl8 lbg'=
^(= csf{sf jf/L ju}rfdf nfofsf] km'n rf]Gof{nfO{ ! efl/ b]lif 3l6 rf]¥ofsf] 7x¥of cf7
cfgf= Ps efl/b]lif j9tf rf]¥ofsf] eof= ljufsf] cGbfh ul/= P;} l/tn] j9fO b+8 ug'{=
&)= c8\8f cbfnt 7fgf= cdfn u}îjf6 rf]l/ iftdf klqmofsf dflg;\nfO{ s]/sf/ ;f]wiff]h
ubf{= rf]/ jf6 /= rf]/n] j]Rof p7fofsf hufjf6 txlst= e} c;'n eofsf gub lhlg;\
Ho" u}î wgdfndf= wlg kQf nfUof ;Ddsf]= dfn txlst ul/= c}g jdf]lhd= wlgnfO
e/fO= e/fofsf wgsf]= b;f}b ln= wlg kQf gkfofsf= wgdfnnfO= d}Gxf # ;Dd w/f]6
:ofxfdf b/L= /kf]6\df lbg'= cfDbfgLsf :ofxfdf gbg'{= Dofb;Dddf eÙ= cfof b;f}b ln=
dfn ;f}lk lbg'= Dofb ;Dddf klg wlg / wlgsf= xsjfnf= jfl/;df= dfn iff]hg lng=
sf]lx cfofgGeof rf]/jf6 cfofsf] dfn lnnfd u/L gub kfl/= cfDbfgLsf :ofxfdf bl/=
d'n'ls iffgf j'emfO /l;b lng'= Dofb gf£of kl5= d]/f] dfn kfx'Gof x'+ e+Gofn] kfpb}g=
;sf{l/of dfn lrGx' eofsf] cyjf lrGx' geofsf] dfn rf]l/ x'bf
uGof{ sfdsf] c}g ––– ––– ––– ––– –––^
&!= P]+ hflg hflg lsGofjf6 ljuf] e/fO ljuf jdf]lhd b+8 ug'{=
&@= P]+ lrGx' geofsf] dfn ghflg sL+GofnfO= dfn dfq j'lem lng' b+8 kb}{g= cfÇg} y}ln
rf]/jf6 lng' glng' ls+Gofsf] if'l;= P; rf]/jf6 d]/f] y}ln lng ;lStg elg rf]/ ;k't{
ul/ lbG5 eGof % ?k}ofsf bn]{ s}b ul/ lbg'=
&#= lrGx' eofsf] ;sf{l/of dfn lnof sf] /x]5= eGof d}n] hflgsg lnofsf] xf]Og e+5 tfklg
ljuf] j'lem ln p;} ljuf jdf]lhd b+8 ug'{=
&$= olx ;sf{l/of dfn hlt hgfl;t ljlqm eofsf] 5 pltnfO{ ljuf jdf]lhd b+8 ug'{=
&%= ljuf] h;l;t k'Uofsf] 5 p;}jf6 lng' ;sf{l/of x'gfn] b;f}b nfUb}g=
&^= ;fw'nfO{ y}ln e/fpg' k¥of] eGof y}ln kfpGofjf6 b;f}b lng'= ls+GofnfO{ b+8 eof kl5
lj;f}b nfUb}g=
iffGof dfn j]rGof u}în] ;B dfndf gfkmfsf nfuL c? yf]s
ldl; sk6 ul/ j]rtf uGof{ sfdsf] c}g ––û– ––û– ––û–#
&&= ls+Gofsf] dfn ksfO cyjf gksfO iffbf iffGofsf] hft hfGof /x]5 eGof sk6 ul/
ld;fofsf ljufsf] bf]j/ b+8 ug'{= c1fgdf iffofsf] x'gfn] iffGofx¿ ;j{ k|folZrQn] z'4
x'+5=
&*= lsGofsf] dfn iffbf iffGofsf] hft hfGof /x5 eGof sk6 ul/ ld;fof sf ljuf jdf]lhd
b+8 ug'{=
&(= iffGof s'/f jfx]s c? yf]s ld;fO sk6\ ul/ j]rGofnfO %) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=

gfzf] w/f]6\

!= s;}n] t]/f jfj' jfHofnfO ;'gf rflb hjfx]/= ef8f jt{g\ gub lhlg;\= 3/ if]t jfwf
ljtf{sf ;gb kq u}î gfzf] /fifg lbofsf] lyof] elg s;}nfO kqmg cfof] eGof gf;f] /fig
lbbfdf n]iofsf kq kfq ;fl5 ;'tf{ /èf5 eGof ltGx]x¿nfO NofO ;f]wk'5 ubf{ /= ;gb
kq x]bf{ gfzf] /fifg lbosf] txlst} 7x¥of] eGof t];jf6 b;f}b ln dfn e/fO lbg'=
/fifGofjf6 lj;f}b lng'= sfuhkq klg s]lx /x]g 5 ;fl5 ;'tf{ klg sf]lx /èfg 5g\ dfn
lnGof dflg;\ klg Ho"bf] /x]g5 eGof d]/f] gf;f] 5 elg ;dfpGof nfO ljuf jdf]lhd b+8
ul/ 5f]l8 lbg'= P:tfn] kf]Nofsfn] ltg'{ kb}{g= P:df lhtfpl/ jS;fplg s]lx kb}{g=
@= ljtf{ j+ws\ u'l7 huf gub lglh;\ rf}kfof u}î gfzf] /flif uofsf] kl5 lng kfp5=
;fl5kq sfuh b]iffO lng' ;fl5 sfuh kq 5}g eGof kfpb}g=
#= s;}n] csf{sf] gub lhlg;\ hjfx]/ ;'gf rflb s;Gtdg\ cgfh u}î rf}kfof wgdfn
lhddf ln jf6fdf hfbf rf]/n] Hofg dfl/ n}uofdf / nf7\7Ln] s'6lk6 ul/ jflw xltof/
rnfO 3fO{xTof u/fO wgdfn n'l6 rf]l/ n}uof] eGof Tof] lhDdf lnGof / t]:sfefO 5f]/f
kl/of/n] ltg{ kb}{g=

150
$= csf{sf lhDdf ul/ gfzf] w/f}6\ ul/ /fiofsf] wg dfn lhDdf lnGofjf6 rf]l/ eof] eGof
Tof] wgdfn rf]l/ eof] elg w/f}6\ /fifGofn] e+g kfpb}g\= gub hLlg; hjfx]/ ;'gf rflb
s;g\ tdg\ cgfh rf}kfof u}î w/f}6\ /fiofsf dfnsf] b;f}b lj;f}b ln /fig lbGofnfO
cbfnt 7fgf cdfnaf6 lkmtf{ ul/ e/fO lbg'=
%= s;}n] csf{sf] gub lhlg;\ hjfx]/ ;'gf rflb s;g\ tdg cgfh rf}kfof u}î gfzf] w/f}6\
/fiofsfdf cfuf] nfUof] eGof ;f] w/f}6\ e+bf w/f}6\ gfzf] lnGofsf] 3/sf] df]n Hofb /x]5
eGof 3/ hn\Gofn] ltg'{ kb}{g= gfzf] w/f}6\ /fifGofsf] 3/df cfuf] nfuL hxfg k/]5 eGof
3/ hngofn] ltg'{ kb}{g= gf;f] w/f}6 e+bf gf;f] w/f}6 ln /fifGofsf 3/sf] df]n sd\ /x]5
eGof d]/f] 3/ kf]lnof] t]/f] dfn d ltlb{g+ = e+g kfpb}g cbfnt\ 7fgf cdfnjf6 e/fO lbg'=
3/kf]lngofsf] sf]l7 ljtf{ k;n\= c;fld sdf/f sdfl/ jfwf j+w]Toflg c+t uf]7 klg
/x]g5 ufO e}l; rf}kfof u}î s]lx /x]g5 p:sf] lbof] s'rf] ;d]t\ ul/ kf]ln of] w/f}6 gf;f]
/fiofsf] klg d¥of] s]lx bjfof 5kfofsf] 7x/]g eGof t];n] ltg'{ kb}{g=
^= csf{sf] gub lhlg;\ u}î gfzf] jf]lshfbf u+uf tbf{= 8'uf 3f]kl6 dfn jufof] cfkm' klg
8'lj Hofg dfq jrfof] eGof t];n] ltg'{= kb}{g=
&= csf{sf sdf/fsdfl/ rf}kfof w/f}6\ /fiofsf] 5 cfufdf kl/ 89\ofsf] lkmtf{ ug'{ kb}{g=
*= s;}sf rf}kfof w/f]6 /fiofsf] xj;\ s;}sf uf]7df /fiofsf] xj;\ Tof] j:t'sfnn] d¥of]
jf3n] iffof] le/df n8Øf] iff]nfn] jufof] eGof t];n] ltg'{ kb}{g=
(= s;}n] csf{sf sdf/f sdfl/ jfwf jl3Toflg eof] xflt 3f]8f ufO uf]? O u}î rf}kfof eof]
d]/f sfh lgldQ rflxof] elg dflu n}Uofsf] wlgsf hLDdf gnfpb} eflu uof] eGof
t];\sf] k+rlslQ{ df]n wlgnfO ltg'{ k5{= dfuL n} uofsf] lhDdf nfpg gkfpb}df d¥ofsf]
eof t]:sf] df]n ltg'{ kb}{g=
!)= csf{sf sdf/f sdfl/ rf}kfof w/f}6\ /fiofsf] d¥of] efUof] eGof /flif lbGofn] ;f6f] ltg'{
kb}{g= j9ofsf] /fifg lbGofsf] x'+5=
lng lbofsf] dfn 8fs' rf]/n] s'6lk6 u/L iff]iofsf]
!!= s;}n] s;}nfO ;'gf rflb hjfx]/ nQf sk8f s;g\tdg\ gub lhlg;\ jf]sfofsf] /x]5=
lng lbofsf] /x]5 p jf]sGof dflg;n] ln /fiofsf j]nfdf 8fs' rf]/n] s'6\lk6\ ul/
iff]:of5g\ u'xfO t];/ klg /x]5g\ eGof= o:tf] b}j ut\ k¥ofdf jf]sGof dflg; / p:sf
;+tfgn] ltg'{ kb}{g=
af]Sofsf j]nfdf le/jf6 n8]5 jf3 efn'n]
iffo]5 kflgdf8'j]5 ju]5 /= d/]5 eGof uGof{
!@= s;}n] s;}nfO ;'gf rflb hjfx]/ nQf sk8f s;+tdg\ gub lhlg;\ jf]sfosf] /x]5 lng
lbofsf] /x]5= p jf]sGof dflg;n] ln /fiofsf= j]nfdf Tof] dflg; eL/jf6 n8]5 jf3n]
iffo]5= efn'n] iffo]5 kflgdf 8'j]5 ju]5 d/]5 p; jifTdf jf]Sofsf] dfn x/fo]5 s;}n]
l6lk uo]5 eGof= P:tf] dfn iff]hbf kfOof] eGof= cfÇg' dfn lng'= iff]h ubf{ kfOo]g
eGof= tof] jf]sGof dflg;\= / t]:sf ;+tfgnfO kqmg kfOb}g=

x/fofsf] kfpGof

!= rf/ if'6Øf j:t' csf{n] x/fofsf] kfO ufpsf cdfln åf¥of l5Dofls nfO hgfO kfln
/fiofsf] /x]5 eGof wlgn] ^ d}Gxf ;+Dddf kQf nfO cfof] eGof= h:sf] xf] p;}nfO
e/fOlbg' kfnGofnfO cg';f/sf] df]n ul/ b;f}b kgfplglbnfO lbg'= rf]¥ofsf] 7xb}{ ^
d}Gxf gf£of kl5cfpGofn] kfpb}g=
@= x/fofsf] csf{sf] rf}kfof kfO cdfln åf¥of ufpNofnfO yfxf glb bjfO kfnGofnfO ljuf
j/f]j/ b+8 ul/= dfn h:sf] xf] p;}nfO ;f}lklbg'= dfnsf wlgsf] kQf nfu]g eGof
cbfnt 7fgf cdflnn] lng'=
#= s;}n] x/fofsf] rf}kfof of] d}n] kfofsf] 5 elg ufpNofnfO hfx]/ ul/ kfNofsf] /x]5
dfnsf] wlg sf]lx lg:s]g eGof h:n] kfofsf] 5 p;}n] lng' p;}sf] x'5= o:df cbfnt
7fgf cdfln u'l7of/ ljtf{jf/ u}în] kfpb}gg\ glng'=
$= csf{sf] rf}kfofx¿ x/fofsf] s;}n] kfofsf] 5= plx dfn d]/f] xf] elg s;} nj/r§fn]
eÙ cfof] ;fljt\ ubf{ p:sf] 7x/]g eGof Tof] n'r} 7x5{ t]:tfnfO hf}g dfn d]/f] xf] e+g

151
 cfO/x]5 p;}sf ljuf jdf]lhd\ b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of ljuf jdf]lhd\ sf b8df c}g
jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=

rf}kfof

!= hf}Nofxf jf5f jfl5+ kfpGof ufO ;sf{/df gNofpg' h:sf] xf] p;}n] /fifg' ift nfUb}g
p;}sf] x+'5=
@= jfif«f e]8f /fuf e}l; ufOn] jfln iffof] e+lg s;}n] lkm/fb ug{ cfof] eGof jflnsf] ljuf]
e/fO= lju} jdf]lhd\ b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of s}b ug'{=
#= s;}n] jfln iffOlbof] elg e]8f jfif«f /fuf e}l;sf] sfg sfl6lbof] eGof jflnsf] ljuf]
wlgn] kfpb}g sfg sf6GofnfO ift jft nfUb}g=
$= e]8f jfif«fsf] jfx]s\df sfg sf6GofnfO .. b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of # lbg s}b ug'{=
%= jfln giffGof /fuf e}l;sf] j]xs\df sfg sf6GofnfO % ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of !
d}Gxf s}b ug'{=
^= s;}sf] jfln gfln iffg hfbf jflnsf wlgn] jfln iffof] elg l/;\n] e}l; jfif«f e]8f
rf}kfof sf6Øf] df¥of] eGof t]; dfnsf] krlslt{ df]n dfnsf wlgnfO lbnfO ljuf
j/fj/ b+8 ug'{= sfl6ofsf] dfn df]n ltGof{nfO lbnfO lbg'= jfln iffofsf] k+rlslt{ ljuf]
jflnsf wlgnfO lbnfO lbg'=
&= ufO uf]?n] cfÇgf dflnssf hxfg /= cfÇgf uf]7fnfnfO xflg n8fO ldlr Hofg df¥of]
eGof Tof] ufO uf]? Hofxf] ufp 3/df g/fifg' uf]7 eof cfÇgf uf]7df k7fOlbg'= lnnfd\
gug'{= uf]7 geof wlgn] j]rg'= rs'O kb}{g= wlgnfO b+8 kltof klg kb}{g= /fuf e}l;n]
xflg dflg;\sf] Hofg df¥of] eGof wlgn] t]:tf /fuf e}l; Hof xf] dfl/ df;' j]rg' rs'O
kb}{g=
*= c? s;}nfO /fuf e}l;n] xflg dflg; df¥of] eGof Tof] /fuf e}l; Hof xf] t];\nfO cbfnt
7fgf cdfnjf6 df/Llbg' df;' klg cbfnt 7fgf cdfnaf6 lnnfd\ ul/ nLg'=
(= ;x/df kfNofsf /fuf e}l;n] dflg;nfO xflg /ut\ sf9\of] eGof lnnfd\ ug'{ jfxL/ km]/f
ufdn\df kfNofsfn] xflg /ut\ sf9\of] eGof cfwf df]n lng'= jgdf / uf]7df /fiofsfn]
xflg /ut\ sf9\of] eGof ift nfUb}g= wlgnfO /= uf]7fnfnfO xfGofdf klg s]lx kb}{g=
!)= rf}kfof kz' kz'n] rîfpGof 7fpdf / uf]7df xfgfxfg ul/ df¥ofdf rs'O kb}{g= xfGofsf
wlgnfO b+8 ljuf] klg kb}{g=
!!= ufO{ jfx]s\ c? rf}kfofx¿df= sdnfofsfnfO sdnfofsf] hflg hflg s;}n] sf6]5
df/]5 eGof Tof] df¥ofsf] rf}kfof cfÇg} eof e}l; df¥ofsf] eof ! Ho"sf] @ ?k}of sf
b/n] b08 ug'{ csf{sf] rf}kfofx¿ sf6of df¥ofsf] 7x¥of hf}gf hufsf] xf] p;} hufdf
rNofsf] hf}gf rf}kfof df¥ofsf] 5= p;}sf] k+rs[lt df]n wlgnfO lbnfO lju} jdf]lhd
b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf b/n] s}b ug'{=
!@= ufO jfx]s\= sdnfofsf rf}kfofn] dflg;\ df¥of] eGof= Tof] dflg;\ dfGof{ rf}kfof ufeLg
x'gfn] p;\ jift\df gs6fg'= ljofofsf] 5 d}Gxf kl5 sfl6 dfl/ lbg'=
!#= n+j/ iff/]h=
!$= e}l; jflif« Roflu| e]l8 ;'u'lg{ dfGof{nfO c}g jdf]lhd b+8 eof kl5 c? nfO b+8 kb}{g=
s;}n] b+8 u/]5 eGof ljuf] lkmtf{ u/fO p;} ljuf jdf]lhd\ b+8 ug'{= df;' iffGofnfO klg
b+8 kb}{g=
b]j b]jtfsf] k"hf ubf{ xj;\ cfkm"n] df;' iffgf j]rgfsf
nflu xj;\ :jf:gL hft rf}kfof dfbf{ uGo{ s'/fsf] c}g\ ^
!%= ;fj'b e}l; dfGof{nfO !) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
!^= ;fa'b jflif« sfUof j?jfnsf e]l8 dfGof{nfO !.. ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
!&= ;fj'b ;'u'lg{ dfGof{nfO ! ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
!*= ;fj'b e}l; jflif« sfuof j?jfnsf e]l8 ;'u'lg{ dfbf{ @.# hgf lgln df¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof
hlt hgf ldln df¥ofsf] 5 plt hgfjf6 bfdf;lxsf b/n] o]lx ljuf] p7f+Olng'=
!(= dfbf{df x]l/ /xGof / df;' iffGof c?nfO b+8 kb}{g=

152
@)= le/jf6 nl8 iff}nf e8iff/fdf kl/ if'§f eflrofsf jf c? s'/f e}/f] ufO p7g g;ls ynf
k¥ofsf ;f; /èfsf dfGof{ d/fpGof j]rGofnfO / iffGof hftn] Og}sf] df;' iffof eGof
jft nfUb}g=

;jf/Lsf]

!= xflt eSof]{ rdSof] / dfx'Tofn] c+s;f cWofl/ nfpbf klg gdflg k]ln u} s]lx if'g
gf]s;fg u¥of] s;}sf] Hofg df¥of] eGof dfx'TofnfO{ ift jft nfUb}g=
@= dfTofsf xfltn] s]lx if'g hifd\ u¥of] eGof dfx'TofnfO ift jft nfUb}g= dfTofsf] xflt
giff]ng'= e+Gof eofsfdf xflt iff]ln ift8f u¥of] eGof cbfnt\sf xflsd\n] thjLh ul/
lg;fkm ug'{=
#= dflg;sf le8n] d]nf ofqfdf xflt n}hfbf dflns\sf x's'd\ dlh{ cf1f n} uofdf / cfkm'
dflns\n] ;jfl/ e} hfbf dflg;nfO s'nrfo]5 ldrfo] 5 / 3f dfq} nfu]5 eGof
3fOtfnfO @% ?k}of 3f ifr{ lbnfO @% ?k}of b+8 ug'{= dfx'Tofn] n}uofdf s'nrof
ldrfofsf] eof 3f ifr{ !) ?k}of lbnfO !) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\
s}b ug'{=
$= dflg;sf le8 d]nf ofqfdf dfx'Tofn]= cfÇgf if'l;n] xflt n} ufofdf dflg;nfO s'nrfO
ldrfO Hofg d¥of eGof= dGof{sf] s[of ifr{ %) ?k}of lbnfO{ %) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
dflnssf x's'd\ dlh{ cUofn] n} ufofdf /= cfkm} dflnsn] ;jfl/ ul/ hfbfdf dflg;\
s'nrfO ldrfO Hofg d/]5 eGof dGof{sf] s[of ifr{ !)) ?k}of lbnfO !)) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=
%= dfx'Tof rl9 xflt 8'nfpg kflg if'jfpg rîfpg n}hfbf yfdg g;sL dflg;nfO s'nlr
xflg dflg;\ dg{ uof] eGof xflt yfdg g;sGof t]:tf dfx'GTofnfO hflu/ iff]l;lbg c?
jft nfUb}g=
^= Psflt/af6 xfltsf] Psflt/af6 3f]8fsf] ;jfl/ cfof] cyjf b'j} lt/af6 xflt xflt jf
3f]8f 3f]8fsf] ;jf/L cfO bf]xf]/f] lel8of] eGof ;jfl/ u/L cfpGofdf 7"nf bhf{sf] hf] 5
p;nfO s+d bhf{sfn] cfkm'n] ;jfl/ u¥ofsf] xflt 3f]8f hf] 5 x6fO jf6f] 5f]l8lbg' jlu
cfof] eGof xfltn] klg 3f]8fn] klg af6f] 5f]l8lbg' . jf6f] g5fl8 tqmfh u¥of] eGof
cbfnt\sf xflsd\n] thjLh ul/ c£of{ln uGof{nfO hl/jfgf ug'{=
&= jlun] l6kfO n}hfbf gb]lif dflg;\ ldrfO Hofg dg{ uof] eGof df¥of{sf] s[of ifr{ %)
?k}of lbnfO lbg'= jlun] l6k]g cfkm'n] b]iftf ift} ldrfO Hofg d¥of] eGof sf};n /=
cbfntn] thaLh ul/ lg;fk ug'{=
*= jlusf 3f]8fn] l6lk hfbf dflg; s'nrfof] dLrfof] eGof 3f nfUGofnfO 3f ifr{ @%
?k}of Hofg d/]5 eGof s[of ifr{ %) ?k}of lbnfO lbg'= b+8 kb}{g=
(= alusf] ;jfl/ ubf{= dflg;nfO ldrfO hif+ u¥of] eGof 3fOtfnfO 3f ifr{ @% ?k}of lbnfO
@% ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ldlr Hofg dg{ uof] eGof= dGof{sf] s[of ifr{ %) ?k}of lbnfO %)
?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=
!)= alusf] ;jfl/ cfpbf= 5ftf jf]9Gofn] 5ftf af]îfln af6f] 5f]l8lbg' af6f] 5f]8]g 5ftf
jf]îfn]g / 5ftf b]lif 3f]8f eml:s jlu lju|g uof] eGof /= ;jf/LnfO hifd eof] eGof
jlu ;fj'b ug{ nufO t];nfO %) ?k}of hl/jfgf ug'{=
!!= jlusf] d'x'8f lkm/fpbf jlu yfdg g;ls h:sf jlun] k'n\= kiff{n eTsfp5 p;}n] ^
lbgleqdf jgfO b'?:t ug'{ kfr lbgdf jgfo]g= eGof jgfpGof ljuf] t];}af6 p7fO ln %
?k}of hl/jfgf ug'{=
!@= ;f3'/f af6fdf jlusf] ;fjfl/ cfpbf= xfltsf ;jf/n] jf6f] 5f]l8lbg' 3f]8f;jf/n] jfofof
lsgf/f nfOlbg' xflt 3f]8fsf ;jf/n] af6f] g5f]l8 jlusf ;jf/nfO= hifd u¥of] / jlu
ljU¥of] eGof ljU¥ofsf] jlu ;fj'b ug{ nufO %).%) ?k}of hl/jfgf ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of
c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
!#= jlusf] ;jfl/ cfpbf= jf6fdf xflt cfof] eGof dfx'Tof / ;jf/n] #) sbd\ tkmfjt\ ul/
xflt x6fO lbg'= xflt gx6fO jlu lau|g uof] / ;jf/nfO hifd eof] eGof xfltsf] tn\

153
 /x]5 eGofdf dfx'TofnfO $) ?k}of ;jfl/ eofsf] /x]5 eGof h:sf] ;jfl/ xf] p;
dflnsnfO %) ?k}of b+8 ul/= jlu ;fa'b ug{ nfpg'=
!$= 3f]8fsf ;jf/n] u:qL jf6f hfqf d]nfdf xf];\ g/flif hfbf dflg;\ s'nrfO Hofg d/]5
eGof dGof{sf] s[of ifr{= %) ?k}of lbnfO %) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= 3f]8fn] d'if hf] ul/ lktfdf
dflg; s'nrfO d¥ofsf] eof dGof{sf] s[of ifr{ %) ?k}ofdfq} lbnfO lbg' b+8 kb}{g=
!%= 3f]8f rl9 cfpGofn] ul:q jf6f ofqf d]nfdf xf];\g/flif dflg; s'nrfof] eGof 3f
nfUGofnfO 3f ifr{ !) ?k}of lbnfO !) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= 3f]8fn] d'if hf]/ ul/ l6k\tfdf
dflg;\ s'nrfofsf] eof 3fOtfnfO % ?k}of 3f ifr{ lbnfO lbg' b+8 kb}{g=
!^= ;jf/ nf]l6 pDSofsf] / ;};n] yfdg g;ls nufd l5lg pd\Sofsf 3f]8fn] s]lx if'g
hifd u¥of] eGof ;jf/= ;};nfO iftjft nfUb}g=
!&= 3f]8fn] k5fl8 xflg dflg; d/f];\= cyjf hifd xj;\ tfklg t]:tfdf ;jf/ ;}; s;}nfO
klg iftjft nfUb}g=
!*= cfÇgf ;f]ifn] lg:sbf df dflg;sf uf]ndf le8df 3f]8fsf] bf}8 5fl8 dflg; ldrfo]/ #
lbgledf d¥of] eGof sf};n /= cbfntn] thaLh ul/ lg;fkm ug'{=
!(= 3f]8f hfqfdf 6'l8if]ndf 3f]8fsf] bf}8 x'+5 elg ;a}nfO yfx} x'+5 t]:tfdf bf}8 5f8bf
dflg; ldlr hifd eof] eGof= cyjf Hofg d/f];tfklg t]:df ;jf/nfO iftjft nfUb}g=
@)= af6fdf ufO e}l; Nofpbf xflt 3f]8fsf ;jf/n] ufO e}l; x6fpg elg plb+ lbbf lbb}
uf]7fnfx¿n] x6fofgg\ / xflt 3f]8f t:of]{ eGof uf]7fnfnfO ! ?k}of ;jf/ nf]6g uof]
eGof % ?k}of hl/jfgf ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=
@!= ;jfl/ eofsf / ;};n] 8f]¥ofO Nofofsf 3f]8fnfO s;}sf ufO uf]?n] xfGof ! ?k}of /fuf
e}l;n] xfGof @ ?k}of b+8 ug'{=

cfuf] nfpGof

!= ;sf{l/of 9's'l6 txljnn\ tf];fiffgf d'n'sLiffgf /= jlxkq txljn /xGof ;b/ bkmb/
bkmb/ s'dfl/rf]s\ O6frkln c8f uf}8fsf txjLn / sfuhkq /xgof 7fp cf} l;niffgf
huf hfufsf h+luifhfgf= h+lu c;jfj /xGof= hufdf kx/fdf xf]l;of/l;t jlt dfq
jfng'= c? cfuf] lr/fs gn}hfg' Plt 7fpdf s;}n] tdfif' klg giffg' jf?b /xGof 7fpdf
jlt gn}hfg'= h'tfnfO klgs;} ghfg' c}g ldlr plb{gfl3 jf?b /xGof 7fpdf jlt
n}hfGof / h'tf nfO hfGofnfO !) c? plb{geofsf hufdf cfuf] n}hfGof /= tdfif'
iffGofnfO @.. ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=
@= s;}n] s;}sf 3/df cfuf] nfof kl5 3/dfn jfRof] 89]g eGof t]:tf cfuf] nfpGofnfO
/= cfuf]nfOb] e+GofnfO ^).^) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= b+8sf ?k}of glt¥of s}b ug'{=
#= s;}n] csf{sf] 3/ kf]ngfnfO dtnj lbofsf] /x]5 3/ kf]nGof 7fpdf cfkm' eGof uofsf]
/x]g5 3/ kf]Nbf dflg;\ klg d¥of 5g\= ufO uf]? klg k¥of 5g\ eGof t]:tf dtnljsf]
c}g jdf]lhd\sf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{= dflg; ufO uf]? eGof k¥ofsf /èfg5g\
wgdfn /= c? rf}kfof dfq k¥ofsf /èf5g\ eGof kf]nGof / dtnj lbGofjf6 kf]lnGof
sf] ljuf] e/fO cfuf] nf egL jrg lbGofnfO ^ jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf ?k}of 8jn\ lbof
ln 5fl8lbg'=
$= s;}sf] 3/ s;}n] kf]Nof] ufO uf]? / c? rf}kfof u}î cfufdf kl/ d¥of eGof 3/
kf]nGofsf] wgn] kf]lnGofsf] ljuf] e/fO jfls /èf] eGof c}g jdf]lhd\sf] c+; k/;fl/
;j{:j ug'{= ufO uf]? k¥ofsf /èf5GeGof bfdn ug'{= c? u}î rf}kfof k¥ofsf /èf5g\
eGof ^ jif{ s}b ug'{ dfl;Gof hft /x]5 eGof dfl; k|folZrt lbg'=
%= s;}n] csf{sf 3/df cfuf] nfpbf Hofg klg d/]5= wg klg k/]5 eGof p;\ j]nfdf p:sf
wgjf6 wlgsf] ljuf] e/fO lbg'= wgn] ljuf] k'u]g eGof p:sf] Ho" sfl6of d'l8of bfdn
eof dfl;of kl5 gk'Uofsf] ljuf] p:sf efO 5f]/f gfltl;t kNxfo kl5 lnpnf e+g
kfpb}g=
^= s;}n] csf{sf] 3/ kf]Nof] /= dflg;\ :d]t\ k¥of] eGof kf]nGofsf ;j{:jjf6 kf]lnGofsf]
89ofsf] ljuf] jdf]lhd\ p;\nfO lbnfO= j9tf eofsf] lkmtf{ u/fO lbg'= ljuf] k'u]g eGof
gk'Uofsf] lbuf] kf]lnGofn] kfpb}g= kmnfgfsf] 3/ kf]n 3lg cf1f lbGofnfO /= cfuf]

154
 nfpGof nf]UGof dflg;\nfO Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg x'+5= d'l8Gof hftnfO c}g jdf]lhd\sf]
c+; ;j{:j ul/= ln bfdn ug'{= :jfl:g dflg;nfO klg bfdn ug'{=
&= s;}n] 3/ kf]lnlbof] /= dflg;\ klg d/]g= ufO uf]? klg d/]g= wg dfn / = c? u}î
rf}kfof dfq k¥ofsf] /x]5 3/sf wlgn] o;l;t d]/f] ljuf] d p7fOlnpnf elg /flhgfdf
n]liflbof] eGof cfuf] nfof jfjt\= ^) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of s}b ug'{ wg lng'
glng' wlgsf] if'l;=
*= s;}n] 3/ kf]Nof] dflg;\ / ufO uf]? eGof k¥ofsf /èfg5g\= c? rf}kfofx¿ / wgdfn
dfq k¥ofsf] /x]5= 3/ kf]nGof 3/ klg if8f ul/lbof] wg dfnsf] ljuf] klg egf{ ul/lbof]
eGof 3/ kf]nGofnfO= ^) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
(= kmnfgfn] 3/df cfuf] nfOlbof] elg sf]lx e+Ù cfof] j'‰bf p;n] cfuf] nfofsf] 7x/]g
eGof t]:tf kf]nfxfnfO dflg:sf] Ho" :d]t\ k¥of] e+g cfofsf] eof ^ jif{ ufO uf]? k¥of
eGofnfO # jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf ?k}of lbof lng'= c? rf}kfof /= wgdfn k¥of] e+g
cfpGof kf]nfxfnfO{ hlt k¥of] e+5 p;} ljuf jdf]lhd wg dfq} kf]nL lbof] e+g cfof @)
?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=

af]s:of/f]sf]

!= huf hdLg\ gub lhlg;\sf emu/fdf ufnf ufn ubf{ s;}n] jf]S;L eGof] elg s/fpg
cfof] eGofsf] 7x¥of] eGof af]S;L eGofnfO % ?k}of b+8 ug'{ cl3af6 ufln ul/ kl5jf6
jf]lS; eGofsf] /x]5 eGof @.. ?k}of b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=
@= sf]lx nf]UGof :jfl:gn] dnfO jf]S:of/f] nfof] egL lkm/fb ug{ cfof] eGof p;nfO NofO
lg/f]kg ubf{ af]S:of/f] nfofsf] 7x/]g eGof= lkm/fb ug{ cfpGofnfO @) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=
#= dbf}? nfO 8fdbf= bfldofsf /= d+qn] grnfpbf gfrGof dbf}?sf] skfn iff}/bf
jf]S;Lsf] skfn iff}l/Gof P:tf jf]Ss/LnfO ufp b]lv lgsfln wkfO lbg'= P:tf jf]s;L
lgsfnGofnfO ift nfUb}g=
$= wfld u}în] g grfofsf / d8f}?nfO bfdbf jf]lS;nfO lrGx gnfofsf p;} lg`f kl;xf=
¥ofsf jf]S:of/f]nfO dfGof{x?sf] hft hfGb}g= kltof klg kb}{g lt jf]S;L 7xb}{gg\=
ltgnfO km]l/ ufp 3/df s;}n] jf]S:of/f] nfO 3/jf6 lgsfnGofnfO ^) ?k}of 3/jf6
lgsfn]g jf]S;L dfq eg] 5 eGof @) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
%= jf]S:of/fsf s'/fdf=wfdL u}în] lrGx gnfofsf d+q t+qn] ggrfofsf :jfl:gnfO
cbfnt 7fgf cdfn af6lg`f xfnbf s/flxdf xft xfnGof ;x]n uflu| kf]ifl/df 8'jfpGof
cfiffdf /fof] 3;Gof km\nfd\ ?xGof u}î lg`f s;}n] glbg'= o:tf lg`f xnfp+bf :jfl:gn]
xfl/ e+Gof t];n] xf¥ofsf] 7xb}{g= lg`f lbGofåf¥of ljrfl/ hf] xf] p:nfO %) ?k}of b+8
ug'{= t]; :jfl:gnfO lhtfOlbg'=
^= wfdL u}x" s;}n] jf]S;LnfO 8fld lrGxnfO lb+5 elg dbf}?nfO bfdbf jf]S;LnfO 3f
nfu]g= dbf}?nfO= 3f nfUof] eGof t]:tf wfld u}î hf] xf] p;\nfO #) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of
glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=
&= wfldn] eof] jf= c? u}î s;}n] eof] 9Øfu|f] 7f]ls u} nufofsf 5fgf 77fO nfofsf lrGx
gnfofsf= ggrfofsf dbf}?sf d'ifn] dfq jls elg jf]S;f/f]nfO lgsfNofsf] jf]S;L
7xb}{gg\= t]:tfnfO lg`f lbg' klg kb}{g= tL jf]S;L xf]Ogg\ jf]S;Øof/f] nfpGof wfld
u}înfO *) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of s}b ug'{= jf]S:of/f nufO dfuGofnfO kul/
jflw kul/sf] ! lhtfpl/sf] @ Hdf # ?k}of lng'=
*= csf{nfO jf]S:of/f] nufO 3/jf6 lgsfnGof= wfld xj;\ jf= c? u}î sf]lx xj;\
t]:tfnfO ^) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ 3/jf6 lgsfn]g= jf]s:of/f dfq nfof] eGof @) ?k}of b+8
ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of s}b ug'{=
155
(= wfld u}î tNnf hftsf s;}n]= Onfh ubf{= cfk' e+bf pkNnf hftsf nfO k}tfnf]
r6fpbf= j|fé0f /hk'tnfO= Iflq hftn] k}tfnf] r6fof] eGof ^) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= tfufwfl/
nfO dtjflnn] r6of &) ?k}of kflg grnGof c5'lt hftn] rf]iff hftnfO k}tfnf]
r6fof] eGof !)) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{= k}tfnf] rf]6Gof
dbf}?nfO o]s df]xf]/sf] uf]bfg ln k|folZrt lbg'= kltof kfp5=
!)= s;}sf sGof ;wjf ljwjf l:qx¿nfO emf/k's Onfh u5'{ elg ufg' lemls= lbGof
cfufdf d'ifn] r';Gof wfld u}înfO @) ?k}of hl/jfgf ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of s}b ug'{=
!!= :jfl:g hftnfO a]/fd eof] / emf/km's Onfh u/fpg' k¥of] eGof nf]UGof dflg;n] 6f9}jf6
cfd[;fsf s'rfn] rj/n]= sk8fn] s'zn] emf/km's ug'{ g5'g' cfu u}îdf eofsf
ifl6/fx? kmf]g'{ kbf{ kmf]lb{Gof /= cf}iflwnfO lbGofnfO ift jft s]lx nfUb}g= b+8 klg x'b}g=
!@= sf]lx nf]UGof dflg;n] u'/f} wfld= emflqm jf]S:of/f] /fs;\nfO j}B} nfofsf] d}n] xf] d+q
j+qn] b]jtf p7fO jf]S:of/f] ul/ dflg; df¥ofsf] d}n] xf] elg cfÇgf d'ifn] sfo]nklg
eof] dflg; klg df¥ofsf] 7x¥of] eGof= d+q t+q ul/ jf= jf3nfO dflg;\ df¥ofsf] d}n] xf]=
e+Gofn]= o]:tf ljxf]/fn] d+q o+q jf]S:of/f] ul//f s;\nfO= dflg;\ dfGof{ nf]UGof
dflg;\nfO c}g jdf]lh+d\ ;j{:j= u/L= b]; lgsfnf ul/ lbg'= :jfl:g dflg;\n] P;} l/tn]
dflg;\ df¥ofsf] d}n] xf] elg cfÇgf d'ifn] sfo]n e} eGof= ;j{:j ul/ ufpjf6 lgsfnf
ul/ lbg'=
!#= P;} l/t jdf]lhd\ d+q o+q 6'gf ul/ dflg; klg iffofsf] d}n] xf] elg cfÇgf d'ifn] sfo]n
eof] eGof %) ?k}of b+8 ul/= ufpjf6 lgsfnf ul/ lbg'=
!$= P;} l/tn] d+q o+q 6'gf ul/= rf}kfof kz'k+l5nfO= d}n] df¥ofsf] xf] elg sfo]n eof]
eGof= df¥ofsf dfnsf] ljuf] /= ljuf jdf]lhd\ b+8 ug'{= df¥ofsf] t 5}g b'iffofsf] dfq 5
d}n] xf] elg= sfo]n eof] eGof= dfnsf] cfwf df]n b+8 ul/ ln ufpjf6 lgsfln lbg'=
!%= csf{nfO hfb' 6'gf uGof{ df]xlg jl;s/0f uGof{ ug{ nfpGofnfO ^) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
pRrf/g uGof{ ug]{ nfpGofnfO !@) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ df/0f uGof{ ug{ nfpGofnfO= c}g
jdf]lhd\sf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ 5f]l8 lbg'= P; s'/fdf kf]nfxfn] kf]ln ;fljt\ ug{ ;s]g
eGof hf}g s'/f kf]Nof] 5 ;f]lx jdf]lhd\sf] b+8 ;hfo ug'{=
!^= c}gn] jf]S;f jf]S;L g7xGof{nfO= wfldn] eof] jf c? s;}n] eof] jf]S:of/f] nufO
wkfpbf ltGsf ;u nflu u} l;:g' nfpGof :ofx'nf s]/fsf ;'k\nfn] xf+Gofsf rfd6]{u|fn]
xf+GofnfO #).#) ?k}of nf6f 9F'ufn] xfGof xfGofnfO= $).$) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ Hofg d/]5
eGof c}g jdf]lhd Hofg sf] jbnf Hofg\ lng'= jf]S;L wkfosf] x]Gof{ xft
g5f]8Gofx¿nfO ift nfUb}g=
!&= s;}nfO j]yf nfuL j]xf]; eofsf j]nfdf wfld emflqmn] xj;\ jf= c? s;}n] xj;\=
Onfh emf/km's /= ifubf{ cfkm] dbf}?sf d'ifn] kmnfgf jf]S;f jf]S;Ln] b'iffofsf] xf] elg
/= a'embf dbf}?n] j]yfsf hf]/df eGof sf]dfq 7x¥of] wfld emflqm c? Onfh uGof{
s;}n] klg Tof] jf]S;f jf]S;L xf] elg= ;dfofsf] /x]5= dbf}?n] j]yfsf hf]/= df jSofsf]
;'lg jf]S;f jf]S;L eGofnfO % ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=
dbf}?nfO /= Onfh uGof{ wfld emflqm u}înfO= ift nfUb}g=
!*= kflg grnGof hftn] xjf];\= l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftn] xjf];\= s;}n] Ohfn ubf{ klg
k¥ofsf] cf}iflw pN6f ul/= km'ls cfkm'n] g5f]O y'sg kGof{ ul/= 6f9fjf6 dlq lbofsfdf
km'sGofnfO klg= iffGofnfO klg= ift nfUb}g= k|folZrt ug'{= klg kb}{g=
!(= a]xSdf csf{nfO lj?k u/fO sk8f /ufO j]OHht ul/ ufp ;x/ 3'dfpGofnfO nf]UGof
dflg;\nfO= 3'dfofsf] eof @% :jfl:g dflg;\nfO 3'dfofsf] eof %) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=

h'jfsf]

156
!= h'jf km'Sofsf lbg jfx]s cl3 kl5= jhf{df 3/df xf]8 lbGof /= xf]8 xfGof b'j}nfO
ljufsf] bf]j/ b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=
@= if]nGofn] sxg cfofgg\ c?n] sxg cfof] eGof gub /flif d'ifn] dfq Kjfs jf]GNofsf]=
?k}of lht\Gofn] klg lng kfpb}g xfGof{n] klg ltg'{= kb}{g Kjfs\ jf]ln yfkGof /= Kjfs
xfGof b'j}nfO @).@) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
#= d'ifn] Kjfs jf]ln if]Nbf xfGof{ s/fpg cfof] k\jfs jf]Nofsf ltg'{ kb}{g sxg cfpGofnfO
b+8 klg x'b}g= lhtGofn] lhTofsf ?k}of kfpb}g Kjfs if]Nof jfjt\ @) ?k}of b+8 ug'{
lhtGofn] Kjfs if]Nofdf Plt lhTof elg+ sxg cfof] eGof hLTofsf] ?k}of kfpb}g b+8
klg x'b}g=
$= h'jf if]ng' elg emfh lk6fO= h'jf kmSofb]lif j+b gx'Hofn\ h'jf if]Nofsf iffndf /= h'jf
if]nfpGofsf wdf{= ;'gf rflb hjfx]/ u}î j]r ljifg\ gug'{= lsGbf klg s;}n] gls+g'
s;}n] j]Rof] eGof hltdf j]Rofsf] 5 plx y}ln lnnfd ul/ lng'= ls+Gofjf6= sLGofsf]
plx dfn\ lnnfd\ ug'{= j+ws\ dfq /fiofsf] eof j]rGofjf6 y}nL lng'= a+ws\ lnGofjf6
jfwf lnofsf y}ln jdf]lhd\= b+8 ul/ lng'= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=
%= h'jfkm'Sof kl5 ;fx' jl; h'jf if]nfof] xfGofn] klg sxg cfofg lht\gofn] klg sxg
cfo]g ;fx' j:Gofn] klg sxg cfo]g Rofiof yfk\Gof / b]ifGofn] klg sxg cfo]g eGof
;fx' j:GofnfO c}g jdf]lhd\sf] c];;/ 5f]l/sf] ljxf ifr{= k/;fl/ p:sf] c+; ;j{:j ug'{=
h'jfsf c;fldl;tsf lng' 7x¥ofsf ?k}of klg lnnfd ug'{= ;fx'sf ?k}of lnO if]ln
lhtGofx¿;+u lhTofsf ?k}of lnnfd\ ul/ln @).@) ?k}of klg b+8 ug'{ p;} iffn dWo]df
;fk6\ gln cfÇgf ufl6sf if]nGofx¿nfO @).@) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ;fx' j:ofsf] yfxf gkfO
Rofiof yfkGof /= x]Gof{x¿nfO !).!) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ ;fx' j:of]sf] yfxf gkfO Rofiof
yfkGof /= x]Gof{x¿nfO iftjft nfub}g= ;fx' jl; if]nfof] elg if]nGof jfx] s\= c? s;}n]
cbfnt\= 7fgf cdfn\df hfx]/ ug{ cfof] eGof Tof] hfx]/ ug{ cfpGofnfO t]; ifndf=
if]nGofx¿jf6 h'jf jTdftxl;n\ uGof{sf cfd8flg dWo] ;os/f % ?kof lbnfO lbg'=
^= jfî df:of h'jf if]nGof !@ jif{b]lv tnsf jfnifnfO lbg !) s}b ug'{ !@ jif{b]lv
dflysf !^ jif{;dsfnfO !) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= h'jf if]nbf !^ jif{b]lv dflysf if]nGof /=
if]nfpGof Rofiof yfkGof= lhld huf j+b j]kf/ if]t kflt /= sd\ /f]huf/= eofsf
OHht\bf/n]= if]Nof eGof t]:tf nfO c}g jdf]lhd\= ;j{:j lbgfdf sjf]n\ u5{ eGof klg=
c9fO jif{ s}bdf /x5 eGof klg OHhf2f/= dflg:sf] if';\= lhld huf j+b j]kf/= if]lt
kflt /sd\ s]lx geofsf Sjs8fn] if]Nof] eGof= t]:tfnfO c9fO jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf
?k}of lt5{ eGof 5f]l8lbg'= csf{sf 3/df h'jf if]Nofsf] b]lifsg= cbfnt\ 7fgf cdfn\df
sxg= gcfpGofnfO= @) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= b+8sf ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=
cbfnt\ 7fgf cdfndf sxg cfpGof= nfO s]lx kb}{g=
&= cj pk|fGt uf]iff{/fhe/d'n's\df h'jf if]Nbf sflt{s jlb !# /f]hb]lif P] ;'lb @ /f]h;dd
h]d k+rs\ lbg % dfq} ;fn j;fn\= if]nGofn] h'jf if]n'g'= iftjft nfUb}g= Plt lbgb]ifL
jfx]s\ cl3 kl5 s;}n] gif]n\g'{= c}gdf n]lifofsf lbgb]lv jfx]s\= cl3 kl5 h'jf
if]ngofnfO= c}g tfjf kq jdf]lhd ;hfo ug'{=
*= h'jf if]ng' elg emfh lkl6O= h'jf km'Sofsf lbgb]lif j+b g'x+Gofn\ if]ng nfUofsf iffndf
/= if]nfpGofsf 3/df= ;/;fkl6 s;}n] glbg'= glng' ;fkl6 lbof]sf] 7x¥of cbfnt 7fgf
cdf\njf6 ;fx'sf] y}ln lnnfd\ ul/ ;fkl6 lnGofnfO= lnofsf y}lnsf] ljuf jdf]lhd\=
b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of= c}g jdf]lhDs}b ug'{ ;fkl6 ln h'jf if]n\Gofn] /= p;} if]nGofn]
cbfnt\ 7fgf cdfn\df sxg cfof= ;fx'sf] y}ln ltg'{ kb}{g= sxg cfpGof nfO ift
nfUb}g= h'jf if]ln lhtGof n]= klg cbfnt\ 7fgf cdfn\df hfx]/ u¥of] eGof lhTofsf]
?k}of p;}sf] x+'5=ift klg nfUb}g= -s;}n] 5=_
(= h'jf if]Nbf c;lkm snf/= k6gf df]xf]/ k};f km'sf bfd yflk if]nGofn] if]ng' P;tf] ul/=
if]nbf xfGofn] xfGofsf] lhtGofn] lhTofsf]= ;b/ x'+5 uxgf sk8f ef8f jtg\= hjfx]/=
xft xltof/= ufO e}l; Ho" u}î lhlg;\= yflk s;}n] gif]ng'{= gub jfx]s\ 6s gnfUof]sf]
;'gf rflb hjfx]/= u}î lhg;L dfn lht\Gofn]= lkmtf{ ul/lbg'=lhgL; lhtGofnfO{
lhlg;sf hddfsf ;os/f !) lx;fjn] b+8 ug'{= lj;f}b ln dfn lkm/fO lb= 6s
gnfUofsf] dfn / lhlg; yflk if]nGofnfO= klg ;os/f !) sf b/n] b+8 ul/ b;}fb ln
dfn lkm/fO lbg'=
157
!)= yfkfyln k'n\b]lif dfly kf+rfo0f 3f6df s[i0f hGdfi6ldsf @ lbg\ @ /ft\ r}q z'lb !$
sf lbg 9f]sfb]lif jflx/= e/ 6'l8if]ndf @ lbg\ @ /ft\= hfu|d lgldQ h'jf if]ng'=
To;\lbGJofxfg} cbfnt\ 7fgfjf6 h'jf km'Gof r'Ols nufOlbg'= @ lbg\ @ /ft\ k'Uofsf
Jofxfg}= j+b ugof{r'Ols nfpg'= n]lifofsf 7fp jfx]s\ ;x/ /= c? hufdf if]n\GofnfO=
h'jfsf c}g / tfjfkq jdf]lhd\ ;hfo ug'{=
!!= h'jf km'Sofdf if]nGofn] h'jf if]Nbf skl6of kf;f sf}l8 5?jf jgfO s;}n] gif]ng' skl6
kf;f sf}l8 5?jf jgfO if]Nofsf] 7x¥of] eGof sk6 ul/ if]ln lhTofsf] Hdf h;\ h;\sf]
xf] p;nfO lbnfO lhtGofnfO p;} Hdfsf ljuf jdf]lhd\ b8 ug'{ e/fofsf wgsf] b;f}b
lng' wlg kQf g nfUofsf] ljuf] hÇt ul/ lng'= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=
!@= h'jf km'Sofsf lbg jfx]s\ cl3 kl5 cf]if/= kf+u|f j;'klt Rof+u|f klt hf]/ ljhf]/= u}î
if]ln xf/hlt\ ul/ k};f lbGof lnGof ugf{x¿df= !^ jif{ pef]sfx¿nfO hglx #) ?k}of
!@ jif{ pef]sf !^ jif{;dsfnfO hglx !) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ !@ jif{ d'lgsf jfnifnfO
gif]ng' elg xj\sfObjsfO 5fl8lbg' b+8 x'b}g=
!#= h'jf km'Sofsf lbg jfx]\s= cl3 kl5 s;n] /+u u+lhkmf klr;\ if]Nbf k};f lnGof lbGof
ul/ gif]ng'= k};f lnGof lbGof ul/ if]Nof] eGof h'jf if]Nofsf] 7x5{= jfîdf:of h'jf
if]nGofnfO n]iofsf c}g jdf]lhd\ b+8 ;hfo ug'{ k};f lnGof lbGof ul/ if]Nofsf] /x]5
d'ifn]dfq ;/b ul/ if]nGofx¿nfO= !).!) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
!$= uf]iff{/fhe/df 3/ hfxfg u/L j:ofsf jfx]s\ ef]6tkm{ lj/fgf /fhsf s;}n] h'jf km'Sofsf
lbg jfx]s= cl3 kl5 uf]iff{/fhdf cfO h'jf if]Nof eGof lhTofsf ?k}of lnnfd\ u/L
@).@) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lh\d s}b ug'{=
!%= d[u:yln ljZj¿k :yfgf u¥ofsf 7fpdf jif{k|lt sfl{t{s+ j+lb % /f]hsf lbg e}
ef/fbf/x¿n] cfÇgf ;So O5f cg';f/sf] k"hf sf] ;fdu|L n}hfg nufO ljZj¿ksf] k"hf
ug'{= P;} lbg Jofxfg} r'l`ls nufO d[u:yln e/df h'jf kmf]Olbg'= t]; lbg Jofxfg}b]lif @
lbg @ /ft\ pt;j lgldQ if]ngfsf] O5f x'Gofn] h'jf if]ng' sflt{s jlb & /f]hsf Jofxfg}
j+b ul/ lbg'=
!^= h'jf km'Sofsf lbg jfx]s\ !@ jif{ gfWofsf s;}n] cf]if/ kf+u|f if]Nofsf] 7x¥of] eGof cf7
cfgf .. b+8 ug'{=

3/ jgfpGofsf]

!= ;xjf{lx/df / kjTdf= 5fk /}ssf{ jfemf hufdf= hZn] lemul6 3a{gfp5 Tof] 3/
jgfpGofnfO 3/sf jNoflgleqsf] huf /= !) xft cfug\ ljt{ x'g\5 ;'lqm ljlqm ul/
j]rg x'g\5 ;bb{kmb/ iffgfjf6 nfndf]x/ b:tfj]h ufh ul/ lbg' cjflbdf jgfof] 5
eGof t]:sf] ;§f cfÇgf c? hufjf6= lbof] eGof ;f]lx gfk jdf]lhd\ ;§f nL= 3sf]{ ;gb
ul/lbg' ;6f lbg ;s]g eGof 3/{ jgf`f elg cjflb huf kfpb}g=
@= ;xsf{7df8f} kf6g\ efbufp= sf ;sf{l/of 3 xjpg\= b'lg`fsf u'l7 ljtf{sf 3 xpg\
elTs kftfNeofsfdf c;f/ >fj0f efb| c;f}h= O $ d}Gxf jiff{df jlgg;s\Gof x'gfn] 3/
jgfpe+Gofplb{ k'lh{ g6f;g' jfxf pk|fGt k}Nx] 3/sf wlgnfO t]/f] 3/ jgf elg $ d}Gxfsf]
iffjf lbg' tfxf;Dddf wlgn] jgfpg ;s]g eGof= #% lbGsf] Dofb ul/ p:sf
l5Dofls=nfO jp elg plb{ lbg'= Dofb leq dfl5Doflsx¿n] kflg jgfofgGeof t];
kftfn\df hZn] 3j{gfp5' eÙ cfp5= cbfnt\ 7fgfjf6 p;}nfO jgf eÙ'= kftfNeofsf
csf{sf lhldGdf 3/ jgfof kl5= 3/ jgfpGofsf] Tof] 3/ x'5 cbfnt 7fgfdf hf}g
7fpjf6 k'lh{ 6fl;ofsf] 5 p;} hufjf6 k|dfg\uLsf] ?Ssf b:ift\= df k'5\of 5fk ul/=
;b/ bkmb{/ jf6 df]xf]/ u/fOlbg'= ;'s[ ljs[ cfÇgf if';\ ug{ kfp5 t];\ kftNsf wlgn]
kftfNsf] ;§f= b]p d klg= csf]{= huf{df 3j{gfp5' eÙ cfof p:sf kftfNsf gfk
jdf]lhd\ ;xleq jflx/ hfxf e+5 ;§f lbg' 3/ jgfof= ;'lqm ljlqm cfÇg' if;\ ug'{ eGof
;f]lx laxf]/fsf] df]xf]/ u/fOlbg' t]:sf] ljtf{ x'+5=
#= 3jf{l/ ef]u j+ws\ lnGof ;fx'n]= cfkm"n] rng ubf{ ub}{ 3e{lTs kftfNeof] eGof jfl/
kftfn\ ;fx'n] rn\ ug{ kfp5g\= 3df{q} j+ws\ n]lifofsf] 5 ;fx's} rnGdf= elTs
kftfNeof] eGof ;fx'sf y}ln 5'l§ x'5 kftfn\ ;dfpg kfpb}g= bftfsf] x'5=

158
$= ;sf{/ nufot\= pd/fj ef/bf/= /}ot\ u}în] huf hldg\= g]kfn\sf 3;f{6km]/ ug{ b]p= d
j\];\ ul/ cl3sf eGbf /fd|f] u/L jgfp5' eGbf hufsf wlgn] dfg]g elg= s;}n] s/fpg
cfof] eGof= cbfnt\ 7fgfjf6 p;sf df]neGbf j9tf{ ;os/f @) ?k}ofsf b/n]
7x¥ofsf ?k}of :d]t\ lbnfO= cl3eGbf /fd|f] ul/ jgfpGofnfO ;f6\km]u{l/lbg'=
%= ;xsf{ s;}n] cfÇgf hufdf 3j{gfpbf cfÇg' hldg\ gfl3= ;fw ldlr csf{sf hufdf=
jgfpg x'b}g= cfÇgf hufdf 3j{gfpbf jNoflg csf{sf hufdf k¥of klg= /f]s\g kfpb}g=
3j{gfpg x'+5=
^= ltg ;x/ u}îsf ufpx¿sf lemul6 3j{gfpbf ;fw l;jfgf hf]/Lofsf s;}n] csf{sf
hldGdf cfÇg' hufsf] xf] elg hu iflg= 3j{gfof]= Ps tnf 3/ gj;+Hofn\= ;Dddf
hufsf wlgn]= d]/f] hufdf 3jf{gfpg x'b}g elg x6\sbf ldRofsf] 7x¥of] eGof=
ldlrofsf hldg\ jdf]lhd ldrGofnfO b+8 ug'{ hufsf wlgnfO= huf j]xf]/fO lbg'=
hufsf wlgn] / p:sf hfxfgn] yfxf kfO hu ifGofb]lif tnf j;Hofn\= r'k nflu
kl5jf6 s/fpg cfof] eGof= p:sf] ljt}{ xf] eGof klg pZn] kfpb}g 3j{gfpGof nfO= ;b/
ul/ ljxf]/fO lbg' hufsf wlgn] /= p:sf hfxfg\n] 3j{gfofsf] yfxf gkfO 3l;{l4ofsf]
/x]5 eGof= klg yfxf kfof kl5= s/fpg cfof] eGof ldlrofsf hldGsf] k+rlslt{
df]Ne/fOlbg'= lhldGsf] df]n lnÙ wsf]{ df]n lbG5' eGof] eGof egL p7fofsf 3sf]{=
k+rs[lt df]n\ ul/ 3j{gfpGof nfO e/fO= hldGsf wlgnfO l;+u} 3j]{xf]/fOlbg'=
&= s;}n] j]xSdf csf{sf 3e{TsfO lbof] eGof ;xsf]{ 3e{Tsfofsf] /x]5 eGof 5]e8]Nsf
dflg;\n] 7x/fofsf jdf]lhd\= jflx/ km]/f kj{t\ ufd u}îsf 3e{Tsfofsf] /x]5 eGof
p:sfpsf k+r enf dflg;\ /flif pGx]x¿n] 7x/fof jdf]lhDsf] df]n\ ljuf]= eTsfpGofjf6
3sf{ wlgnfO= e/fOlbg'= csf{sf] 3j]{xSdf eTsfpGofnfO= lauf adf]lhDb+8 ul/=
cbfnt\ 7fgf cdfn\af6 lng'= ?k}of glt¥of c}g adf]lhDs}b ug'{=
*= jGws lnofsf] 3/ eTsfof] eGof ;fx'n] jgfpbf c;fld /flif jgfpg'= c;fld 5}g eGof
p:6f]nsf] !.@ enf dflg; /flif jgfpg'= cf;fld n] y}ln ltg{ cfof]eGof 3j{gfpbf
nfUofsf] ifr{= :d]t\= lx;fj ul/ lng'= c;fldnfO klg /fif]g= c? ;fl5 klg sf]lx
/x]g5g\ /= ;fx'n] dfq} olt ifr{ nfUofsf] 5 eGofsf]= ;fx'n] kfpb}g=
(= kfl6 kf}jf ;tn\ wd{;fnf rf}tf/f= wf/f s'jf Ogf/= ;f3' k'n jf6f] jgfofsf] 5 t]ZnfO{ u'7
g/lx= eTsL ljlu| if/fj eof] eGof df]io hZn] h:sf k"iff{n]jgfofsf] xf] p;}n] p;}sf
;+tfgn] jgfpg' pgn] jgfpg\ Hofn csf{n] kfpb}gg\= ;+tfG5p:n] jgfpg ;s]g cyjf
cl3 jgfpGofsf] lg;tf+ eofsf] /x] eGof= t]:tf hufdf= d lh{0ff]{åf/ ul/= jgfp5' elg
c8f cbfnt\= 7fgf cdfNdf eÙ cfof] eGof= kl5 jgfp5' eÙ cfpGofnfO jgfpg lbg'=
!)= ljtf{ /}s5f{k u'l7= u}î csf{sf hufdf rfbf{d\ 7]ls /flif= ifk{/fNsf 5fgf ul/= jgfofsf
3df{= lt/f] e/f] ul/ j;+Hofn\= khlg ul/ p7fpg' x'b}g cfkm} pl7 j;} uof] eGof / lt/f]
e/f] c8\sbf hufsf dflns\n] p7fOlbof] eGof= l9sL hftf]åf/ eGof u}î rn\ j:t' ln
hgf kfp5 3j]{rg p7fO n}hfg kfpb}gg\=h:sf] huf xf] p;}sf] x'5=
!!= hf}gf hf}gf ;xsf{ 3sf]{ O7 sf7kft xf] p;} p;} ;xdf{ n} lu 3j{gfpg x'+5 Psf ;xsf]{
csf{ ;xdf{ n}lu= jgfpg /= ;x jflx/ n}lu jgfpg x'b}g=
!@= sf7df8f} kf6Gefbufp ltG;xsf{= bjf{/b]lif /}lttnssf ljtf{ j+ws\ bfg kfofsf /=
/}sdL jgfofsf cfÇgf 3/= j]rg' j+ws /fifg' bfg ug'{= js;\ ug'{ wlgsf] if';\ cfÇgf
df};/n] gk'lu 3e{TsfO p;} 3sf{ sf7kft\ O6 nufO= 7"nfsf] ;fg' ;fgfsf] 7"nf] ul/=
jgfpg klg wlgsf] if';\ ;xsf]{ 3e{TsfO sf7kft\ O6\= ;xj{jf{x/L c+t nlu jgfofsf]
7x¥of ;/sf l/of x'5=
!#= /}sh{ufdf xj;\ cfÇgf ljtf{ j]iflkmu9f/ d/f}6 dfgf rfjn\ 5fk Ho"lg k]l6of ifr{= u}î
hufdf xj;\= s;}n] lemul6sf] 5fgf ul/ b]jfno wd{;fnf kfl6 kf}jf 3{x¿ jgfpbf cl3
;sf{/ jS;fO= lemul6 nfpbf /èf5g\= cj pk|fGt lemul6sf] 5fgf nfpbf ;sf{/
jS;fpg'= kb}{g b:t'/ klg s]lx lbg' kb}{g=
!$= ;x ;xsf{ 3e{TSof ljU¥ofsf wlgn] jgfpg g;Stf c}g jdf]lhd\ Dofbsf] k'lh{ 6;fO=
csf{n] jgfO;Sofkl5= kmnfgfn] d]/f] 3df{ k'lh{ 6;fO jgfOlbof] d]/f] 3hf{Gof xf]Og elg
sf]lx s/fpg cfof eGof= 3e{TSof ljU¥of kl5 csf{n] k'lh 6;fO= jgfO ;Sofkl5 d
kfpGof x' eGofn] Tof] 3/ kfpb}g= t]:3/df /èfsf O6\sf7kft\ u}îsf] k+rlslt{ df]n\
3/sf wlgn] 3j{gfpGofjf6 lng kfp5 lbnfO lbg' d]/f] 3/ uof] tfklg t]:3/sf kftfn\
159
 jdf]lhd\ ;§f kfof cs}{ 7fpdf 3j{gfpbf x'g5 elg eÙ cfof] t]:sf 3sf{ kftfn\
jdf]lhDsf] cs}{ kftfn\ ;6f lbnfO lbg'= 3j{gfp5' elg csf{ 7fpsf] kftfn\ hldg\ ;§f
lnof kl5 c;f/ >fj0f efb| cflZjg O $ d}Gxf jif{ x'gfn] 3j{gfog egL jft nfUb}g= O
$ d}Gxf jfx]s\ cl3 kl5 ;§f lnofsf lbg\ #% leq 3j{gfof ljtf{sf nfn\ df]xf]/
u/fOlbg' ;'s[ ljs[ ul/ j]rljifg\= ug{ x'5 #% lbgleqdf jgfo]g5 /= t];} kftfndf km]l/
csf]{ cfO kmnfgfn] kfofsf] kftfNdf 3j{gfo]g d jgfp5' eGof] eGof kl5 e+g cfpGofn]
3/ jgfpg kfp5 cl3Nnfn] kfpb}g=
!%= ;x{ sf7df8f}+ kf6\g efbufp ;xuf{dn :d]t\sf ;sf{/Lof jf c?sf ljtf{ u'l7 u}îsf 3/=
elTs kftfn\ eofsf cbfnt\ 7fgfjf6 hflr 3/sf wlgnfO= plb{ lbofsf= Dofbleq
wlgn] jgfpbf= c?n] djgfp5' elg cfÇgf gfpdf Dofb 6;fO 3/ jgfO{ ;Sofsf df
;gb u/fOlbg'kbf{ h}gf c8fjf6 k'lh{ 6;L 3/ jGofsf] 5= p;} c8fsf xflsd sfl/Gbf=
sf] P;\ ldltdf k'lh{ 6fl; Dofb k'lu 3/ jgfpGof kmnfgfnfO t];\ 3/sf] ljtf{sf] ;gb
u/fOb]p e+Gof 5fk nfUofsf] sfuh ln ;b/ bkmbiff{gfjf6 d'STof/ ;fwL y/ 3/
5]e8]Nsf /sld k7fO ;fw l;agf nufO ljtf{sf nfn df]xf]/= u/fOlbg'= Dofb 6fl;
jgfofsf 3/sf] df]xf]/ u/fO= lbbf 5]e8]n\jf6 /= ;b/ bkmb/iffgfjf6 lnGof b:t'/= ?k}of
# n]iff}lg 5kf}lg ?k}of @ Hdf ?k}of % dfq} lng' j9tf{ glng'=
!^= ;bg e} Jffoªjfnf jf]l; 3fl;sf /sDdfbl/ofsf /fhu'l7 /}s/ ;]/f u}î huf /sdL l;t
gdflu agfpGofn] O hufdf 3/= s;}n] gagfpg'= s;}n] jgfo]5 eGof= 3/ jgfpbf
/sldl;t kmnfgf hufdf 3/ xfN5' elg ljxf]/f hgfO= agfofsf] /x]5 eGof 3/ jGof
kl5 /sldn] s:sf] hufsf] xf] elg p7fpg kfpb}g= huf sdfpGofn] /sldl;t= 3/
jgfp5' g elg p;} jgfof]sf] /x]5 3/ jÙ nfUof]sf] yfxf kfO /sldn] of] huf tf
/sdsf] xf] tnfO sdfpg dfq lbofsf] xf] 3/ jgfpg x'b}g elg x6\sf u/]g5 eGof
jGofsf 3/sf] k+rlslt{ jf hldg\ df]n 3/ jgfpGofnfO lb huf p7fpg kfp5= /sdln]
3/ jgfpg x'b}g e+bf e+b} hj/hl:t ul/ 3/ jgfof]sf] 7x¥of 3/ j]rL df]n lng /=
crn\ O6\ sf7kft u}î s]lx ln hfg kfpb}g= h:sf gfpdf /sd bl/ofsf] xf] huf p;}n]
nfUofsf] lt/f] e/f] ul/ sdfpg kfp5= 3/ jgfpGofn] d}n] 3/ jgfp`f elg hj/h:tL
ul/ j:g kfpb}g=

;f]nf ykGof

!= jf3 eft' jb]n\ u}în] rf]kfoof c+g jflnx¿ s]lx giffO= cfÇg" d'gfl;n] s;}nfO= yfxf
plb{ glb= ;f]nfu}î s]lx yfKof /= dflg; klg d¥of] eGof= yfkGofnfO bdn ug'{= rf}kfof
u}î d¥of]eGof k'/f] df]n\= wlgnfO lbnfO lbg'= dflg;\nfO 3f nflu ifhfxf eof] eGof %)
?k}of 3f dfq nfUof] egof !) ?k}of rf}kfof u}î kl/= ifhfxf eof] eGof= t]:sf] k+rlqmlQ{
df]n\= wlgnfO e/fOlbg'=
@= jf3 efn' jb]n u}în] dflg;\ rf}kfof jflnx¿ s]lx= iffofsf] 5}g l;sf/sf lgldQ=
cfÇgf ;f]ifn] uf7 3df{ klg= plb{ lb ;f]nfu}î yfk] 5 /= t]:df dflg;\ kl/ d¥of] eGof=
yfkGofjf6 dGof{sf] s[of ifr{ %) ?k}of lbnfO lbg'= Hofg d¥o] g ifhfxf dfq eof] eGof=
@) 3f dfq} nfUof] eGof @) ?k}of 3f ifr{ lbnfO lbg'= rf}kfof u}î kl/ d¥of] eGof
k+rlslQ{ df]n\ ul/= cflw dfn lbnfO lbg'=
#= jf3 efn' jb]n u}în] dflg;\= rf}kfof c+g jflnx¿ iffofdf= ufp 3/df plb{ lb=
;f]nfx¿ jf6f kw]/f= jfl/ sf/f;fdf yfk]5 /= cfkm' ljs6 j:ofsf] /x]g5 /= t]:df
dflg;\ kl/ d¥of] eGof yfkGofjf6 !) ?k}of d¥ofsf] s[of ifr{ lb+nfO lbg'= Hofg d/]g
ifhfxf eof] eGof % 3f dfq nfUof] egof @.. ?k}of 3f ifr{ lbnfO lbg'=
$= jf3 efn' jb]nx¿n] dflg;\ rf}kfof c+g u}î iffofdf ;f]nf u}î yfkbf ufp 3/df plb{
s]lx glb yfk]5 /= t]:df dflg;\ kl/ d¥of] eGof yfkGof jf6 dGof{sf] s[of ifr{ @% ?k}of
lbnfO lbg'= rf}kfof u}î kl/ d¥ofsf] eof d¥ofsf j:t'sf]= i+fr lslQ df]nsf] rf}yfO=
df]n wlgnfO e/fO lbg'= dflg:sf] Ho" eGof d/]g ifhfxf eof] eGof= !) ?k}of 3f dfq}
nfUof]sf] eof % ?k}of yfkGofjf6 3f k'5fplg 3fOTofnfO lbg'=

160
%= jf3n] dflg;\ rf}kfofx¿ iffbf /= efn' jb]n u}î dflg;\ rf}kfof c+g jfln iffofdf= ;f]nf
Çofª ;f]nf km6\Sof bh{g\ w/fk u}î yfkbf= ufp 3df{ plb{ lb yfKofsf] /x]5 / t]:df
dflg;\ rf}kfof u}î kl/ d¥of] eGof yfkg nfpGof yfkGof s;}nfO= ift jft nfUb}g= b+8
kltof s]lx kb}{g=
^= >L % ;sf{/= sf x's'dn] k/fk'j{ b]lif=j+b eofsf= uf}8f jf6fdf /= ul9 sLNnfdf=
yflkofsf ;f]nf Çofª ;f]nf 6\Sof bh{g\ w/fk u}îdf dflg; rf}kfof u}î s]lx kl/= d¥of]
eGof yfkg nfpGof= s;}nfO klg ift jft s]lx nfUb}g= d¥ofsf] s[of ifr{ klg lbg'
kb}{g= k|folZrQ klg kb}{g=

sNof0f wg\sf]

!= s;}n] 3/ jfx]s\ c? /}sljtf{ u'l7 j]if lsk6\ u}î hldGdf bjfO /fiof uf8Øfsf]= wgdfn
kfof] eGof j'embf= ift'lsx¿n] bjfofsf] 7x¥of ;sf{/sf] x'+5= c;fldn] bjfofjsf]
7x¥of t;;'s jdf]lhd\= ;fx'sf] x'+5 wlgn] bjfofsf]= 7x¥of wlg / wlgsf ;Gtfg\sf]
x'+5 kmnfgfsf] elg kQf gkfofsf]= jfl/;\ gkfofsf]= wgdfNeof ;sf{/= nfUb}g= hZn]
kfof] p;}sf] x'+5 p;}n] lng'=
@= 3/ ;'s[ ljs[ j]rGofn] j]Rof] ls+Gofn] lslg ;Sof kl5= 3/ eTsfpbf bjfofsf]
wgdfn= lg:Sof]= eGof j]rGofn] kfpb}g= ls+Gofsf] x'+5 p;}n] lng'=

ulNn ;kmf

!= cfÇgf 3/sf lnu nufdf sf]lx k/rlqm cfO xUof] kmf]x¥ofof] eGof Tof] xUGof
kmf]x¥ofpGofnfO @ cfgf hl/jfgf ul/ lnofklg= 3/sf dflnssf] if';L= t]lx u'x'
kmf]xf]/df= n6k6ØfO= :jxf]g{ nfp5 tfklg= 3/sf dflns\sf] if'l;= P:s'/fdf wft\ lkm/fb
g;'Ù'=
@= bjf{/sf jl/kl/ lnu nufdf= ;kmf ;'3/ jbfpgfnfO åf¥ofn] nfpg' >L ldlgi6/= hg/n
s0f]{n= j8f sKtfg\= sflh= skbf{/= ifhf+lr= ;bf{/= sKtfg n]km6]G;'Jjf= ;'j]bf/= l86\7f
ifbf{/ Hdfbf/= bf/f]uf/ sf]Tofd]h/= clh6g\= u}î /}lt dfxfhGsf 3sf{ lnu nufdf 3sf{
dfnLsnfO ;kmf ;'3/ jgfpgnfO nufpg'= ;kmf u/]gg\ eGof= 9f]sf e¥of+ km'sfln
kmf]xf]df{ xfln ;kmf ug{ nfpg'= t]lt ubf{ klg ;kmf u/]gg\ eGof= 3sf{ dflnsnfO dflg;
x]l/=-cf7 cfgfb]lv % ?k}of;+d= cbfnt\= 7fgf= jf6 hl/jfgf ul/ ln t];} ?k}ofn] ;kmf
u/fpg'=
#= dflg;\ lx8Gof d'n ulNndf ‰ofn\jf6 kflg s;}n] gkmfng'= kmfNofsf] kflg jf6fdf
lx8Gof dflg:s;}nfO k¥of] /= sf]xL s/fpg cfof eGof kfgL kmfnGofnfO ! ?k}of b+8
ug'{=
$= ulNn jf6fdf lx8bf ‰ofn\ 5fgf sf}l;jf6= u'x' d't\ j]xf]:df kmfNbf= s;}nfO k¥of] eGof
% ?k}of b+8 ug'{= h'7f kmfNbf k¥of] eGof @.. ?k}of b+8 ug'{= j]xSdf s/fpg cfof] ;fljt\=
ug{ ;s]g eGof= u'x' d't\= kmfn\= Gof h"7f]= kmfnGofnfO n]lifofsf b+8sf] cfwL b+8 ug'{=
?k}of glt¥of c}g adf]hLd\ s}b ug'{=

jfwf sdf/f eufpGofsf]

!= s;}sf sdf/f sdfl/ s;}n] eufO= df]unfgf k'¥ofof]= elg sf]lx cbfnt\= 7fgf cdfNdf
lkm/fb ug{ cfof] eGof= /f]jsf/= ubf{ eufofsf] 7x¥of] eGof h:n] eufofsf] 5= t]ZnfO
lemsfpg nufO lgDofs\ :d]t\ Ho"= ;f}kfO lbg'= wlgn] km]nf kfl/ lemsfof] eGof=
nfUofsf] ifr{ / lgDofs :d\]t\ eufpGofjf6 e/fO lbg'= lemsfO lbg g;Sof= eufpGofnfO
c}g jdf]hLd Ho"sf] jif{sf] c}g jdf]hLDsf]= df]n wlgnfO e/fO df]n\sf ljuf jdf]hLd=
b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]hLDs}b ug'{=
@= s;}sf sdf/f sdfl/ jfwf jw]Toflg= cfkm'n] eof] c? s;}nfO nfO cîfO eof] rf]l/
eufO nlu= cfÇgf 3df{ n'sfO /fiof]= cyjf jflx/ sf+lx n}lu n'sfO /fiof] eGof= t];n]
161
 /fiofsf 7fpaf6 dl/ eflu uofsf eof klg c}g jdf]hLd\sf] p:sf 3/jf6 d¥of
efUofsf lbg;+Ddsf]= lgDofs\ / df]n\ ljuf] e/fO lbg'= d/] efUofsf /èf5g\ eGof=
lgDofs /= Ho"sf lhj} lkmtf{ u/fO= df]n\ ljuf jdf]hLd\= b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g
jdf]hLDs}b ug'{=
#= Psfsf] sdf/f] PsfsL sdf/L wlgn] yfxf gkfO cfkm' cfkm} dtf] ul/ efUofsf
/èf5GeGof= sdf/fsf wlgn] klg sdfl/sf= wlgnfO ljuf] eg'{= kb}{g= sdfl/sf wlgn]
klg sdf/fsf wlgnfO ljuf]eg'{= kb}{g= cfÇgf cfÇgf Ho" km]nf kf¥ofsf lng'= c8f
cbfnt\ 7fgf cdfn\= jf6 kqmofsf] /x]5 eGof klg c? s;}n] klqm NofO lbof] eGof
klg= klqm NofpGofnfO lho ! sf] %.% ?k}ofsf bn]{ kgfplg lbnfO= h:sf sdf/f
sdf/L x'+ ;f}lk lbg'=
$= s;}n] csf{sf sdf/f sdfl/= jfwf jw]Toflg eflu= cfofsf cfÇgf 3/df cfof eGof=
kmnfgfsf x'Gelg yfxf kfof= h:sf x'g\ p;\nfO hgfp lb= ;f}lk lbg'= 6f9f /x]5 eGof=
t]/f jfwf jw]toflg= sdf/f sdfl/= `fxf xfd|f 3/df 5g\= lng k7fO b]p elg lrl7 ifj/=
k7fO ;f}kL lbg'= lng k7fo]g eGof cfÇgf 3/jf6= d¥of efUof eGof klg= lgDofs\ df]n\
s]lx lbg' kb}{g= ift jft klg nfUb}g=
%= s;}sf sdf/f sdf/L jfwf jw]Toflgn] eflu hft 9f6L c? s;}sf 3/df j:g uofsf
/èf5g\= /fifGofn] klg O P:tf jfwf sdf/f eu'jf x'Gelg yfxf ge} /fiofsfdf wlgn] kQf
kfO= kqmg uof] eGof= Tof] jf;lb /fifGofn] jfwf sdf/f hf] xf]= plx Ho";f}= lk lbof x'+5
yfxf ge} /fiofsfsf] lgDofs\ ltg'{ kb}{g= Ho" d¥ofsf] eof / p:sf 3/jf6 klg efUofsf
eof= df]n klg ltg' kb}{g= b+8 klg x'b}g=
^= csf{sf sdf/f sdfl/ d]/f] xf] elg= j]rGofnfO j]Rofsf sdf/f sdfl/ sf] Hdf y}ln
lnGofnfO e/fO b;f}b ln= j]Rofsf y}ln jdf]hLd\= b+8 ul/ sdf/f sdfl/ wlg+nfO
ljxf]/fO lbg'= csf{sf] jfwf d]/f] xf] elg= cGt;fl/ ?k}of nLofsf] eof= wlgnfO jfwf
lbnfO ls+Gofsf] y}ln e/fO b;f}b ln csf{sf] jfwf d]/f] xf] elg ;fGof{nfO= y}lnsf ljuf
jdf]hLd\= b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of d}Gxfsf] ?k}of % sf bn]{ s}b ug'{=
&= s;}sf sdf/f sdfl/n] if;d\n] eGofsf] dfg]gsfdsfhdf 6]/]gg\= ljîfxfsf sfdsfh
uGof{ u¥of / if;dn] gs'l6 s}b u5'{ eGof] eGof cbfnt\= 7fgf cdfNdf ;fwg'= cbfnt\=
7fgf cdfnjf6 klg cf1f jrg\ lbg'= g]n l7u'/f rdf}6 xfng'= efUofsf sdf/f sdfl/
klqmofsfnfO cbfnt\= 7fgf cdfNdf ;fwg'= kb}{g= wlgn] g]n\ l7u'/f rdf}6\ xfng'= wlg
nfO ift jft\ nfUb}g=
*= Ho" ef]u jfwf lnbf lbbf= jfwfn] ?k}of ltl/= csf{sf 3/= ;g{ nfUof] eGof td;'sdf
n]ifLofsf ldltdf= ?k}of ltl/ ;g'{= ldlt gcfO= cl3 kl5 ?k}of= lt/L ;g{= kfpb}g=
cfkm}n] y}ln ltl/ lgiflg+g= nfUof] eGof= c;f/ d}Gxf jfx]s h}ë] ?k}of lt5{ y}ln j'lem
ln td;'s kmfl/ ;fx'n] 5f]l8 lbg'=
(= s;}sf jfwf jw]Toflg cfÇgf d'gfl;jn] efuL uofsf wlgn] km]nf kf¥of] / jfwf
jw]Toflgn] ?k}of= ltg{ nfUof eGof= t]:sf] lgDofs\ e/fpbf= y}lnsf] bf]j/ g'x+Hofn=
lbgsf] ! cfgf sf b/n] lgDofs\ e/fpg'= y}lnsf] bf]je{o 5 eGof= lgDofs\sf]= lx;fj
gug'{= y}lnsf] bfj/ e/fpg'=
!)= sdf/f sdfl/ jfwf jw]Toflgsf] lgDofs\ e/fpg' kbf{ hgf ! s] /f]hsf] @ cfgf dWo]=
iffgf= nfO ! cfgf lb jfsL ! cfgfsf] lx;fjn] eufO n}Uofb]lif p:sf= 3/df
/èf;+dddf= 7x¥ofsf] lgDofss\sf] Hdf :d]t\ Ho" lkmtf{ ul/ ;f}kfO lbg'= df]n\ e/fpg'=
kbf{ klg= P;} /Ltn]= 7x¥ofsf] lgDofs\= :d]t\ ul/ c}g jdf]lhd\sf] jfwfsf] y}ln= sdf/f=
sdf/Lsf]= df]n\ wlgnfO e/fO lbg'= eufO n}Uofkl5 wlgsf lhDdf gnfUb} d¥ofsf] /x]5
eGof= d¥ofsf lbg\tSsf]= lgDofs\ /= c}g jdf]hLDsf] df]n\= e/fO lbg'=
!!= s;}sf] jfwf efuL uofsf] klqm cfof] eGof= wlgn] g]n l7u'/f rdf}6\ xnfp5' eGof
efUofsf lbgsf= lgDofs\sf] Hdful/ t]lt;Dddf= c}g jdf]lhd g]n xnfpg kfp5= g]n
l7u'/f rdf}6\ xnfofkl5 lgDofs\ lng kfpb}g= glt/fpg'= g]n l7u/f rdf}6\ xnfpbLg\=
eGof] eGof= lx;fj ul/ efUofsf lbgsf] c}g jdf]lhd= lgDofs\ lng kfp5 lbG5 eGof
e/fO lbg'= ltg{ ;s]g eGof td;'sdf r9fO lbg'=

sdf/f sdf/L j]rtfsf]

162
!= s;}sf c+;ge} Psf3/df ;+u j:ofsf efOdf c? bfHo" efOl;t= ;Nnfx gul/= Psf
efOn] sdf/f sdfl/= rf}kfof= u}î j]r]5 /= c? efOn] xfd|f] c+; o;n] j]lr hfGof xf]Og
elg ph'/= u¥of eGof hfxfg kfNbf j]Rofsf] eof /= cfÇgf efudf= cfpGof c+; hlt
j]Rofsf] eof ;b/ x'+5 cfÇgf efu eGbf j9tf= efOl;t ;Nnfx gul/= j]Rofsf] /x]5
3/sf hfxfg= kfngfnfO j]Rofsf] klg /x]g5 eGof /= xfld Ps} 3/ dfly~o"+= xfld;Lt=
;Nnfx gul/= xfd|f]=efu g/flif= P;n] dfq} j]lr hfGof xf]Og elg= 3/df /èfsf efOn]
lbg #% leqdf /= kb]{;= hfGof= efOn]= 3/ cfofsf lbg #% leqdf ph'/= u¥of eGof
j]rGofjf6 ls+Gofsf] y}ln= lkmtf{ u/fO dfn efOx¿nfO lbnfO lbg'= j]rGofjf6 y}ln
p7]g eGof= skfnL td;'s u/fO lbg'= e/fO lbofsf Hdfsf] b;f}b lj;f}b lng'=
@= s;}n] sdf/f sdfl/ rf}kfof= bf]xf]/f] j]Rof] j+ws\ /fiof] eGof= c}g jdf]hLd\=
cufl8jfnf ;fx'sf] ;b/ x'+5= cuf8Ljfnf= nfO ljxf]/fO lbg'= k5f8Ljfnf ;fx'sf] y}ln
ltg{ ;s\Gof /x]5 eGof= ljuf] e/fO= y}nL ltg{ ;s\Gof /x]g5 eGof skfln td;'s u/fO
lb= kl5Nnf ;fx'sf y}nLsf ljuf jdf]lhd\= b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf
b/n] s}b ug'{=
#= dfl;Gof hftsf 5f]/f5f]l/ d dfl; lb+5' g]n 7f]ls b]p elg jfj' cfdfn] eGof df;g
x'b}g= cbfnt 7fgf cdfn\jf6 t]n 7f]s\g klg x'b}g= s;}n] g]n 7f]sfO lbof] eGof y}ln
lnnfd\= ul/= j]rGof / t]n 7f]sfO lbGof b'j}nfO !)).!)) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of=
c}g jdf]hLd\= s}b ug'{= lsGGofsf] y}ln e'l;5=
$= s;}n] 5f]/f] jfwf /fitf ;fx'nfO lbbf !^ jif{b]lif dflysf Ho"nfO cbfnt 7fgf=
cdfn\=df NofO lbGofn] lbg'= lngofn] lng'= cbfnt\ 7fgf cdfn jf6 jfwf k:Gof Ho"
hf] 5 p;nfO jfwf k:g /flh 5l:s elg= ;f]wg' /= /flh 5' eGof] eGof jfwf k:ofjf6=
d jfwf k:5' eGof if'l;sf] d'r'nsf n]iffO= lnglbg ug'{= lbg' p:sf] ;lx xnfO= lnof
lbofsf] ;b/ x'+5 s/ l;t jfj' cfdfn] kgL jfwf xfng x'b}g= jfj' cfdfn] s/ l;t
jfwf xnfO lbof elg= 5f]/f5f]l/ s/fpg cfof= jfj'sf gfpdf skfln td;'s u/fO lb=
jfwf n]lifofsf] Ho" 5f8L lbg'= jfj' cfdf d¥of kl5 s/fpg cfof] eGof p;}sf gfpdf
skfln td;'s u/fO lbg'=
%= s;}n] j]xSdf chf k'q df:of] elg s;}sf gfpdf s/fpg cfof] /= p;nfO NofO /f]jsf/
ubf{ Ho" df:ofsf] 7x/]g /L;n]= kf]Nofsf] dfq 7x¥of] eGof t]:tf kf]nfxf nf]UGof
dflg;nfO !)) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ :jfl:g dflg;n] eof %) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= glt¥of c}g
jdf]hLd\ s}b ug'{=
^= dfl;Gof hfTsf 5f]/f5f]l/= s;}nfO d]/f sdf/f sdfl/ elg 9fl6 5ln j]rGof chf k'q
df;Gof 7x5{ t]:tfnfO #^) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= glt¥of d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf b/n]= sl§
gx'+Gofn\ s}b ug'{= gdfl;Gof dtjfnL hftsfnfO sdf/f sdfl/ egL j]Rofsf] eof %$)
?k}of b+8 ug'{= tfufwf/L hftsf nfO{ sdf/f sdf/L egL j]rofsf] eof &@) ?k}of b+8
ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]hLd\= s}b ug'{=
&= s;}n] cfÇgf c+;df cfofsf /= cfÇgf kf}/ifn] sdfofsf= sdf/f sdfl/ j]rtf= cfÇgf
xsjfnf c+l;of/ efOnfO d}n] kmnfg'= s'/f] j]rgnfUof= ltdLx¿ ln5+5f] eGof b];Ln]
lbofsf] y}ln lbO ltdL n]p ltdLx¿ lnbgf} eGof c?nfO{ lbG5f} e+g' / xsjfnf
c+l;of/ efOn]= lnG5 eGof Ogn] kfp5g\= b]l;n] kfpb}gg\ c+;Lof/= efO eGof 6f9f /èf
5g\ cfkm'nfO uh{ kbf{ j]r]5 eGof= j]rGofn] c+l;of/ efOnfO n]lifk7fpg'= lsGofn] klg
j]rGofsf xsjfnf c+l;of/= efOnfO n]lif k7fpg' / #% lbgleqdf lgifÙ cfo] eGof=
clnkq eofsf eof klg p:sf]= k/n\= ?k}of ;f}lk c+l;of/ efOn] lgiflg lng kfp5=
#% lbg ;+d df y}ln ltg{ cfofg eGof= efO ;fl5 j:ofsf geof klg= uf}/f `L iffofsf
geof klg j]Rof lsGofsf] ;b/ x'+5 #% lbg gf£of kl5 cfpGof efO n] lgifÙ kfpb}g=
*= cfkm' xflsld e} s;}sf sdf/f sdfl/= lsGbf j]rfpbf c}g jdf]lhDsf df]ndf 36fO
lsGof] j]rof] elg sdf/f sdf/Lsf wlg s/fpg cfof eGof= 36fofsf] df]n\= xflsldjf6
wlgnfO e/fO 36fofsf ljuf jdf]lhd= xflsldnfO b+8 ug'{= xflsldsf df]nflxhfdf
nfuL c}g jdf]lhDsf df]ndf 36fO df]n k6s uGof{ ;fl5x¿nfO hlt hgf5g\ hglx
cflw cflwsf b/n] b+8 ug'{= b+8sf ?k}of glt¥of c}g= jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=

163
(= s;}sf sdf/f sdf/L= j]rbf lsGbf xflsld b]lif jfx]s c? /}ltn] /fhL if'l;;+u c}g
jdf]lhdsf df]ndf 36L a9L df]n\= k6su/L= ;fl5 ;'Qf{= /flifk/+e§ n]liflbofsf] /x]5
eGof= ls+Gofsf] kfsf]= s/fpg cfpGofsf] lkm/fb g;'Ù'= ;fl5 ;'Qf{ /flif k/+e§
n]liflbofsf] /x]g5 eGof= hj/ hl:t 7x5{ hj/ hl:tsf c}g jdf]lhd b+8 ug'{=

Ho" df;Gof a]rGof

!= !$ ;fn b]lif cl3 dfl;Gof hftsf jfj' 5f]/f eof] cyjf= jfj' 5f]l/ eof] bfHo" efO eof]
lblb j}lGx bfho" j}GxL lblb efO eof]= s;}sf 3/df jfwf jw]Toflg e} j:ofsf 5g\= @
hgfsf= ;Nnfxn] /fhL if'l;l;t= Ps Ho" dfl; s/df sdfl/ x'+5f}= Ps Ho" cfkm' ;'lif
x'G5f} elg cbfnt 7fgf cdfndf u}+ Ps hgfn] t]n 7f]sL= uNofsf /èf 5g\ eGof=
cbfnt= 7fgf cdfTdf u} t]n 7f]sLofsf] x'gfn]= ;fx'nfO /= ufln lbGof jfj'nfO jft
nfUb}g= /flhl;t t]n 7f]sL uNofsf] Ho"df= k¥ofsf] y}lndf t]lx Ho" jfwf jw]Toflg
n]iffO td;'s u/fO lbg'= Ho" gufng'= e+Gof c}g eof= kl5= uflnlbGof cbfnt=7fgf
cdfn\ sf xflsdnfO{ !)) ?k}of b08 ug'{ cbfnt 7fgf cdfn g;flw= t]n7f]sfO lnof]
/x]5= eGof ;fx'sf] Tof] 7}ln xflsdn] lng' ?k}of iffO{ ufln lbGof= jfj' cfdfnfO !))
?k}of b+8 ug'{= tof] Ho"= cfkm' ;'lif x'+5 !^ jif{ b]lif pwf]sf jfnif nfO /flhgdf n]iffO=
cbfnt= 7fgf cdfn= jf6 t]n= xnfO unfO lbofsf] /x]5 eGof klg ;b/ x'b}g= ;fx'sf]
y}ln e'l;+5 ufln lbGof jfl/;= nfO /= unfO lbGof xflsd\nfO !)).!)) ?k}of b+8 ul/
sfuh km/fO cfkm' ;'ifL u/fO lbg'=
@= tfufwfl/ dtjfnL hft u}î s;}n] csf{ls sdfl/ :jfl:g t'NofO p;jf6 5f]/f 5f]l/ klg
hGDofsf 5g\= sdfl/sf= if;dn] OGnfO y}ln ltl/lgiflg n}hfg lbbf}g= j]rbf}g= eGof
p:sf= jfj' bfHo"= efOsf] s/ nfUb}g= wlgn] cGoq j]Rof] j]rg nfUof] eGof= p;j]nfdf
b]l;n] lbofsf] y}ln ugL jfj' bfHo" efOn] lgiflg n}lu= cdn]if u/fp5f} eGof kfp5g\=
b]lifn] kfpb}gg\= c}Nx} y}ln k'¥ofpg= ;sLg= td;'s efiff ul/ b]p eGof= y}ln ltl/sg
dfq} cfkm' ;'lif u/fpg kfp5+= efiff td;'s x'b}g= wlgn] j]rtf p:sf jfj' bfHo" efO=
6f9f /èf5g\= kl5 yfxf kfO= lgif+g cfof= b]l;n] lbof jdf]lhDsf] y}ln ulg 5f]/f] eof
hGd 3/jf6 cGt ;¥of kl5 h}Nx] ;'s} klg lgif+g kfp5g\= 5f]l/ /lx5 eGof !! jif{sf]
pd]/ gx'+lh dfq} lgif{g kfp5 !! jif{ gf£of kl5 lgif+g kfpb}g= lsGofn] cfkmg' k/n
y}ln ln= jfj' bfHo" efOnfO lgif+g lbg'= cfdf jfj' bfHo" efOx¿n] xfd|f] efO{ 5f]/f xf]
elg lgvgL nuL cdn]v u/fofkl5 3/ ;fljs cGt j]rg kfpb}gg\= cfkm' ;'lif x'G5g\=
j]Rof] eGof chfk'q df;Gof 7x5{ t]:tfnfO ls+Gof y}ln lkmtf{ u/fO #^) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
#= s;}n] bdf{xf lb rfs/ /fiofsf] 5 lbg d}Gxf jif{sf] sj'n\= 5}g eGof= cfkm'n] rfsl/
u¥of;Ddsf] bdf{ xfln= 5f]l8 hfg kfp5= jif{ d}Gxf= lbgsf]= sj'n\= ul/ rfs/ /fiofsf]
eof sj'n\ jdf]lhd\=rfsf{/L= ug'{ k5{ 5fl8 hfg kfpb}g= c? 7fpdf j9tf bdf{xf kfOG5
eGof klg hfg kfpb}g= sj'n\ k'Uof kl5 5f]l8 hfg kfp5 jf]n\ sj'n\= gk'Ub} eflu gf=l;
uof] eGof= hltlbg sf+d 5f]8Øfsf] 5 plQsf] bdf{xf glb t];} rfsl/ u/fpg'= rfsl/
u/fpGofn] sjf]n\ jdf]lhd= ldlt ldltsf] bdf{xf dh'l/= dfUbf= lbog / gfln;\= ug{
cfof] eGof= hlt d}Gxfsf] bdf{xf jfln /èfsf] 5= plQsf] sj'n\= eGbf j9tf d}Gxfsf] !
?k}of :d]t= yk ul/ lbnfO lbg'= kl5 /fhLn] j;\5 eGof klg 5f8\5 eGof kgL j:Gofsf]
if';=
$= sdf/f sdfl/sf emu/fdf= cbfnt\ 7fgf cdfn\= jf6 df]n\ e/fpg' kbf{= # jif{ b]lv
pwf]sf sdf/fsf] @) sdfl/sf] @% lt+ jif{ b]lif dfly ^ jif{ ;+dsf sdf/fsf] #)
sdfl/sf] #% 5 jif{ b]lif dfly !@ jif{ ;+dsf sdf/f sf] %) sdfl/sf] %% jfî jif{ b]lif
dfly $) jif{ ;+dsf sd/fsf] !)) sdf/Lsf] !@) rfln;\= jif{ b]lif dfly %) jif{ ;+dsf
sdf/f sdf/Lsf] ^).^) %) jif{ b]lv dfyL ^) jif{ ;Ddsfsf] %) ?k}of lx;fjn] eg'{
e/fpg' ug'{ s;}n] d]/f] sdf/f sdf/L= x'+ elg= ;dfof]= /f]jsf/ ubf{= ;fljt\= ug{ ;s]g
eGof= P;} pd]/sf b/ jdf]lhdn] b+8 ug'{= b+8sf] rf}yfO lhtfpl/ lng'=
%= sdf/f sdf/L gub lhlg;\ hjfx]/ rf}kfof cgfh u}îsf emu/fdf= sfuh kq s]lx
lg;\s]g= b]ifGof hf+Gof ;fl5 /èf 5g\= c? ljxf]/fn] l5g]g b'j} emul/ofn]= ;fl5sf
164
 l;/df= lbof eGof= l;/ j+lb n]iffO ;fl5nfO xl/ j+; esfO jSof jdf]lhd\= l5lg lbg'
xfGof{nfO ljuf jdf]lhd b+8 ug'{= lhtGofjf6 b+8sf] rf}yfO lhtfpl/ lng' b+8sf ?k}of
glt¥of d}Gxfsf % ?k}of sf bn]{ s}b ug'{ lhtfpl/sf ?k}ofnfO hf}g dfn\ lhTofsf] 5
p;}jf6 lng'=
^= ;fx'n] jfwf lnbf lbb+bf= cbfnt\= cdfn\ ;fl5 ul/ Ho" jfwfdfq n]lif lng' lbg' ug'{= 3/
jfwf gn]ifg' cfkm'n] b[li6 ef]u jfwf n]iofsf] Ho"= ;fx'sf3/ d¥of]= eGof klg c;fdLsf
3/= d¥of] eGof klg= p:sf c? efO hxfg klqm lng kfpb}g= cfkm'n] jfwf n]lif
lnofsf] Ho"= d¥of kl5 p:sf c? efO hxfg\= kqmØf] elg s/fpg= cfof kqmGofnfO
kqmofsf ljuf jdf]lhd= b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhDs}b ug'{=
&= jfwf a:Gof hftsf s;}n] jfj' cfdfn] iffofsf l/gdf 5f]/f klg /èf 5g\= 5f]/L klg
/èf5GeGof= 5f]l/n] c+; gkfpGof x'gfn] cbfnt cdfn\= ;fl5 ul/ sg kgL 5f]l/ jfwf
s;}n] glng'= cbfnt\= 7fgf cdfn\= ;fl5 /flif lnofsf] /x]5 eGof ;fl5 j:Gof
cbfnt= cdfn\= jfnfnfO !) ?k}of jfwf lnGof lbGof= ;fx' c;dLnfO %.% ?k}of b+8
ul/= jfwfsf] td;'s= km/fO jfwf lbGof hf] xf] p;}sf gfpdf skfln td;'s\ u/fO lbg'=
5f]l/ j}lGx cfkm' ;'lif x'+5g\=
*= sdf/fn] Hofg hfGof tS;L/= u¥ofdf= Hofg lng'= bfdn\ x'Gof tlS;/ u¥ofdf bfdn\ ug'{
b+8 x'Gof s'/f u¥ofdf s}b ug'{= s}bsf ?k}of lt¥of= c}g jdf]lhd\= ug'{= ;j{:j x'Gof s'/f
u¥ofdf sdf/fsf] ;j{:j x'b}g= ;j{:j gug'{=
(= jfj' cfdf kf/ eofsf 5g\= 5f]/f Ps} cDjn\df 5g\ jf= cs}{ cDjNdf 5g\= cfkm' kf/
eof kl5 sf]lx 5f]/fnfO cfkm'n] lgifGof]= sf]lx 5f]/f sl/of 5g\ /= jfj' cfdf d¥of eGof=
tLGsf] wg k]jfdf= sfhs[of ul/ /èfsfdf= lgiflgGof rflxsf y}ln;=dsf] wg\ sdf/}df
/èfsf 5f]/fsf] efu lb j9tf eofsf wgdf= lgiflgofnfO /= sdft{g}df /èfsf
5f]/fx¿nfO j/fj/ 5fl8 lbg'= lgiflgGof rflxsf y}ln hlt= k'u]g= eGof Tof] wg cfkm'
;'lif eofsf 5f]/fn] kfpb}g= sdft{g}df /èfsf 5f]/fx¿n] kfp5g\= 3lt{ eof kl5
hGDofsf 5f]/f /èf5GeGof= jfj' cfdfsf]= sfhs[of ul/= /èfsf] sdf/f xpg\= 3lt{ xpg\=
;j} 5f]/fn] j/f]j/ ul/ iffg kfp5g\=
!)= 9]/} hfxfg x'Gof s;}n] of}6fsf gfpdf jfwfsf] td;'s u¥ofsf] /x]5= 3/sf ;Nnfxn]
jfwfn] jfwf n]lifofsf] rflx= 3/df jl; cs}{= Ho" ;§f u} wlgsf] sfd u¥of= sf] /x]5
jf= cfnf] kfnf] ul/ sfd ubf{= /èf 5g\= t]:t}df wlgsf] sfd uGof{= d/]5 egof=
n]lifofsf] Ho"nfO ;fx'n] sfd nfpg= kfp5= n]lifofsf] Ho' d¥of] eGof= cfÇg' jfwf
n]lifofsf] Ho" d¥of kl5= ;§f sfd ug{ j:ofsfnfO / c? hfxfg\nfO ;dfpg kfpb}g=
;dfof] eGof ;os/f !) ?k}ofsf b/n] b+8 ug'{=
!!= s;}n] chfk'qnfO sdf/f sdfl/= x'Gelg j]rtf chfk'q xf] elg hflg hflg sdf/f
sdfl/ xf] elg sfhu n]lif lbGof /= cifTof/ e} j]rfpgof ;fl5 j:Gofx¿nfO !)).!))
?k}of b+8 ug'{ chfk'q elg yfxf gkfpGof= j]rtf lsGbf sfuh n]lif lbGof ;fl5
j:Gofx¿nfO hglx @).@) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhDs}b ug'{= yfxf kfO
ls+Gofsf] y}ln e';\ u/fO= p;} ljuf jdf]lhd\= b+8 ug'{= yfxf gkfO ls+Gofsf] y}ln ltg{
;s\Gof /x]5 eGof= lt/fO lbg'= ltg{ ;s\Gof /x]g5 eGof p;}sf gfpdf sdfln td;'s\
u/fO 5fl8 lbg'=
!@= !^ jif{ dlgsfnfO jfwf lnGof lbGofnfO !).!) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= !^ jif{ gf£ofsf= nfO
s/ nufO cbfnt\ 7fgf= cdfn\ ;fl5 g/flif jfwf lnGof lbGofnfO klg %.% ?k}of b+8
ug'{= !^ jif{ dlgsfnfO jfwf xfNbf ;fl5 j:Gof= cdfnLnfO % ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
!#= 5f]/f /èfg5g\= 5f]l/dfq /èf5g\ / !^ jif{ gf£ofsf 5f]l/n] jfj' cfdfn] iffofsf /Lgdf=
if'l;/fhLn] xfdL jfwf k:t5f} elg cbfnt 7fgf cdfn\df= /flhgfdf n]lif= lbof eGof=
/fhLgfdf n]iffO ln= jfwf lnofsL ;b/ x'+5 !^ jif{ gk'UofsfnfO= /fhLgfdf n]iffO= jfwf
lnofsf] eof klg ;b/ x'b}g= n]iffO lbGof cbfnt 7fgf cdfn jfnfnfO % lnGof lbGof
;fx' c;fdLnfO %.% ?k}of b+8 ul/ td;'s\ km/fO= cfdf jfj's} gfpdf skfln td;'s\
u/fO lbg'=
!$= s;}sf sdf/f sdfl/n] xfdL chfk'q x'F elg cbfnt 7fgf cdfndf lkm/fb ug{ cfof
eGof ltGsf dfOltdfjln sf]lx cfO xfFd|f P:tf x'g\= chfk'q x'g\= Og\n] xf¥of b+8 /=
lhTof lhtfpl/ hf] k¥ofsf]= xfld j'emfpnf elg= ltg\ nfO nL sf]lx= jfl/; cl3 ;¥of]
165
 eGof ltGsf] bf]xf]/f] s'/f ;'lggL;fkm ubf{ chfk'q 7x¥of] eGof sdf/f sdfl/ x'g\
e+GofnfO ljuf j/fj/= b+8 ul/= ltg\jf6 b+8sf] rf}yfO lhtfpl/ ln= 5f]l8 lbg'= chfk'q
7x/]gg\= sdf/f sdf/L g} 7x¥of] eGof= chfk'q x'+Ge+GofnfO ljuf j/fj/= b+8 ug'{ ?k}of
glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{ chfk'q e+Gof csf]{ jfl/;\= jfnf= p:sfdf jln ;;'/fln
k'iff{= bfHo" efO= u}î gftf sf]lx lg:s]g p;}sf 3/sf sdf/f sdfl/ cfkm}n]= chf k'q x'F
elg emu/f ug{ cfofsf /èf 5g\= eGof= cl3b]lv cfkm'n] ef]u u¥ofsf sdf/f sdf/L
/èf 5g\ eGof chfk'q x'F elg= cfÇgf if;Dsf gfpdf lkm/fb u¥ofsf] g;'Ù'=
kgfpgLlhosf]= %.% ?k}of= jS;fpgL ln if;Dsf lhDdf nfO lbg'= ef]u gu¥ofsfnfO
d]/f sdf/f sdfl/x'+GegL wlgn] ;dft]5 /= xfdL chf k'qx'+ elg lkm/fb ug{ cfofsf
/xØf5g\= eGof kqkfq ufp3/sf= ;fl5 ;'tf{= /flif lg;fkm x]l/= lbg' sdf/f= sdfl/=
7x¥of b+8sf] rf}yfO lhtfpl/ ln wlgsf lhDdf ;f}k lbg'= chf k'q 7x¥of ljuf
jdf]lhd b+8 ug'{=
!%= s;}sf 9]/} efO /xØf5g\= ltGdf !^ jif{ gf£ofsf PsfnfO jfj' cfdfn] cbfnt cdfn
;fl5 ul/ cfÇgf if'l;n] jfwf j:ofsf] /x]5 t]:nfO jfj' cfdf bfHo" efOn] ;fx'ltl/
lgiflg n}uof eGof= Psf 3/ ;+u 5bfsf= c? ;fx' klg efu cg';f/= t]:n] ltg{'k5{ cfÇg'
k]jf sdfOn] xj;\ jf ;fx'l/emfO xj;\= cfÇg' lgifgLGofn] c? ;fx' ltg'{ kb}{g= cfÇg'
c+; eGof lngkfp5= c? ;fx' hlt5g\= 3/ j:Gof efOn] ltg'{ k5{ lgiflg uofsfnfO c?
;fx'n] ;dfpg kfpb}g=
!^= s;}n] sdf/f sdfl/nfO kf/ubf{= xf8kf/ eof]= sfd kf/ eofsf 5}g eGof ljxf]/f= ul/
;fl5 ;'Qf{ /flif sfuh kq eofsf] /x]5 eGof= sfuh jdf]lhd= sdf/f sdfl/ n] = klg
sfd 5f]l8 c+t hfg kfpb}gg\= if;dn]= klg ljlqm ul/ ?k}of iffg kfpb}gg\= P:tf s'/fdf=
s;}n] cbfnt 7fgf cdfndf s/fpg cfof eGof= j]lr iffgt kfpb}gg\= sfd 5f]8g t
kfpb}g; elg 7f]ls lbg'=
!&= a|fDx0f nufot\ tfufwfl/ hft u}¥xsf sf]lxdflg;= dfl;Gof hft kflg grnGof hft
l56f] xfng'= kGof{ hftl;t s/l0f eft kfgLdf= elh plx hft eofsfn] ift jft u¥ofdf
Ho"= klg df;g x'b}g= jfwf lngkLg x'b}g= Ho"df;]5 eGof chfk'q df;Gofsf c}g
jdf]hLd\ b+8 ;hfo ug'{= jfwf lno5 eGof y}ln e''; u/fO p;} y}lnsf ljuf jdf]ldhd
b08 ug'{= 3l6 hftdf ldln 3l6 hft}sf :jfl:g /flif pGjf6 hGDofsf ;+tfg\n] iftjft
u¥ofdf= hf}g hftsf= cfdfjf6 hGDofsf 5g\= p;}= hftnfO n]iofsf c}g jdf]lhd\= b+8
;hfo ug'{=
!*= csf{sf !@ jif{ dlgsf jfnif 5f]/f 5f]l/x¿ nnfO kmfsfO pGsf jfl/;\jfnf= jfj' cfdf
bfHo"=efO lblb j}lGx dfjln u}î nfO yfxf glb rfsl/ ug{ egL csf{nfO ;f}lk lbofsf]
/x]5 p:sf jfl/;\= jfnfn] ;f]w iff]h ubf{= cfkm'n]= ;f}Kofsf] s'/f] gslx bjfofsf]= 7x¥of]
eGof t]:tf] nf]UGof dflg;\ eof %) :jfl:g dflg;\ eof @% ?k}of b+8 ul/= jfnif
lemsfO jfl/;\jfnfsf lhDdf ul/ lbg'=
!(= tfufwfl/ hft gdfl;Gof hft sf]lx csf{ls sdfl/l;t jl; hGDofsf 5f]/fn] c?
s;}sf] s/l0f u/]5 jf= c? iftjft u/]5 eGof= p:sf jfj' sfsf bfHo" efO s;}n] xfd|f]
;+tfg xf] elg lgiflg tfufwfl/sf] 5f]/f] eof hg} lbofsf]= gdfl;gof dtjfnL hftsf]
5f]/f] eof cfkm' ;'lif u/fofsf] /x]5 eGof= sdf/f] wlt{ 7xb}{g= t]:tfnfO hf}g hft eofsf]
5 p;} hftnfO n]iofsf] c}g jdf]lhd\= ug'{= lgiflg n}uofsf] /x]g5 sdft{g}df /x]5 eGof
7'nf hftsf] ljo{ xf]tfklg sdf/} 7x5{ sdf/}sf c}g jdf]hLd\= ug'{= cl3 sdft{g\ 5b}df
iftjft ul/ sdf/fsf c}g jdf]hLd\= ul/ ;Sofsf] /x]5= kl5 jfj'sfsf bfHo"= efOn]
lgiflg n}lu tfufwfl/ sf] eof hg} lbo]5 c? hft eof cfkm' ;'lif cd\n]if u/fosf] /x]5
eGof klg cl3 sdf/f] 5bf=sdf/fsf c}g jdf]lhd\ sf] ;hfo uGof{ c8f cbfnt\
cdfnjfnfnfO jft nfUb}g\=

afnif /= cfdf 5'6\ofO a]rGof

!= s;}sf 3/df !! jif{ dlgsf 5f]/f 5f]l/ eofls= sdfl/ 5 efO c+; ubf{ s;} efOkl§
cfdf kl/ s;} efOkl§ !! jif{ dlgsf 5f]/f 5f]l/= kg{ uof eGof 5f]/f 5f]l/ !! jif{
166
 dlgsf eof klg cfÇgf cfÇgf c+;df k¥ofsf Ho"= 5'6ofO n}hfg' x'+5 ift\ nfUb}g= 5f]l/
j}lGxx¿nfO bfOhf] bftJo lbofsf Ho" !! jif{ gf£of kl5 n}hfg' ift nfUb}g=
@= s;}sf !! jif{ dlgsf 5f]/f 5f]/L eofls sdfl/= 3/df 5 wlgn] yfdg g;sL !! jif{
dlgsf 5f]/f 5f]l/nfO xj;\ jf= cfdfnfO xj;\= 5'6ofO= ;fx'nfO ;f}Kof] eGof ;fx'n] 5f]/f
5f]l/sf] !! jif{sf] pd]/ ge}= cfdf 5f]/f 5f]l/= 5'6ofO n}hfg x'b}g 5'6ofO n}hfGof
;fx'nfO /= if'l;n] ;f}kGof c;fdLnfO !).!) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ ltGsf] !! jif{sf] pd]/ gf£of
kl5 cfkm'nfO n]lif lbofsf Ho" n}hfg x'+5 iftjft nfUb}g=
#= sdf/f sdfl/ bfg jS; kfpGofn]= sdfl/sf !! jif{ dlgsf 5f]/f 5f]l/ /èf5GeGof 5f]/f
5f]l/ kfosf] eof klg= cfdf rflx kfofls eof klg= 5f]/f 5f]l/sf !! jif{sf] pd]/
g'x+Hofn\= cfdf 5f]/f 5f]l/ 5'6ofO n}hfg x'b}g= P:tf 5f]/f 5f]l/ 5'6ØfO cfdfnfO n} uof]
jf cfdf5'6ofO 5f]/f 5f]l/ n}uof] eGof= lbGof bftfnfO / kfO n}hfGof b'j}nfO %.% ?k}of
b+8 ul/= cfdf 5f]/f 5f]l/= os} 7fpdf /iffO lbg'= 5f]/f 5f]l/sf] !! jif{sf] pd]/ gfWof kl5
cfkm'n] kfofsf Ho"= 5'6ØfO n}hfGofnfO ift nfUb}g=
$= s;}n] sdfl/ j]rtf sdfl/sf !! jif{ dlgsf 5f]/f 5f]l/ :d]t /èf5GeGof Ps} 7fpdf
j]rg' x'+5 !! jif{ dlgsf 5f]/f 5f]l/ 5'6ofO cfdf Psflt/ j]Rof] jf= cfdfnfO 5'6ofO
P:tf 5f]/f 5f]l/= dfq osflt/ j]Rof] eGof j]rGofnfO @) hflg hflg lsGofnfO !)
?k}ofdf b+8 ul/ j]rGofn] j]Rofsf Ho"sf y}nL kmLtf{ Nofp5 tfklg= ls+Gofn] c? Ho"sf]
df]n\= :d]t\= ltl/ ln+5 tfkgL !! jif{ dlgsf 5f]/f 5f]l/ / cfdfnfO os} 3/df /iffOlbg'=

:jfl:g a]rGofsf]

!= tfufwfl/ hft s;}n] cfÇgf c}gn] hf/ xf+g x'Gof;+dsf :jfl:g a]lr csf{nfO ;f}k]5 /
t]; :jfl:gsf] hft eft uofsf] /x]g5 eGof k|folZrQ ug'{ kb}{g= :jfl:g hft}df /x+5]
j]rgofsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ 5fl8 lbg'= j]Rofkl5 :jfl:gsf] hft eft :d]t\= uofsf] eof
j]rGof tfufwfl/ sf] hg} lemls p:sf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ hft jfx]s ul/5fl8lbg'=
o:tf:jfl:g j]rGofsf xftsf]= eft rNb}g= kflg dfq} rN5= :jfl:g t];};Lt a:5] eGof
klg j:tLg eGof klg c}g jdf]lhd\\=sf] cfÇg' c+; ln hfg kfp5] c+t kf]On u} egof
hf/ sf6g kfpb}g= sf6Øf Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg x'+5=
@= tfufwfl/ hft gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hft kfgL rnGof dfl;Gof hft u}î s;}n] eftjf6
ljlu| j]:of eofsf /= dfl;Gof gdfl;Gof= hftsf /fiofsf :jfl:gnfO sdfl/ elg
j]rGof chfk'q df;Gof 7x5{= t]:tf tfufwfl/ hftsf 5f]/L j]:of eofsf /= gdfl;Gof
dt'jfln hftsf 5f]l/= Nofofsf :jfl:g j]rGofnfO %$) ?k}of dfl;Gof hftsf
Nofofsf :jfl:g j]rGofnfO #^) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ls+Gofn] hflg hflg lsGofsf] 7x¥of
Tof] df]nsf] y}ln cbfnt cdfnjf6 ln hflg ls+GofnfO= chfk'q a]rGofsf b+8sf]
cflw b+8 ug'{= yfxf gkfO ls+GofnfO y}ln skfln u/fO lbg'= hft j'lem ls+Gof j]s'km
7x5{ o:tfnfO @) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= :jfl:g cfkm' if'l; x'+5] o:tf :jfl:g csf{;Lt kf]On
uof hf/ xfg+ kfpb}gg\= sf6Øf Hofgsf]= jbnf Hofg x'+5 d';ndfg\ jfx]s c? kflg
grnGof hft /= 5f]O l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftn]= :jfl:g j]Rof] eGof ls+Gofn] kmnfgf ls
:jfl:g xf] elg hflg hflg lsg]5 eGof y}ln lnnfd\ ul/=ls+Gof j]rGof= b'j}nfO
dfl;lbg'= yfxf gkfO lsg]5 eGof= j]rGofsf] Ho"= dfl;of kl5 y}ln e'; x'+5= :jfl:g
cfkm' ;'lif x'+5] hft gj'lem ls+Gof j]s'km 7x5{ o:tfnfO % ?k}of b+8 ug'{ d'n;\dfg
hftn] :jfl:g j]Rof chfk'q df;Gof 7x5{= t]:tfnfO #^) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
#= tfufwfl/ hftsf c}gn] hf/ xf+g x'Gof;+dsf :jfl:g hflg hflg ls+Gof nfO lsGofls
:jfl:gsf] sl/0f u/fO xj;\= eft if'jfO xj;\= hft :d]t\= lno]5 eGof ls+Gofsf] c+;
;j{:j u/L= 5f8L lbg'= :jfl:g cfkm' ;'lif x'+5] hflg hflg lsg]5 hft eftdf ljU¥ofsL
/lxg5 eGof ls+Gofsf] y}ln e'; u/fO !)) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= yfxf gkfO sdfl/ xf] egL
ef]/df= lsg]5 :jfl:gn] klg d P:tf hftls x'+ elg hfx]/ u/Lg5 /= :jfl:g hft eft
s/l0fdf ljlu|5 eGof y}ln skfnL u/fOlbg'= hft gj'lem ls+Gof j]s'km 7x5{ P:tfnfO
@) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= :jfl:g cfkm' ;'lif x'+5]=

167
$= s;}n] cfÇgf :jfl:g j]rtfdf of] kmnfgfsf]= :jfl:g xf] elg hflg hflg ;fl5 j:Gof
sfuhn]ifGof uf}/fO iffGofdf= tfufwfl/ hftsf hf/ xf+g x'Gof;+dsf= :jfl:g eof #^)
tfufwfl/ hftsf j]:of eofsf= :jfl:g /= dfl;Gof hftsf :jfl:g eof @&) kflg
rnGof dfl;Gof hftsf :jfl:g eof !*) d';Ndfgsf eof klg !*) ?k}of= kfgL
grnGof /= 5f]O l56f] xfng' kgof{ hft eof @) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= kmnfgfls :jfl:g elg=
yfxf gkfO= ;fl5 j:Gof sfuh n]ifGof uf}/f`L iffGofnfO= gj'lem j:ofsf x'gfn]=
tfufwfl/= hftsf] eof @) tfufwfl/ hftsf j]:of eofsf /= gdfl;Gof= hftsL= eof !%
?k}of= kflg rnGof dfl;Gof hftsf]= eof !) kfgL grnGof hft /= 5f]O l56f] xfng'
kGof{= hftsL eof % ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
%= gdfl;Gof dt'jfnL hftn] cfÇgf :jfl:g j]lr csf{nfO ;f}k]5 eGof chfk'q df;Gof
7x5{ t];nfO %$) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= dfl;gof hftn] eof #^) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= lsGofn]
hfgL hflg lsg]5 eGof y}ln e'; u/fO p;} jdf]hLd b+8 ug'{= yfxf gkfO ls+GofnfO y}ln
skfnL u/fO= lbg'= b+8 x'b}g=

lj/fdL rfs/= lgsfn\Gof

!= s;}sf sdf/f sdfl/ jfwf jw]toflgdf= /f]u nfUofsfnfO wlgn] cfÇgf 3/jf6 lgsfln
s;}sf= lhDdf gul/= 3f6 kfl6 bf]jf6f]df n}uL= kmfNofsf jflrcfof eGof= wlgn]
;dfpg kfpb}g= cfkm' ;'ifL x'+5g\ cbfnt 7fgf cdfn\= jf6 5'l§ eof]= s/ nfUb}g= e+Gof
;gb u/fO cdn]if u/fOlbg'= 3/jf6 lgsfln iffgkLg lb= ;lx;Def/= u¥ofsf] /x]5
eGof= lt sdf/f sdf/L jfwf jw]Toflg 5'l§ x'b}gg\= wlgn] n}uL shofpg kfp5=
@= cfÇgf 3/df jf; lb /fiofsf nfO j]/fd eofsf jifTdf= 3/df j:g' x'b}g elg s;}n ]
glgsfn\g'= j]/fld eofsfnfO 3/jf6 lgsfnGof 3/sf wlgnfO !) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
#= s;}sf 3/df et'jf /fiofsf] 5 t];\nfO x}hf c7\of ljkm/ ifj6Øf /f]u eof]= elg /f]u
NofUofdf= 3/jf6 lgsflnlbGof ;èf/ ;+ef/= gul/ cnkq kmfnGofnfO @) ?k}of b+8
ug'{=
$= s;}] sdf/f sdf/L=jfwf jw]ToflgnfO= ef/L jf]sfO kb]{;nUofsf] jf6fdf= j]/fdL eof]
eGof= t]ZnfO iffGof lkGof s'/f] lb s;}sf lhDdf ul/= 5f]l8 cfofsf] /x]5= kl5 jflr
cfof]= eGof= if;d\n] rng\ ug{ kfp5= j]/fdL x'bf= s;}sf lhDdf gul/= ifr{ glb
cnkqdf kfl/= p;} 5f]l8 cfofsf kl5 jflr cfof] egof= cfkm' ;'lif x'+5 wlgsf] s/
nfUb}g= cbfnt= 7fgf cdfn\= jf6 5'l§ eof] s/ nfUb}g e+Gof= ;gb u/fO cdn]if u/fO
lbg'=

dfl;Gof Ho" cdflnn] lngfsf]

!= dfl;Gof hftsf nf]UGof :jfl:g dflg:s;}n] dfl;Gof iftjft u¥ofsf] s'/f] hfx]/ e}
efuL= c? cDjNdf u} j:ofsf /èf5g\= eGof sfon\gfdf eofsf] eof hf}gf cDjn\jf6
lj/fj ul/ efUofsf 5g\= p;} hufsf sfon\gfdf n]iffpGof cdflnn] kfp5= ift hfx]/
eof kl5 sfon\gfdf x'g gkfO efUofsf /èf5g\ /= kl5 kQf nfUof] eGof p;} hufsf
kl5 kQf nufO kqmGof cdflnn] kfp5= eflu u} j:ofsf= hufsf cdflnn] sfon\gfdf
u/fofsf] eofklg lng kfpb}gg\= dfl;Gof iftjft u¥ofsf] s'/f] k|sf; gx'b} p;\ 7fpjf6
c? cDjn\df u}= j:ofsf /èf5g\ /= kl5 s'/f] hfx]/ eof] eGof hfxf u} j:ofsf 5g\=
p;} 7fpsf cdflnn] lng kfp5 iftjft hfx]/ ge}= uofsf= df= d]/f cDjn\sf s'l/of
x'g\= d kfpGof x'+ elg cl3 lt j:ofsf 7fpdf cdfnL åf¥ofn] lng kfpb}gg\ glng'=
@= u'l7 ljtf{ ljtjn j]ifdfgf rfjn\ lkmu9f/ d/f}6\ 5fk hufsf df;LGof ift\df k¥ofsf
rfs rs'O p; 7fpjf6 efuL u}= u'l7 ljtf{ ljtjn u}î hufdf j:ofsf /èf5g\ eGof
hf}g hufsf x'g= p;} hufsf wlgn] kfp5g\= /}s/ if'jf hufdf u} j:ofsf /èf5g\ eGof
ljtf{ ljtjn jfnfx¿n] cl3 sfo]n\gfdf u¥ofsf] eof p;}n] kfp5g\= sfo]ngfdf
u¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof cbfnt\sf] x'+5=

168
#= :jfl:g hftn] k]6 jf]Sofsf 5 t];} :jfl:gn] rf]l/ ul/ csf{ hftdf s/l0f u/fO df;L
eGof= ue{ /èfsf] jfnif klg dfl;+5= ue{jf6 cl3 hGDofsf] /x]5 eGof cfdfsf ifTdf
5f]/f 5f]l/ dfl;b}gg\=
$= sdf/fn] ef]6Øf rkfª dflem bg'jf/ xfo' b/} s'dfn\= kxl/ u}î dfl;Gof hftsf 5f]/L
j'xfl/sf] s/l0f u¥of] eGofu'l7 ljtf{ ;jf{s dflkm huf j]if 5fk u}îsf sfuhsf dflns\
/ Ohf/f 7]sbf/ åf¥ofsf sdf/fn] s/l0f u/L= rfs rs'O k¥ofsf b'j} Ho" ;sf{l/of
x'+5g\= cbfnt 7fgfjf6 j'lem lng'= b'lg`f /}ltsf sdf/fn] lj/fofdf= rs'O k¥ofsf]
cdfln 7]s\bf/ åf¥of j]if ljtf{ 5fk ;jf{s dflkm hufsf wlgn] lng'= khf{sf 5f]l/
j'xfl/ lj/fpGof sdf/fnfO cbfnt\ 7fgf cdfnjf6 c}g jdf]hLd\ s}b ug'{ if;d\n]
Dofbsf ?k}of ltl/ n}hf+5 eGof c}g jdf]hLd\= ?k}of ln p;}sf lhDf ul/ 5f8L lbg'=
%= xf8 kmf]/f kl/ dfl;Gof ifTdf /= rfs rs'O kl/ b+8 x'Gof ifTdf Psf cDjnsf] rfs
Psf cDjnls rs'O k¥of egof h;\ h:sf cDjn\df k¥ofsf x'g\= p;} p;} c+jnjf6
lng'=
^= dfl;Gof hft u}îsf= hf/ sfl6 dfl;ofls :jfl:g hf/ efuL hfbf csf{ cjndf u} sfl6
8Nnf] uNof] eGof= xfd|f cDjndf 8Nnf] uNof] e+Gof=n] kfpb}g hxfsf s'l/of x'g\= p;}
c+jnsfn] kfp5g\=
&= dfl;Gof hftn] ! km]/f dfl;Gof iftul/= c}g jdf]lhd\ dfl;of kl5 5'l6 cs/Lof
e}/èfsf dflg;n]= km]l/ dfl;Gof ift u¥of] eGof= km]l/ klg dfl;lbg'=
*= hfuLbf{/ hfuLbf{/sf if'jf hfuL/sf b'j}tkm{sf hufdf k¥ofsf] emu/fsf] d]/f huf= jf6
emu/f l5Gof kl5 cfDbflg d]/f] x'+5 elg lbo]g elg= sf]lx s/fpg cfof b'j} emul/of
cfÇgf cjnsf eof ltgf] c}g jdf]hLd\sf= cfDbflg klg= p;} hufsf cdflnsf] x'+5
pOtkm{sf s'l/of /èf5g\ / =Psfkl§sf cdfln åf¥ofx¿ dfq} e}= emu/f l5Gofsf]= eof
cfDbfgLsf] 5}l7 ln pk/ cfDbfgL hf}gf cDjn\sf s'/Lof x'g\= p;} cDjnsf cdflnnfO
;f}lklbg'=

dbkfg c5'lt

!= kflg grnGof hftn] hf8 /S;L iffO= jf}Nxfofsf j]nfdf cfkm'e+bf rf]iff hftsf 3/leq
kl; 5f]Olbof] /= dfn if/fj eof] eGof ljU¥ofsf dfnsf] ljuf] e/fO % ?k}of b+8 ug'{
?k}of glt¥of s}b ug'{=
@= s[:tfg\ d';n\dfg sfld ;fsL{ bd} u}î kfgL grnGof hft /= 5f]O l56f] :d]t\ xfng' kGof
hftn] 5f]ofsf] cgfhdf pl;Gofsf] /= e'6Øfsf] jfx]s c? s'6Øf lkGèf 5f]8fofsf]
cgfh u}î eof]= kfgL= k¥of jfx]ssf] sfrf] df5f df;' eof] tdfif' eof]= cQ/kmn]n
u'nfkmkfgL u}î if';j} cfpGof s'/f] eof]= d;nf u}î eof]= ;'u+w cfpGof kmn kmn'n lrh
j:t'= u}î 5f]ofsf] xj;\\ OGsf 3/= leq/fiofsf] xj;\= lj6'nf] x'b}g= Plt s'/f OGx]¿n]
5f]ofsf] Og\nfO g5f]O cnu jl; iffg x'+5 iffGofnfO kltof klg ug'{= kb}{g b+8 klg x'b}g=
#= kfgL grnGof hft /= 5f]of l56f] :d]t\ xfng' kGof{ hftn] 5f]ofsf df6fsf ef8fdf kflg
k¥ofsf] lj6'nf] x'+5= kfgL gk¥ofsf] df6fsf] ef8f lj6'nf] x'b}g= t];} z'4 x'+5= sf7sf
ef8f lrlg`f ef8f jf]tn\= l;l; 5f]ofsf wf]O kiffln ;'Sof kl5 rf]iff] x'+5=
$= tfufwfl/ hft u}înfO s;}n] hf8 s'if'/f] ufO e}l;sf] df;' u}î ceIf s'/f] iffof] elg
kf]Nof] /f]jsf/ ubf{ ;fjLt eof] eGof iffGofn] hflg iffofsf] /x]5 eGof= eftjfx]s \
ul/lbg"= ef]/df iffGofnfO k|folZrt u/fOlbg'= kf]nfxfn] kf]Nof] ;fjLt\= ug{;s]g eGof=
t]:tf kf]nfxfnfO !! d}Gxf s}b ug'{= ?k}of lt5{ eGof c?sf] bf]j/ d}Gxfsf !) ?k}of ln
5f]8L lbg'=
%= kflg grnGof hft /= 5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftf xftsf] pl;Gofsf] e'6Øfsf] kf]Nofsf]
c+g u}î s;}n] iffof] eGof= cf}jn\nfO @ bf]od\nfO !.. ;Ld\nfO ! rxf/nfO .. ?k}ofsf
b/n] wdf{lwsf/nfO uf]bfg lbnfO k|folZrQ u/fOlbg'=
^= s;}n] kflg /= kflg k¥ofsf] j:t' kfgL grnGof hft 5f]O l56f] :d]t\ xfng' kGof{ hft /=
;'u'/n] 5f]ofsf] b]iof]= s;}nfO= gslx bfjfO /fiof] / tfufwfl/ hftn] t]lx j:t' iffof kl5
hfx]/= u¥of] eGof= yfxf kfO bjfOpGofnfO !) ?k}of b+8 ul/ ln ef]/df iffGofnfO ..
uf]bfg ln k|folZrt u/fOlbg'= z'4 x'+5 =
169
&= kfgL jfx]s eofsf] /= kfgL grnGof hft 5f]O l56f] :d]t\ xfng' kGof{ hft u}î s;}n]
cfÇgf xftsf] eft kflg if'jfO= csf{nfO ef]/df kf¥of] eGof= dfl;Gof hft /x]5 egof
dfl;lbg'= gdfl;Gof= hftn] eof :jfl:g efO 5f]/fsf] c+; /= 5f]l/=sf]= ljxf ifr{ k/ ;fl/
p:sf]= c+; ;j{:j ul/ j:ofsf ufp ;x/= jf6 lgsfnL lbg'=
*= s;}n] tfufwfl/ hftsf 3/df hj/hl:tl;t hf8 s'if'/f] ;''u'/ x'lnlbof] / d]/f 3df{
kmnfgfn] hf8 s'if'/f ;'u'/ x'lnlbof] elg tfufwfl/ s;}n] s/fof] eGof= 3/df hf8 s'if'/f]
x'lnlbofFnfO{ % ?k}of ;'u'/ x'GofnfO !) ?k}of b08 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]hLd\= s}b
ug'{= x'lnlbGo} jf6 ! ?k}of ln 3/ z'4 ugf{nfO 3/sf wlgnfO lbnfO lbg'=
(= Ho"sf /Iff lgldQ cf}ifwLdf k¥ofsf] jfx]s cDjn ul/= efu clkmd\ r/;\ iffGofnfO
!).!) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= km]l/ klg iffof] eGof hltkN6 klqm=5 plt km]/f !).!) b+8 ug'{=
!)= rf/ j0f{ 5lt;} hftsf :jfl:gx¿ ;'TSofl/ x'bf gfn sf6Gof c? :jffl:gx¿ sf]lx
/x]g5g\= c7jf k¥of] eGof kflg grnGof hftn] kflg rnGof hft u}îsf jfnifsf]= gfn
sf6g x'+5= 5't nfUGof s'/f g5' jfO 3/leq kl; gfn s6fsfofdf ift= nfUb}g k|folZrt
klg kb}{g= 3/ rf]iofpg klg kb}{g g'jf/gn] z'4 x'+5= pkNnf hftn] c5'lt 5f]O l56f
xfng' kGof{ hftsf jfnifsf]= klg gfn sf6g x'+5 pkNnfhftn]= :gfg ul/ z'4 x'+5= b+8
k|folZrQ s]lx kb}{g= cfÇgf nf]UGofn] jfnifsf]= gfnsf6g x'+5 ift nfUb}g= sf]lx geof
cfkm} ;'STofl/n]= klg gfnsf6g x'+5=
!!= ;x/ ufpx?sf 6f]ndf ;fn gfn :d]tsf jfnif kmfNofsf] b]lifof] eGof= cbfnt 7fgf
cdfnjf6 t];\ 6f]nsf ljwjf l:q /= nf]UGof kb]{; uofsf ;wjf l:qx¿df ;'9ØflgnfO
n}uL t]:sf thjLhn] c+u x]g{ nfpg'= c+u x]g{ iff]hbf hf}g :qLn] x]g{ glb hj/ hl:t ug{
nfuL eGof t]; l:qsf] c+u hj/ hl:t ;+u :jfl:gnfO x]g{nfO 5f]l8 lbg'= ift nfUb}g=
!@= tfufwfl/ hft u}î s;}n] cfkm'n] 3/df jgfO xj;\ c+tjf6 NofO xj;\ c+t u} xj;\
hflg hflg hf8 /S;L iffO cfÇgf etfxfnfO :d]t\= eftdf jf]/]5 eGof= c}g jdf]lhd\sf]=
c+; ;j{:j ul/ hg} lemls gdfl;Gof dtjfnL z'4 hftdf ldnfO lbg'= etfxfnfO
eftdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof= ;j{:j x'b}g= hg} dfq lhls gdfl;Gof dtjfnL hftdf
ldnfO 5f]l8 lbg'=
!#= tfufwfl/ nufo]t\ kflg rnGof rf]iff hftsf iffg' lkg'= ul/ j:ofsf l5l8 e} 3/df /= c?
3/sf tnf rf]6fdf s;}n] 5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftnfO n}uo]5 eGof n] hfGofjf6 5't
nfUGof j:t'sf] ljuf] e/fO n}hfGof hfGof b'j} hgfjf6 %.% ?k}of b+8 u/L 3/ rf]iofplg
kltof u/fO lbg'=
!$= tfufwfl/ nufo]t\= kflg rnGof u}î rf]iff hftn] iffg' lkg'= ul/ j:ofsf l5l8 e} 3/df /=
c? 3/sf tnf 5f]of rf]6fdf l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftn] hflg hflg k;]5 eGof 5't nfUGof
j:t'sf] ljuf] e/fO % ?k}of b+8 ul/ 3/ rf]iofplg kltof u/fO lbg'=
!%= tfufwfl/ hft /= gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hft s;}n] tfufwfl/ hft s;}nfO= hflghflg hj
hl:t ul/ jf= p;} hf8 /S;L u}î hft hfGof s'/f] /= ceIf if'jfo]5 eGof c]g
jdf]lhd\sf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ ! jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf ?k]of lbof ln 5fl8 lbg'= dfl;Gof
hftn] if'jfo]5 eGof ;j{:j ul/ dfl; lbg'= ef]/df iffGof /hj/ hl:t kl/= iffGofnfO
kltof lbg'= iffGof tfufwfl/n] hft 9fl6 iffo]5 eGof yfxf gkfO if'jfpGof nfO jft
nfUb}g= iffGofnfO hft kltt ul/ gdfl;Gof z'b| hftdf ldnfO lbg'= kltof kfpb}g=
!^= tfufwfl/ hft gdfl;Gof dtjfnL hft s;}n] gdfl;Gof dtjfnL hft nfO hfgL hfgL
hj/h:tL ul/= jf p;} hft hfGof s'/f] / ceIf if'jfo]5 eGof %) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ ?k}of
glt¥of c}g jdf]hLd\ s}b ug'{= dfl;Gof hftn] if'jfo]5 eGof dfl;lbg'= ef]/df iffGof /=
hj/hl:t kl/ iffGofnfO kltof lbg'= iffGof gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hftn] hft 9fl6 iffo]5
eGof= if'jfpGofnfO jft nfUb}g= iffGofnfO hft kltt u/fOlbg'=
!&= tfufwfl/ hft gdfl;Gof dtjfln hft dfl;Gof dt'jfnL hft s;}n] dfl;Gof
dt'jfnLnfO hflg hflg hj/hl:t ul/ jf p;} hft hfGof s'/f] / ceIf if'jfo]5 eGof
@% ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]hLd\ s}b ug'{= ef]/df iffGof / hj/hl:t kl/
iffGof hftsf /Ltsf] kltof ul/ z'4 x'+5g\= iffGofn] hft 9fl6 iffo]5 eGof= if'jfpGofnfO
jft nfUb}g= iffGofnfO hft kltt u/fOlbg'=
!*= tfufwfl/ hft gdfl;Gof dt'jfnL hft= dfl;Gof hft= l56f] xfng' kGof{ hft= s;}n]
l56f] xfng' gkGof{= kfgL grnGof hftnfO= hflg hflg hj/hl:t ul/ jf= p;} hft
170
 hfGof s'/f] /= ceIf if'jfo]5 eGof !@.. ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b
ug'{= ef]/df iffGof / hj/hl:t kl/ iffGofn] hftsf] /Lt ul/ z'4 x'+5g\= iffGofn] hft
9fl6iffo]5 eGof if'jfpGofnfO jft nfub}g iffGofnfO hft kltt u/fOlbg'=
!(= tfufwfl/ hft gdfl;Gof dfl;Gof dt'jfnL hft= l56f] xfng' gkGof{ hft= l56f] xfng'
kGof{ hft= s;}n] 5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftnfO hflg hflg hj/hl:t ul/ jf= p;}
hft hfGof s'/f] /= ceIf if'jfo]5 eGof ^.= ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]hLd\
s}b ug'{= ef]/df iffGof / hj/hl:t kl/ iffGof hftsf]= /Lt ul/ z'4 x'+5g\= iffGofn] hft
9fl6 iffo]5 eGof if'jfpGofnfO jft nfUb}g= iffGofnfO hft kltt u/fO lbg'=
@)= 5f]O l56f] xfng' kGof{ kflg grnGof hftn] tfufwfl/ hft /= gdfl;Gof dtjfnL hftnfO
hflg hflg hj/hl:t ul/ jf p;} hft hfGof s'/f] /= ceIf if'jfo]5 eGof= if'jfpGof
nf]UGof :jfl:g dflg;\ hf] xf] t]:tf gdfl;Gof hftn] eof # jif{= s}b ug'{= Dofbsf ?k}of
8jn\ lbof ln 5f8g'= dfl;Gof hftn] eof !.. jif{ s}b ul/ dfl;lbg'= dfl;Gof dtjfln
hftnfO if'jfofsf] eof if'jfpGof gdfl;Gof hftnfO !.. jif{ jif{ s}b ug'{ Dofbsf] 8jn\
lbof lng'= dfl;gof hftn] eof df;L lbg'= ef]/df iffGofnfO kltof u/fOlbg'= iffGofn]
hft 9fl6 iffo]5 eGof hft kltt u/fOlbg'= if'jfpGofnfO jft nfUb}g=
@!= 5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftn] tfufwfl/ hft gdfl;Gof dfl;Gof= dtjfln hft u}înfO
hflg hflg hj/hl:t ul/ jf p;} hft hfGof s'/f] /= ceIf if'jfo]5 eGof= if'jfpGof
nf]UGof :jfl:g hf] xf]= t]:tfnfO # jif{ s}b ul/ dfl;lbg'= ef]/df iffGof / hj/hl:t kl/
iffGofnfO kltof lbg'= l56f] xfng' gkgGof{ hftsfnfO if'jfo]5 egof @) ?k}of b+8 ug'{
iffGofn] hftsf] /Lt ul/ z'4 x'+5g\= iffGofn] hft 9fl6 iffo]5 eGof hft kltt ul/lbg'=
if'jfpGofnfO jft nfUb}g=
@@= csf{sf 3/leq hft hfGof s'/f] /= giffGof ceIf n}uL s;}n] /fif]5 3/sf dfgL;n] yfxf
gkfO ef]/df= iffof 5GeGof hft hfGof s'/f] 3/leq /fifGofnfO !) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ yfxf
gkfO ef]/df iffGofnfO kltof u/fOlbg'=
@#= tfufwfl/ nufo]t\ kflg rnGof rf]iff hft s;}n] kflg grnGof l56f] xfng' gkGof{
hftl;t hflg hflg kflg xfNofsf] xj;\ kfgL gxfGofsf] xj;\= Psf x'Ssfdf tdfif'
iffo]5 eGof @) ?k}of b+8 ul/ @.. ?k}of uf]bfg ln kltof lbg'= Og} hft= l;t ;+u jl;
kflg xfNofsf] cfÇgf x'Ssfdf tdfif' iffGofnfO % ?k}of b+8 ul/ ! ?k}of uf]bfg ln
kltof lbg'= ef]/df iffGofnfO ef]/sf] kltof lbg'= kfgL gxfGofsf cfÇgf x'Ssfdf ;+u
jl; iffo]5 eGof kltof kb}{g=
@$= kmnfgfn] hft hfGof eIf iffof] elg sfuh :d]t\= n]lif lbof] kl5 ;fljt ug{ ;s]g eGof
hft hfGof s'/f] kf]nGofsf c}g jdf]hLd\= ;hfo ug'{= sfuhn]iofsf] /x]g5 eGof= ufln
u¥ofsf] 7x5{ t]:tfnfO !) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
@%= tfufwfl/ hft gdfl;Gof dfl;Gof u}î kflg rnGof= rf]iff hftn] sfld ;fls{ bd} jflb
ufO{Gof u}î 5f]of l56f] xfng'= kGof{ hftn]= 5f]ofsf] df;'=df= kf]ln kflg gk¥ofsf] df;'
s;}n] giffg'= iffo]5 eGof= iffGofnfO % ?k}of b+8 ul/ @.. ?k}of uf]bfg\= ln k|folZrQ
u/fOlbg'= hft hfb}g=
@^= 5f]of l56f] xfng'= kGof{ hftn]= 5f]ofsf iffofsf x'Ssfdf= tfufwf/L hft gdfl;Gof
dtjfnL hft= dfl;Gof hft= kfgL grnGof hft s;}n] ef]/df= tdfif'= iffo]5 eGof=
ef]/df iffGofnfO b+8 kb}{g ! ?k}of uf]bfg ln ef]/sf] kltof u/fOlbg'= if'jfpGofn]= hflg
hflg if'jfo]5 eGof= tfufwlf/ gdfl;gof= dfl;Gof= dtjfnL u}î kflg rnGof rf]iff
hftnfO if'jfpGofnfO @) ?k}of kfgL grnGofdf= l56f] xfng'= gkGof{= hftnfO
if'jfpGof=nfO % ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
@&= tfufwfl/ nufo]t\= kflg rnGof hft /= kflg grnGof hft 5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{=
hftn] jfl/ ju}rfsf] xj;\= jgsf] xj;\= Psf?ifsf kmn km'n l6lk iffofdf= cfkm'n]
5ft5't gul/= ?ifdf rl9 xj;\= e}jf6 l6lk xj;\= Psf xfufdf= of}6fn]= Psf xfudf
of}6fn]= l6lk iffosf]= 7x¥of]=eGof b+8 klg x'b}g kltof klg ug'{ kb}{g=
@*= j|fé0f nufo]t= tfufwfl/ gdfl;Gof u}î kflg rnGof hft /= kflg grnGof= 5f]of l56f]
xfng' kGof{ hftn] ;f3' km6\Sof tbf{df eof] 8'uf tbf{df eof]= hdLGdf 6fl;ofsf
kmn}rfdf j:tf eof] 5ft5't gul/ cnu cnu lx8Øf j:of iffofdf 5't nfUb}g= kltof
ug'{ kb}g{ b+8 klg x'b}g=
171
@(= s;}n] cfkm' e+bf 3l6 eft grnGof hftsf x'Ssfdf yfxf gkfO ef]/ klg tdfif' iffo]5
eGof .. cf7 cfgf ln ef]/sf] k'lh{ ul/lbg'= wdf{lwsf/n] klg cf7 cfgf .. ln ghLssf]
! lty{ u/fO ef]/sf] kltof ul/lbg'=
#)= !(@@ ;fn Ho]i6 jlb ^ /f]h # b]lif pk|fGt= pkfWof j|fé0fn] hf8 /lS; / bfnlrlg
;'Ftnf cDjf cfk s6x/= kmn km'n hl/j'l6 u}îsf] c/if :d]t\= iffof eGof /= etfxfnfO
efTdf jf]/]5 eGof p:sf] c+;;j{:j ul/ hg} lemls eft jfx]s ul/ dtjfln hfTdf
ldnfO 5fl8 lbg'= kflg rN5 cfkm'n] iffO c?nfO jf]/]sf] /x]g5 eGof ;j{:j x'b}g= hg}
lemls eft jfx]s ul/= dtjfnL hftdf ldnfO 5fl8 lbg'= kflg rN5= c+u|]hL hft
hftsf ;/fkm iffO c?nfO eft kflgdf jf]/]5 eGof p:sf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ hg} lemls
eft kflg jfx]s ul/ kflg grnGof hftdf ldnfO 5fl8 lbg'= cfkm'n] dfq iffo]5 c?nfO
eft kflgdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof ;j{:j x'b}g= hg} lemls eft kfgL jfx]s ul/ kflg
grnGof hftdf ldnfO lbg'=
#!= !(@@ ;fn Ho]i6 jlb ^ /f]h b]lif pk|fGt= /hk"t h}l; If]qL hftn] hf8 /S;L iffO
etfxfnfO efTdf jf]/]5 eGof p:sf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ hg} lemls eft jfx]s ul/ dtjfnL
hfTdf ldnfO 5fl8 lbg'= kflg rN5 cfkm'n] iffO c?nfO jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof= ;j{:j
x'b}g= hg} lemls eft jfx]s\ ul/= dtjfln hftdf ldnfO 5fl8 lbg'= kflg rN5 c+u|]hL
hfthftf] ;/fkm iffO c?nfOeft kflgdf jf]/]5 eGof p:sf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ hg} lemls
eft kflg jfx]s\ ul/ kflg grnGof hfTdf ldnfO lbg'= cfkm'n] dfq iffo]5 c?nfO eft
kflgdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5= eGof ;j{:j x'b}g= hg} lemls eft kflg jfx]s\ ul/= kflg
grnGof hfTdf ldnfO lbg'=
#@= !(@@ ;fn Ho]i7 jlb ^ /f]h # b]ifL pk|fGt= kfgL rnGof dtjfnL hft u}în] c+u|]hL
hft hftsf ;/fkm iffO c?nfO eft kflgdf jf]/]5 eGof p:sf] c+; ;j{:j ul/= eft
kflg jfx]s\ ul/ kflg grnGof hftdf ldnfO lbg'= cfkm'n] dfq iffo]5 c?nfO eft
kflgdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof ;j{:j x'b}g= eft kflg jfx]s\ ul/ kfgL grnGof hfTdf
ldnfO lbg'=
##= !(@@ ;fn Ho]i7 jlb ^ /f]h # b]ifL pk|fGt= /hk"t h}l; If]qL tfufwfl/ hftn] bfn
lrlg ;'Ftnf cDfjf cfk s6x/= kmnkm'n hl/j'l6 u}îsf] c/if9fqmØfn] iffofsf] eof @)
?k}of b+8 ug'{= hflu¥ofn] iffofsf] eof hfuL/ iff]l; jiff{; ul/ lbg'= hft hfb}gg\= eft
kflg rN5=
#$= !(@@ ;fn Ho]i6 jlb ^ /f]h # b]lif pk|fGt= dtjfln hft u}în] cfÇgf d'n'ssf] kfgL
rnGof hft u}în] jgfofsf] hf8 /lS; iffg x'+5= hflu¥ofn] hf8 /S;L iffO ulNn
;8sdf= nf]6Øf] eGof tfgfjfgf Roflt iff]l; lbg'=

kmls/l;t d'l8Gof

!= hf]uL ;+Gofl; j}/fuL gfgs pbfl; h+ud ;]j8f u}î e]ifx¿n] s;}sf !@ jif{b]lv
pwf]sf sd{ rNof grNofsf= 5f]/f 5f]l/x¿nfO km'NofO xj;\ rf]l/ n}uL hj/hl:t l;t
d'8]5 d'l8Gofsf jfj' bfHo" efO sfsf dfjnL ghLssf gftfbf/x¿n] cbfnt\= 7fgf
cdfNdf lkm¥ofb ug{ cfof eGof csf{sf 5f]/f 5f]l/ n}uL d'8\GofnfO= /dtfn] d'8\ofsf]
/x]5 eGof d'l8 b]; lgsfnf ul/lbg'= d7wfl/n] d'8ofsf] /x]5 eGof= t]:sf] d7 iff]l;
csf{ dx+tnfO yflk # jif{ s}b ug'{= 3jf{l/n] d'8Øfsf] /x]5 eGof= ;j{:j ul/ # jif{ s}b
ug'{= Dofbsf ?k}of lt5{ eGof ln 5fl8 lbg'= ;j{:j x'Gof p:sf Oi6ldqx¿n] Dofbsf
?k}of ltl/ lb+5+ egof ln 5fl8lbg'= sd{ grNofsf nf]UGofnfO= d'8Øfsf] eof klg=
kltof u/fO cfÇgf hftdf cfp5 ljxf geofls /h:jnf geofls s/l0fdf klg
gr'Sofls /lx5 eGof P:tf :jfl:gnfO klg kltof lb cfÇgf hftdf ldNbf s'6'+jn] ljxf
ug'{ x'+5= eft iffhf rN5=
@= hf]uL ;+Gofl; j}/fuLx¿ s;}n] csf{sf ljxf ul/ Nofofsf= lbof] sn; k'lh Nofofsf=
dgf]dfg;+u Nofofsf= :jfl:gx¿nfO d'8Øf eGof t]:tf nfO kqmL d'8L b]; lgsfnf
ul/lbg'= d'l8ofsf :jfl:gn] d'l8of kl5 c?sf xftsf] eft iffofsL /lxg5 c+t
ljU¥ofls /lxg5= eGof kltof k|folZrQ u/fO hftdf lng'= kf]On= uofsL /lx5 eGof
172
 k}Nx] s/l0f lnGof hf] xf] 7x/fO hf/ xf+Gof hftn] hf/ xf+g'= hf/ gxf+Gof hftn] cbfnt\=
7fgf cdfndf gfln;\ ug'{ /= jfxfjf6 c}g jdf]hLd\ b+8 ug'{=
#= s;}sf !^ jif{b]lv dlgsf s+Gof /= ;wjf ljwjf :jfl:gnfO sf]lx ;+Gofl; j}/fuLx¿n]
nnfO kmsfO d'l8 ufp ;x/af6 lgsfnL b];lt/ n}hfg nfUof] eGof t]; :jfl:gsf
wlgn] cbfnt 7fgf cdfNdf hfx]/ ug'{= / jfxfjf6 t]:tf hf]uL ;+Gofl; j}/fuLnfO klqm !
jif{ s}b ul/ b]; lgsfnf ul/lbg' !^ jif{ gfWofsf ljwjf :jfl:g cfÇgf if'l;/flh l;t
d'l8ofsf /èf5g\ eGof= ift nfUb}g=
$= d'l8Gof :jfl:gn] u'?sf xftsf] eft iffofsf] /x]5 eGof h; lbg kf]On hf+5] t]; lbg
cfÇg' hf/ 7x/fO xf+g' kmls/}sf wd{df /èfsf]= kf]On klg uofls 5}g= o:t} ul/ hGd
u'dfp5' elg j;L eGof= :jfl:gsf] if'l; o:tf :jfl:gsf] eft giffO s/l0f u5{ eGof klg
kmlslg{ e}5= o:sf] s/l0f lng elg 5f8\5 tfklg nf]UGofsf] if'l;=
%= hf]uL ;+Gof;L j}/fuL gfs pbfl; h+ud ;]j8f u}î e]ifx¿n] s;}sf !! jif{ pef]sf !^
jif{;+dsf ljxf j|tj+w eofsf= 5f]/f 5f]l/ n}uL d'8]5 /= t]:sf jfj' cfdf bfHo" dfjnL
guLrsf gftfbf/= s/fpg cfof eGof sd{ grNofsfnfO d'8Øfsf] /x]5 eGof cfÇgf
hftdf /x+5g\ !@ jif{ b]lv pef] sd{ rNfsfn] dnfO 5]ls y'lg hj/hl:t ul/ d'8Øf]
u'?sf xftsf] eftiffof] 5}g elg #% lbgsf Dofbleq s/fpg cfof] /f]jsf/ ubf{= eft
iffofsf] 7x/]g eGof= k|folZrt kfp5 !@ jif{ pwf]ls :jfl:gdflg;nfO d'l8 s/l0f klg
u¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof t]:tf :jfl:gnfO kltof kfplbg glbg' !@ jif{ pef]sf nf]UGof
:jfl:gn] cfkm' d'l8 eft ;d]t\= iffosf] /x]5 eGof t]:tfnfO eftsf] k|folZrt x'b}g=
hf}gf hftdf d'l8ofsf x'g\= plx hft x'+5g\ kltof lbg'= kGof{nfO kltof lbbf= cf}jn\nfO
% bf]od\nfO $ l;d\nfO # rxf/nfO @ ?k}of uf]bfg nL wdf{lwsf/n] kltof ul/lbg'=

wdf{lwsfsf]{

!= pkfWof j|fé0f= /hk't h}l; Iflq u}î tfufwfl/ hft gdfl;Gof dtjfln u}îdfl;Gof
dtjfln u}î hft= Oo'/f]lko]g hft d';Ndfg\ hft= 5f]O l56f] xfng' gkGof{ kflg grnGof
u}î hft= 5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{ u}î hftn]= uf]iff{/fh ed'{n'sdf uf]jwugf{ jfx]s= c?
cfÇgf s'nn] ul/= cfof jdf]lhd cfÇgf cfÇgf demk\sf= wd{ x'Gof sfd s'/f ;j}n]
ug'{ x'+5= o:s'/fdf s;}n] l/; gug'{= P:tf s'/fdf l/; /fu emu8f e} srxl/df s/fpg
cfof eGof= csf{sf demk'nfO ifnn\ x'Gof s'/f uGof{nfO{= !)) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of
glt¥of c}g jdf]lhDs}b ug'{= emu8f e} Hofg d/]5 eGof= dfGof{ sfl6Gof hft eof=
Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg lng'= gsfl6Gof hft eof c}g jdf]lhd c+; ;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{=
@= pkfWofo j|f+é0f nufo]t tfufwfl/ hft /= gdfl;Gof dtjfnL hft df;LGof hft
u}îsf= ;wjf ljwjfsf sf/l0fsf] j]lerf/e}= ef]/df eft kflgdf k¥ofdf= df]io
k'lh{ lngofnfO= cbfnt 7fgf cdfnjf6 ef]/ sf] kltof u/fO{ lbg'= kbf{= cf]jNnfO{ @
bf]o+dnfO !.. l;dnfO{ ! rxf/nfO .. sf bn]{ b:t'/ ln wdf{lwsf/= nfO k'lh{ ul/ lbg'=
#= wdf{lwsf/ jfx]s\= c? s;}n] ljrdf kltof lbof] eGof !.. jif{ s}b ug'{= kltof lbGof
dtnj dfq} lbGofnfO= ! jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf ?k}of 8jNsf lx;fjn] lbof ln 5fl8
lbg'=
$= wdf{lwsf/n] kltof lbbf ef]/sf] dfq kltof lbg'= hflghflg kGof{nfO ;sf{/sf] x's'd /
d'ifltof/sf] dlh{= eof] eGof /= c}g df kltof glbg' eGofsfnfO{= x's'd dlh{ eof] eGof=
nfn df]x/ b:ift\ u/fO{ ln kltof lbg' hflghflg ktof glbgfnfO ljgf nfndf]x/
b:ift\n] kltof lbof] eGof df]o wdf{lwsf/nfO{ %)) ?k}of b+8 ul/ wdf{lwsfl/sfd
lemls lbg'= sfl/bfx¿n] u¥ofsf] /x]5=eGof sfl/+b}nfO{ %) ?k}of b+8 ul/ iff]l; lbg'=
%= hft eft hfGof lj/fp uGof{nfO{= c}gn] kflgsf] kltof lbg' e+Gof n]lifofsf s'/fdf= c}g
jdf]lhdsf] jfkltnfO ;hfo ;j{:j= hl/jfgf gul/ sg kflgsf] kltof lbGof= df]i o
xflsdnfO $) ?k}of hl/jfgf ug'{= jf kltofnfO{= c}g jdf]lhd ;hfo ul/ ;Sof kl5
dfq} kflgsf] kltoflbg' elg c}gdf n]ifLofsfnfO{ kltof lbg'=
^= c8f uf}8f cbfnt 7fgf cdfnsf xflsd l8ˆf ljrfl/ cdfln åf¥of s;}n] tfufwfl/
hftsf]= cl3sf xflsdn]= eft grnGof 7x/fO{= eft jfx]s u¥ofsfnfO{= hfn;fh ul/
jf= cl3sf sfo]ngfdf= hDfGj+bL= bjfO{= o:sf] eft rnGof /x]5 eGof= em'§f] sfuh
173
 ul/ ;sf{/ g;fwL= eft rnfofsf] /x]5 /= s'/f] j'embf= cl3sf xflsd u}în]= u/fosf]
sfo]ngfdf= hdfgj+bL= ;b/ 7x¥of]= eft grnGo} 7x¥of] eGof eft rfnpGofdf
srxl/sf xflsd åf¥of hf] xf]= p:n] eft iffofsf] /x]g5 eGof hft hfb}g %)) ?k}of
b+8 ul/ 5fl8 lbg'=eft rnfO{ cfkm'n] :d]t\ iffofsf] /x]5 eGof= %)) ?k}of b+8 ul/= hg}
lemls hft jfx]s ul/= hg} lemls hft jfx]s ul/= 5fl8 lbg'= ?k}of glt¥of c}g
jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=
&= sf]lx OHhTsf] yfxf g/fifGof= uGof{ guGof{= s'/fsf klg ljrf/ geofsf iffGof giffGof
s'/fsf] klg= ifj/= /fifg g;sGof= ul/ jf}Nxfofsf dflg;\n]= ceIf s'/f] s]lx iffof] eGof
/= c5'lt hft s;}sf xfTsf] /= cfkm' e+bf 3l6 hft s;}sf xftsf] iffo]5 eGof=
t]:tfnfO{= j'l4 7]sfGdf cfof kl5 cf}jNnfO{ % bf]od\nfO $ l;dnfO{ #
rxf/nfO{ @ ?k}ofsf bn]{ wdf{lwsf/nfO{ uf]bfg lbnfO{ k|folZrt u/fO{ lbg'=
*= cfÇgf d'gfl;jn]= b'ifn] lj/xn] d5'{elg kmfn xfnGof= ;]/Gof xltof/ /f]kGof= kf;f]
nfpGof= ljif u}î el/Gof s'/f]= cfkm}n] iffGonfO{= cf}iflw ubf{ jfRof] eGof uIfcg';f/=
Ps cfgf b]lif dfly @ ?k}of;Dd= wdf{lwsf/nfO{ uf]bfg lbg'= pgn] kltof k|flZrt=
u/fO{ lbg'= P:tfnfO{ cdflnsf] ift nfUb}g=
(= lj/f+ ul/ sfl6Gof em'l8Gof d5'{ elg= ckxTof ul/ em'l8Gof cfkm}n] xltof/ rnfO{ dGof{=
u+uf le/ Ogf/= 5fgf iffl8df= kmfn xfnGof= hx/ ljif iffGof P:tf ckxTof ul/ dGof{ /=
kflg grnGof hftsf= xft jf6 dGof{sf] wdf{lwsf/sf] b:t'/= cf}jNofO{ ! bf]odnfO{ ..
l;dnfO{ /= rxf/nfO{ .= uf]bfg k/ ;fl/= cdflnsf lhDdf lbnfO{= 5f]/f efO{ uf]ltofx¿n]
s[of ug'{=
!)= ;sf{/jf6 Ho"sf] jbnf Hofg ln dfl/ofnfO{= pGsf efO{ 5f]/f uf]ltofx¿n] ;t ult
ug{ kfpGof x'+ elg= eGg cfof eGof cbfnt 7fgf cdfnaf6 k'lh{ u/fO wdf{ lwsf/af6
klg k|folZrtsf] kltof= lb sfhs[of ug{ lbg'= uIf c'g;f/= Ps cfgf b]lif pef]=
@ ?k}of;Dd ln kltof ul/ lbg'=
!!= xf8gftfdf= cfkm' e+bf 3l6 hftdf kflg grnGof hfTdf l56f] xfng' kGof{ hfTdf s/l0f e}
eof] eft kflg iffO{ eof]= hft eft kflg=jf6 kltt eofsf sf]lx dflg;\= d¥of/= pGsf
efO{ 5f]/f elthfx¿n] kltof kfof sfhs[of ubf{ x'+ elg e+g cfof eGof= s[of z'4
e+Gof ljxf]/fsf]= kltof u/fO{ lbg'=
!@= s;}n] gftf uf]q cfkm' e+bf sdhft 5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftdf ljlu| eof] cfkm' e+bf
3l6 hftsf xftsf] eft kflg iffO{ eof]= hft kltt eof sf dfgL; d¥of eGof t]:tfsf]
s[of z'4sf]= kltof gul/= s[of uGof{nfO{ /= u/fpGofnfO{ %.% ?k}of b+8 ul/ cf}jNnfO{=
@ bf]o+dnfO ! l;dnfO{ ..= rxf/nfO{ .= ln wdf{lwsf/jf6= eft kflgsf] kltof lbg'=
!#= sf]lx nf]UGof :jfl:gn] s;}sf] HofGdf¥ofsf] /= hfTs\df¥ofsf] /x]5 cl3 yfxf gkfO{ kl5
hfx]/ eof] eGof t]:tf kftlssf xftsf]= ef]/df iffGofnfO{ etfxf u}înfO{= cjNnfO{ #..
bf]o+dnfO{ !... l;dnfO{ ...– rxf/nfO .# sf bn]{ uf]bfg ln wdf{lwsf/n] eft kflgsf]
kltof lbg'=
!$= bfdn eofsf= sfl6ofsf kltt e}= hg} lemlsofsf= c5'lt hftdf s/l0f ul/ eft kflg
jfx]s eofsf /= p;} hfTdf ldnfofsf= dflg; d¥of eGof p:sf efO{ 5f]/f 5f]l/ j+;
s;}n]= OGsf] s[of z'4sf] kltof= kfofs[of ubf{ x'+ eÙ cfof eGof cf}jNnfO{ %
bf]o+d\nfO{ $ ;LdnfO{ # rxf/nfO{ @ ?k}of sf bn]{ wdf{ lwsfn]{ uf]bfg ln s[of ;'4sf]
kltof u/fO{ lbg'=
!%= csf{sf] s/l0f eft ktl/sf]= j]xf]/f gj'lem= eft kflg sf9of] kl5 ;+sfsf] j]xf]/f
gk'¥ofO{= l/;n] kf]Nofsf] 7x¥of] eGof= kf]nGofnfO{ !! d}Gxf;Dd em]n iffgfdf s}b ug'{=
s}bsf ?k}of lt5'{ eGof klg= P:tfnfO{ ?k}of ln g5f8g'= s}b} ug'{= kf]nGofn]
eGof ;+sfsf] j]xf]/f= k'¥ofO{ kf]n]5= /f]jsf/ ubf{ s/l0fdf eGof sfo]n ug{ ;s]g=
etfxfn] eft iffGof 7x¥of] eGof kf]nGofnfO{ !) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of lt/]g eGof= c}g
jdf]lhDs}b ug'{= kf]nfO{ dfUGofnfO{= k|folZrt kb}{g= hft}df ldN5=
!^= tfufwfl/ hft u}î s;}n] d'l8Gof sd{ ul/= d'l8 gdfl;Gof z'b| hftdf ldnfO{ kflgsf]
kltof lbofsf dflg:sf ljjflxtf :jfl:gjf6 xj;\= c?= :jfl:g= NofO{ p;\jf6=
hGDofsf xj;\= P:tfsf ;+tfgsf] g'jf/g\ kfl:g= ljxf sfh s[of ubf{df= j|f+é0fn]
gdfl;Gof z'b| hftsf ;/xsf] sd{ u/fO{ lbg'= kflgsf] kltof geofsfsf] sd{ s]lx
174
 gu/fpg'= kflg grNofsf xf] sd{ u/fpGof j+|fé0fnfO{ /=
sd{ uGof{ hhdfgnfO{ %.% ?k}of b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of !.! d}Gxf s}b ul/ 5fl8 lbg'=
!&= kftlsx¿nfO{ kflgsf] kltof lbbf c}gdf kflgsf] kltof glbg' elg n]lifofsf xf8gftf=
sf ifTdf /= 5f]O l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftl;t s/l0f e}= Og}sf xftsf] eft kflg iffO{= p;}
ifTdf d'l8ofsf= kftlssf xftsf] kflg rNb}g= PltnfO{= kltof glbg'= Plt snd\ jfx]s=
c? s'/fdf d'l8ofsf dflg; kftls z'b| hft x'+5g\= kflg rN5= eftsf] kltof kfp+b}g=
OGnfO{ kflgsf] kltof lbbf= cf}jNnfO{ !) bf]od\nfO * l;dnfO{ $ rxf/nfO{ @ ?k}ofsf
bn]{ wdf{lwsfn]{ uf]bfg\ ln kflgsf] kltof lbg'= P:tf kftlsn] j|f+é0fnfO{= l6sf nfpg
x'b}g= bfg blIfgf lbg eGof x'+5= l6sfgnfO{ bfg blIfgf lbg'= P:tfsf xftsf] l6sf]
nfpGof j|f+é0fnfO{ @.. l6sfnfO{ lbGofnfO{ % ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd
s}b ul/ 5fl8 lbg'= yfxf gkfO l6sf nfpGof j|f+é0fnfO{ ift jft nfUb}g=
!*= :jfl:g dflg; s;}n] cfkmg' nf]UGof elg ef]/df xj;\ cyjf= b; O+b|Lo= rng g;sGof
ul/ nfu' u}î if'jfO{=j]xf]; eofsf j]nfdf xj;\= cfÇgf nf]UGof jfx]s c? j|f+é0f
nufo]t\= kf]9\of;Dd s;}l;t s/l0f eo]5 /= ef]/df k¥of kltof kfp+ elg= :jfl:g
s/fpg cfO{ eGof= ef]df{ csf{ nf]Ugofl;t s/l0f eof] e+Gof= :jfl:gn] kltof
kfplbg= :jfl:gsf] ef]/ 7xb}{g= nf]UGof dflg; ef]df{ k¥ofsf] eof c}g jdf]lhd k|folZrt
kfp+5=
!(= pkfWofo h}l; j|fé0f u}î tfufwfl/ dtjfln hftsf ;wjf ljwjf :jfl:g /= s+Gof
s]l6sf]= s/l0f nL= ;f] s/l0f hfx]/ ge} nf]UGof rflx eflu u} iff]hbf km]nf k/]g eGof /=
dl/ uo]5 eGof= c? s;}n] hfGof ;'Gofsf] /x]5 eGof hfFGof ;'Gofsf] d'r'Nsf ln=
ef]/df k¥ofsf etfxfnfO{= k|folZrt ul/ lbg'= hfFGof ;'Gof= dflg:sf]lx /èfg5g\ eGof=
t]:tf j]lerflg{ :jfl:gsf] Hdfgj+lb sfo]ngfdf hf] ug'{ k5{= ul/ etfxfnfO{= eft kflgsf]
ef]/sf] k|folZrt u/fO{ lbg'=
@)= pkfWof nufo]t\= rf/ j0f{ 5lt;} hft= u}îsf nf]UGof dflg;\ s;}n] xf8 gftfdf /= kflg
grnGof 5f]of l56f] xfng'= gkGof{ hft u}îsf :jfl:gsf] s/l0f ul/ eft kflg iffO{=
cfÇgf :jfl:gnfO{ klg s/l0f u/]5= eft kflg :d]t\ if'jfo]5 /= srxl/jf6 t];nfO{=
t}n] :jfl:g l;t s'/f]= k|sf;\ ul/; ls u¥ofsf] 5}g= elg ;f]wg gkfpb}df= nf]UGof eflu
uo]5= :jfl:gn] d]/f i;Dsf]= t]:tfl;t s/l0f eofsf] eft kfgL iffosf] d}n] yfxf kfofsf
lyo]g d}n] if;d\nfO{ s/0fL ef]/df lbofsf] xf]=eft kflg iffofsf] xf] elg s/fpg cfO{ /=
nf]UGof klqmof kl5= of] s'/f] nf]UGofn] dnfO{ k|sf; u¥ofsf] 7x¥of] eGof dnfO{ hft
kltt ul/ lbg'= e+Gof d'r'Nsfn]lif lbof eGof= sfuh n]iffO ln kltof u/fO{ lbg'= ue{sf]
afnif :d]t\ cfdfsf kltofn] z'4 x'+5g\= nf]UGof klqmof kl5= /f]jsf/ ubf{ k|sf;
u¥ofsf] 7x¥of] eGof= hft jfx]s ul/ t]:tfsf xftsf] iffGof nfO{ kltof u/fO{ lbg'= hfx]/
u¥ofsf] 7x/]g eGof= :jfl:g ;B 7xl/ eft kflgdf rN5]=
@!= c}gn] ift nflu eft kflg hfGof= xf8gftfdf s/l0f uGof{= nf]UGofn] s/l0f u¥ofsf] hfx]/
ge} cfÇgf ljjflxtf /= eft iffhf rnGof ;Ddsf c? :jfl:g= sf] s/l0f
lno]5= :jfl:gn] yfxf gkfO{ ef]/df lbofsf] /x]5 eGof= t]:tf ef]/df
kGof{ :jfl:gnfO{ eft kflgsf] kltof u/fO{ lbg'= nf]UGof ljU¥of kl5 s/l0f e} ue{ /lx
5f]/f 5f]l/ :d]t\ hGDofsf /èf5g\ eGof= kflg rN5= eft rNb}g 5f]/f5f]l/= :d]t\ cfdfsf
kltofn] z'4 x'+5g\= :jfl:gn] nf]UGof ljU¥ofsf] hflg= hflg s/l0f u/fO5 eGof lju|Gof
nf]UGofsf] hf}g hft eofsf] 5= p;} hftdf ldN5]= 5f]/f5f]l/ klg cfdfs} hfTdf ldN5=
@@= kflg grnGof 5L6f] xfng' gkGof{ hft :jfl:gsf hflg hflg s/l0f dfq uGof{= eft kflg
eGof giffGof nf]UGof dflg;n] cfkm' ljU¥ofsf] hfx]/ gul/ kltof ge} c? cfÇgf
ljjflxtf jf NofOtf j]:of u}î :jfl:gsf] s/l0f u/]5 jf cfÇgf xftsf]= eft kflg
if'jfo]5 /= kflg grnGof hftl;t nf]Ugof ljU¥ofsf]= yfxf gkfO{ ef]/df= cfÇgf
nf]UGofnfO{ s/l0f lbGof /= p:sf xftsf] eft kflg iffGof :jfl:gnfO{ t];\ nf]UGofn]
kltof ul/ hft kfpGof x'gfn]= Tof] s/l0f lbGof eft kflg iffGof= :jfl:g /= ue{sf jf=
kl5 hGDofsf ;+tfg= :d]t\ t];} :jfl:gsf kltofn] z'4 x'+5g\= o:tfsfxftsf] eft kflg
rN5= ef]/df s/l0f lb= kltof ge} cfdf= d¥ofls /lx5= ;+tfgn] kltof dfug cfof=
kltof lbg'= cfÇgf nf]UGofn] o]:tf :jfl:gsf] s/l0fsf] u¥ofsf] yfxf kfO{= cfkm'n] s/l0f
p;sf xftsf] eft kfgL afro nfh zd{n] dfq s'/f ug{ g;ls bjfO ef]/df kfl/= c?
175
 etfxf efO{= eft kflgdf jf]l/ofsf /èf5g\ eGof= cfkm'n] s'/f] yfxf kfof kl5 b'lgof eft
kflgdf= kGof{ s'/f] bjfof jfjt\= :jfl:gnfO{ @) ?k}of b+8 ul/= ef]df{ kGof{nfO{= ef]/sf]
kltof u/fO{ lbg'=
@#= 5f]O{ l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftl;t= hflg hflg lju|Gof /= OGsf xftsf] eft kflg iffGof
nf]UGof dflg;n] cfkm'n] s/l0f u¥ofsf] jf= eft kflg iffofsf] hfx]/ gul/= c? cfÇgf
ljjflxtf jf NofO{tf= j]:of u}î :jfl:gsf] s/l0f u/]5 jf cfÇgf xftsf] eft kflg
if'jfo]5 /= nf]UGofn]= l56f] xfng' kGof{ P:tf hftsf]= s/l0f u¥ofsf] jf= eft kflg
iffofsf] yfxf gkfO{ ef]/df= cfÇgf nf]UGofl;t s/l0f u/fpGof jf= eft kflg
iffGof= :jfl:gsf] ue{ /èfsf] /x]g5 eGof= eft kflgsf] kltof u/fO{ lbg'= hft hfb}g=
ue{ /èfsf] /x]5 eGof= eft rNb}g= kflgsf] dfq kltof lbg'= t];jf6 kl5 hGDf
sf ;+tfg\= sf xftsf] kflg rN5= eft rNb}g o:tf j|f+é0f nufo]t\= tfufwf/L
hftsf ;+tfgn] hg} kfpb}gg\ gdfl;Gof z'b| hft x'+5g\= gdfl;Gof dtjfln hftsf ;+tfg\
dfl;Gof dtjfln hft x'+5g\= dfl;Gof dtjflnsf ;+tfg\= p;\ e+bf sd\= dfl;Go} hft
x'+5g\= cfÇgf nf]UGofn] o:tfsf] s/l0f ;d]t\ ul/ jf p;} eft kflg iffofsf] 5 e+Gof= s'/f]
yfxf kfO{ cfkm'n] p:sf xftsf]= eft kflg s/l0f jrfO{= nfh ;d{n]= dfq} s'/f] hfx]/=
ug{ g;ls bjfO{= etfxf eft kflg df jf]l/ofsf /èf5g\ eGof= cfkm'n] s'/f] yfxf kfof
kl5= b'lg`f eft kflgdf kGof{ s'/f] bjfof jfjt\= :jfl:gnfO{ @% ?k}of b+8 ul/= ef]/df
kGof{nfO{ ef]/sf] kltof u/fO{ lbg'=
@$= d'l8Gof hft s;}n] cfÇgf ;sf{/sf] ifnn' x'Gof= pQ/ blIfgsf jfb;fxf l;t j]Tof;\
kGof{= cfÇgf /fhf= jlh/ pd/fj= ef/bf/= sf] Hofg hfGof sfd s'/f]= s]lx u¥ofsf]
/x]g5= csf{sf :jfl:g ljuf¥ofsf] Hofg df¥ofsf]= klg /x]g5= c? d'8LGof ift\ jft\x?
klg s]lx u¥ofsf] /x]g5= jlh/ ef/fbf/sf l/;\ /fudf k/L d'l8ofsf] /x]5= / d'l8bfdf=
ceIf ;d]t\ if'jfosf] /x]5 eGof= t]:tfn] eftsf] kltof kfpb}gg\ kflgsf] kfp5 kflgsf]
dfq kltof lbg'= d'l8ofsf eGof x'+ ceIf if'jfofsf] xf]Og= kltof kfp+ e+GofnfO{= cl3
d'l8bf= ceIf if'jfofsf] /x]5 /x]g5 elg ef/fbf/x¿n] thljh ul/= ceIf if'jfofsf]
7x/]g eGof= kltof kfp+5= dflg;\ x]l/ cf}jNnfO{ @% bf]o+d\nfO !@.. l;d\nfO{ ^
rxf/nfO{ # ?k}of sf bn]{ uf]bfg ln wdf{lwsf/n] eft kflgsf]= kltof u/fO{ lbg'=
k|folZrt= ul/ hft efO{df ldN5g\=
@%= 5f]O l56f] xfng' kGof{ hft jfx]s xf8 uf]q /= tNnf] 5f]O l56f] xfng' gkGof{ hft;+u eft
kflg giffO{= s/l0f uGof{ j|f+é0f /hk't Iflqo tfuf wfl/sf dxn ! dfl;Gof kflg
grnGof= hftn] pkNnf] j|f+é0fL ;Ddsf] uf]lq gftf uf]tfdf s/l0f uGof{= dxn\ @ cfÇgf
k|ltj|tf :jfl:gsf] pkfWofh}l; j|fé0fnfO{ hf/ xf+Gof dxn # /fhsfhdf d'l8Gofsf]
dxn $ Plt rf/ t/xsf tlS;/= jfnfx¿ Ogx¿sf d'ifdf bfu nfUofsf] /x]g5 cIf/
iff]lbofsf] /x]g5= eGof cfÇgf ;sf{/sf]= k/rlqm;+u nflu kbf{= ;sf{/sf sfhdf nl8
b]xf+Gt k|folZrt ul/ d/f}nf elg ;;q rNofsf= 7fpdf k'lu h'4 ul/= n8Øf eGof
wdf{lssf/jf6 kltof lbg' & k':tf;Ddsf xf8df kGof{nfO tS;L/dfkm kflg rN5= eft
rNb}g= c? yf]ssf] tS;L/ uGof{nfO{ eft kfgL rN5=
@^= 5f]O l56f] xfng' kGof{ gkGof{ ;fgf hft;+u lj/f+e} d'ifdf hftsf cIf/ iff]lbofsf
bfdNsf= cIf/ iff]bLofsf 5f]O l56f] xfng' kGof{ hft /= kflg grn
Gof hftl;t kflg rnGof hftn] sl/0f ul/ c}g jdf]lhd c+; ;j{:j ul/ kflg jfx]s
eofsf= kflg grnGof 5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{ gkGof{ hftsf xftsf] hflg hflg eft
kflg iffofsf olt t/xsf bfu nfUofsfn]= hft eft kfp+b}g= n8fl`df ;:q rNofsf
7fpdf k'lu n8Øfdf= klg hft eft kflg= kfpb}gg\= tS;L/ dfkm=
@&= rf/ j0f{ 5lt;} hftn] bfdn x'Gof tS;L/ ul/= d'ifdf iff]lb bfdn eofsf nf]UGof :jfl:g
sf]lx eflu u}= ltg{jf6 hGDofsf ;+tfg\= kftls hft x'+5 ltgn] kflg grnGof hftsf
xjg\= jf= 5f]of l56f] xfng'= kGof{ hftsf :jfl:g xpg\= ltGdf cfÇgf /flhjflhl;t
pGsf eft kflg jrfO{= n}uof eGof= ift jft nfUb}g= kflg rnGof u}î hftsf= :jfl:g
n}hfGofnfO{= l56f] xfNg' kGof{ hftn] n}uofdf hf] ;hfo x'G5 ;f]lx jdf]lhd ;hfo ug'{=
@*= rf/ j0f{ 5lt;} hftsf s/l0f ;j+wL /= 3l6 hftsf] eft kflg iffofsf] s'/f b]lif hflg
pGsf xftsf] eft kflg= iffo]5= c?nfO{ jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof hf}gf hftsf xftsf] eft
kflg iffofsf 5 p;} hfTdf ldnfO lbg'= b+8 ;j{:j x'b}g cfkm'n] eft kflg iffO{ c?
176
 b'lg`fnfO{ kflgdf /= etfxfnfO{ eftdf jf]/]5 eGof= c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/=
p;} hfTdf ldnfO{ lbg'= p:sL :jfl:gn] ef]/df s/l0f lb5= 5f]/f kl/of/n] eft kflg
iffofsf /èf5g\ eGof ef]/sf] kltof u/fO{ lbg' :jfl:gn] hflg hflg s/l0f u/fofsf] /x]5
eGof /= c?n] hflg hflg t]:sf xftsf]=eft kflg iffofdf !@ jif{ pef]sfnfO{ t];} hfTdf
dLnfO{ lbg' !@ jif{ dlgsf chfg jfnifnfO{= kltof u/fO{= lbg'= 3/sf d'io sf/l0fsf]
;j{:j eof kl5= c? hxfg\sf] ;j{:j x'b}g= dfl;Gof hftn]= cfkm'n]= eft kflg iffO{
cfÇgf etfxfnfO{= efTdf /= c?nfO{ kflgdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof= p;} hfTdf ldnfO{
lbg'= b+8 ;j{:j x'b}g etfxfnfO{= eftdf / c?nfO{= kflgdf jf]/]5 eGof= hft jfx]s ul/=
p;} hfTdf ldnfO dfl; lbg'= :jfl:gn] ef]/df s/l0f lb5= 5f]/f kl/of/n] eft kflg iffof
5GeGof ef]/sf] kltof u/fO{ lbg'= :jfl:gn] hflg hflg s/l0f u/fO{5= c?n] t]:sf
xftsf] hflg eft kflg= iffo]5GeGof= !@ jif{b]lv pef]sfnfO{= t];} hfTdf ldnfO{ lbg' !@
jif{ d'lgsfnfO{ kltof u/fO{ lbg' d'io sf/l0f dfl;of kl5= c? hxfg\= dfl;+b}gg\=
@(= tfufwfl/ nufo]t\ rf/ j0f{ 5lt;} hft u}î dflg;x¿ b]; kb]{; uofdf j]/fdL e} 3f
nflu= nf]l6 hgfj/n] xflg= 6f]ls ;fî} yln cfÇg' ;dy{= grNofdf /= c;if= eofsf
j]nfdf= cfÇg' hft ldNbf]= sf]lx geofsf hufdf= k/b];df cfkm' eGbf 3l6 hftsf
xftsf] eft kflg grnGof hftsf xftsf] kflg iffof] ;dy{ rNof kl5= dnfO{ ;fîf] j]/fd
e} c;if eofdf kmnfgfsf xftsf]= eft kflg iff`f elg= cfkm}n] hfx]/ ug{ cfof] eGof=
cfÇg' ;dy{ grNofsf jifTdf /= hft ldNbf] sf]lx geofsf hufdf pksf/ lgdLQ=
if'jfofsf] x'gfn]= if'jfpGofnfO{ ift jft nfUb}g= iffGonfO{ k|folZrt lbg' c;ifdf iffofsf]=
cfkm}n] hfx]/ u/]5= k|folZrt= ge} d/]5g eGof= p:sf efO 5f]/f kl/jf/n] klg k|folZrt
kfp5g\= c;if eofsfdf cfkm' e+bf s+d\ hftsf xftsf]= eft kflg iffof] iffGof if'jfpGof
b'j}n] hfx]/ u¥ofgg\ bjfofsf s'/f= cs}{jf6 hfx]/ eof] eGof hfx]/ gu¥ofsf] x'gfn]
if'l;n] iffofsf] 7x5{= if'jfpGofnfO{ @) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= iffGofn] kltof kfpb}g glbg'=
cfkm'n] iffO{ c?nfO{ eftdf jf]/]5 eGof $) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhds}b
ug'{=
#)= s;}sf jfj' cfdf kflg grnGof hft= 5f]O l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftl;t s/l0f ul/
eof]eft kflg iffO{ eof] kltt e} p;}sf hfTdf= ldNofsf /èf5g\ /= jfj' cfdf glju|b}=
cl3 hGDofsf 5f]/f5f]l/ klg jfj' cfdfl;t;+u /lx eft kflg iffofsf /èf5g\ /= t]:tf
s]6fs]l6sf= dfjnL bfHo" efO{= Oi6dLqn] !@ jif{ ;Dddf= O ;B 5bf hGDofsf x'g \=
OgnfO{ kltof lbof eft kflg dflnG5f} elg e+Ù cfof eGof ltgnfO{ k|folZrt u/fO{
lbg'= jfl/;\ sf]lx /x]g5+ eGof !@ jif{ b]lif !^ jif{;Dd 1fg k:of kl5 jfj'= cfdfb]lif
eft kflgdf= km/s /lx j:ofsf /= xfld c1fg jfnif ly`"+ xfldnfO{ kfnGof sf]lx sf]lx
glg;sbf= jfj' cfdfl;t elh= /èfsf ly~o"+ k|fo]lZrt kfpGof x'F elg s/fpg cfof
eGof lt chfg df iffGof 7x5{ o:tfnfO{ cbfnt 7fgf cdfndf eÙ cfof eGof klg
cyjf e+g cfofgg\= c?n] yfxf kfofsf] eof kgL= txlst ul/ k|folZr u/fO{ lbg'= !^
jif{ gf£of kl5 klg eft kflgdf elh /èfsfn] kltof kfpb}gg\= O k|fo]lZrtkfpGof x'+
elg ljU¥ofsf] j]xf]/f hflg hflg kflg rnfpGofdf k'hL{ ul/ lbGof d'io sfl/+bf hf]xf]
p:sf]=c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/= tfufwfl/sf] hg} lemls= c?nfO{ t];} p;}= hfTdf
ldnfO{ lbg'= c? kflg rNGof xf] e+Gof= yl/ d'lifofnfO{= @).@) ?k}of srxl/df j:Gof
enfdflg;nfO{ %.% ?k}of b+8 ug'{= srxl/df gj:ofsfnfO{ b+8 s]lx kb}{g eft kflg
iffGof etfxf /= t]lx kflg rnfpGofsf hxfgnfO{= xfldnfO{ kltof xj;\= o:tf l;t
ldNbf}g elg= eGof kltof u/fO lbg'=
#!= pkfWof j|f+é0fb]lif= tfufwfl/= hft u}în] cfkm'nfO{= hGdfpGof cfdf /= cfkm'n]
hGdfofsf 5f]l/ jfx]s= cfÇgf xf8gftf= df s/l0f ul/ d'l8ofsf /= c? /fhsfhdf
d'l8ofsf kltof ge} Og} kftlsjf6 hGDofsf ;+tfg\= n] kflgsf] kltof kfp+5g\=
gdfl;Gof z'b| hft x'+5g\=
#@= rf/ j0f{ 5lt;} hft u}îsf !@ jif{ gf£ofsf nf]UGof dflg;n] 5f]O 5L6f] xfng' kGof{
hftdf /= kflg grnGof hftdf= cfÇgf xf8 gftfdf s/l0f u¥ofsf] /x]5= ceIf g/s u}î
iffosf] /x]5= ufO d/fosf] /x]5= / Tof] s'/f hfx]/ ge}= cfÇgf hftsf s'6'Dn] 5f]l/ jLxf
u/]5= ljxfe} ;lsof kl5 o]lt u}îdf !.@ pkw|= u¥ofsf] hfx]/ eof] eGof= t];s]tfn]
ljxf u¥ofls :jfl:gn]= d t]; nf]UGofl;t hfFg t]:sf xftsf] eft kflg klg iff+g
177
 elgeGof= 5f]/f5f]l/ ue{ /x]g5 eGof eft kflgsf] kltof kfp+5= 5f]/f 5f]l/ eofsf ue{
/èfsf] /x]5 eGof kflgsf] dfq} kltof kfp+5]= cfdfsf kltofn] 5f]/f 5f]l/ :d]t\sf] kflg
rN5= of] :jfl:g kl5 c?l;t= ljlu| eGof ljjflxtf nf]UGofn]= hf/ sf6g kfpb}g=
sf6Øf] eGof Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg x'+5=
##= tfufwfl/ hftn] eft grnGof sd hftsf xftsf] jf= ef+;f5f]of kl5 p;} ef+;fdf lif/
jfx]s bfn eft hflghflg iffo]5 eGof t];n] kltof kfp+b}gg\= glbg'= eft grnGof sld
hftsf= xftsf] jf= 3l6 hftn] 5f]ofsf ef+;fdf bfn eft iffO{= etfxfnfO{ jf]/]5 eGof=
c}g jdf]lhd c+; ;j{:j ul/ hf}gf hftn] 5f]ofsf] iffofsf]5= p;} hfTdf ldnfO{ lbg'=
eftsf] kltof kfp+b}g=
#$= pkfWof j|f+é0f jfx]s= c? tfufwfl/ /= dtjfnL hft u}în] hft ldNbf etfxfsf s+Gof
Nofofsf] /x]5 eGof= Tof] s+Gof= lbIff x'Gofn] lbIffd+q lbnfO{= s+Gof NofpGof /= s+Gof
NofpGofsf bfHo" efO{nfO{= eft iffgfsf] s/ nfU5= iffofgg\ /= cbfnt 7fgf cdfndf
lkm/fb ug{ cfof eGof= cbfnt 7fgf cdfnjf6 !).!) ?k}of hl/jfgf ug'{ t]:tf s+Gofsf]
xftsf] eft iffg nfpg'= hft eft ldNbf= etfxfsf ljwjf Nofofsf /= hfl/ ul/
Nofofsf= :jfl:gsf xftsf] etfxfn] eft\ iff+Ùf} eGof s/ nfUb}g= c+; ubf{ % if+8df ; n]
# efu iffof o:tfnfO{ @ efu c+; lbg'=
#%= a|f+é0f nufo]t\= tfufwfl/ hft /= lbIff lnGof dtjfln hft u}în]= d+q ;'Gbf cfÇgf lktf
k'iff{b]lif rln cfof jdf]lhd u'?n] lbofsf d+q ;'+g'= hkg'= cfÇgf k'iff{b]lv rln
cfofsf]= d+q ghlk= jf}w dfu{ gfl:ts dt\= em+Ùf k+Ùfsf] dt\ u}î lnGofnfO{ %) ?k}of
b+8 ug'{= emÙf k+Ùfsf] cfkm'n] eft kfO{= c?nfO{ klg jf]¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof= c}g
jdf]lhdsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/= hg} lemls hft kltt u/fO{ lbg'=
#^= j|f+é0f /hk't tfufwfl/= Iflt hft u}î= u[x:y wd{df /èfsfn] d+q ;+bf u[x:y wd{
5f]8Øfsf ;+Gofl; j}/flu gfgs= sfg km§f hf]lu h+ud;]j8f u}î e]ifwfl/ l;t= u'? dflg
lbIff d+q g;'+g'= P:tf e]ifwfl/nfO{ u'? dflg lbIof d+q ;'GGof= u[xl:tnfO{ %) ?k}of b+8
ug'{= eft :d]t\ iffO{ c?nfO{= jf]¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof eftdf jf]Gof{sf c}g jdf]lhd;hfo ug'{=
u[x:t wd{df g/èfsf nf]UGofn] xj;\= :jfl:gn] xj;\= e]ifwfl/ l;t d+q ;'Gof jft
nfUb}g=
#&= hg} gkfpGof hftn] hft 9f+l6 7"nf] hft x'+ elg cfÇg} d'n'sdf 5bf hg} nfo]5= eGof
klg cyjf= lj/fgf d'n'Sdf u} hg}nfO{ cfo]5= eGof klg hg}nfO{ efTdf jf]/]5 eGof
gdfl;gof hftn] eof= c}g jdf]lhd=sf] c+; ljxf ifr{ k/;fl/ p:sf] c+; ;j{:j ul/
ln hg} lemls ! jif{ s}b ul/ 5fl8 lbg'= dfl;Gof hft eof hg} lemls dfl; lbg'=
ef]/df kGof{nfO ktof u/fO{ lbg'= cfÇg} d'n'Sdf jl; hg} dfq} nfo]5= eftdf s;}nfO{
jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5=eGof ^) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= lj/fgf d'n'Sdf u}+ hg}nfO{ cfo]5= eftdf
jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof @) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf bn}{ s}b ug'{=
#*= d';Ndfg\ lg Dn]5lg= s';Noflg s;flxlg= snjflg{ 3f]ljlg s'n'lg{ u}î 5f]of l57f]
xfng' gk¥of{= kflg grnGof hftsf :jfl:gl;t= s/l0f eGof eofsf] kflg eGof iffofsf]
/x]g5 /= t];}n] cfÇgf :jfl:gl;t u} hGDofsf ;+tfg\= /èf 5g\ eGof jfj'sf kltofn]=
z'4 x'+5g\=
#(= tfufwfl/ hft u}îsf xf8df /= gftfdf s/l0f u/fO{= p;} ifTdf hft kltt ul/ gdfl;Gof
z'b| hftdf ldnfofsf dflg:sf kftls= :jfl:gsf kltt eof kl5= p;} kftls
nf]UGofjf6= hGDofsf ;+tfgn] hg} kfp+b}gg\ gdfl;Gof z'b| hft x'+5g\ kflg rN5=
$)= j|f+é0f jfx]s tfufwfl/ hftn] hft ldNbfsf s+Gof ljwjf :jfl:gjf6 hGDofsf 5f]l/sf]
uf]8fwf]O{ kflg iffg x'+5= eft iffhf grnGof hftsf :jfl:gjf6 hGDofsf 5f]l/sf] xft
wf]O{ kflg iffGofnfO{ ift nfUb}g uf]8fsf] kflg iffGofx¿nfO{ @.. ?k}of b+8 ul/ cf7 cfgf
ln= k|folZrt u/fO{ lbg'= tfufwfl/ dtjflnsf j]:of / gdfl;Gof dfl;Gof u}î=kflg
rnGof hftsf :jfl:gjf6 hGDofsf 5f]l/sf] uf]8f wf]O{ kflg kfGofnfO{= % ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
! ?k}of uf]bfg ln kltof u/fO lbg'=
$!= pkfWofo j|f+é0fn] pkfWofsf ljwjf nufo]t\ tfufwfl/ hftsf 5f]l/ s+Gof ljwjf ljxf
ul/Nofofsf xpg\= p;} Nofofsf xpg\= ltGjf6 hGDofsf 5f]l/sf] ljèf ubf{= jfj' bfHo"
efO{= Oi7 ldqx¿n]= b'nxf b'nlxsf= xft ;Dd w'g' x'+5= xft wf]O{ kflg iffGofnfO{= ift
nfUb}g= uf]8f= wf]O{ kflg iffGofnfO{ @.. ?k}of b+8 ul/ .. uf]bfg ln k|fo]lZrQ u/fO{ lbg'=
178
 tfufwfl/ dtjfln hftsf j]:of /= gdfl;Gof dfl;Gof u}î kflg rnGof= hftsf :jfl:g
kl§= hGDofsf 5f]l/sf] uf]8fw'O{ kflg iffGofnfO{= % ?k}of b+8 ug'{ ! ?k}of uf]bfg ln
k|fo]lZrt u/fO lbg'=
$@= j|fé
+ 0f hftn] tfufwfl/ nufo]t\ kflg rnGof= ;Ddsf u}î hftsf xftsf] l6sf] nfpg/
pg] ;+sNk ul/ lbofsf] jf= p;} lbofsf] l;wf blIfgf u}î= lng x'+5 lnGof lbGof u}înfO{
jft nfUb}g= kflg grnGof hft /= 5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{ hft u}îsf xftsf] l6sf] nfpg
/= ;+sNk ul/ jf= kflg kfl/ lbofsf] l;wf blIfgf u}î= s]lx lng x'+b}g= o:tf] lnGofnfO{
ljuf] ;d]t= hkmt ul/ @) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{= kflg
grnGof u}î hftn]= ;+sNk gul/ lbofsf] /= kflg gk¥ofsf] rf]iff] c+Ù= blIfgf huf
hldg\ Ho" u}î rf]iff] s'/f]= lnGof / lbGofnfO{ ift jft nfUb}g=
$#= kflg rnGof hft u}în] kflg grnGof c5'lt hftsf= xftsf] l6sf] nfof] eGof l6sf
nfO{lbGof /= l6sf nfO{dfUGof b'j}nfO{ %.% ?k}of b+8 ug'{= l6sf] nfO{dfUGof pkNnf]
hftnfO{ ..= uf]bfg nL kltof u/fO{ lbg'=
$$= pkfWof elg hft 5kfO{= csf{nfO{ uf]8fsf] kflg if'jfpGof h}l;nfO{ ^ d}Gxf c? hftnfO{
!* d}Gxf s}b ug'{= o:tfnfO{ Dofbsf ?k}of lbof klg s}b gk'¥ofO{ g5f8g'= 8jn lbof
ln 5fl8 lbg'=
$%= pkfWof elg hft 5kfO{= l6sfnfO{ k'hfpGof h}l;nfO{ $ d}Gxf c? hftnfO{ !@ d}Gxf s}b
ug'{ Dofbsf ?k}of lbof c}g jdf]lhd ln 5fl8 lbg'=
$^= tfufwfl/ hft u}î s;}n] efG;fdf ksfofsf]= eft u}î Jofxfg ksfofsf] /ft k¥of kl5
xj;\= /flt ksfofsf] pHofnf] eof kl5 xj;\= jf ksfpGofn] efG;f s'îfsf] xj;\ jf
5f]8Øfsf] xj;\= Tof] ef+;f eft grnGof= c? s;}n] 5f]ofsf] /x]g5= eGof eft
iffGofnfO{= kltof klg kb}{g b+8 klg x'b}gg\= hft}df /x+5g\=
$&= uf]7df ksfO{ Nofofsf] /= jfl; lif/ 5f]of]= iffg gx'Gof hft u}înfO{= 5'jfO{ cfÇgf ldNbf
hftn] cnu ksfof Nofof /fiosf]= iffGofnfO{ kltof kgL kb}{g= b+8 klg x'b}g= hft}df
/x+5g\=
$*= tfufwfl/ hft u}în] 5f]ofsf] cfkm'n] iffg x'Gof hftn] 5fnf jfx]s nj]bf ;'?jfn nufO{=
ksfofsf] eft iffof= klg cfkm'n] 5fnf= jfx]s nj]bf ;'?jft\ nufO{= ksfofsf] eft
iffof= klg cfkm'n] 5fnf= jfx]s nj]bf ;'?jft\ nufO{= iffof] eGof klg= ksfpGof
iffGofnfO{= kltof kb}{g b+8 klg x'b}g hft}df /x+5g\=
$(= ;Djt\ !(!& ;fn iff}if ;'lb ! /f]h & df eofsf] uf]iff{ e/d'n's dWo]; lhNnf df]/+df
/xGof= d]Rof hftn] e}l; ;'u'/ s'if'/f= iffGof x'gfn] df]unflgofx¿n] kflg iffbf
/xofg5g\= /= xfd|f d'nSdf klg d]Rofhftsf kflg iff+bf= /èfg5g\= cj O d]Rof hftsf]=
kflg rng ;s5 ls ;Sb}g elg ef/fbfl/ sf};nx'bf= xfd|f d'n'Sdf e}l; ;'u'/ s'if/f
ufO{ xfltsf] df;' iffGof= g]jf/ du/ u'?F ef]6Øf nfkRofsfxftf] kflg= xfd|f d'n'Sdf
rNofsf] 5 O d]Rof hftsf]= tf cl3 klg rNofsf] /x]5= Ogsf] 5f] /f5f]l/ sdf/f sdfl/=
e} bjf{/;Dd klg= cl3 k'Uofsf /xof 5g\= Ogx¿n]= kflg grnGof c5'lt hftsf xftsf]
/ d';ndfg\ hftsf xftsf kflg klg iffbf /xofg 5g\= b]ptf l;j dfGbf /èf5g\ Ogx¿=
l;j dflu{= hft /xof5g\ eGof OGsf xftsf] kflg rN5= e+Gof ef/fbfl/= sf};nn]
7x/fpbf= cfh b]lif= dR]of hftsf] xftsf] kflg rNofsf] 5 kj{Tof 7f? hftdf h;n] O{
d]Rof hftsf] kfgL iffb}g t]:nfO{ % ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
%)= cj pk|fGt tfufwfl/ if; hftnfO{ Iflq hft eGof Onsfk jS;L of] sfuhkqx¿df
n]ifg' kbf{ k}Nx] gfp n]lif= pGsf] y/ n]ifg'= yfxf kl5 Iflq eGof Onsfk n]ifg'=
%!= j]xSdf dflg;sf] Hofg df¥of jfjt\ bfdn x'g' kGof{ :jfl:gdflg; / gsfl6Gof hftsf
nf]UGofdflg;nfO{ kmnfgfn] kmnfgfsf] Hofg df¥ofsf]5 eGof s'/f] cbfnt 7fgf cdfn
srxl/df kl/ sfo]n e} kflg jfx]s dfq eofsf] /xof5g\ cIf/ iff]bLofsf /x]g5=
t]:tfnfO{ kltof u/fO{ lbGof cbfnt 7fgfsf xflsd c8f uf}8fsf ef/fbf/ l8ˆf ljrfl/
cdfln åf¥of d'lifof= lhDfjfn kltof lbGof wdf{lwsf/= hf] xf] p;nfO{= cfkm'n]= t]:tfsf
xftsf eft kflg iffofsf] /x]g5= eGof %) ?k}of b+8 ul/ 5fl8 lbg'= cfkm'n]= kflgdfq
iffofsf] /x]5 eGof= ^) ?k}of b+8 ul/ kflgsf] kltof lbg'= cfkm'n] eft= iffofsf] /x]5
eGof= %) ?k}of b+8 ul/= hg} x'Gofsf] hg} lemls hg} gx'Gof hftnfO{=t];} hft kltt
u/L 5f]l8 lbg' cfkm'n] eft iffO c? etfxfnfO{ efTdf jf]/]5 eGof= c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+;
179
 ;j{:j ul/= hg} x'Gof hftsf] hg} lemls= hg} gx'Gof hftnfO{= t];} hft kltt ul/ 5f]l8
lbg'= srxl/df j:of dflg;x¿nfO{= t]:tfsf xftsf] eft kflg= hflghflg= iffofsf
/èf5g\= eGof xflsdn] rnfpbf= iffofsf] x'gfn] eft iffofsf] /x]5 eGof #) ?k}of kflg
iffofsf] /x]5 eGof @) ?k}of b+8 ul/ eft kflgsf] kltof u/fO{ lbg'= xflsdn] kltof glb
hflghflg cfkm' cfkm'n] dfq} lklg iffofsf] /x]5 eGof= iffGofdf d'io hf] xf]= p;nfO{ %)
?k}of c?nfO{ @) ?k}of b+8 ul/ kflgsf] kltof lbg'= eft iffofsf /èf 5g\ eGof d'io hf]
xf] p;nfO{ %) ?k}of b+8 ul/= hg} x'Gofsf] hg} lemls hg} gx'Gof hftnfO{= t];} hft
kltt ul/ 5f]l8 lbg'= cfkm'n] eft iffO{ c?etfxf nfO{ eftdf jf]/]5 eGof c}g jdf]lhdsf]
c+z ;j{:j ul/= hg} x'Gof hftsf] hg} lemls hg} gx'+Gof hftnfO{= t];} hft kltt ul/
5fl8 lbg'= srx/Ldf j:of dflg;x¿ nfO{ To:tfsf xftsf] eft kflg hflg hflg
iffofsf] /x]5g\ eGof= xflsdn] rnfpbf iffofsf] x'gfn] eft iffofsf] /x]5 eGof #) ?k}of
kflg iffofsf] /x]5 eGof @) ?k}of b08 u/L eft kflgsf] kltof u/fO{ lbg'= xflsdn]
kltof glbO hfgL hfgL cfkm' cfkm'n] dfq} lklg iffofsf] /x]5 eGof iffGofdf d'io hf] xf]
p;nfO{ %) ?k}of c?nfO{ @) ?k}of b08 u/L kflgsf] kltof lbg' eft iffofsf /èf 5g\
eGof d'io hf] xf] p;nfO{ %) ?k}of b08 u/L hg} x'Gofsf] hg} lemls hg} gx'Gof hftnfO{
To;} hft kltt u/L 5f]l8 lbg' cfkm'n] n]iffO{ c?nfO{ eft kfgLdf jf]/]5 eGof P}g
jdf]lhdsf] ;j{:j u/L hg} x'Gofsf] hg} lemls hg} gx'GofnfO{ To;} hft kltt u/L5fl8
lbg' c?n] hfgL hfgL iffofsf] /x]5 eGof d'iosf] ;hfo eofkl5 c?sf] hft hfb}g #)
?k}of b08 u/L eftsf] kltof u/fO{ lbg' ef]/df eft kflg iffGofx¿nfO{= eft kflgsf
kltof u/fO{ lbg'= bfdn x'g' kGof{ dflg; klqmof kl5 c}g jdf]lhd bfdn ul/ lbg'=
%@= s;}n] s;}nfO{= hft eft hfGof s'/f]= kf]Nof]jf6 nfUGof dflg; sfo]n eofsf] lyo]g=
t]:t}df= sfon gx'Gofsf xftsf]=eft kflg s;}n] iffo]5 /= kl5jf6 plx kf]Nofsf s'/fdf
sfo]n eof] eGof= sfo]n eofsf] 5}g= elg sfo]ngfdf gx'b}= iffofsf] x'gfn] eft
iffGofnfO{= #) ?k}of kflg iffGofnfO{ !) ?k}of b+8 ul/= kltof u/fO{ lbg'=
%#= d'l8Gof tS;L/ ul/= d'l8 eft kflg jfx]s eofsf s;}n] wdf{lwsf/sf] kltof 9fl6
nLkmf rf]l/= lkmTof{ ljxf]/f u¥ofsf] kltof b]iffpbf= yfxf gkfO{ Tof] kltof ;b\o xf]nf
e+Gof 7x/fO{ t]lx= kltof b]iftf s;}n] eft kflg iffof 5g\ eGof= kltof b]lif j]xf]/f
gj'lem= iffofsf] 7xgf{n] hft hfb}g= eft jfx]s= x'Gofsf xftsf] eft iffo]5 eGof @)
?k}of= kflg jf]xs x'Gofsf] xft kflg iffo]5 eGof !) ?k}of b+8 ul/ kltof u/fO{ lbg'=
%$= !@ jif{ d'lgsf sd{rNofsf tfufwfl/= u}îsf nf]UGof :jfl:g dflg; s;}n] hft hfGof
ceIf iffof jfjt\ eft jfx]s e} /èfsf hfof hGd ;d]t eofsf sf]lx kltof ge} d/]5
/= s[of z'4sf] kltof ul/= sfhs[of u¥ofsf] /x]5= kl5 ltGsf ;+tfg xpg\ jf= pGsf=
c? cfk:t sf]lx cfO{ kmnfgfsf]tf !@ jif{ d'lgsf pd]/df hft hfGof= kmnfg' s'/f] iff+bf
eft jfx]s eofsf x'g\= kltof x'g gkfpb}=df dg{ hf+bf s[of z'4sf] kltof u/fO{
sfhs[of eofsf]= xf] oltsf ljxf]/fdf OGsf 5f]/f5f]l/=sf] hft hfGof xf]O{g= eft rnGof
xf] elg s/fpg cfof= of] s'/f] hf+Gof ltGsf etfxf enfdflg;\= cdflnx¿n] klg OGsf
jfj' cfdfn]= !@ jif{ d'lgsf jfnif}sf pd]/df= iffof sf] xf]= !@ jif{ gfWof kl5 iffofsf]
xf]Og elg= d'r'Nsf n]lif lbof eGof= d'r'Nsfln= lt jfnifx¿nfO{= cfdf jfj'sf] s[of
z'4=sf] kltof eof kl5 kltof ug'{ kb}{g hft lj;]ifsf] j|tj+w ljjfx= cflb sd{n] z'4
x'+5g\= P:tfsf] hft hfb}g eft rN5=
%%= c8f uf}8f cbfnt 7fgf cfdnsf xflsd l8ˆf ljrfl/ cdfln åf¥ofn] tfufwfl/=
nufo]t\ kflg rnGof ;Ddsf rf]iff hft s;}n]= kflg grnGof 5f]of l57f] xfng' kGof{=
u}î hftsf xftsf]=eft kflg iffofsf / s/l0f u/fof jfj\t= cl3sf xflsdn] kflg
grnGof 7x/fO{= kflg jfx]s u¥ofsfnfO{= hfn ;fh ul/ jf= cl3sf sfo]n gfdf
hdfgj+bL= bjfO{ P:sf]= kflg rnGof /x]5 e+Gof em'ˆf s'/fsf] nfn df]xf]/ b:ift\= kltof
lrlˆ k'lh{ u/fO{= xj;\ jf d}n]= ;gb u/fofsf] 5= d}n] ;fw u¥ofsf] 5 egL= ;sf{/
g;flw= p;} kflg rnfofsf] /x]5 /= kl5 s'/f] j'embf= cl3 sfo]ngfdf hdfgj+lb
u/fpGof xflsd u}în] u/fofsf] s'/f] ;b/ 7x¥of] kflg grnGo} 7x¥of] eGof= kflg
rnfpGofdf= srxl/sf xflsd= åf¥of hf] xf] p:n] p;}sf xftsf]= kflg cfkm'n] iffofsf]
/xg]5 eGof hft hfb}g= %)) ?k}of dfq b+8 ul/ 5fl8 lbg'= kflg rnfO{ cfkm'n] :d]t \
p;}sf xftsf]= kflg iffofsf] eGof %)) ?k}of b+8 ul/ hg} x'Gof hftsf] hg} lemls= hg}
180
 gx'Gof hftnfO{= t];} eft kflg jfx]s ul/ 5fl8 lbg' b+8sf ?k}of glt¥of d}Gxfsf %
?k}ofsf bn]{ sl§ gx'+Gofn\= s}b ug'{= kflg rnfpGof xflsdn]= p;}sf xftsf]= kflg
iffofsf] /x]g5= c?sf ;+;u{jf6 iffofsf]= 7x¥of] eGof hft hfb}g= kltof lbg'=
%^= of] bfdn eofsf] xf]= kflg grnGof= hftsf xftsf]= kflg if'jfO{ hft jfx]s= u¥ofsf] xf]=
kflg grnGof= hftsf xftsf] eft kflg iffGof /= s/l0f uGof{ u/fpGof xf] elg=
hflghflg t]:tfsf xftsf]= eft kflg iffGof hf] xf] p;}n]= cfÇgf xftjf6 c?nfO{=
:d]t\jf]/]5 eGof= c}g jdf]lhd c+; ;j{:j ul/= c?nfO{ jf]¥ofsf] geof= ;j{:j gul/=
p;} hfTdf ldnfO{ 5fl8 lbg'= o:tfsf xftsf] ef]/df eft kflg iffGof etfxf b'lg`fnfO{
ef]/sf] kltof lbg' b+8 kb}{g=
%&= of] bfdn eofsf] xf] kflg grnGof hftsf xftsf] kflg if'jfO{ hft jfx]s u¥ofsf] xf]
kflg grnGof hftsf xftsf] eft kflg iffGof / s/l0f uGof{ u/fpGof xf] elg hflghflg
k'lh{ kltof ul/ lbGof= xflsd cdfnL wdf{lwsf/ hf] xf]= p;n] k'lh{ kltof ul/=
u/fO{dfq lbo]5= cfkm'n] eGof t]:sf xftsf] eft kflg= iffofsf] /xg]5 eGof= hft hfb}g=
%)) ?k}of b+8 ul/ lbg'= cfkm'n] k'lh{ kltof ul/ u/fO{ lb= cfkm'n] :d]t\ t]:tsf xftsf]=
eft kflg iffO{= c?nfO{ :d]t\ jf]/]5= eGof c}g jdf]lhd ;j{:j ul/= c?nfO{ jf]¥ofsf]
/x]g5= eGof ;j{:j gul/ p;} hfTdf ldnfO{ 5fl8lbg'= o:tfsf xftsf] ef]/df eft kflg
iffGof etfxf b'lg`fnfO{= ef]/sf] kltof u/fO{ lbg'= b+8 kb}{g bfdn klqmof kl5 bfdn}
ul/ lbg'=
%*= of] bfdn eofsf] xf] elg= kflg grnGof hftsf xftsf kflg if'jfO{= hft jfx]s u¥ofsf]
xf] kflg grnGof hftsf xftsf] eft kflg iffGof s/l0f uGof{ u/fpGof= xf] o:tfsf
xftsf] eft kflg iffof hfthf+5= elg yfxf gkfO{ s;}n]= eft kflg iffo]5 eGof= yfxf
gkfO{ iffGof ef]/ 7x5{ t]:tfnfO{= ef]/sf] kltof u/fO{ lbg'= b+8 kb}{g= ef]/ kfl/ em'SofO{=
cfÇgf xftfjf6= csf{nfO{ eft kflg if'jfpGof bfdn klqmof kl5 bfdn} ul/ lbg'=
%(= kflg grnGof l56f] xfng' gkGof{hftsf= :jfl:gsf] hflghflg s/l0f ul/ eft kflg
iffGof jf= p;} hflghlfg eft kflg= dfq} iffGof nf]UGof= dflg;n] cfkm'n] s/l0f :d]t\ ul/
jf= p;} eft kflg iffofsf] hfx]/ gul/ c? cfÇgf ljjflxtf jf= NofO{tf j]:of u}î=
:jfl:gsf] s/l0f u/]5 jf= cfÇgf xftsf] eft kflg if'jfo]5 /= kflg grnGof P:tf=
hftsf] nf]UGofn] s/l0f ul/ jf= p;} eft kflg iffofsf] yfxf gkfO{= ef]df{ cfÇgf
nf]UGofnfO{ s/l0f lbGof jf eft kflg iffGof :jfl:gsf] ue{ /èfsf] /x]g5 eGof= eft
kflgsf] kltof u/fO{ lbg'= hft hfb}g ue{ /èfsf] /x]5 eGof eft rNb}g= kflgsf] dfq}
kltof lbg'= t];\jf6 kl5 hGDofsf ;+tfg\sf xftsf] klg kfgL dfq} rN5 eft rNb}g
o:tf j|fé0f nufo]t tfufwfl/= hfTsf ;+tfgn]= hg} kfp+b}gg\= gdfl;Gof z'b| hft x'+5g\=
gdfl;Gof dtjfln hftsf ;+tfg\= dfl;Gof dtjfln hft x'5g\= dfl;Gof dtjfln
hftsf ;+tfg\ p; e+Gbf sd dfl;Gof hft x'+5g\= cfÇgf nf]UGofn]= o:tfsf] s/l0f :d]t\
ul/ jf= p;} eft kflg iffofsf] 5 e+Gof= s'/f] yfxf kfO{= cfkm'n] p:sf xftsf]= eft kflg
s/l0f jrfO{ nfh ;d{n]dfq= s'/f] hfx]/ ug{ g;ls= bjfO{ ef]df{ kGof{= c?
etfxf= eft kflgdf jf]l/ofsf= /èf5g\ eGof= cfkm'n] s'/f] yfxf kfofkl5 b'lgof
eftkflgdf kGof{ s'/f] bjfof jfkt :jf:gLnfO @% ?k}of b+8 ul/= ef]df{ kGof{nfO{= ef]sf]{
kltof u/fO{ lbg'=
^)= tfufwfl/ nufo]t\= kflg rnGof;Ddsf rf]iffhfTs;}n] kflg grnGof /= 5f]of l56f] xfng'
kGof{ hft /= Og} cfTdf s/l0f= ul/ u/fO{= eft kflg iffO{ hft jfx]s e} /èfsf dflg:sf
xftsf] hflghflg eft kflg iffofsf] jf s/l0f ul/ u/fofsf] s'/f] p7L sfo]ngfdf
Hdfgj+lb= e} eft kflg jfx]s eofsf xpg\= jf= s'/f] p7L= sfo]ngfdf Hdfgj+lb= x'g
gkfO{= xfldn] kmnfgfnfO{ s/l0f u¥of u/fofsf]5= P:tfsf xftsf] eft kflg iffofsf] 5
elg cfÇgf d'ifn] sfo]n e}= eft kflg jfx]s eofsf nf]UGof :jfl:g dflg;\ hf] x'g\=
p:nfO{ p;} 7fpsf xpg\ jf= O eft kflg jfx]s eofsf 5g\= elg yfxf kfpGof c+t
hufsf cfofsf= xpg\= o]:tf xflsd l8ˆf ljrfl/=cdflnåf/f 7]sbf/= Ohf/fbf/= yl/
d'lifof lhDdfjfn ldemf¥of uf]?+ Ho]7f j'9f rf}wl/ d'sbd= yflg yl/ enf dflg;x¿=df
s;}n] cl3 eofsf sfo]n gfdf Hdfgj+lb= gx]l/ jf= sfo]n dfq e} eft kflgjf6 jfx]s
e} /èfsf] jf]xf]/f gj'lem= lgr dfl/ jf= dfofdf]nflxhf kl5 nflu jf= hft ;fh ul/=
cl3 eofsf= hdfga+lb sfo]ngfdf bjfO{ jf= em'§f s'/fsf] nfndf]xf]/= b:ift= kltof
181
 lrlˆ k'lh{ ul/ u/fO{= jf d}n] ;lx ;gb u/fO{= Nofofsf] 5'= elg= jf= ;fws ul/ cfofsf]
5' elg ;sf{/ g;flw jf= ef]/ xf] e+Gof u/fO{ k'lh{ kltof ul/ u/fO{ eft kflg rnfofsf]
/x]5= /= kl5 s'/f] pl7= srxl/df kl/ j'embf= cl3 eofsf Hdfgj+lb= sfongfdf ;b/
7x¥of] jf= cfkm' d'if sfo]n e}= eft kflg jfx]s e} /èfsf] s'/f] ;b/ 7x¥of]= eft kflg
grnGo} 7x¥of] eGof kl5= eft kflg rnfpGofdf k}Nx] rnfpGofdf df]io= cifTof/ hf] x'+=
eft kflg rnfO{= cfkm'n] :d]t\= P:tfsf xftsf] /= P:tfsf xftsf] iffGofsf xftsf] eft
kflg hflghflg iffO{= cfÇgf xftjf6= 3/sf hxfgnfO{ /= c?= etfxfnfO{ jf]/]5 eGof= c}g
jdf]lh+ ;a{:j u/L hg} x'Gofsf] hg} lemls hg} gx'GofhftnfO{ To;} eft kflg jfx]s
ul/= p;} hftsf] ! cIf/ iff]l8 p;} hfTdf ldnfO{ 5fl8 lbg'= cfkm'n] dfq iffo]5 3/sf
hxfgnfO{= / etfxfnfO{ jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof= cIf/ iff]bg' ;j{:j ug'{ kb}{g= hg} x'Gofsf]
hg} lemls hg} gx'Gof hftnfO{= t];} p;} hfTdf ldnfO{ 5fl8 lbg'= P:tfsf xftsf] /=
P:tfsf xftsf] iffGofsf] xftsf]=eft kflg hflghflg iffofsf] /x]g5 eGof hglx %))
?k}of b+8 ug'{= hft hfb}g= b'lg`f eft kflgdf kGof{ s'/fdf cl3sf xflsd cdflnn]
rnfof7of tfklg cfkm'n] ;'Gof hfGof kl5= klqm h:tfsf] t:tf] lg;fkm ul/= eft kflg
jfx]s ug'{ kGof{ s'/fdf lgr dfl/ dfof df]nflxhf kl5 nflu Ps} d'2fsf P:t} c?nfO{
kl5jf6 eft kflg rnfpGof cfdln xflsd= hf] x'+ pgnfO{= cl3sf xflsd cdflnn]
rnfofsf] x'gfn]= kl5 eft kflg rnfO{= eft kflgdf kGof{= hlt hgf5g\= pgnfO{ hglx
@%) ?k}of b+8 ul/ kfltof lbg'= hft hfb}g xflsd cdflnx¿n]= rnfofYof tfklg
P:tfsf xftsf]= eft kflg rNb}g e+g' kGof{=df xfls+ cdflnsf] k'lh{ kltof eof kl5=
cl3 eft kflg rNofsf] lyo]g= tfklg= xflsdnfO{ Sof xf]nf e+Gof 7x/fO{= OGsf] eft
kflg rN5= egL Hdfgj+lb n]ifGof= iffGof= P:tfsf]= eft kflg rN5 elg Hdfgj+lb n]lif=
p;} eft kflg rnfpGof= iffGof c? yl/ d'lifof= lhDdfjfn\ enf dflg;\= u}î srxl/df
j:Gofx¿nfO{= kltof k'lh{ b]ifL OGsf xftsf] jf= OGsf xftsf] iffGofsf xftsf] eft kflg
iffofsfdf hft hfb}g= d'lifof lhDdfjfn\ yl/ ldemf¥of uf]¿+ Ho]7f j'9f rf}wl/= dxtf]
7]sbf/= Ohf/fbf/ yflg yl/x¿df= eft kflg rN5 elg Hdfgj+lb n]lif ;lx xfnGofnfO{=
hglx !)) ?k}of eft kflg rN5 elg= d'ifn]dfq elg= rnfof 5g\= ;lx xfNofsf /èf
g5GeGof= hglx= %) ?k}of b+8 ug'{+ d'ifn] dfq eft kflg rN5= e+Gof hdfgj+lb
n]ifGof=x¿nfO{ hglx !) ?k}of b+8 ul/ eft kflgsf] kltof lbg'= hft hfb}g= eft kflg
;+j+wsf s'/fdf hfn ;fh ul/= P:tfsf xftsf] eft kflg rN5 elg= sfuh n]lif= ;lx
xfNofsf /èf 5g\= eft kflg rngkfofsf] /x]g5= t]:t}df hfx]/ eof] eGof sfuh
n]iffpGofnfO{ !)) ?k}of sfuh n]ifL lbGofnfO{ %) ?k}of c? srxl/df j:GofnfO{
hglx !) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ljxf]/f gj'lem ef]/df ul/ eft kflg iffGofnfO{ ef]/sf] kltof=
lbg'= b+8 kb}{g= b+8 gltGof{nfO{= c}g jdf]lhds}b ug'{=
^!= tfufwfl/ nufo]t\= kflg rnGof;Ddsf rf]iff hft s;}n] kflg grnGof / l56f] xfng'
kGof{ hft /= Og} hfTdf s/l0f ul/ u/fO{= eft kflg iffO{ jf= s/l0f ul/ u/fofsf] s'/f]
pl7= sfo]ngfdf hdfgj+lb e}= eft kflg jfx]s eofsf xpg\ jf= s'/f] pl7 sfo]ngfdf
hdfgj+lb= x'g gkfO{ xfldn] kmnfgfnfO{ s/l0f ul/ u/fofsf] 5= jf o:tfsf xfTsf]= eft
kflg iffofsf] 5= elg cfÇgf d'ifn]= sfo]n e} eft kflg jfx]s e}= /èfsf nf]UGof :jfl:g
dflg;\ s;}sf] p;} 7fpsf xpg\ jf= eft kflg jfx]s eofsf x'g\= elg yfxf kfpGof
c+tsf= cfofsf xpg\= o]:tf xflsd l87f ljrfl/= cdfln åf¥of 7]sbf/ Ohf/fbf/= yl/
d'lifof lhDdfjfn\= df]em¥of uf}? rf}wl/= d'sbd\= yflg yl/= enf dflg;x¿ s;}n] cl3
eofsf sfo]ngfdf Hdfgj+lb= gx]l/ jf= sfo]ngfdf dfq e} eft kflg jfx]s e} /èfsf]
ljxf]/f gj'lem 3';\ /f];\ifjt\ ifO{ ef]/ xf] e+Gof= u/fO{ k'lh{ kltof ul/= u/fO{= eft kflg
rnfofsf] /x]5 /= kl5 s'/f] j'‰bf=cl3sf] hdfgj+lb sfo]ngfdf ;b/ 7x¥of] jf=
cfkm'd'if sfon e} eft kflg= jfx]s e} /èfsf] s'/f] ;b/ 7x¥of]= eft kflg grNGo}
7x¥of} eGof= kl5 3'; iffO{= eft kflg rnfpGofdf= k}ë] rnfpGof df]io hf] hf] x'g \
pgnfO{= eft kflg rnfO{= cfkm'n] :d]t\ P:tfsf] xftsf] /= P:tfsf xftsf] iffGofsf
xftsf] eft kflg hflg hflg iffO{ cfÇgf xftjf6= 3/sf hxfgnfO{ /= c? etfxfnfO{ :d]t\
jf]/]5 eGof 3':sf]= ljuf] hkmt ul/= c}g jdf]lhd c+; ;j{:j ul/= hg} x'Gof sf] hg}
lemls hg} gx'GofnfO{= t];} eft kflg jfx]s ul/= p;} hftsf] ! cIf/= jf`f ufnfdf iff]lb
p;} hfTdf ldnfO{ 5fl8 lbg'= cfkm'n] dfq} iffo]5= 3/sf hxfgnfO{ /= c?nfO{ eft
182
 kflgdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5= eGof cIf/ iff]bg' kb}{g= ;j{:j klg x'+b}g= 3':sf] ljuf] dfq
hkmt= ul/ hg} x'Gofsf] hg} lemls hg} gx'Gof hftnfO{ t];}= p;} hfTdf ldnfO{ 5fl8
lbg'= cfkm'n] P:tfsf xftsf] /= P:tfsf xftsf] iffGofsf] xftsf] eft kflg iffofsf] /x]g5
eGof= 3':sf] ljuf] hkmtul/ hglx %)) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= hft hfb}g= b'lgof eft kflgdf
kGof{ s'/fdf cuL cdflnx¿n] rnfofYof tfklg= cfkm'n] ;'Gof hfGofkl5= klqm
h:tfsf] t:tf] lg;fkm ul/= eft kflg jfx]s ug'{ kGof{= s'/fdf gLrdfl/ dfof df]nflxhf
kl5 nflu 3'; iffO{= os} d'2fsf o];} c?nfO{ kl5jf6= eft kflg rnfpGof= cdfln
xflsd hf] x'g\ pGx]x¿nfO{= cl3sf xflsd cdflnn] rnfofsf x'gfn] kl5 jf6 eft
kflg rnfO{= eft kflgdf kGof{ hlt hgf 5g\= pgnfO{ 3':sf] ljuf] hkmt ul/= @%) ?k}of
b+8 ul/ kltof lbg'= hft hfb}g= xflsd cdflnn] rnfofYof tfklg= P:tfsf] eft kflg
rNb}g= e+g' kGof{df cl3 eft kflg rNofsf] lyo]g tfklg= xflsd cdfnLsf] k"lh{ kltof
eGof kl5 xfdLnfO{ Sof xf]nf eGof 7x/fO O+sf] eft kflg rN5 elg Hdfgj+lb n]ifGof=
iffGof jf= o]:tfsf] eft kflg rN5 elg Hdfgj+lb gn]lif p;} eft kflg rnfpGof= iffGof
c? yl/ d'lifof= enf dflg; u}î= srxl/df j:Gofx¿nfO{= kltof k'lh{ b]ifL OGsf
xftsf] jf OGsf xftsf] iffGofsf xftsf] eft kflg iffofsfdf hft hfb}g= d'lifof
lhDdfjfn yl/= ldemf¥of uf}¿+ rf}wl/ dxtf]= 7]sbf/ Ohf/fbf/= yflg yl/x¿df eft kflg
rN5 elg= Hdfgj+lb n]lif ;xL xfnGofnfO{ 3':sf] ljuf] hkmt u/L !)) ?k}of eft kflg
rN5 egL= d'ifn] dfq elg rnfof 5g\= Hdfgj+lb n]iofsf] /x]g5=eGof 3':sf] ljuf]
hkmt ul/= hglx %) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= srxl/df j:ofsf= c? dflg:df eft kflg rN5
egL hdfgj+lb n]lif ;lx xfnGofx¿nfO{= 3':sf] ljuf] hkmt ul/ hglx @% ?k}of b+8
ul/= eft kflgsf] kltof lbg'= hft hfb}g= eft kflg ;+j+wsf s'/fdf hfn;fh ul/= 3';
/f];jt iffO{ o]:tfsf xftsf] eft kflg rN5 elg sfuh kq n]lif ;lx xnfO{ ;Sofsf]
/x]5= eft kflg rng kfofsf] /x]g5= /= t]:df hfx]/ eof] eGof 3'; iffO{ sfuh
n]iffpGof= d'io hf] xf] p:nfO{= 3':sf] ljuf] hkmt ul/= !)) ?k}of= 3'; iffO{ sfuh n]lif
lbGofnfO{= 3':sf] ljuf] hkmt ul/ %) ?k}of b+8 ug'{+ srxl/df j:Gof c?nfO{ 3':sf]
ljuf] hkmt ul/ hglx !) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ljxf]/f rfngkfO{ ef]df{ kl/= eft kflg
iffGofx¿nfO{= b+8 kb]{g ef]/sf] kltof lbg'=
^@= tfufwfl/ nufo]t\ rf/ j0f{ 5lQ;} hft u}îsf= :jfl:g dflg:sf]]lx cfkm'e+bf 3l6 jl9
hft\= cfkm' ldNbf hft= kflg grnGof hft= l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftl;t s/l0fdf ljU¥of
elg d'ifn]= elg eGof= /f]jsf/ ubf{= s/l0f 7x/]g eGof klg jft nfofsf]
dflg:sfo]nge} d¥ofsf]= /x]5 eGof= klg srxl/df kmnfgfl;t s/l0fdf ljU¥of elg
d'ifn] jlsso]ngfdf Hdfgj+lb :d]t\ n]lif lb eGof= Tof] :jfl:g d'if klttsf c}g jdf]lh+
d'if kltt 7x5]{ P:tfsf xftsf]= srxl/df s'/f] gkb}{= ;Dddf iffGof= etfxfnfO{= kltof
ug'{ kb}{g= hft}df /xG5g\= cbfnt cdfn srxl/= df s'/f kl/ Hdfgj+lb sfo]ngfdf
eofkl5 P:tf :jfl:gsf xftsf] hflg hflg eft kflg iffGofn] kltof kfp+b}gg\= plx hft
x'+5g\= ef]/df iffGofnfO{ ef]/sf] kltof lbg'=
^#= eft kflgdf kGof{= s'/fdf sfo]n d'sfo]n eofsf dflg:sf xftsf] s;}n] eft kflg
iffofsf] /x]5 lj/fj uGof{ kltof ul/ eft kflgdf rnGof /x]5 eGof sf/l0fn] kltof
kfpGof x'gfn]= P:tfsf xftsf] hflg hflg eft iffGofnfO{ #) kflg iffGofnfO{ !) ?k}of
b+8 ul/ eft kflgsf] kltof u/fO lbg'= lj/f+j uGof{n] kltof kfpGof /x]g5 eGof=
P:tfsf xftsf]= hflg hflg iffGofn] kltof kfpb}g= p;} hfTdf ldnfO{ 5flb l8g'= yfxf
gkfO{ ef]df{ iffofsf] eof ef]sf]{ kltof u/fO{ lbg'= b+8 kb}{g=
^$= sf]lx nf]UGof :jfl:g= dflg;n] kflg grnGof hftl;t hflg hflg s/l0f u¥of u/fofsf]
/ oLg} hftsf xftsf] hfgL hfgL eft kflg iffofsf] s'/f hfx]/= e} hft jfx]s u/fO{=
ef]/df kGof{nfO{= c}g jdf]lhd k|folZrt e} ;lsof kl5 df]nflxhf kl5 nflu= tLg} eft
kflg jfx]s eofsf dflg:sf]= eft kflg rnfpGofsf] d2t\ ul/ eft kflg rnfO= cfkm'n]
:d]t\= p:sf xftsf] iffo]5 eGof= eft kflg rnfpGof df]ionfO{ %)) ?k}of b+8 ul/ hg}
x'Gofsf] hg} lemls hg} gx'GofnfO{= t];} hft jfx]s ul/ p;} hftdf ldnfO{ 5fl8 lbg'=
cfkm'n] iffofsf] /x]g5= c?nfO{ dfq} af]/fP5 eGof %)) ?k}of dfq} b+8 ug'{= hft hfb}g=
xflsd cdflnn] rnfof kl5= xfldn] P:sf xftsf] iffg x'Gof /x]5= elg ljxf]/f
rfngkfO{= iffofsf] eof b+8 kb}{g ef]/sf] kltof lbg'= Hdfgj+lb sfo]ngfdf= u/fO{ ;lx
183
 :d]t\ xnfO{ ;Sofsf] /x]5 eft kflg rng kfofsf] /x]g5= eGof df]nflxhf kl5 nflu
P:tf] eft kflg rnfpgfsf]= cf;o uGof{ xflsd= cdflnnfO{ hglx !)) ?k}of t];
srxl/df j:Gof yl/ d'lifof= lhdfjfn\x¿nfO{ hglx @% ?k}of c? enf dflg;nfO{=
hglx @) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= cdflnn] Hdfgj+lb d'r'Nsf sfuh kq dfq u/fO{ lnofsf=
eft kflg grnGofsf df o:sf eft kflg rnGo} /x]5 elg txlst\ gj'lem= eft kflg
iffGof c? b'lg`fnfO{ hglx= !) ?k}of b+8 ul/ c}g jdf]lhd kltof lbg'= b+8sf ?k}of
glt¥of= c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
^%= cIf/ iff]lbofsf xpg\= giff]lbofsf xjg\= bfdn eofsf dflg:sf xftsf] s;}n]= l6sf
nfof] jf= kflg kfl/ ;+sNk ul/= lbofsf] l;wf blIfgf u}î lnGofnfO{= lnofsf] ljuf]
hkmt ul/ ln= @) ?k}of b+8 ul/.= ln kltof lbg'= ;+sNk gul/ jf kflg gkfl/= lbofsf]
rf]iff]= c+g blIfgf= Ho" hldg\ u}î lbofsf] lnGofnfO{ jft nfu\b}g=
^^= rf/ j0f{ 5lt;} hfTsf :jfl:g dflg;\ xf8 gftfdf / gftf s]lx gnfUof cfkm' e+bf pkNnf
cfkm' ldNbf cfkm' e+bf 3l6 hfTdf s/l0f df ljlu| e+Gof jft nflu= c8f cbfnt 7fgf
cdfndf klqm cfofsf :jfl:g dflg:nfO{ srxl/jf6 iff/if]/ ubf{ d]/f] k}ëf] s/l0f ugof{=
kmnfg' xf] elgg5 /= p:n] kf]NofsfnfO{ klqm NofO{ /f]jsf/ ubf{ sfo]n eof] eGof= P]g
jdf]lhd ug'{ b]z k/b]z 6f9f uofsfnfO elg5 eGof cfÇgf d'n'Sdf eof b:ift\ k'lh{
lrlˆ dflg; k7fO{ lemsfO{ lg;fkm ug'{= cfÇgf d'n'sdf /x]g5 p:sf bfh" efO{ gftf u}î=
s;}n] cfO{= kmnfgf l;t kmnfgf uhfdf= e]6 eof]Yof]= tnfO{ kmnflg :jfl:g= n] d]/f]=
k}ëf] s/l0f lnGof kmnfg' xf] elg= t]/f] gfpn]iffO{ /lx5= t]/f] s/l0f 5}g eGof hf]l/g lx8\
s/l0f xf] eGof= ;f]lx s'/f e+g /= t]/f] gfpsf]= c}g jdf]lhd= kltof u5f}{ elg= xfldn]
e+bf t];l;t d]/f]= s/l0f eofsf] ;frf] xf]= :jfl:gn] klg dnfO{= k}ëf] elg n]iffO{ eGof=
s/l0f eofsf] 5}g= elg= d= t];l;t hf]l/g hfg ;lStg= d]/f] 3/åf/= plx 5= c}g
jdf]lhd= hf] x'g' kGof{= jLxf]/f ul/= xfldn] ef]/ kfl/= if'jfpbf iffGof hf] hf] 5f} d]/f]
gfpsf] kltof u/= d eGof jxf hf+g elg eGof]= xfldn] of] s'/f ;fl5 /flif ;f]Wofsf] 5
jf= sfuh n]iffO{ lnofsf] 5= of] s'/f] p:n] eGofsf] 7x/]g= em'§f] s'/f] slNk e+g cfofsf]
7x¥of eGof= c}g jdf]lhd nfUofsf] tS;L/= xfld j'emfpnf= elg efUGofsf jfl/; bfHo"
efOetfxf sf]xLcfO{ srx/Ldf d'r'Nsf n]lif lbof eGof ltGsf] d'r'Nsf ln jft
nfUGofsf] ;j{:j ug'{ kGof{ eof ltg}sf xftjf6 c}g jdf]lhd\ c+; ;j{:j ln= ef]df{
kGof{nfO{= ltg} jfjltsf gfpsf]= eftkflgsf] kltof hf] ug'{kGof{ xf] u/fO{ lbg'= sbflrt\=
jft nfUGof dflg; cfO{= kmnflg :jfl:gsf]= d}n] s/l0f lnofsf] 5}g= kmnfgfl;t e]6
x'bf O{s'/f= eofsf klg xf]Ogg\= cgfxSdf= ;j{:j nufO{ d]/f gfpsf] kltof u/fof 5g\=
elg ph'/ u¥of] egof jfl/; e} srxl/df cfO{ d'r'Nsf n]lif lbGofl;t hf]l/ em'7f] s'/f]
slNkt eofsf s'/fdf jfl/; e}= srlx/df d'r'Nsf n]lif= ;j{:j nufO{ lbofsf kltof
u/fofsf] 7x¥of] eGof t]:tfsf] c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ @ jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf
?k}of lbof lng'= hft hfb}g= t];} ;j{:j dWo]= cl3Nnf cgfxSdf ;j{:j x'Go]sf= Hdf
jdf]lhd p;nfO{= lkmtf{ u/fO{ a9tf eof ;sf{/ nufO{ lbg'= gk'Uofsf] lng kfp+b}g=
;j{:j lkmtf{ u/fO{ lbofsfdf b;f}b lj;f}b jS:of}lg s]lx glng'= o];f] e+Yof] elg=
srxl/df cfO{= d'r'Nsf n]lif lbGof n] eGofsf] s'/f] ;fFrf] 7x¥of] /= sfo]n u/fof] eGof=
P:tf em'§fnfO{= # jif{ s}b ul/ c}g jdf]lhDdf ug'{ /èfsf] ;hfo ul/= 5f]l8 lbg'= d l;t
e]6\ e} s/l0f eofsf] 5 e+Yof]= elg srxl/df cfO{ hfgj+lb= n]lif lbGof d¥of kl5 ph'/
ug cfof]eGof klg To;n] cl3 eGofs} 7x{5 km]l/ s'/f] gx]{g' b08 x'Gof ljxf ifr{ lnGof
ift\ /x]5 eGof jft nfUGof klqm cfof] eGof= b+8 ljxf ifr{= hf] k5{ ul/ 5f]l8 lbg'=
sf/l0f km]nf gkl/= b+8 klg x'b}g= ljxf ifr{ klg kfp+b}g= ef]df{ kl/ iffGofnfO{ kltof lbg'=
^&= eft kflgsf s'/fdf= klqm cfofsf dflg:nfO{= c8f cbfnt 7fgf cdfnsf xflsd l87f
ljrfl/ cdfln åf¥of d'lifofn] P:s'/fsf] 7]ufgf gx'+lh= ltdLx¿n] eft kflg= df s;}nfO{
gjf]g'{= c}ë] km/s e} /x' elg eft jfx]s ugf{nfO{ efTsf] kflg :d]t\ jfx]s ugf{nfO{=
kflgsf] x6s\ ul/ jfx]s /flif lg;fkm x]g'{ s'/fsf] txlst ubf{= kltof kfpGof 7x¥of] jf
ef]df{ kGof{ 7x¥of] eGof= kltof lbg'= kltof guGof{ 7x¥of] eGof klg s'/fsf] ;+sf p7of
kl5= txlst gx'+lh= km/s e} /xg'= elg x6\Sofsfdf= p:n] eft kflg iffofsf] 7x/]g
eGof klg x6sGofnfO{= jft nfUb}g= eft kflg x6\lsGof= P:tfnfO{ kltof lbg' klg kb}{g=
hft}df /x+5= s'/f] j'‰bf kltof gkfpGof 7x¥of] eGof eft jfx]s x'Gof= eft jfx]s kflg
184
 jfx]s x'Gof klg jfx]s x'+5 eft kflg df kGof{ s'/fsf] ;+sf p7ofkl5= x6s gul/=
ltg\jf6 eft kflg= df c? jf]l/g uofsf] 7x¥of] cfkm'n]= s'/f] ;Gofkl5 x6s gul/= eft
kflgdf jf]/fpGof= df srxl/ srxl/sf] df]io hf] xf]= ltGdf eftsf] x6s guGof{nfO{ !))
kflgsf] x6s guGof{nfO{ %) ?k}of b+8 ul/ srxl/jf6 x6\lsofsf] gx'gfn] P:tfsf
xftsf] eft kflg iffGofnfO{= kltof lbg'= b+8 kb}{g=
^*= c}gn] eft kflgsf] kltof ul/= z'4 x'Gof 7x¥ofsf kltof gx'+lh eft kflgdf km/s /xg'=
c?nfO{ gjf]g'{ elg c8f cbfnt 7fgf cdfn wdf{lwsf/= yl/ d'lifof etfxf enf
dlg;x¿=n] x6s ul/ /fiofsf= dflg;nfO{ c}g jdf]lhd= kltof gu/fO{ x6s ldlr
eftdf ;/f]j/ u/fpGof= b]jlkt[ sfÏo{ rnfpGofnfO{ %) kflg rnfpGofnfO{ @% ?k}of
b+8 ul/= x6s x'GofnfO{= c}g jdf]lhd kltof lbg'= hft hfb}g= x6s e} eft kflg jfx]s
eofsfn] kltof gul/ c?nfO{= efTdf jf]¥of] b]j kLt[ sfo{ u/]5 eGof %) kflgdf jf]/]5
eGof @% ?k}of b+8 ul/ kltof u/fO{ lbg'=
^(= h}l; jfx'g u}în] cfÇgf eft ldNbf= h}l;nfO{ dfq} rln cfof jdf]lhd ufolq= lbIff
d+q ;'gfpg x'+5= ;'+Gof ;'gfpGof= b'j}nfO{ jft nfUb}g= c? tfufwfl/= hft= / cfkm' e+bf
pkNnf h}l;nfO{ d+q ;'gfpg x'b}g= s;}n] ;'gfo]5 eGof pkfWof j|f+é0fnfO{ ;'gfpGofnfO{
%) ?k}of /hk't hftnfO{ ;'gfpGofnfO{ $) ?k}of tfufwfl/ Ift[ hftnfO{ ;'gfpGofnfO{ #)
?k}of cfkm' e+bf pkNnf hftsf h}l;nfO{ ;'gfpGofnfO{ @) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= h}l;jf6 d+q
;'+Gof pkfWof /hk't Ift[ hft /= 3l6 hftsf e}l;jf6 d+q ;'Gof= pkNnf hftsf h}l;
hfTdf !^ jif{ gf£ofsf] eof d+q ;'Go}nfO{ d+q ;'+Gof !^ jif{ d'lgsf] /x]5 eGof= cfkm'
cifTof/ e} d+q ;'+g nfpGof d'io hf] xf] p:nfO{= P;} c}gsf] cflw cflwsf bn]{ b+8 ug'{
b+8 eof kl5 pkfWof /hk't Iflqn] km]l/ pkfWo} j|f+é0fjf6 /= h}l; jfx'gn] pkfWof cfkm'
e+bf= pkNnf hftsf h}l;= cfkm' ldNbf h}l;jf6 hft cg';f/=sf] ufolq lbIof
;'Gofkl5= cfÇgf hftdf rN5=
&)= !(@@ ;fn j};fif jlb ! /f]h b]lif pk|fGt= cu|]hsf= sDklgdf elt{ eofsf j|fé0f /hk't
Iflq= j}Zo z'b| u}î kflg rnGof rf/ j0f{ 5lt;} hft sf]lx cfof eGof kflg grnGof
bd} sfldl;t Ps} tDj'df ;'tGof /lS; iffGof u5{Ge+Gof s'/f] ;'+gfn] ltGsf xftsf] eft
kflg ljgf x's'+d rNb}g= s;}n] giffg'=
lj/fgf /fhsf] tnj bdf{xf iffO{ cfpGofnfO{
kflgsf] kltoflbgfsf] c}g\ –ûû–– –ûû–– –ûû––
&!= ef]6\ dWo];= tkm{ lj/fgf /fhdf u} pxfsf] gf]sl/= lkkf s'lNndf elt{ e} tnj= bdf{xf iffO{
cfpGof dflg;x¿n] kflg grnGof hftl;t o]s} tDj'df ;'tGof j:Gof= tdfif' u}î iffGof
u5{g\ e+Gof= ;+iff x'gfn]= kflgsf] kltof gul/= P:tfsf xftsf]= kflg s;}n] giffg'=
cbfnt= cdfnjf6= .= k'lh{sf] b:t'/ ln= kltofsf] k'lh{ ul/ lbg'= wdf{lwsf/n] .= ln
kltof lbg'= o+:tf kltof guGof{sf xftsf] hflg hflg iffGofnfO{ klg lglt :d[lt u/fpg'=
eft kflgsf] s'/f] kl/ cfofdf= s'/f] l5+gfnfO{ l9nf]
x'bf ef]df{ kGof{nfO{ eft kflgsf]= kltof lbgfsf] c}g ––
&@= rf/ j0f{ 5lt;} hfTsf= s;}sf 5f]/f5f]l/= lblb j}lGx 5f]l/ j'xfl/ cfdf jHo"= km'k' dfOHo"=
gftf ;+j+lw= u}î /= s'6'dj u}î eft kflg= s/l0f u}îdf k/]5g\ eGof nfu jflb /=
k|ltjflb Ob'j}nfO{= emu/f g6'l6= kflg grnGofsf] kflg rnb}g= eft g rnGofsf] eft
rNb}g= s/l0f /= eft kflg bjfpGofsf] /= ;'lg sg eft kflg iffGofsf] dfldnf 6'6of
kl5= c}gn] kfpGof kfpgg\= gkfpGof kfj}gg\= ltGb]lif jfx]s\ c? ef]/df kGof{nfO{=
h;nfO{ jft nfUofsf] 5= xf¥of] xfl/ eGof t]:sf /= t]:sL= sf] gfpsf] kltof lhlt eGof
b]x z'4sf]= kltof elg cbfnt 7fgf cdfn u}în] k'lh{ ul/ lbg'=wdf{lwsf/ jf6 klg
bf]x/f j]xf]/fsf] kltof ul/ lbg'= sfo]n gfdf= e}= dfldnf l5gLof sf emu/f h;\nfO{
iftjft nfUof] 5= cl3Nnf c}g jdf]lhd jfkltsf gfpsf]= kltof ul/ lbg'=

eftdf af]Gof{sf]

185
!= tfufwfl/ Ift[ hft u}îsf s'b|+jsf ljwjf / !! jif{ b]lif dflysf s+GofnfO eft iffhf
grnGof sd\ tfufwfl/ hft u}în] /flhif'l; l;t s/l0f ul/ eftdf kf¥of %) ?k}of b+8
u/L etfxfnfO eftsf] kltof u/fO lbg'=
@= tfufwfl/ hft u}îsf ljwjf / !! jif{b]lif dflysf s+Gofsf] eft iffhf grnGof hftsf
Nofofsf :jfl:gjf6 hGDofsf ;+tfGdf hg} gkfofsfn] s/l0f ul/ eftdf kf¥of] eGof
!@) ?k}of b+8 ul/ etfxfnfO kltof u/fO lbg'=
#= tfufwfl/ hft s;}n] hflg hflg cfkm' e+bf 3l6 tfufwl/ nufo]t\ kflg rnGof;Ddsf
hfTsf xfTfsf] eft /= kflg grnGof / 5f]of l56f] xfn\g' eGof{ hftsf xfTsf] efTklg iffO
cfÇgf etfxfnfO jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof= b+8 kb}{g= hf}gf hfTf xftsf] eft iffofsf] 5= plx
hft x'+5= p;} hftdf ldnfO lbg'= ift jft nfUb}g= cfkm' e+bf 3l6 hg} nfpGof hftsf
xftsf] eft iffO etfxfnfO jf]/]5 eGof %) ?k}of b+8 ul/ p;} hftdf ldnfO lbg'= hg}
hfb}g= gdfl;Gof dfl;gof dt'jfln u}î kflg rnGof hftsf xftsf] eft iffO etfxfnfO
jf]/]5 eGof !)) ?k}of b+8 ul/ hg} lemls p;} hfTdf ldnfO 5fl8 lbg'= kflg grnGof /=
5f]of 5L6f] xfng' kGof{= hftsf xftsf] eft kflg iffO etfxfnfO eftdf / c?nfO kflgdf
jf]/]5 eGof= c}g jdf]lhd\ c+; ;j{:j ul/ p;} hfTsf] ! cIf/ iff]lb eftkflg jf]xs ul/
p;} hftdf ldnfO 5f]l8 lbg'=
$= g dfl;Gof dt'jfln hft s;}n] hflg hflg cfkm' e+bf 3l6 gdfl;Gof nufo]t\ kflg
rnGof;Ddsf hftsf xftsf] eft /= grnGof / 5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf] xftsf]
eft kflg iffO cfÇgf etfxfnfO jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof b+8 kb}{g= hf}gf tfh sf xfTsf]
eft iffofsf] 5 plx hft x'+5= p;} hftdf ldnfO lbg'= ift jft nfUb}g= cfkm' e+bf 3l6
gdfl;Go} dt'jfln hftsf xftsf] eft iffO etfxfnfO jf]/]5 eGof !) ?k}of b+8 ul/
kltof u/fO lbg'= dfl;Gof dt'jfln u}î kflg rnGof hftsf xftsf] eft iffO etfxfnfO
jf]/]5 eGof= @) ?k}of b+8 ul/ etfxfn] efTdf ln+5f} eGof= kltof u/fO lbg'= efTdf
ln+bf}g eGof= hf}gf hftsf xftsf] eft iffofsf] 5= p;} hfTdf ldnfO 5fl8 lbg'=kflg
grnGof /5f]of l56f] nfxg' kGof{ hftsf xftsf] eft skflg iffO etfxfnfO eftdf /
c?nfO kflgdf jf]/5 eGof c}g jdf]lhd\sf] c+; ;j{:j ul/= p;} hftsf] ! cIf/ iff]lb
eft kflg jfx]s ul/ p;} hfTdf ldnfO 5fl8 lbg'=
%= dfl;Gof dt'jfln hft\ s;}n] hflg hflg cfkm' e+bf 3l6 dfl;Gofdf kflg rnGof;Ddsf
hftsf xftsf] eft / kflg grnGof / 5f]of l56f] xfng kGof{ hftsf xftsf] eft kflg
iffO cfÇgf etfxfnfO jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof= b+8 kb}{g= hf}gf hftsf xftsf] eft iffofsf]
5 plx hft x'+5= p;} hftdf ldnfO lbg' ift jft nfUb}g cfkm' e+bf 3l6dfl;Go} hftsf
xftsf] eft iffO jf]/]5 eGof % ?k}of b+8 ul/ k|folZrt u/fO lbg'= kflg grnGof /= 5f]of
l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf xftsf] eft kflg iffO etfxfnfO eftdf / c?nfO kflgdf jf]/]5
eGof c}g jdf]lhDsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ p;} hftsf] ! cIf/ iff]lb eft kflg jfx]s ul/ p;}
hftdf ldnfO 5f8L lbg'=
^= kflg grnGof l56f] xfng' gkGof{ hft s;}n] hflg hflg cfkm' e+bf 3l6 kflg grnGof /
5f]O l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf xftsf] eft kflg iffO cfÇgf etfxfnfO jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5
eGof b+8 kb}{g= hf}gf hftsf xftsf] eft iffofsf] 5 plx hft x'+5= p;} hftdf ldnfO
lbg'= iftjft nfUb}g= cfkm' e+bf 3l6 kflg grnGo} hftsf xftsf] eft iffO etfxfnfO
jf]/]5 eGof % ?k}of b+8 ul/ etfxfn] eftdf ln+5g\ eGof hftsf] /Lt u/fO lbg'= etfxfn]
eftdf lnbf}g eGof hf}gf hftsf xftsf] eft iffofsf] 5 p;} hftdf ldnfO 5fl8 lbg'=
&= 5f]O l56f] xfng' kGof{ hft s;}n] hflg hflg cfkm' e+bf 3l6 kflg grnGof / l56f] xfng'
kGof{ hftsf xftsf] eft\kflg iffO c?nfO jf]¥ofsf] /x]g 5 eGof b+8 kb}{g hf}gf hftsf
xftsf] iffofsf] 5 plx hft x'+5 p;} hftdf ldnfO lbg'= ift jft nfUb}g= cfkm'n] eft iffO
etfxfnfO jf]/]5 eGof @.. ?k}of b+8 ul/ etfxfn] eftdf ln+5g\ eGof kltof u/fO lbg'=
etfxfn] eftdf lnb}g eGof hf}gf hftsf xftsf] eft iffofsf] 5 p;} hftdf ldnfO lbg'=
*= tfufwfl/ hft s;}n] cfkm' e+bf 3l6 eft grnGof tfufwfl/ hftsf xftsf] eft u}î
hft hfGof s'/f] iffo]5 if'jfpGofn] cfkm' e+bf 7"nf] tfufwfl/ hft xf] e+Gof yfxf gkfO
if'jfo]5 eGof= iffglbGofnfO ift jft nfub}g= cfkm' e+bf 7"nf] tfufwfl/ hft xf] elg yfxf
kfofsf dflg;\nfO t]/f xftsf] iff+5' e+bf hflg hflg cfÇgf xftsf] eft nfufo]t\= hft
hfGof s'/f] iffg lbo]5 cfkm'n] if'jfosf] s'/f] p:sf etfxfnfO eftdf gjf]l/b} hfx]/ u/]5
186
 eGof klg jft nfub}g cfÇgf xftsf] iffg lbofsf] hfx]/ gul/ bjfO c? etfxfnfO
eftdf jf]/fo]5 jf= jf]/fO 5 eGof d]/f xftsf] iffof hft hf+5= elg iffg glbg' kGof{
s'/fdf if'jfof jfjt\ @% ?k}of b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{ ef]/df
iffGofnfO kltof u/fO lbg'=
(= tfufwfl/ hft s;}n] gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hftsf xftsf] eft u}î hft hfGof s'/f iffo]5
if'jfpGofn] cfkm' e+bf 7"nf] tfufwfl/ hft xf] e+Gof yfxf gkfO if'jfo]5 eGof= iffg
lbGofnfO ift jft nfUb}g= cfkm' e+bf 7"nf] tfufwfl/ hft xf] elg yfxf kfofsf
dflg;\nfO t]/f xftsf] iff+5' eGbf hflg hflg cfÇgf xftsf] eft nufPt hft hfGof s'/f]
iffg lbo]5 cfkm'n] if'jfofsf] s'/f] p:sf etfxfnfO efTdf gjf]lb} hfx]/ u¥of] eGof klg
jft nfub}g= cfÇgf xftsf] iffg lbofsf] hfx]/ gul/ bjfO c? etfxfnfO eftdf jf]/]5
jf= jf]/fO 5 eGof d]/f xftsf] iffof hft hf+5 elg iffg glbg' kGof{ s'/fdf if'jfof jfjt\
%) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{ ef]/df iffGofnfO kltof u/fO lbg'=
!)= tfufwfl/ hft gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hft s;}n] dfl;Gof dt'jfln hftsf xftsf] eft u}î
hft hfGof s'/f iffo]5 if'jfpGofn] cfkm' e+bf 7"nf] hft xf] elg yfxf gkfO if'jfo]5 eGof
iffg lbGofnfO ift jft nfUb}g= cfkm' e+bf 7"nf] tfufwfl/ hft gdfl;Gof hft xf] elg
yfxf kfofsf dflg;nfO t]/f xftsf] iff+5' e+bf hflg hflg cfÇgf xftsf] eft nufo]t\
hft hfGof s'/f] iffg lbo]5 cfkm'n] if'jfofsf] s'/f] eftdfgjf]l/b} p:sf etfxfnfO hfx]/
u¥ofsf] eof klg jft nfUb}g= cfkm'n] if'jfofsf s'/f] hfx]/ gul/ bjfO etfxfnfO efTdf
jf]/]5= jf jf]/fO 5 eGof cfÇgf xftsf] if'jfof hft hf+5 elg iffg glbg' kGof{ s'/fdf
if'jfof jfjt\ tfuwfl/ hftnfO if'jfo]5 eGof dfl; lbg'= gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hftnfO
if'jfofsf] /x]5 eGof !) ?k}of b+8 ul/ iffGofnfO p;\sf hftn] eftdf ln+5g eGof
kltof u/fO lbg'=eftdf lnofgg\ eGof= hf}gf hftsf xftsf] iffosf] 5 p;} hftdf ldnfO
5fl8 lbg'= ef]/df iffGofnfO kltof u/fO lbg'=
!!= tfufwfl/ hftnufo]t\ kflg rnGof;Ddsf hftn] t]/f hft ldNbf] x'+ elg kflg grnGof
hft / 5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf] xftsf] eft kflg /= hft hfGof s'/f] iffo]5=
if'jfpGofn] cfkm' e+bf 7"nf] hft xf] elg yfxf gkfO if'jfo]5 eGof ift jft nfb}g . cfkm'
e+bf 7"nf] hft xf] elg yfxf kfofsf dflg;\nfO t]/f xftsf iff+5' e+bf 7"nf] hft xf] elg
yfxf kfofsf dflg;\nfO t]/f xftsf] iff+5' e+bf hflg hflg cfÇgf xftsf] eft kflg
nufo]t\ hft hfGof s'/f] iffg lbo]5 cfkm'n] if'jfofsf] s'/f] p:sf eftxfnfO{ eft kflgdf
gjf]l/b} hfx]/ u¥ofsf] eof klg jft nfUb}g= cfkm'n] if'jfofsf] s'/f] hfx]/ gul/ bjfO
etfxfnfO eftdf /= c?nfO{ kflgdf jf]/]5= jf jf]/fO 5 eGof d]/f xftsf] if'jfof hft
hf+5 elg iffg glbg' kGof{ s'/fdf if'jfof jfjt\ dfl; lbg'= ef]/df kGof{nfO{ kltof u/fO
lbg' =
!@= kflg grnGof l56f] xfng' gkGof{ hftn] t]/f hft ldNbf] x'+ elg cfkm' eGbf sld eft
gldn\gof hftsf xftsf] eft kflg iffo]5= if'jfpGofn] cfkm' e+bf 7"nf] hft xf] egL yfxf
gkfO if'jfo]5 eGof= iftjft nfUb}g= cfkm' e+bf 7"nf] hftsf] xf] elg yfxf kfofsf nfO
t]/f xftsf] iff+5' e+bf hflg hflg if'jfo]5 e+Gof iffGofnfO p:sf hftn] cfÇgf hftsf /Lt
ul/ eft kflgdf lnGof /x]5g\ eGof @..= ?k}of hft df lnGof /x]g5g\ eGof % ?k}of b+8
ul/ p;} hfTdf ldnfO lbg'=
!#= 5f]of l56f xfng' kGof{ hft]n] t]/f hft ldNbf] x'+ elg cfkm' e+bf sld eft gldn\Gof
hfTsf xftsf] eft kflg iffo]5= if'jfpGofn] cfkm' e+bf 7"nf] hft xf] elg yfxf gkfO
if'jfo]5 eGof ift jft nfUb}g= cfkm' e+bf 7"nf] hft xf] elg yfxf kfofsfnfO t]/f xftsf]
iff+5' e+bf hflg hflg if'jfo]5= eGof iffGofnfO= p:sf hftn] cfÇgf hftsf] /Lt ul/ eft
kflg df lnGof /x]5g\ eGof @..= ?k}of hftdf lnGof /x]g5+ e+Gof % ?k}of b+8 ul/ p;}
hftdf ldnfO lbg'=
!$= pkfWof /hk"t h}l; Iflq gdfl;Gof dt'jfln dfl;gof dt'jfln u}î hft kltt\ e} eft
jfx]s\ eofsf kflg dfqrNofsf s;}n] xfld ;B 5f} xfd|f] eft rN5 elg cfÇgf
etfxfnfO eftdf jf]¥of eGof . %) ?k}of kflgdf :d]t\ jfx]s\ eofsfn] eftdf jf]¥ofsf]
eof !)) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf bn]{ s}b ug'{= ef]/df kGof{nfO
kltof u/fO lbg'=

187
!%= pkfWoflg h}l;lg Ift[lg u}î tfufwfl/ hft /= c? gdfl;Gof hft u}îsf csf{ l;t
ljlu| j]:of eofsf :jfl:gn] kl5 c?nfO ;B 5f} xfld ljU¥ofsf 5}gf} elg csf{nfO
eftdf jf]¥of eGof= t]:tf :jfl:gnfO %) ?k}of b+8 ul/ ef]/df iffGofnfO kltof u/fO
lbg'= ?k}of glt¥of d}Gxfsf %?k}ofsf bn]{ s}b ug'{=
!^= dfl;Gof hftsf nf]UGof :jfl:g dflg;n] cfkm' e+bf 7"nf gdfl;Gof hftsf s;}nfO hft
bjfO eftdf kf¥of dfl; lbg'= cfÇg' hft hgfo]5 iffGofn] hflg iffofsf] eof=
if'jfoGofnfO b+8 klg x'b}g= dfl;bf klg dfl;+b}g=
!&= d'l8Gof hftn] xf8df / gftf u}îdf s/l0f ul/ d'l8of kl5 hGDofsf ;+tfg gdfl;Gof
kflg rnGof z'b| hft x'+5g\ P:tfsf] !! jif{b]lv pef]sf s+Gof / ljwjfnfO /flhif'l;n]
s/l0f uGof{ dflg;Gof hftnfO dfl; lbg'= sdf/fn] s/l0f u/]5 eGof= t]:tf sdf/fnfO
# jif{ s}b ug'{= if;d\n] ?k}of ltl/ n}hf+5' eGof c}g jdf]lhd\sf ?k}of ln 5fl8 lbg'=
!*= kflg grnGof hftn] kflg dfkf¥of] eGof Tof] kflgdf kfGof{ cfkm' ;'lif kf}lghftxf] eGof
dfl; lbg'= cufj} dfl;ofsf] /x]5 eGof /= c5'lt hftsf sdf/f sdfl/ /èf5GeGof @
jif{ s}b ul/ 5fl8 lbg'= sdf/f sdfl/ if;Dsf x'+5g\=
!(= kflg grnGof hft 5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{ hft u}în] 5f]ofsf] l;lGs u'+b|'s cldNofofsf
tfdf sf6Øf 5f]8fof km'6Øfsf kmnkm'n u}îgiffg'= s;}n] iffo]5 eGof cgfrf/ u¥of jfjt\
rf/ k};f b+8 ug'{ hft hfb}g=
@)= j|fé0f nufo]t\ tfufwfl/ hft / gdfl;Gof dfl;Gof u}î kflg rnGof hftn] df6fsf
wft'sf ef8fdf kflg gkfl/ e'6Øf ksfofsf] ;fukft u}î g'g xfNofsf] eof klg iffGofsf]
hft hfb}g= kltof klg ug'{ kb}{g= g'g xfNofsf] xj;\ gxj;\ kflg xfln ksfofsf]
;fukft u}î iffGofnfO !) ?k}of b+8 ul/ kltof lbg'=
@!= h}l; jfx'g\n] pkfWof / cfkm' e+bf 7"nf hftnfO cfkm'n] blx Ro'/f d'5Øfsf] if'jfo]5
eGof= if'jfpGofnfO @) hflg hflg iffGofnfO !) ?k}of b+8 ul/ kltof u/fO lbg'=
@@= bgjf/ s'éfn\ dflem b/} 9f]qmØf 8fn x6Øfx¿nfO tfufwfl/ hft u}în] pgn] ksfofsf
7fpdf u} bfn eft hj/l:t ul/ 5f]O lb if'ufo]5 eGof= 5f]O lbofsf] ljuf] e/fOlb lju}
jdf]lhd\ b+8 ug'{= 5f]O lbGofnfO b+8 eof kl5 iffGofsf] hft\ hfb}g= if'l; /flhn] iffofsf]
eof iffGofsf] hft klg hfb}g= if'jfpGofnfO jft klg nfUb}g=
@#= pkfWof j|fé0fn] hflg hflg xf;sf] df;' iffo]5 eGof ..= b+8 ul/ kltofsf] k'hL{ ul/ lbg'
wdf{lwsf/n] ..= ln kltof lbg'=

hg} lbGofsf]
!= hg} gkfpGof hftsf nfO hg} nfpGof hftsf] 5f]/f] xf] elg ;sf{/sf x's'd jfx]s c?
s;}n] hg} lbo]5 eGof hg} nfpGofsf] hg} lemls p;} hftdf ldnfO lbg'= hg} lbGofdf
d'io hf] xf] p;}nfO ^) ?k}of j|tj+w u/fpGof k|f]lxtnfO /= d+q ;'gfpGof u'?nfO %.%
?k}of b+8 ug'{= glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=
@= tfufwfl/ hft s;}n] cfÇgf 3/lssdfl/ kf/ ul/ :jfl:g t'Nofof ls xj;\ jf kf/ gub}{
3/sf hfxfgnfO yfxf e} /flif 5f]/f 5f]l/ hGDofsf xj;\ if;dn] /fiftf csf{l;t kf]On
uofls /lxg5 / if;Dsf jLo{n] 5f]/f5f]l/ eofsf /èf 5g\ egof t]:tf sdf/Lkl§sf
5f]/fnfO hg} lbbf cfdfnfO kf/ ul/ jfj' bfHo" efO Oi6ldqn] 5f]/fnfO hg} lbg /=
5f]l/sf] ljxf ul/ lbg x'+5 csf{ls sdfl/ /fiof kl§ hGDofsf 5f]/f 5f]l/nfO cfdf kf/
geof klg wlgsf] if'l; /flhn] lgiflg NofO 5f]/fnfO hg} lbg /= 5f]l/sf] ljxf ul/ lbg
x+'5 hg} lbGofnfO ift nfUb}g=
#= tfufwfl/ hftn] gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hftsf :jf:gL NofO pgjf6 hGDofsf 5f]/fnfO
hGDofpGof jfj'n] eof] jfj'd¥of kl5 p:sf bfHo" efO Oi6 ldq s;}n] eof] P:tfnfO
hg} lb+5f}eGof j|tj+w ul/ hg} lbg x'+5= j|tj+w u/fpGof hg} lbGofnfO jft nfUb}g=
P;\nfO hg}lbg x'+b}g elg s;}n] /f]Sof] eGof] /f]sGofnfO % ?k}of b+8 ug'{ b+8 :d]t\ u/]5
eGof b+8 lkmtf{ u/fO lb p;n] u¥ofsf k6s jdf]lhd\ b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\
s}b ug'{=

188
$= tfufwfl/ hft s;}n] dfl;Gof dt'jfln hftsf :jfl:g /flif eof] jw]Toflg :jfl:g /flif
eof] pg\jf6 hDGofsf 5f]/fnfO jfj' Ho"bf] eof jfj'n] jfj' geof p:sf bfHo" efO Oi6
ldqx¿n] j|tj+w ul/ hg} lbg x'+5= cfÇgf lhon] hg} xfN5' eGof klg j|tj+w ul/ hg}
nfpg kfp5= hg} lbGof j|tj+w u/fpGofnfO jft nfUb}g=
%= tfufwfl/ tfufwfl/ hftsf] xj;\ jf tfufwfl/ hft / c? hftsf] xj;\ emu/f x'bf hg}
r'l8g uo]5 eGof= hg} r'8fln lbGofnfO % ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\
s}b ug'{=
^= j]xSdf csf{sf] hg} lemls lbGofnfO !)) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b
ug'{=
&= cbfnt c8f uf}8fsf xfls+d\ l8ˆf ljrfl/ cdfTsf cdfln åf¥of yl/ d'lifof 7]s
Oh/fbf/ u}î s;}n] tfufwfl/ hft u}îsf] hg} ghfGof s'/fdf hg} lemsg nfo]5= eGof=
lemsg nfpGof lemsg x'+5 elg dtnj lbGofx¿nfO !)).!)) ?k}of p;\ srxl/df
j:ofsf yl/ d'lifof lhDdfjfnx¿n] klg j]xSdf hg} lemlsg nfofsf] b]iofkl5 lemsg
x'+b}g elg x6s ug'{ kGof{ s'/fdf s]lx gelg x]l/ /èfsf /èf5g\ eGof ltGx]¿nfO %).%)
?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=
*= tfufwfl/ hftsf] s;}n] j]xSdf hg} lemSofsf] r'8fNofsf] /x]5 eGof j]xSdf lemlsofsf]
r'l8ofsf] x'gfn] j]xSdf lemlsGof r'l8Gofsf] hft hfb}g= k|folZrt ul/ hg} nfpg'=
cbfnt\ cdfnjf6 k"lh{ ul/ hg} lbnfO lbg'=

jfnifsf] tS;L/

!= !@ jif{b]lv pwf]sf s]6fs]l6sf jfj' cfdf bfHo" sf]lx /x]g5g\ 6'x'/f] /x]5 eGof t];nfO
iffgfsf] s]lx uh{ k/]5 / j:t' efp rfs/x¿ yfdg ;s]g eGof ;x/df /x]5 eGof
cbfnt 7fgfn] ;fl5 jl; jflx/ km]/f ufpdf /x]5 eGof cdfln y/Ln] ;fl5 jl; jf
hlj k+rs[lt df]n u/fO ls+g' j]rg' u/fO lbg'= df]n tf}n u/fO lbGof xflsdn] t]:tfn]
j]Rofsf] dfn s]lx glng'= lnGof xflsdn\nfO ljufsf] cflw b+8 ul/ dfn lwgnfO
lkmtf{ ug'{ cbfnt 7fgf cdfn jl; b'lg`fsf] cflw b+8 ul/ !@ jif{ d'lgsf s]6fs]lx¿
l;t lsGof j]Rofsf] ;b/ x'+5= P:tfdf cbfnt 7fgf cdfnsf] b:t'/ b;f}b lj;f}b s]lx
nfUb}g glng'=
@= cfdf jfj' bfHo"nfO g/flif !^ jif{b]lv pwf]sf s]6fs]l6l;t td;'s n]lif gub lhlg;\
cgfh u}î shf{ lnGofnfO 3/sf df]io dflns\l;t gelg td;'s ul/ lnofsf] x'gfn]
ljuf] lkmtf{ u/fO ;os/f @) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= lkmtf{ kfpGofjf6 b;f}b lng'= td;'s gn]lif
s]6fs]l6nfO km'NofO kmsfO n'RofO ul/ lnofsf] /x]5 eGof ljuf] lkmtf{ u/fO ljuf
jdf]lhd\ b+8 ug'{ lkmtf{ kfpGofjf6 b;f}b lbg'=
#= cfdfjfj' bfHo"sf lj;Nnfxn] !^ jif{b]lif pwf]sf s]6fs]l6nfO ?k}of lb td;'s n]lif
lnGofsf] y}ln e'l;+5= s]6fs]l6 l;t lng kfpb}g td;'s srxl/jf6 km/fO lbg'= b+8
lhtfpl/ kb}{g lt ?k}of jfj' cfdfn] ifr{ u¥ofsf] eof / jfj' cfdf bfHo"x¿n] cîfO
?k}of Nofofsf] /x]5 eGof= y}ln e/fO srxl/jf6 b;f}b lj;f}b ln td;'s km/fO lbg'=
$= cfdf jfj' bfHo"x¿n] yfxf gkfO !^ jif{ d'lgsfjfnif s]6fs]l6n] cfÇgf 3/sf] gub
lhlg;\ sdf/f sdfl/ rf}kfof u}î dfn j]Rof] /= P:tf jfnif l;t lno]5 elg sf]lx
s/fpg cfof] eGof ls+Gofsf] y}nL e'; x'+5 b;f}b ln dfn lkmtf{ ul/ lbg'= j]rGof
ls+GofnfO b+8 lhtfpl/ x'b}g= jfj' cfdf bfHo"n] rfn kfO eof]= cîfO eof] s]6fs]l6jf6
dfn j]rfofsf] /x]5 kl5 s]6fs]l6jf6 kmnfgfn] dfn lno]5 elg s/fpg cfof eGof
j'‰bf cfkm'n] rfn kfO cîfO j]rfofsf] /x]5 eGof dfn ls+Gofjf6 lkmtf{ x'b}g= cl3
s]6fs]l6jf6 dfn j]rfpGofkl5 lkm/fb ug{ cfpGof hfn;flh uGof{ 7x5{= t];nfO
;dfofsf ljuf jdf]lhd\ b+8 ug'{=
%= sf]lx jfnif 5f]/f5f]l/ x'Gof :jfl:g csf{l;t kf]On uof eGof wfO /flif ;+ef/ ug{ ;SGof
jfj'n] wfO iff]lh cfkm}n] /flfif ;+ef/ ug'{= wfO iff]lh /fifgfsf] ;dy{ gx'Gofn] :jfl:g
kf]On u} e+Gof /L;n] 5f]/f5f]l/nfO cfdfsf] sfif 5'6ofO lbg wfO dfg{ x'b}g= t;y{ kf]On
u} tfklg & jif{ gk'Uof;Dd jfnifnfO cfdfsf] sfif 5'6ofO gNofpg'= t];}nfO kfng
lbg'= b'b 5f8of kl5 jfnifsf if'l;n] cfdfl;t j:5' eGof klg h]7f sf+5f jfj' bfHo"
189
 efOl;t j:5' eGof klg jfnifsf] if'l; cfdfl;t jl:tg elg eGof bfHo"s fsfx¿n]
NofO ;+ef/ ug'{ cfdfsf] sfifjf6 5'6ØfO NofO ;+ef/ gul/ jfnif d¥of] eGof= jfnif
5'6ofO NofpGofnfO %) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
^= j|fé0f /hk"t tfufwfl/ hftdf !@ jif{b]lif pwf]sf nf]UGof :jfl:gx¿n] emf/f lkml/
gwf]OP cfkm'n] klg eft iffof5g\= ef]/df etfxfx¿nfO klg eft if'jfof 5g\ eGof= ef]/df
iffof jfjt\= etfxfn] kltof kfp5g\= jfnif j'l4 l5lkofsf] gx'gfn] u'x' gwf]O eft iffGof
s]6fs]l6nfO ift jft nfUb}g= b+8 kb}{g= kltof lbg'= kltof lbbf cf}jNnfO @.. bf]od\nfO
@ l;d\nfO ! rfxf/nfO ..= ?k}of uf]bfg wdf{lwsf/n] ln kltof lbg' !@ jif{b]lv
pef]sfnfO % ?k}of b+8 ul/ ktLof lbg' kltof lbbf ;f]lx jdf]lhd\ wdf{lwsf/jf6 uf]bfg
ln kltof lbg'=
&= rf/ j0f{ 5lt;} hfTdf !@ jif{ b]lif pwf]sf pd]/sf s]6fs]6Lx¿n] ceIf s'/f] / cfkm'
eGbf sd hftsf xftsf] eft klg iffGofnfO k|folZrtsf] kltof lbg'=
*= tfufwfl/ hftsf !! jif{ b]lif pwf]sf jfnif s]6f] / !) jif{ pef]ls s]6Lsf] cuEofudg
s/l0f eof] eGof s]l6n] k|folZrt kfplbg= hft jfx]s /x+5] s]6fnfO /fh b+8 k|flZrt
kb}{g=
(= !@ jif{b]lif pwf]sf jfnifn] ;fgfltgf s'/fb]lif Hofg df¥of HofGsf] tlS;/ u¥of ltGnfO
iftjft nfUb}g= Ho" df¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof t];\nfO cbfnt 7fgf cdfnsf k+r enf dflg;\
/flif km'NofOsg ;f]wk'5 ug'{= gxjsfpg'= cDsfn] cîfof]Yof] / d}n] u¥ofsf] xf] eGof]
eGof= dfg{ ;LsfpGof dflg:sf] /= dGof{sf] cl3 kl5sf] s]lx s'/fsf] Olj k¥ofsf] /x5
ls /x]g 5 txlst ul/ 7x/fpbf cîfofsf] ;fr} 7x¥of] l;sfpGof sfo]n eof] eGof
sfo]ngfdf n]iffO l;sfO d/fpgof rflxsf] Hofg lng'= dfGof{ s]6fs]l6nfO ! d}Gxf s}b
ul/ k|folZRt lbnfO 5fl8 lbg'=
!)= !! jif{ d'lgsf] s]6f] / !) jif{ d'lgls s]l6n] s/l0f u¥of eGof s/l0f x'Gof pd]/ eofsf]
g'xgfn] of]lg 5]bg eofsf] 7xb}{g= hft}df /x+5g\ k|folZrt ug'{ kb}{g= t]:tf s]6fs]l6nfO
xj\sfO bjfsfO 5fl8 lbg'= b+8 lhtfpl/ kb}{g=

u/Lj s+ufn

!= sf]lx ;fn gfn gsfl6ofsf / bft gcfofsf jfnif s]6fs]l6 kmfNofsf kfO NofO
kfNofsfx¿df jfj' cfdfsf] kQf gnfUofsfnfO s;}n] kfln/fiofsf] /x]5 kl5 jfj'
cfdfsf] kQf nfUof] eGof chfg jfnifnfO lgdf{of ul/ kmfGof jfjt\ jfj' cfdfsf] c}g
jdf]lhd\sf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ kfnGofnfO cbfnt 7fgf cdfn\jf6 ;f}lk lbg'= hf/ k'q
/x]5 eGof cfdfsf] bfOhf] / hfl/ uGof{ jfj'sf] ;j{:j ul/ kfnGofnfO lbg'=kflg grNGof
/ 5f]O l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf jfnif NofO kfNofsf /x\of 5g eGof jfj' cfdfsf]
;j{:j u/L kfnGof nfO{ lbg' jfnif hft ldNbf nfO kfng lbg'= tfufwfl/ hft u}în]
kflg grnGof / 5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf jfnif NofO kfNofsf] /x]5 eGof= lt
kfnGof /= etfxf efOx¿af6 wdf{lwsf/nfO .. uf]bfg lbnfO ef]/sf] k|folZrt u/fO lbg'=
@= jfj' cfdf sf]lx gx'Gof jfnif s]6fs]6Lsf] huf hldg\ rf}kfof gub lhlg;\ u}î hf]
eofsf] wgdfn\ p;\ 7fpsf k+r enf dflg; /flif tfbft\ ul/ bf]x/f] sfuh n]lif dftj/
enf dflg;\sf lhDdf wg dfn /= tfbft\sf] ! sfuh /flif ! sfuh cdflnsf lhDdf
/flif t];} cfDbflgjf6 d'gfl;j dflkmssf] ifr{ ul/ jfnifnfO kfln ;èf/ ug'{= Tof] jfnif
hf+Gof ;fdy{ eofkl5 k'/fgf wgdfn\df k'/fg' tfbft\sf sfuh x]l/ d'gfl;j dflkms\ Sof
ifr{ eo]5 x]l/ jfls /èfsf] wgdfn\ ufpsf enf dflg;\ /flif t];}sf lhDdf ul/ lbg'=
#= jfj' cfdf dl/ kfnGof jfl/;\ ge} NofO kfNofsf / jfj' cfdfsf] 7]ufgf gnfUofsf iffg
nfpg gkfO cnkq k¥ofsfnfO ;sf{/jf6 iffg nfpg lb kfNofsf s+Gofx¿sf] ljjfx
uGof{ pd]/ eof kl5 cbfnt 7fgfjf6 sf}l; tf];fiffgfdf /xGof ef/fbf/ l;t u} hft
cg';f/= d'gfl;j dflkmssf] ifr{ dfuL ln hft ldNbfdf ljxf ul/ lbg'=
$= dxf/f]u eofsf nf]UGof dflg;x¿nfO ;x/ leq gcfpg' e+Gof x'gfn] ;x/ jflx/} /flif
u'l7 srxl/sf sfl/+bfx¿n] iffgnfO hglx /f]lh+bf x+l8 /= u'l7s} cfDbflgjf6 jif{sf @
190
 hf]/ iffl8 ;8"Fsf sk8f k'¥ofO lbg'= iffg nfpg kfofgf} elg s;}n] s/fof] eGof u'l7
srxl/sf sfl/+bfnfO !) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
%= cfÇgf b];sf sfgf iff]/+8f n'nf nu8f c+wf s'hf lhodf /f]u nflu if]ltkflt ug{
g;s\Gof /= j'9fj'l9 P:sftf 3/ if]t huf hldg\ c;fld nxgf uxgf xf8f] ef8f] klg
/x]g5 5f]/f5f]/L efO elthf klg /èfg5g\= ;fh ;j]/ iffgfsf] df};/ klg /x]g5 eGof=
P:tfnfO klg cbfnt\ 7fgfjf6 j+bf]j:t ul/ ;bfjt{sf] x+8L / ! jif{nfO iffl8 ;8"Fsf
hf]/ sk8f lbnfO lbg'= xflh/ n]ifL huf hufdf kfln /fifg'=
^= !@ jif{b]lif d'lgsf jfnif / ^) jif{ gf£ofsf j'9fj'l9 cf} 8'nlkm/ ug{ g;s\Gof crn
eofsf j'9fj'l9 jfj' cfdf 5f]/f5f]l/ h'jfl` lblb j}GxL km'k' u}în] gkfNofsf gftf ;+j+w
sf]lx geofsf 3/ if]t huf hldg\ c;fld xf8f] ef8f] s]lx geofsf ;fh ;j]/
iffgflkgfsf] df};d klg s]xL geofsfnfO iff]h ifj/ ul/ cbfnt 7fgfjf6 Nofofsf /
plb{kfO cfkm} cfofsfnfO cbfnt 7fgfsf xflsdn] hfr j'em ul/ c}g jdf]lhd ;fh
;j]/sf l;wf lgldQ ;bfjt{sf x+8f lbnfO lbo]g sfhdf nfo]g / s;}n] >L
ldlgi6/l;t / sf};Ndf gfln; u¥of] eGof cbfnt 7fgfsf xflsd\nfO @) ?k}of
hl/jfgf ug'{ cbfnt 7fgfjf6 plb{ lbof kl5 u'l7 hf+r srxl/sf dflns\n] l;wf sk8f
lbo]g5 eGof p;nfO !) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=
&= jf6f] ;8s\ bf]jf6f]df ;fn gfn :d]t\ kmfNofsf Ho"bf jfnifnfO cbfnt 7fgfjf6 NofO
b'b if'jfpGof wfO iff]lh ;fh ljxfg iffGof l;wf /= jif{sf @ hf]/ sk8f ;bfjt{jf6
lbnfO kfng nfpg' !^ jif{sf] pd]/ gx'+GHofn\ jfnifnfO{ klg ;bfjt{jf6 ;fh ljxfg
iffgfnfO l;wf / nfpgfnfO sk8f ;d]t\ lbnfO lbg' !^ jif{sf] pd]/ k'Uofkl5 j'l4
cg';f/ ;sf{/sf] /f]lh nufO lbg'=
*= ;x/ ufp kj{tsf ufx¿df x}hf cf7Øf ifj6\of ljkm/ O /f]u nfuL jfj' cfdf d¥ofjfnif
5f]/f 5f]l/ /èf5+ ltGsf] ;lx ;+ef/ uGof{ bfHo" efO dfjnL cfk:t sf]lx klg /èfg5g\
egof t];\ ufpsf åf¥of yl/ d'lifof s6'jfNof k|wfg gfOSofn] n}uL ;lx ;+ef/ ul/
kfng' pGsf jfj'sf] s]lx wg /x]5 eGof= t]lx wg if{r ul/ kfng'= s]lx /x]g5 eGof= t];}
hufsf cfDbflgn] hf] nfUofsf] ifr{ if'jfO @ d}Gxf ;Dddf cbfntdf k'¥ofO lbg'=
cbfnt\df NofO k'¥ofpbf;Dddf nfUofsf] ifr{ hufsf] wlgn] 7]sbf/ åf¥ofnfO ldGxf
u/fO lbg' ltGnfO if'jfofsf] ljtf{ u'l7 /}s/ if'jf u}î hufsf] k}bfjf/ h;\n] iff+5 t]];n]
ldGxf lbg'= Ohf/f cdfgt\sf hufdf Ohf/f cdfgt\= jfn}n] kfng'= ;'lg hflg b]lif ;+ef/
gul/ iffg gkfO jfnif d¥of eGof= t]; hufsf åf¥of 7]sbf/ ufpsf df]io hf] xf] t]:sf]
c}g jdf]lhd\ ;j{:j ug'{ Ho" eGof d¥ofsf] 5}g ;+ef/ gu/fO cnkq kf¥ofsf /èf5g\
eGof= t]:tf åf¥ofnfO @) ?k}of yl/nfO !) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=

;lthfGofsf]

!= s;}sf ljjflxtf jf eft iffhf rnGof grnGof hfTsf s+Gof Nofofsf :jfl:gn] ;lt
hf+5f} egof !^ jif{ d'lgsfnfO hfg glbg'=
@= ljxf u¥ofsf / eft iffhf rnGof grnGof hfTsf s+Gof Nofofsf :jfl:gdf !^ jif{
gfWofsfn] ;lt hf5f} eGof sf+5f] 5f]/f] !^ jif{ k'Uofsf] /x]g5 eGof ;lt hfg glbg'=
#= ljxf u¥ofsf / eft iffhf rnGof grnGof hfTsf s+Gof Nofofsf !^ jif{ gfWof ls
:jfl:gn] ;lt hf+5f} eGof 5f]l/ % jif{ gk'Uofsf] /lx5 eGof ;lt hfg gbLg'=
$= bf]>f] kf]O eofsf jf bf]>f]b]lif j9\tf kf]O eofsf :jfl:gn] ;lt hf+5f} eGof hfg glbg'=
%= ul2g;Lb dxf/fhsf /flg Zju]{ x'bf /= pd/fj ef/fbf/ /}ot\ u}îsf :jfl:gx¿ dbf{ ;lt
hf+5f} eGof rfs/ s]l6 sdfl/ u}înfO ;lt hfg glbg'= P:tfnfO ;lt hf elg jrg lb
kf]nfpGof df]WonfO %)) ?k}of kf]nGof c? dëfldnfO hglx @%) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
^= jfnif ue{df 5bf nf]UGof dGof{ :jfl:gn] ue{ k}bf eofkl5 ;lt hf+5f} eGof= hfg glbg'=
&= ule{l0f :jfl:gn] ue{ /èfsf] yfxf eof kl5 ! d}Gxfsf] dfq} ue{ eof klg ule{l0f
:jfl:gnfO ;lt hfg glbg'=
*= cfÇg' 5f]/f] dbf{ s'Dsf] l;8'/ elg 5f]/fsf] ;lt hfg glbg'= 5f]/fsf] ;lt hfg x'+5 elg
jrg\ lb kf]nfpGof d'l8Gof hft eof c}g jdf]lhd\ c+; ;j{:j u/L bfdn ug'{= c? hft

191
 eof sfl6 dfl/ lbg'= hflg hflg kf]ngof dëfldx¿nfO c}g jdf]lhd\ ;j{:j ul/ 5fl8
lbg'=
(= ljxf u¥ofsf /= eft rnGof grnGof hfTsf s+Gof Nofofsf :jfl:gdf !^ jif{
gf£oflsn] cfÇgf if'l; /flhn] if;+sf ;lt hf+5' eGof= sf+5f] 5f]/f] ;+u j:ofsf] xj;\
j]un\ j:ofsf] xj;\= p:sf] !^ jif{sf] pd]/ eofsf] /x]5 eGof e/;if ;d\emfpg' j'emfpg'
ul/ yfdg'= yfdg g;lso]g x6s ug{ nfuL eGof P:tfnfO ;lt hfg lbg'= cfuf] lbGof
kf]nGofnfO jft nfUb}g=
!)= ljèf u¥ofsf / eft rnGof grnGof hfTsf s+Gof Nofofsf :jfl:gdf !^ jif{
gf£oflsn] cfÇgf if'l; /flhn] if;Dsf] ;lt hf+5' eGof p:sL 5f]l/ % jif{ gf£ofls /lx5
eGof= e/;if ;demfpg' j'emfpg' ul/ yfdg'= yfdg ;lso]g eGof ;lt hfg lbg'= cfuf]
lbGof kf]nGofnfO ift nfUb}g=
!!= nf]UGof n8fl`df u} dGof{ / /fhsfhdf eof] jf cfÇgf ;f]ifn] b]; kb]{; 6f9f u} dGof{sf
:jfl:gn] ;lt hf+5f} eGof= c}gdf ;lt hfg x'+5 elg n]lifofsf :jfl:gdf j|fé0f jfx]s
c? hfTsf :jfl:gn] cfÇgf if'l;n] ;lt hf+5' e+GofnfO ;lt hfg lbg'= j|fé0fsf d'bf{
hnfofkl5 @ lrtf x'b}g gug'{=
!@ cfÇgf 3/ls sdfl/ s+Gof b]lif if;Dn] :jfl:g t'NofO /fiofsf] !^ jif{ gfWofls /lx5
eGof p:sf] 5f]/f] !^ jif{ k'Uofsf] /x]5 eGof /= 5f]l/ % jif{ k'Uofls /xL5 eGof if'l;
/flhn] if;Dsf ;lt hf+5' eGof sdfl/ :jfl:g eof klg hfg lbg'=
!#= c}gn] ;lt hfg eGof kfpGof eft rnGof hflt ;lt kf]nbf Ps} ;nf] ul/ gkf]ng'
j]unf j]Un} ;nf] ul/ kf]ng'=
!$= cfÇgf nf]UGof dbf{ c}gn] ;lt hfg kfpGof :jfl:gn] ;lt hf+5' elg kflg iffGofO
;f]nfdf rl9 ;fu/df k'lu p;\ 7fpdf ug'{ kgof{ uf}/L k'hf u}î hftsf] ljlw ul/;Sof
kl5 c}g jdf]lhd k|folZrt lbnfO eft kflgdf rnfOlbg' yfldOg eGof= klg t];\
;ltnfO cem klg ltld j:5f} ls hf+5f} cf6 elg ;d\emfpg' yfld e+GofF c}gn] hfg
kfpGof ;lt kf]Nofsf s'/fdf jft nfUb}g=
!%= ;lt hf+5' egL kflg ifGofO ;f]nfdf rl9 cfuf] :d]t\ nfO ;Sofkl5 ;f]nfjf6 ifl; jn
ul/ pl7 eflu uofsf ;ltnfO nf7f 9F'ufn] gxfgL hj/hl:t gul/ s;}n] g;dflt ltld
cfÇgf if'l;n] ;lt hf+5f} eGof dfq} xfld kf]n5f} hf+gf} eGof ;lx ;+ef/ ul/ Onfh u/fO
kltof lbnfO 3/df /fif5f} eg'+ / if'l;n] ;lt hf+5' dnfO kf]n eGof= ;fl5 u'xfO /flif
;ltsf] d'r'Nsf] n]iffO ln kf]ng'= jft nfUb}g= ;fl5 u'xfO g/flif d'r'Nsf gn]iffO
kf]Nofsf] 7x¥of cfuf] lbGof kf]nGofnfO c}g jdf]lhd\ ;hfo ug'{ ;lt hf+g eGof Onfh
u/fO ;lx ;+ef/ ul/ kflgsf] dfq} kltof kfp5] cfuf] nfuL jfRofsL x'gfn] eftsf]
kltof kfpbLg=
!^= ;lt hf+5' elg kflg ifGofO ;f]nfdf rl9 cfuf] glbbf;Dddf ;lt hf+g elg jf jn ul/
;f]nfjf6 if;L efuL hfGof :jfl:gnfO s;}n] df/f} elg nf7f 9'Fufn] xflg klqm kf]Nof
df¥of eGof df/ elg k}ë] jrg\ lbGof ! k}ë] xf+Gof ! k}î] ;dfpGof ! O ltGsf] c}g
jdf]lhDsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{= OGb]lif jfx]s\ c? hfGof ;dfpGofnfO cf}jnnfO{
@) bf]od\nfO !% l;d\nfO !) rxf/nfO % ?k}ofsf bn]{ b+8 ug'{=
!&= ;lt hfGof :jfl:gn] ;lt hf+5'= elg ifGofO ;f]nfdf rl9 cfuf] glbbf;Dddf ;f]nfjf6
ifl; nl8 jlu jn ul/ pl7 eflu jf dnfO gkf]n 8/ nfUof] elg eGof t]:tfnfO
gkf]ng'= c}g jdf]lhd\ eft kflgsf] kltof lbnfO lbg'=
!*= !^ jif{ d'lgsf :jfl:gnfO xj;\ jf= c}gn] ;lt hfg glbg'= e+Gof n]lifofsf !^ jif{
gfWofsf :jfl:gnfO s;}n] g;f cDjn nfu' if'jfO xj;\ km'NofO kmsfO xj;\ cyjf
cfÇg} if'l;n] hf+5' elg xj;\ kflg ifGofO ;lt j:ofsf :jfl:gnfO ;lt hfg glbg'=
!(= ;lt hf+5' elg kflg ifGofO ;f]nfdf rl9 cfuf] glbbf;Dddf ;f]nfjf6 ifl; nl8 jlu
jn ul/ pl7 efuL hfGof jf= dnfO gkf]n 8nf{Uof]+ elg jfRofsf :jfl:gnfO efTsf] /
;f]nfdf k'lu cfuf]nfO ;Sofkl5 jfRofsf :jfl:gnfO kflgsf] kltof lbbf cf}jn\nfO %
bf]od\nfO # l;d\nfO @ rxf/nfO ! ?k}of uf]bfg\ wdf{lwsf/nfO lbnfO kltof lbnfO
lbg'=
@)= c}gn] ;lt hfg kfpGof :jfl:gnfO hj/ hl:t ul/ sn{ufO eof] jf nfu' if'jfO km'NofO
eof] :jfl:gsf d'ifjf6= ;lt hf+5' egfO s;}n] kf]n]5 eGof= kf]nGof / kf]ng
192
 nfpGofnfO c}g jdf]lhd\ b+8 ul/ ck'tflnsf] efu cfkm' kfpGof /x]5 eGof pZn] kfpGof
hlt ck'tfln /}s/ hufsf] eof cbfnt cdfnjf6 lng' u'l7 ljtf{ j]iflkmu9f/ d/f}6 \
dfgf rfjn\ 5fkHo"lg k]l6of ifr{ u}î hufsf] wlgn] kfp5 p;\7fpdf ;fd]n gx'Gof
efOn] cfÇg' efu ck'tfln iffg kfp5=
@!= c}gn] ;lt hfg kfpGof :jfl:gnfO nfu' if'jfO km'NofO p:sf d'ifn] ;lt hf+5' egfO ;lt
kf]n]5 eGof= cfuf] lbGof p;}n] hGdfofsf] 5f]/f] /x]5 eGof $) ?k}of ;f}ltGof 5f]/ f /
c?n] eof !)) ?k}of jf]ls n}hfGof / dNxfldnfO @) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
@@= c}gn] ;lt hfg kfpGof :jfl:gnfO s;}n] nfu' if'jfO hj/ hl:t ul/ ;lt kf]n]5 eGof
t];}n] hGdfofsf] 5f]/fn] kf]Nofsf] eof p:sf jfj' cfdfsf c+;Ho"lgdf pZn] kfpGof c+;
;j{:j ul/ ^ jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf] 8jn\ lbof lng'= c?n] kf]Nofsf] eof k}Nx] cfuf]
lbGof d'l8gof hft eof c}g jdf]lhd\ c+; ;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{= sfl6Gof hftnfO
sfl6 dfl/ lbg'= c? dNxflddf cjn\nfO @) bf]od\nfO !% ;Ld\nfO !) rxf/nfO %
?k}ofsf bn]{ b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{= ;f}ltGof 5f]/fn] kf]Nofsf] eof
pZn] kfpGof ( efu hltdfq} ;j{:j ul/ ln 5fl8 lbg'=
@#= ;lt hf+5' elg kflg ifGofO ;f]nfdf rl9 cfuf] glbbf;Dddf ;f]nfjf6 ifl; nl8 jlu
jn\ u/L pl7 efuL hfGof jf dnfO gkf]n bnf{Uof] e+Gof :jfl:gnfO c}g jdf]lhd\ eft
kflgsf] kltof eof kl5 iff+gf} egL eft kflg giffGof etfxf u}înfO hglx % ?k}of b+8
ug'{=
@$= ;lt hf+5' elg ;f]nfdf k'lu cfuf]nfO ;Sof kl5 plDs jfRofsf :jfl:g sf] kflgsf]
kltof eof kl5 kflg iff+gf} e+GofnfO hglx % ?k}of b+8 ug'{= P:tf :jfl:gsf] eft eGof
rNb}g=
@%= s;}sf] nf]UGof d¥of] :jfl:gn] ;lt hf+g elg r'/f kmf]l/ h'7f] jf¥of kl5 t]lx r'/f kmf]/L
h'7f] jfGof{ :jfl:g ;lt hf+5' elg kflg ifGofO egof / t]:tfnfO s;}n] kf]ln lbof] egof
!@ jif{ pef]sf 5f]/fn] /x]5 eGof ift jft nfUb}5 !@ jif{ b]lif dflysf] 5f]/f eof klg
c? eof klg df]io kf]nGof /= kf]ng x'+5 elg jrg\ lbGofsf] c}g jdf]lhd\sf] c+;
;j{:j ug'{= c? dNxfldnfO cf}jNs] !) bf]od\s] &..= l;Ds] % rxfs]{ @.. ?k}of b+8 ug'{
Tof] ;lt kf]ln ck'tfln kGof{ /x]5 / ck'tfln iffGof df]io e} kf]Nosf] /x]5 eGof t];n]
iffg kfpGof ck'tfln / t]:sf] c}g jdf]lhd\ sf] c+; ;j{:j klg ug'{= ck'tfln iffGof efO
df]io kf]nGof /x]g5 eGof= ck'tfln ;sf{/ nfUb}g bfOofjfnfn] kfp5=
@^= s;}sf] nf]UGof d¥of] :jfl:gn] d¥ofsf cfÇgf nf]UGofsf uf]8f wf]O kflg p;} lbg iffO5
eGof klg t]lx kflg kl5 ifflb /lx5 eGof klg :jfl:gnfO iftjft nfUb}g= kltof
k|folZrt klg ug'{ kb}{g=
@&= c}gdf ;lt hfg glbg' e+Gof n]lifofsf :jfl:gdf s;}n] if'l;/flh l;t ;lt hf+5' elg
kflg ifGofof klg ;lt hfg glbg'= c}g jdf]lhd\ kltof u/fO lbg'= cfÇgf if'l;n] ;lt
hf+5' elg kflg ifGofof kl5 xfldnfO Sof xf]nf elg P:tf ;lt s;}n] kf]n]5 eGof !@
jif{ b]lif d'lgsf] 5f]/fn] /x]5 eGof iftjft nfUb}g= !@ jif{ b]lif dflysf] 5f]/f] eof klg
c? eof klg df]io kf]nGof / kf]ng x'+5 elg jrg lbGofsf] c}g jdf]lhd\sf] c+; ;j{:j
ug'{= c? dNxflddf cjNs] !) bf]od\s] &..= l;Ds] % rxfs]{ @..= ?k}ofsf bn]{ b+8 ug'{=
@*= ;ltnfO c}g jdf]lhd\ kltof ug'{= kGof{df kltof gul/ eft kflgdf ;/f]j/ x'Gof
;ltnfO / ;/f]j/ uGof{nfO %.% ?k}of b+8 ul/ kltof u/fO eft kflgdf c}g jdf]lhd\
rnfpg'=
@(= :jfl:g dflg; s;}n] csf{ sf]lx d¥ofsf] b]lif d]/} nf]UGof d/]5g\ e+Gof 7x/fO gj'lem
;lt hf+5' elg kflg ifGofO5 kl5 txlst ubf{ p:sf] nf]UGof d¥ofsf] /x]g5 Ho"Fb} 7x¥of]
eGof txlst gul/ d¥ofsf] d]/} nf]UGof xf] ;lt hf+G5' egL kflg ifGofpGof P:tf j]s'km
:jfl:gnfO @) ?k}of b+8 ul/ kltof u/fO lbg'= b+8sf ?k}of glt¥of d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf
bn]{ s}b ug'{=

d'bf{ p7fpGof

193
!= j|fé0f /hk't Ift[ u}î tfufwfl/ hft sf]lx dg{ uof] d'bf{ p7fpGofnfO hft ldNbf] sf]lx
lg:s]g eGof tfufwfl/ tfufwfl/ hfTdf pkNnf hftsf] d'bf{ tNnf hftn] tNnfhftsf]
d'bf{ pkNnf hftn] 5'g p7fO n}hfg' x'+5 tfufwfl/ hft geof kflg rnGof dt'jfln
hftsfn] klg p7fpg x'G5 tfufwfl/ hftsf] d'bf{ kflg rnGof dt'jfln hftn] 5f]of
p7fofdf s[of uGof{n] t];} dGof{sf gfpdf kfr cfgf b]lif pef] kfr ?k}of ;Dd uIf
cg';f/sf] j|fé0fnfO uf]bfg lbof ug'{ kltof k|folZrt kb}{g=
@= sf]lx wg ;+klt geofsf] ul/j s+ufn dflg;\ dg{ uof] d'bf{ p7fpGof p:sf] sfhs[of
uGof{ sf]lx lg:s]g eGof t]:tfnfO hf}g cdfn ufpdf d¥ofsf] 5 p;} 7fpsf cdfnL yl/
åf/f d'lifof 7]sOhf/fbf/n] t];} ufpsf cfDbflgdWo] @.. ?k}of ifr{ nufO d'bf{ p7fO
sfuhs[of u/fO lbg'= d'bf{ gpl7 @.# lbg b]lif j9tf ufj}df /èfsf] 7x¥of cdfln
yl/nfO @.. ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of lbg !% s}b ul/ 5fl8 lbg'= d'bf{ p7fpbf
nfUofsf] ifr{ ;sf{/Lof huf eof ;sf{/jf6 hfuL/]sf] huf eof hflu/bf/jf6 ljtf{
j]if5fk\ u}îdflkm huf eof wlgn] 7]sbf/nfO ldGxf lbg''=
#= cfÇgf ufpdf d¥ofsf d'bf{ p7fpgfnfO dflg;\ if6fO glbGof cdfln nfO % ?k}of
cdflnn] if6fO lbofkl5 ghfGof /}otnfO{ klg @..= ?k}of b08 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of c}g
jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=
$= sf]lx k/rlqm s;}n] glrGxf ghfGofsf] dflg;\ cfO h:sf ufpdf d5{ jxfsf cdfln
yl/n] Tof] d'bf{ p7fpg nfpg' d¥ofsf] d'bf{ gp7fO{ @.# lbg;Dd ufp d} /xg uof] eGof
cdflnnfO % yl/nfO @.. ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{= d¥of{sf]
jfl/;\ sf]lx 7x/]g t]:sf s+j/df s]lx wgdfn /x]5 eGof= xfd|f d'n'ssf] jfl;+bf /x]5
eGof t]:sf wgjf6 ;tult u/fO /èfsf] cdflnsf] x'G5 jfl/; lg:osf] eGof txlst
u/L ;tutL u/fO /x\ofsf] h:sf] xf] p;}sf lhDdf ul/ lbg'= cfÇgf d'n's b]lif jfx]s\sf
b]l; d';fkm]/sf] /x]5 eGof sfh s[of ;tult u/fO /èfsf] ;sf{/sf] x'+5 cbfntdf
k'¥ofO lbg'=
%= g]kfnsf ufdn\ jfx]s ltg ;xsf{ lghfdL c? u}î b'lg`fsf nf]UGof :jfl:gx¿df sf]lx
dl/ p7fpGof uf]li7 uf]ltof sf]lx ge} ;xdf{ d'bf{ /xg uof] eGof cbfnt 7fgfjf6 d'bf{
p7fpgf lgldQ if6fof kl5 ifl6ofsf dflgZn] d'bf{ gp7fO ;xdf{ d'bf{ @.# lbg /èf] eGof
t]:tfnfO @) ?k}of hl/jfgf ug'{= b+8sf ?k}of glt¥of s}b ug'{=
^= s;}sf ufp 3/ l5Dofs\df kflg grnGof dtjfln c5'lt hft sf]lx dg{ uof] egof
df]io kfp+Hofn\= hft ldNbf] nufO d'bf{ p7fpgnfpg'= hft ldNbf] kfOo]g eGof kflg
rnGof j|fé0f /hk"t Ift[ du/ u?F u}în] klg d'bf{ p7fO 3f6df k'¥ofO lbg'= c5'lt hft
sf d'bf{ 5f]ofdf j|fé0fn] :gfgul/ Ifqf]kjf;\ ul/ z'4 x'+5 tfufwfl/ u}î c?n] :gfg ul/
z'4 x'+5=
&= tfufwfl/ hft u}îsf b]; kb]{;\ uofsf] eof] kflgdf jlu jgdf jf3 hgfj/n] iffO eL/
kf]if/L Ogf/ emf]n+uf ;fw'iffl8 u}îdf ifl; kmfnxfln sf]lx d/]5 cfkm' e+bf 3l6 sf]lx z'b|
hft kflg grnGof hft 5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftn] d'bf{ 5f]o]5= cfÇgf efO 5f]/fx¿n]
d'bf{ km]nf kf¥of eGof bfu jlQ lbg'= kl5 s[of z'4sf] kltof u/fO sfhs[of ug'{= d¥of]
e+Gof lgZro kfof d'bf{ km]nf k/]g eGof t]:sf efO 5f]/fx¿n] gf/fog jln ul/ sfhs[of
ug'{ k|folZrt ug'{ kb}{g=

d¥of] egL ;'GofpGof

!= sf]lx kb]{; uofsf dflg;\nfO s;}n] 3/df cfO kmnfg'tf d¥of] elg ;'gfof] / p;} ifj/df
:jfl:g ;lt klg u}5 kl5 Tof] d¥of] eGofsf] dflg; Ho"b} cfof] eGof Tof] ;'gfpg cfpGof
dflg;\nfO sfl6Gof hftnfO Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg lng'= j|fé0f hftnfO c}g jdf]lhd\sf]
c+; ;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{=
@= kb]{; uofsf dflg;\nfO s;}n] kmnfg' t d¥of] elg ;'gfof] sfhs[of x'g gkfpb} cfO
k'Uof] eGof= d¥of] elg ;'gfpGofnfO !)) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b
ug'{= d¥of] eGofsfnfO s]lx kb}{g=
194
#= sf]lx kb]{; uofsf]5 p;\nfO s;}n] 3/df cfO kmnfg' tf d¥of] elg ;'gfO{ lbof] / 3/sf
kl/jf/n] h'7f] jf¥of 5g\ sfhs[of u¥of5g\ kl5 Tof] d¥of] elg ;'gfofsf] dflg;\ d¥ofsf]
/x]g5 /= lhpb} 3/df cfof] eGof d¥of] elg ;'gfpGof dflg;\ hf] xf] p;\nfO !%) ?k}of
b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{= kb]{;jf6 3/ cfpGof dflgZn] k|folZrt ug'{
kb]{g ltYof{ ef]hn] z'4 x'+5 . ltYof{ ef]h ul/ 3/df j:g'=
$= sf]lx dflgZn] cfuf 89Øfnfn] kf]ln eof] kflgdf nl8 jlu eof] ?if eL/ 5fgf ‰ofnjf6
if;L eof] rf}kfof u}în] xflg ldlr eof] 9'Fuf d'9f] nfuL eof] jf c? s'/fn] j] /fld e}
ylnofsfnfO kmnfg' tf 5'l§ eo]5 elg s'/f u¥ofsfdf ;'FGof rflxsf j'l4n] gk'uL
dgn] d/]5 e+Gof 7x/fO p:sf bfHo" efO u}înfO kmnfg' tf d¥of] elg ;'gfo]5 /= t];}
ifj/df ;'Gofn] h'7f] :d]t\ jf¥of5g\ eGof csf{n] eGofsf] s'/f] ;'lg gj'lem eGofsf]
7xGof{n] d¥of] e+GofnfO @) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= h'7f] jf¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof !) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=

cf;f}r jfGof{sf]

!= cj pk|fGt ul2 g;Lb dxf/fhfsf] /= ul2 g;Lb /fhfsf k§ j+wf /flgsf] ul2df kl5
j:Gof ;fx]j Hofbfsf] cf;f}r jfg'{ kbf{ pkfWof /= h};L j|fé0fn] h'3f jfx]s\ d'F8g\ ul/ #
lbg cf;f}r jfg'{ jlif{ gjfg'{= c? u}î hftn] !# lbg cf;f}r jfg'{ h'3f :d]t\ d'F8g ug'{
6f]lk kul/ gnfpg'= jlif{ jfbf{ lbg $% jlif{ jfg'{= Ps /+uf /ftf] gnfpg'= l56fl5l6sf] bf];
5}g= kfg giffg' /ftf] 5ftf gjf]9g' 5fnfsf h'Qf gnfpg'= b]j b]jtfsf] k"hf ubf{ # lbg
;+d jfhf gjhfO sf]/f] k"hf ug'{= rf}yf lbg b]lif jfhf jhfpg'= ehg ufpg'= rln cfof
jdf]lhdsf] k"hf ug'{= hGdbf 5}l7 g'jf/fg\ kfl:g ljèf j|tj+w ubf{ jfhf gjhfO d+un
gufO sd{ rnfpg'= b;} ltxf/x¿ ug'{ kfl6 kf}jf 3/ jgfpg' 5fpg lbg !# ;Dd x'b}g=
jfxf b]lif x'+5 $% lbg ldqdf P;\ jdf]lhd\, ;'lg sg h;\n] df+b}g p;\nfO !) ?k}of
cbfnt\ 7fgf cdfnjf6= b+8 ul/ lng'= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{= $% lbg b]lif
pk|f+t /ftf] nfpg iffg jfhf d+un cl3 b]lif rln cfof jdf]lhd\sf] ;j} rN5 s]lx jfg'{
kb}{g=
@= s+k" kN6g\ s+klgsf hfuLbf{/ bjf{l/of lghfdlt dflg; s;}sf cfdf jfj' jfx]s\ c?
xf8 uf]q gftfsf sf]lx d¥of eGof= h'3f h'lNkm iff}/gfnfO Ps cfgf b]lif % ?k}of
;Ddsf cfÇg' hf] ;So5 ;f]dflkms dGof{sf gfpdf uf]bfg\ ul/ lbg'= h'3f h'lNkm kmfng'
kb}{g= cfkm}n] s[of ul/ lbg' k¥of] eGof s[of uGof{n] h'3f h'lNkm kmfln s[of j:g'
bjf{/Lof lghfdlt dflg;\df s;}n] h'3f h'lNkm kmfNof] eGof ift nfUb}g=
#= tfwfufl/ hftdf jfHof jfj' bfHo" efO 5f]/f gfltn] /fiofsf j]:of sdfl/ ef]6\oflg
g]jflg{ 3df{ NofO c+; lb /fiof ls :jfl:g sf]lx d¥of eGof ifr/ bfHo" efO sf]lx 5g\
eGof= ifr/ bfHo" efOnfO s[of ug{ nfpg'= ifr/ bfHo" efOsf]lx geof t]:sf] ;+klt
iffGofn] cfkm}n] s[of ug'{=
$= ;x/ ufp kb]{;df cfkm'nfO hGdfpGof cfdf jfj' /= jfHof jHo" sfsf sf+l5 cfdf ;flg
cfdf bfHo" efO efpHo" j'xf/Lx¿df= sf]lx dbf{ OGsf sfhs[of ug'{ kGof{ clwsf/jfnf
5f]/f gflt elthf bfHo" efOx¿ e} s[of u/]gg\ egof t]:nfOtf cbfnt 7fgf cdfnjf6
NofO @) ?k}of b+8 ul/ sfhs[of ug{ nfpg'= cfkm' e+bf sd hftls :jfl:g /fiofdf
hft ldNbfdf NofO sfhs[of u/fpg' p:tf t kfo]g eGof cfkm'n] ug'{= t]:df iftjft
nfUb}g= ck'tfln kg{ uof wd{ jf]l6 sfhs[of ul/ lb+5' e+Gof bfHo" efOnfO ck'tfln iffg'
k5{ e+Gof s/ nfUb}g= ;fx' ltgf{sf] s/ klg nfUb}g= t}n] s[of u¥of kl5 d]/f ?k}of b]
elg ;fx'n] 3/ ks/ ul/ lno]5 eGof ljuf] lkm/fO lju} jdf]lhd\ b+8 ug'{= w/ ks/ dfq
u/]5 ?k}of lnofsf] /x]g5 eGof ;dfTofsf h+dfsf ;os/f % ?k}of b+8 u/L ;dfpg
kfpb}g;\ elg 7f]ls lbg'=

195
%= s;}sf c+; ln 5'l§ofsf] bfHo" efO sf]lx d¥of] /= pGsf] sfhs[of ul/ ck'tfln iffg'
kGof{n] sfhs[of u¥ofgg\ eGof= p;} ufpsf cdfln yl/n] dGo}{sf wg dWo] p;\ hufsf
enf dflg;\sf thjLhn] 7x/fofsf] ifr{ nufO sfhs[of u/fO lbg'= jfls wgdf p:sf
;fx' eof k'Uof;Dd bfdf;lx ul/ jfl8 lbg'= ;fx' /èfg5g\ eGof klg ;fx' ltl/ jfls
/xg uof] eGof klg dGof{sf] c+; ck'tfln ;sf{/ cdfnjf6 sfhs[of u/fof kl5 ;sf{/
cdfnjf6 lng'=
^= sf]lx dflg; d¥of] p:sf ck'tfln iffGof bfOof bf/ glhsdf sf]lx /èfg 5g\ /= uf]ltof
bfHo" efO Oi6ldq nufO d'bf{ p7fpg' sfhs[of u/fpg' k¥of] eGof= dGof{sf wgjf6 s[of
ifr{ ul/ /èfsf wgdf cf}jn\jf6 @) bf]od\jf6 !% ;Ld\jf6 !) rxf/jf6 % ?k}ofsf bn]{
s[of uGof{nfO ifr{ lbnfO /èfsf] jfls wg c}gn] ck'tfln kfpGof bfOofbf/n] dGof{sf]
;fx' ltl/ iffg kfp5g\=
&= g]jf/x¿ dbf{ d¥ofsf 7fpdf ljrf/ ug{ hfbf= g]jflg{x¿n] jf6fdf ?b}ghfg' d¥ofsf
7fpdf k'Uof kl5 ?Gof ug'{ ulNndf lx8bf ?Gof :jfl:gnfO hglx cf7 cf7 cfgf b+8
ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=
*= cfÇgf xf8gftf s;}n] cfkm'nfO dfgf{sf] dtnj u¥of] Hofg dfgf{sf nfuL s[Tof
k|of]ux¿ u¥of] eGof /= cfÇgf ljjftf NofO{tf :jfl:g ljufl/ lbof] eGof= t]:tfnfO
xf8gft sf] xf] t klg P:tf] sd{ uGof{sf] sfhs[of ulb{g h'7f] ;'ts klg jflb}g
e+GofnfO iftjft nfUb}g=
(= s;}n] cfÇgf ljjflxtf :jfl:gnfO d]/f] lblb j}lGx 5f]l/ cfdf hltls e};\ elg 5f]8\of]
egof= t];\jf6 c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+; :jfl:gnfO lbnfO lbg'= nf]UGofn] P:tf t/xn]
5f]8\ofsf :jfl:g c? s;}l;t lju|Øf eGof iftjft nfUb}g P:tfsf] hf/ sf6g klg
kfpb}g= sf6Øf Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg x'+5 P:tf j]un j:ofsf c}gn] hf/ xf+g x'Gof;Dsf
:jfl:gsf] s/l0f u¥of] eGof #) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= k|folZrt kb}{g= km]l/ nf]UGof :jfl:g
ldln j:of kl5 Tof] :jfl:g csf{l;t kf]On u} eGof= c}g jdf]lhd\= hf/ xf+g / ;hfo
ug{ kfp5 d'ifn] lblb jlGx 5f]l/ cfdf hltls 5;\ eGofs/l0f klg ub}{ /xGofnfO @)
?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{= NofOtf :jfl:gnfO lblb j}lGx 5f]l/
cfdf hltls e};\ e+Gof s/l0f klg ub}{ /xGofnfO !) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g
jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
!)= cfÇgf jfj' 5f]/f bfHo" efO xf8sf gftfdf s;}l;t emu/f e} d]l/ n]iff t dl/;\ t]/f] h'7f]
lk+8 5'6Øf] elg kfgL ifGofO ifNsf] xfnGofnfO !) ?k}of b+8 ul/ kltof u/fO lbg'= kl5
hGDof d¥ofdf h'7f] ;'ts\ jfg{ / sfhs[of ug'{ kGof{df u/fO lbg'=
!!= ue{ /èfsf # d}Gxf b]lif ^ d}Gxf;Ddsf] ue{ ktg\ eofdf hlt d}Gxfsf] ue{ lu¥ofsf] 5=
d}Gxfsf !.! lbgsf lx;fjn] plQ lbg cfdfnfO ;'ts\ nfU5 jfj' :gfg dfqn] z'4 x'+5=
c? b;fxf efOnfO P:tf] ;'ts\ nfUb}g= & d}Gxf b]lif pef]sf] hfts\ lhpbf] hGdf];\ jf
d¥ofsf] hGdf];\ cfdf jfj' b;fxf efOnfO !) lbg ;'ts\ nfU5=
!@= hGDofsf] jfnif g'jf/g gx'b} d¥ofsf bfxf gug'{ ifgg\ ul/ uf8g'= cfdf jfj'nfO # lbg
h'7f] nfU5 hGd lgldQsf] tf !) lbg gx'+Gofn\;Dd ;'ts\ /x+5= c? b;fxf efOnfO
h'7fsf] :gfg dfq nfU5 ;'ts\ eGof !) lbg jfg'{ k5{=
!#= :jfl:g ;'STofl/ x'bf 5f]/f] hGdf];\ 5f]l/ hGdf];\ nf]UGofn] :gfg gu?+ Hofn\ c?n] 5'
x'b}g= ;'TSofl/ nfO !) lbg 5'g x'b}g= P;}leq j]/fld e} Onfh ugf{ lgldQ 5'g' k¥of]
eGof /= em'lss s;}n] 5f]o]5 eGof= 5'Gofn] tfufwfl/n] :gfg ul/ k+r uJo iffO z'4
x'+5=
!$= ;'ts\ jfbf{ hft ldNbfsf] b;fxf efOn] !) lbg jfg'{ # lbGof 1flt efOsf] # lbg jfg'{=
;'ts\ jfbf{ n]lifofsf lbgleq ;'Gof jfls lbg jf¥of x'+5 eft grnGof :jfl:gjf6
hGDofsfsf] hGdfpGof jfj'n] # lbg jfg'{ c? b;fxf efOn] klg # lbgjfg'{ n]lifofsf
lbgljTof kl5 ;'Gof ;'ts\ jfg'{ kb}{g= ;'ts\df cltqmf+t x'b}g=
!%= ;'TSofl/ x'Gof :jfl:gsf xftsf] tfufwfl/ hftnfO @) lbg eofkl5 kflg d}Gxf lbg eof
kl5 eft rN5= c? hft u}î sf @) lbg b]lif eft kflg rN5= d}Gxf gk'Uofsf] ue{ ktg\
eofdf !! lbg b]lif eft kflg rN5=

196
!^= jfnif hGDof kl5 jfnifsf] gfn gj]9fpg\hL ;Dd / 5}l6sf lbg /fx'j]w gx'bf;Dd ;'ts\
nfUb}g= j|fé0fx¿nfO bfg blIf0ff ug{ ef]h u/fpg x'+5 t]; j]nfdf bfg lbGof lnGof
iffGofx¿nfO{ bf]; 5}g= Olbg jf]xs ;'ts\ nfU5=
!&= g'jf/fg\ eof kl5 & d}Gxfleqdf jfnif d¥of] eGof bfxf gug'{= ifgg\ ul/ uf8g' & d}Gxf
b]lif pef]sf jfnif d¥of cfÇgf ;+k|bfo dflkms\ ifgg\ uGof{n] ifgg\ ul/ uf8g' bfxf
uGof{n] bfxf ug'{ x'+5= cfdf jfj'nfO # lbg c? b;fxf efOnfO ! lbg h'7f] nfU5=
!*= # jif{ b]lif pef] 5f]/fsf] j|tj+w 5f]l/sf] ljxf gx'b}df d¥of eGof= cfdf jfj'nfO klg
b;fxf efOnfO klg # lbg h'7f] nfU5 # lbg gfl3 ;'Gof cfdf jfj'nfO ! lbg h'7f] nfU5
c? b;fxf efOnfO :gfg dfq nfU5=
!(= tfufwfl/ hftsf j|tj+w eof kl5 dGof{sf] k'/f] h'7f] nfU5 & k':tf;Dd sf b;fx
efOnfO !) lbg h'7f] nfU5 !) lbg ljTof kl5 ;'Gof # lbg dfq nfU5 * k':tf b]lif !$
k':tf;Ddsf hflt efO d¥ofdf # lbg h'7f] nfU5= # lbg kl5 ;'Gof ! lbg jf¥of x'+5= !$
k':tf b]lif @! k':tf;Ddsf uf]ltof efO d¥ofdf ! lbg h'7f] nfU5= t]lt ljTof kl5 ;'Gof
:gfgdfq ul/ z'4 x'+5=
@)= cfÇgf jfj' cfdf d¥ofdf l9s'/f] gkm'l6 !) lbgleq 5f]/fn] ;'Gof] eGof jfls /èfsf lbg
jfl/ cfÇgf k'iff{ b]lif rln cfofsf] hftsf] /Lt ul/ z'4 x'+5 l9s'/f] km'6Øf kl5 ;'Gof]
egof= jfj' cfdfsf] h'7f] 5f]/fn] jfbf{= cl3 sfhs[of e} ;lsofsf] /x]5 eGof= d'F8g\
ul/ !) lbg ;+d xljio !.! 5fsdfq iffO cf;f}rsf c+Todf uf]bfg j|fé0fnfO l;wf
blIf0ff ul/ z'4 x'+5 hZn] ;lk+8 ug'{ kGof{ xf] Tof] p;\ 7fpdf /x]g5 eGof s[of uGof{n]
;lk+8 :d]\t\ ul/ sfd l;4 ug'{= ;lk+8 ug'{ kGof{ 5f]/fn] km]l/ ;lk+8 ubf{ k|]t lk+8 ug'{ kb}g
k+ruJo iffO # lk+8 jgfO kfj{0fsf ljlwn] >f4 ul/ uf]bfg j|fé0f ef]hg\ u/fO z'4 x'+5
cl3 s[of eofsf] /x]g5 eGof= cfÇgf hftdf rln cfof jdf]lhd\ sfhs[of ug'{=
@!= hft ldNbf ;f}ltGof cfdfsf] h'7f] d¥ofsf !) lbgleq ;'Gof jfls lbg dfq} jfg'{ !) lbg
gfl3 ;'Gof # lbg nfU5= eft gldn\Gof sd\ hftsf ;f}ltGof cfdf d¥ofsf] !) lbgleq
;'Gof # lbg h'7f] nfU5 !) lbg kl5 ;'Gof ! lbg jfl/ z'4 x'+5=
@@= ljjfx eofsf cfÇgf 5f]l/ cfÇgf Psf hftsf lblb j}lGx ;xf]b/ km'k' dfdf dfOHo"
eflgh 5f]l/sf 5f]l/ cfkm'nfO d+q ;'gfpGof u'? u'df{ cflÇg cfdfsf Psf cftsf lblb
alxgL ;fgL 7"nL cfÇgL cfdfsf jfj' cfdf cfÇgf ;f;' ;;'/fsf] h'7f] / 5f]l/n] jfj'
cfdfsf] h'7f] # lbg jfg'{ # lbg gfl3 ;'Gof ! lbg jfg'{=
@#= cfÇgf jfj'jf6 hGDofsf hft ldNbf ;f}ltGof lblb j}lGx ;f}ltGof km'k' ;f}ltGof dfdf
;f}ltGof ;flg7'ln cfdf cfÇgL 5f]l/ lbofsf] hjfO Pltsf] ! lbg h'7f] nfU5 ! lbg kl5
;'Gof :gfg ul/ z'4 x'+5g\=
@$= hft ldNbf ljjflxtf :jfl:gsf] nf]UGofnfO nf]UGofsf] :jfl:gnfO sfhs[of eofsf] /x]5
eGof klg h'7f] hfb}g= h}Nx] ;'Gof klg !) lbg k'/f] jfg'{ k5{ !! lbgdf k+ruJo iffO
uf]bfg ul/ j|fé0f ef]hg\ u/fO z'4 x'+5g\=
@%= eft grnGof hftsf s+Gof ljwjf Nofofsf hfl/ ul/ Nofofsf :jfl:g sf] hft ldNbf]
s[of uGof{ csf]{5 eGof nf]UGofnfO # lbg h'7f] nfU5 s[of uGof{ csf]{ geof :jfl:gsf]
s[of nf]UGofn] ug'{ k'/f] h'7f] nfU5= s[of ;lsof kl5 uf]bfg ug'{= j|fé0f ef]hg ul/ z'4
x'+5= t]:tf NofOtf :jfl:gsf] nf]UGof /x]g5 eGof /= p;} nf]UGofsf ;Todf bl; /èfls
dl/ eGof ck'tfln iffGof efOn] hft ldNbf] nufO lqmof u/fO lbg' hft ldNbf] s[of uGof{
kfOo]g eGof ;tult b;f} lbgsf lbg oyf ;lSt uf]bfg j|fé0f ef]hg\ ul/ z'4 x'+5g\=
@^= eft grnGof hftsf s+Gof ljwjf Nofofsf hfl/ ul/ Nofofsf :jfl:g jf6 hGDofsf
5f]/f 5f]l/ hGdbf dbf{ hGdfpGof jfj'nfO ;'ts h'7f] # lbg nfU5= cfdfnfO k'/f] nfU5=
c? bfHo" efO b;fxf u}înfO # lbg h'7f] nfU5= sfhs[of uGof{ sf]lx /x]g5g\ eGof
b;fxf bfHo" efOn] s[of ug'{= s[of ;Sofkl5 uf]bfg ul/ j|fé0f ef]hg u/fO z'4 x'G5
efOx?n] lqmof u/]gg\ eg] ck'tfnL iffGof xsjfnfnfO !) ?k}of b+8 u/L s[of ug{
nfpg'= eft grnGof Nofofsf :jfl:g / Og}jf6 hGDofsf 5f]/fn] ;B bfHo" efO
b;fx¿sf] ;'ts h'7f] eGof k'/f] jfg'{ k5{=
@&= cfÇgf k'/f]lxt ljBf kîfpGof u'? ldt cfÇg' l;io l;ioflg cfÇgf bfHo" efOsf 5f]l/
5f]/fsf] 5f]l/ gfltgL h]7f sf+5f jfj'sf 5f]l/ cfÇgf ;xf]bf/ lblb j}lGxlbofsf legfHo"
h'jfl` cfÇgf jfj'n] hGdfofsf ljdflq eft gldn\Gof lblb j}lGx cfÇgf 5f]/fn]
197
 Nofofsf eft gldNof :jfl:gjf6 hGDofsf gfltlgx¿sf] ! lbg h'7f] jfg'{ ! lbgkl5
;'Gof :gfg dfq} ug'{=
@*= s;}n] c}g jdf]lhd\ hGdfpGof jfj' cfdfl;t dflu xj;\ wg lb xj;\ cfkm'n] NofO
sfuhkq u/L /fiofsf] wd{ k'q d¥of] eGof t];\ wd{ k'qsf] wd{ k'q /fifGof jfj' cfdf
nfO /= cfdf jfj'sf] wd{ k'qnfO k'/f] h'7f] ;'ts nfU5= cfÇgf xf8sf] wd{ ;'q eGof
b;fxfnfO klg k'/f] h'7f] ;'ts nfU5 c? uf]qsf] Nofofsf] /x]5 eGof wd{ k'q /fifGof
jfj' cfdfnfO k'/f] nfU5 b;fx efOnfO # lbg h'7f] nfU5= wd{k'qsf ;+tfg\sf] b;fxf
efOnfO b;fxfsf] wd{ k'qsf ;+tfg\nfO k'/f] ;'ts h'7f] nfU5= eft gldn\Gof 3l6 hftsf]
wd{k'q eof= wd{ k'q /fifGof jfj' cfdfnfO # lbg b;fxf efOnfO ! lbg h'7f] ;'ts
nfU5 . P:tf wd{k'qn] wd{k'q /fifGof jfj' cfdfnfO / b;fxf efOsf] k'/f] h'7f] ;'ts
jfg'{=
@(= s;}sf Ps} cfdsf @.# jfj'jf6 hGDofsf 5f]/f /èf5g\ eGof t]:tfsf] Psf cf]b/jf6
hGDofsf x'gfn] dbf{df k/:k/ #.# lbg h'7f] jfg'{=
#)= cfÇgf if;d\ ifl:dlgx¿ dl/ 3/df h'7f] k¥of] eGof s/Lof rfs/ ifjf:of s]l6 sdf/f
sdfl/x¿nfO k'/f] h'7f] nfU5= bdf{xfbf/ rfs/ jfwf jw]Toflg dfg' iffO rfsl/ ul/
j:Gof P:tf rfsx¿nfO # lbg h'7f] nfU5= cfÇgf 3/sf if;d\ ifl:dlg jfx]s if;{sf
c? b;fxf efO d¥ofdf rfs/nfO h'7f] nfUb}g=
#!= s;}sf jfj' cfdf d¥of sfhs[of uGof{ hft ldNbf bfHo" efO sf]lx 5}gg\ sd{ grNofsf
5f]/f 5f]l/ 5g\ eGof ltGsf jfl/; Oi6ldqn] To; jfnifn] ;sGof /x]5 eGof d/]sf lbg
b]lif xljio VjfO /fifg' ;sGof /x]g5 eGof ( lbgdf xljio if'jfO !) lbgsf lbg t];}
jfnif 5f]/f5f]l/sf xftjf6 rfjnsf xj;\ hf}sf xj;\ !) lk+8 lbnfO uf]bfg u/fO
k+ruJo if'jfO j|fé0f ef]hg\ u/fO z'4 x'+5=
#@= cfkm' ldNbf hftsf] xj;\= cfkm' e+bf 3l6 jl9 hftsf] xj;\ bfHo" efO Oi6 ldq sf]lx
geofsf dflg;\ d¥ofdf dGof{sf] wgdfn sf]lx gln wd{ lgldQ d'bf{ jf]ls n}uL
;]nfpGof kf]nGof dl§ lbGofx¿nfO 7"nf] o1 u¥ofsf] kmn ldN5= ;t ult ul/
lbGofx¿ :gfg ul/ clUg 5f]O w'k xfln z'4 x'+5g\ h'7f] nfu\b}g=
##= j|érfl/ jfg k|:y ;+Gof;L u}î e]ifwfl/ eofsf d¥ofsf b;fxf bfHo" efO :gfgn] z'4
x'+5g\ b;fxf d¥ofsf e]ifwfl/ u}î klg :gfg dfqn] z'4 x'+5g\ jfj' e]ifwfl/ eofsf] eGof
klg 5f]/f :jfl:gnfO !) lbg h'7f] nfU5 5f]/f] e]ifwfl/ eofsf] 5 jfj' cfdf d¥of eGof
t];\n] !) lbg h'7f] jfg'{ k5{=
#$= b;fxf efOdf cl3 ;'ts k¥ofsf] g'jf/fg gx'b} c? j[l4 ;'ts kg{ uof] eGof ;'ts
k¥ofsf] 3/ / b;fxf efO :d]t\ cl3Nnf] ;'tsn] z'4 x'+5g\ kl5 h;h;\sf 3/df ;'ts
k¥ofsf] 5 ltGsf 3/nfO dfq}= ;'ts nfU5 !) lbg k'Uof kl5 z'4 x'+G5g\= cl3jf6 #
lbg jfg'{ kGof{ ;'ts k¥ofsf] 5 kl5 !) lbg jfg'{ kGof{ ;'ts k¥of] eGof b;fxfn] b;}
lbg ;'ts jfg'{ k5{ cl3Nnfn] hfb}g=
#%= cl3j[l4 z'ts k¥ofsf] 5 kl5jf6 b;fxf efOdf sf]lx dl/ h'7f] k¥of eGof j[l4
;'tsn] d[To' ;'ts hfb}g= h'7fsf] !) lbg eof kl5 g'jf/fg\ ul/ z'4 x'+5=
#^= cfÇgf b;fxf bfHo" efOdf sf]lx dl/ h'7f] k¥ofsf] 5 t];\sf b;\ lbgleq km]l/ csf]{ dl/
h'7f] k¥of] eGof= cl3sf] s[of k'qL / b;fxf efO cl3Nn} h'7fn] z'4 x'+5g\ kl5jf6
h:sf 3/df d¥ofsf] 5 Tof] 3/ /= j]un 3/ ul/ j:ofsf 5f]/fnfO dfq} h'7f] /x+5
kl5Nnf h'7fleq csf]{ b;fxf sf]lx dl/ h'7f] k¥of] eGof= cl3Nnf h'7fn] z'4 ge}
/èfsf t];} h'7fsf !) lbgn] z'4 x'+5g\= k}ë]sf h'7fn] z'4 x'Gofx¿n] b;} lbg h'7f] jfg'{
k5{=
#&= s;}sf b;fxf efO leqdf @.# hgf d¥ofdf sf]lx p;}lbg d¥ofsf /èf5g\ s;}sf (
lbg jf &.* lbg eofsf /èf5g\ h'7f] ;'+bf ;j}sf] Ps} lbg ;'Gof] eGof= k}ë] h'g rflx+sf]
h'7f] ;'Gofsf] 5 p:sf !) lbg ;Dd jfg'{ kl5 ;'Gofsfsf] t];} h'7fn] hf+5 j9tf lbg jfg'{
kb}{g=
#*= k}ë] # lbg jfg'{ kGof{ h'7f] ;'Gofsf] 5 t];} lbgleq !) lbg jfg'{ kGof{ h'7f] ;'Gof] eGof
cl3 ;'gofsf # lbgsf h'7fn] !) lbg nfUGof h'7f] hf+b}g= k'/f] jfg'{ k5{= cl3 !) lbGof
h'7f] ;'Gofsf] 5 t];} leq # lbGof ;'Gof] eGof cl3Nnf !) lbGof h'7fn] ltg\ lbGof h'7f]
hf+5=
198
#(= cl3 h'7f] ;'Gofsf] 5 t]:t}df ;'ts k¥of] eGof hftsd{;Dd ug'{ x'+5 h'7f] g;ls g'jf/fg\
ug{ x'b}g= h'7f] u} ;lsof kl5 g'jf/fg\ ug'{=
$)= z'4 d}Gxfdf d¥ofsf dflg:sf] jlif{ dndf;df k¥of] eGof dndf;}df ug'{ c? jif{ lbgdf
gul/gof Ifofx >f4 eGof= dndf; k¥ofsf jif{ z'4 d}Gxfdf ug'{= dndf; k¥ofsfsf]
jlif{ jif{lbg h}ë] k'U5 p;}lbg ug'{= c? kl5sf >f4 eGof dndf; k¥ofsf jif{
dndf;}df ug'{=
$!= s;}sf hft ldNbf 5f]/f :jfl:g bfHo" efO sf]lx 5}gg\ eft gldn\Gof 5f]/f :jfl:g dfq}
/èf 5g\ jfj' d¥of] eGof= kfp+Hofn\ hft ldNbf] iff]lh sfhs[of u/fpg'= hft ldNbf] sf]lx
kfOo]g\ eGof ltg} :jfl:g 5f]/f5f]l/n] ( lbg xljio ! 5fs iffO !) lbgdf l9s'/f] gp7fO
hf}sf !) lk+8 ul/ P3f/f} lbgb]lifsf] cfÇgf xftn] uGof{;Ddsf] sd{ ul/ uf]bfg j|fé0f
ef]hg\ ul/ z'4 x'+5=
$@= z'b| hft u}îsf !) jif{ pwf]sf jfnif hGDof d¥ofdf jfnifsf c}g jdf]lhd\ hGDofsfsf]
;'ts d¥ofsfsf] h'7f] jfg'{ !) jif{b]lv pef] k'/f] h'7f] ;'ts nfU5 cfÇgf hftdf
rNofsf /Lt jdf]lhd\ hlt hlt lbg jf/L cfofsf] 5 b;fx efOn] /= cfdf jfj'
5f]/f5f]l/n] plt lbg k'/f] h'7f] jfg'{=
$#= /fhf / d+lqn] b]; b];fj/sf] sfd / cfÇgf /fHosf] l:ylt j+bf]j:t ug'{ kGof{ x'gfn]
cf;f}r x'+b}g=
$$= n8fOdf hfgfsf] lgZro eofkl5 h'7f] ;'ts k¥of] egof klg lgZro u¥of sf lbgdf u}
o'4 ug{ x'+5 h'7f] ;'tsn] 5]s\t}g=
$%= n8f`Ldf ;Gd'if e} j}/Lsf xftjf6 dGof{ jL/sf] h'7f] 5f]/f :jfl:g jfx]s c? b;fxf efO
;j}nfO :gfg dfq}n] z'4 x'+5= 5f]/f :jf:gL 5}gg\ eGof cf}4 b]lxs s[of klg ! lbgdf
;j} jfg'{ x'G5= 5f]/f :jfl:gnfO eGof rln cfofsf] x'gfn] b;} lbg h'7f] nfU5= n8f`L
ubf{ 3f nfuL /0fe"ld df lu¥ofsf] t];} 3fpsf kL/n] kl5 k|f0f 5f8Gof / ufO j|fé0f
jfnif :jfl:g dflg;\ Pltsf u'xf/ lgldQ hfbf dGof{sf b;fxfnfO ! lbg h'7f] nfU5=
$^= j}Bn] j}bf+usf] sfd ubf{= sld{n] cfÇg' sfd ubf{ wf]ljn] sk8f w'bf sdf/f sdfl/
rfs/x¿n] sfdsfh ugf{nfO cfÇgf h'7f ;'tsn] 5]sb}g cfkm' cfkm'n] uGof{ sfd
Ond\ ug'{ x'+5=
$&= sf]lx dflg;\ nf]l6 eof] hndf juL eof] hgfj/n] iffOeof] kz'n] xflg d¥ofsf cfufdf
89L d¥ofsf 9'uf] d'9f] nfuL k}/fn] ldlr jh| kl/ d¥ofsf dflg:sf] bfx ug{ s[of ug{
x'+5= k|flZrt kb}{g= d5'{ elg kmfn xfln dGof{ xltof/ rnfO cfkm} ;]l/ /f]lk dGof{ kf;f]
nufO em'+l8 dGof{ ljif iffO cfufdf kmfn xfln dGof{sf] ;tult ug{ x'+5= lqmof ugf{nfO
kfr cfgf k};f wdf{lwsf/sf b:t'/ uf]bfg cdflnsf lhDdf lb cfÇgf hftsf /Ltsf]
sfhs[of ug'{=
$*= sf]lx dflg; hndf jUof] hgfj/n] iffof] p:sf ;+udf /èfsf dflg;:n] b]iof d¥ofsf]
eGof txlst eof] d'bf{ eGof kfOo]g eGof t]:tfsf] !) lbg leq hf}g lbg gf/fo0f jln
u5{g\= p;} lbgb]lif h'7f] jfg'{ d¥ofsf lbg b]lifsf] lx;fj ul/ !) lbg k'Uofkl5 cfÇgf
hftsf] /Lt ul/ z'4 x'+5= !) lbg gfWof kl5 ;'lg gf/fo0f jln u¥of b;fxfnfO # lbg
sQf{nfO !) lbg h'7f] nfU5=
$(= l;tnf x}hf Hj/flb dxf/f]u cfofdf h'7f] ;'ts k¥of] eGof P:tf cfklQ k¥ofdf / cyjf
cf;f}r k¥ofsf] eof] lqmofdf j:ofsf] P:tf /f]u nfuL k|f0f ;+lw eofsf dflg;n]= d=
hkkf7 k"hf nfp5'= bfg k'0o u5'{ eGof ug{ x'+5= uGof{ u/fpGofnfO k|Tojfo nfUb}g= Plt
jfx]s= c? b]j lkt[ sfo{ ;'ts h'7f] 5+Hofn\ s]lx ug{ x'b}g=
%)= tfufwfl/ hftsf /h:jnf eofsf :jfl:gnfO j]/fld eofsfdf Onfh ugf{ lgldQ 3f6
n}hfbf s;}n] 5f]of] eGof /= emlSssg 5f]of] eGof= :gfg ul/ hg} km]l/ z'4 x'+5=
%!= ljxf ge} dfOltsf 3/df /èfsf 5f]l/ /h:jnf eof kl5 dfOlts} 3/df d¥of eGof jfj'
cfdf x'Gofsf jfj' cfdfnfO geof ;+u /èfsf bfHo" efOnfO !) lbg h'7f] nfU5 !)
lbgsf lbg hf}sf jf rfjnsf !) lk+8 ul/ P3f/f} lbg k+ruJo iffO uf]bfg j|fé0f ef]hg\
ul/ z'4 x'+5=
%@= sf]lx k]6 jf]Sofsf :jfl:g jfnif k}bf ge} d¥ofsf # d}Gxfb]lif jl9sf] ue{ /x]5 eGof=
t];\ :jfl:gnfO bfx ubf{ nf]UGof /x]5 eGof nf]UGofn] nf]UGof geof nf]UGofsf bfHo" efO
b;fxf efOx¿n] k]6sf] hfts lemls ufl8 :jfl:gnfO df6f] uf]j/ e:d nufO k+ruJo
199
 s'zsf] kfgL lty{sf] hn:d]t\ ul/ gfÍnfsf hnn] g'xfO uf]bfg u/fO z'4 sk8f
nufOlb bfxf ul/ sfh s[of ug'{=
%#= sf]lx b]; kb]{;\ uofsf] dflg;\ d¥ofsf] ifj/ s]lx kfofsf] 5}g p:sf jfl/;\ jfnfn]
kmfng' kb]{;\ uofsf] 9]/}eof] cfh;+d d¥of] Ho"bf] s]lx kQf 5}g= pd]/ klg 9]/}sf] eof]
t];sf] sfhs[of u5'{ elg eGof] eGof 3/jf6 hfbfsf] pd]/ /= kb]{; uofkl5sf jif{ Hdf
ul/ !)) jif{sf] pd]/ gfWofkl5 k0f{;/ gf/fo0f jln ul/ sfhs[of ug'{= sbflrt\
d¥ofsf] /x]g5 /= kmls{ cfof] eGof !)) jif{ gfWofsf] s[of uGof{nfO ift nfUb}g= kmls{
cfpGofsf hft hfb}g= ltYof{ ef]hn] z'4 e} cfÇgf hftdf /x+5 !)) jif{ gk'uL
ck'tflnsf cf;fn] sfh s[of u/]5 kl5 lhpbf] kmls{ cfof] eGof= s[of uGof{nfO p;}n]
kfpGof ck'tfln jdf]lhd\ b+8 ug'{= kmls{ cfpGofnfO ltYof{ ef]hn] z'4 x'+5=
%$= ;+sNk ul/ k|folZrt ug{ nfUofsf hk kf7 xf]dsf] ;+sNk ul/ sfdug{ nfUofsf nfO{
lgdQfn] >f4sf sfhdf nfUofsf j|fé0fnfO{ >f4 lgldQsf] kfs l;4 eof kl5
sQf{nfO o1flbsf lgldQ j/0f eofsf= j|fé0fnfO{ cGgsf] ;bfjt{ rnfpGof
sfduGof{nfO gf+lb >f4 eofkl5 ljjfx j|tj+w o1flbx¿ uGof{nfO sfd ug{ x'+5=
h'7f];'Qsn] 5]st}g=
%%= s;}n] j|fDx0f ef]hg u/fpbf j|fDx0fn] iffgnfUofsf j]nfdf t];} hhdfGsf] 3/}df sf]lx
d/L h'7f] k¥of] eGof iffgnfUofsf j|fé0fn] hlt iffofsf]5 p;} 5f]l8 lbg'= km]l/ giffg'=
3/df /x]g5 c? b;fxf efOsf] h'7f] ;'lgof] eGof hhdfgx¿nfO 5'g glb efG;fjf6
jfx]s ul/ h'7f] g;'+b} kfs eofsf] x'gfn] j|fé0fx¿n] iffg x'G5=
%^= h'7f]kl/ cf;f}r jf¥ofsf dflg:sf xftsf] kfs hflg hflg iffGofnfO hlt lbg p:sf]
h'7f] jfls /x+5 t]lt lbg iffGofnfO klg h'7f] nfU5= rfn gkfO ef]/df iffo]5 eGof ! lbg
h'7f] nfU5= uf]bfg ul/ z'4 x'+5= cfklQ k¥ofsfn] iffP5 eGof hlt lbg iffofsf]5 plt
lbg h'7f] nfU5= uf]bfg ug'{ kb}{g= h'7f] kGof{sf xftsf] kfs s;}n] giffg' hflghflg
iffGofnfO kfts nfU5=
%&= h'7f] kGof{sf 3/sf] g'g\ t]n Wo"=dx= ;if/= lrgLif'bf] df;' kmnkm'n ul/ hl/j'l6
cf}iflwsf7sf ef8f kftdf6f] blx b'b ;'Sofsf] 5fnf sfrf] cGg wft' hfltg5f]ofsf] kflg
sk8f rf}kfof ;'lt{ tdfif' d;nf u}¥x olt j:t' lnbf iffGof s'/f] 5f]ofsf] glng'= h'7f]
kGof{ stf{sf xftn] g5f]8 c?sf xftn] lbofsf] lng x'+5=
%*= /flqdf hGDof d¥ofsf lbg u+g' kbf{ c?0ff]bo b]lif cl3 d¥ofsfnfO cl3Nn} lbgsf]
lx;fj ug'{= kl5 d¥ofsfnfO kl5Nn} lbgb]lif sf] lx;fj ug'{ hGDofdf 3l8 gyfk+Hofn
cl3Nnf lbgsf] lx;fj ug'{= 3l8 yflkof kl5sf] kNnf lbgsf] lx;fj ug'{=
%(= cfÇgf 3/sf] xj;\ b;fxf efOsf 3/sf] xj;= h'7f] ;'ts k¥ofdf cfkm'n] ul/ cfofsf]
ufqL hkx¿ ubf{= d'ifn] pRrf/0f gug'{= dgn] dfq :d/0f ug'{= d+q :d]t\ k|f0ffofd\ u/L
;"o{nfO c+hln lbg'= c? ljlw ug'{ kb}{g=
^)= cfkm'nfO hGDofpGof jfj' cfdf d¥ofsf] ;'Gofkl5 sfhs[of guGof{ / h'7f] gjfGof{
5f]/fnfO @) ?k}of b+8 u/L h'7f] jfg{ sfhs[of nfpg' jfj' cfdf jfx]s c}gn] h'7f] jfg'{
kGof{ xf8sf sf]lx d¥ofdf h'7f] gjfGof{nfO % ?k}of cfÇgf dfjln ;;'/flnsf gftfdf /
cfÇg'ldt u'? u'df{ u}î c}gdf h'7f] jfg'{ elg n]lifofsfsf] h'7f] gjfGof{nfO @.. ?k}of b+8
ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=
^!= h'7f] k¥ofdf s[of k'lq nufo]t\ h'7f] jfGof{n] eft hf} ux' ds} s]/fp /x/ d'uL l;wf] g'g\
cb'jf= 8'b Wo" pif'jf6 x'Gof u'lnof] ;fukft s+bd'n u}î tsf{l/ iffg x'+5= cfÇgf if'l;n]
iffÙf} e+GofnfO ift klg nfUb}g=
^@= h'7f] k¥ofdf s[of k'lq nufo]t\ h'7f] jfGof{n] df5f df;' sf]bf] df;sf] bfn t]n dlb/f
c/sNx;'g\ 5Øflk s'Zge§ Kofh Rofp iffg x'b}g s;}n] iffo]5 eGof ! ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
^#= tfufwfl/ nufo]t\ kflg rnGof;Ddsf u}î hftsf] nf]UGof :jfl:g dflgZn] wd{ lgldQ
j[iff]T;u{ ug{ x'+5= j[iff]T;u{ uGof{ nf]UGof :jfl:g dflg;\nfO ift jft nfUb}g=
^$= tfufwfl/ nufo]t\ gdfl;Gof dfl;Gof dt'jfln;Ddsf sf]lx dflg;\ d¥of5g\ /= ltGsf]
s]lx c6sfp ge} xsjfnfn] sfhs[of u/]g5g\ eGof @) ?k}of b+8 ul/ s[of ug{ nfpg'
c6sfp e} s[of guGof{nfO b+8 kb]{g= c? b;fxf efO u}în] cfkm'n] d¥ofsf] ;'Gof kl5
cfÇgf hftsf ;+k|bfo dflkms hlt lbg jfg'{ kGof{ xf] plt lbg h'7f] jf/L z'4 x'+5g\=
ljjfx cflb sd{ ug{ x'+5= s[of eofsf] 5}g elg c6sfp x'b}g= kl5 s[of ubf{ klg c?
200
 !) lbGof nufo]t\ hflt efOx¿n] h'7f] jfg'{ kb}{g= dGof{sf 3/sfn] eGof s[of ubf{ h'7f]
jfl/ z'4 x'g'=
^%= k]6 jf]Sofsf] yfxf eofkl5 ule{l0f :jfl:gx¿ sf]lx d¥of eGof c}g jdf]lhd\ k]6 lrl/
ue{ lemls jfnif ufl8 d'bf{ kf]ng'= ue{ eofsf] hflg hflg ue{sf] jfnif glemls ule{l0f
:jfl:gnfO kf]n]5g\ eGof= hfgsf/ dflgZn] kf]Nofsf] eof cfuf] lbGof df]ionfO !)
?k}of b+8 ul/ @.. ?k}of uf]bfg lbnfO= kltof lbg'= ue{sf] jfnif lemls kf]ng' k5{ e+Gof
yfxf gkfpGof cbgfn] ue{ glemls kf]Nofsf] 7x¥of kf]nGofnfO @ ?k}of b+8 ul/ ..=
uf]bfg lbnfO kltof u/fO lbg' ue{ /èf g/èfsf] yfxf gkfO kf]Nofsf] eof ift jft
nfUb}g= dëfldnfO klg b+8 kltof kb}{g=
^^= :jfl:g dflg; s;}n] cfÇg' nf]UGof 5fl8 csf{l;t kf]On uofkl5 k}ë] sf] nf]UGof d/]5
/ p:sf] sfhs[of ul/ 5 eGof @) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= csf{ l;t kf]On uofsf] hflg hflg
cl3Nnfsf] sfh s[of ug{ x'+5 u/ elg s;}n] elg s[of u¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof s[of ug{
nfpGofnfO !) ?k}of :d]t\ b+8 ug'{= kf]On uofkl5 u¥ofsfn] cl3Nnf kf]Osf] s[of x'b}g=
csf{l;t kf]On uof kl5 km]l/ cl3Nn} nf]UGofn] 3/ n}lu :jfl:g t'NofO /fiofsf] /x]5 /
eft :d]t\ iffofsf] /x]5eGof hftsf /Ltsf] eft iffofsf] /x]g5 eGof NofOltn] uGof{
l/t;Ddsf] sfhs[of ug{ x'+5 jft nfUb}g=
^&= -iff/]h_ j[iff]T;u{ u/L jf c? j]xf]/f n] 5f9ofsf ;f9\ofnfO cjpk|fGt lbg & ;+ddf
rif]n uf]7df k'¥ofO{ uf]7fnfsf lhDdf nufO ekf{O{ln cfpg'= rif]n df k'¥ofo]g eGof
b'lg`f sf] jfln iffG5= t]; lgldQ ;f9\of 5f8Gof hf] xf] p;nfO 7fgf jf6 $ ?k}of b+9
u/L ltg} ?k}ofsf] g'g ifl/b u/L uf]7fnfsf lhDdf lbnfO ltg} ;f9\ofnfO g'g if'jfpg'=
;9\ofsf] ;+e/ ugf{nfO rif]n ufpn] uf]7 jgfO{ lbg' ;sf{/ jf6 uf]7fnf $ s] bdf{xf
df]x¿ @)) ;fn8'/h+sf l;kflx @ Hdf hgf ^ dWo]nifg hf+Gof ! uf]7fnf % /flfif lt
uf]7fnfn] b'lgof jf6 cfofsf ;f9\of j'lemln /l;b lbg'= 3f; kflg g'g if'jfO ;Def/ u/L
kfng' efug glbg'= efuL u} b'lg`fsf] jfln iffof eGof ;f9\of 5f8Gof nfO jft nfUb}g=
^*= s;}n] cfÇgf rln cfof jdf]lhd\ cfkm'n] jfg'{ kGof{ h'7f] ;'ts\sf] lbg gk'uL ;'4 ;f+lt
g'jf/g\ ul/ kflg rnfpGofnfO % ?k}of hflg hflg sd{ u/fpGof k|f]lxtnfO @.. ?k}of b+8
ul/ k|folZrt lbg'=

9f]u e]6sf]

!= 9f]u e]6 ubf{ rf/ j0f{ 5lt;} hftn] cfÇg' hGd lbGof jfj' jfHof Ho"Ho" hGd lbGof cfdf
jHo" j'l9 jHo" cflÇg cfdf ls cfdf jfj' u'? u'df{ PltnfO kfpdf cfkm'n] l;/ /flif
b+8jt\ ul/ 9f]u lbg'= c? cfÇgf ;xf]b/ bfHo" lblb k|e[lt ;j}nfO tf9}jf6 9f]u lbg'= Plt
gftf jfx]s c? glhssf gftf nf]UGofnfO cfÇgf if'l;n] uf]8fdf l;/ /flif 9f]u lbGofnfO
ift nfUb}5=
@= :jfl:g dflg;n] cfÇgf if;d\ ;f;' u'df{ jHo" lhHo" jHo" nfO uf]8fdf 9f]u lbg'= c?
s;}nfO klg uf]8fdf 9f]u glbg'= 6f9}jf6 9f]u e]6\ ug'{= ;nfd rNofsf 3/sfn] ;nfd}
ug'{=
#= /hk"t pd/fjx¿nfO 9f]u lbbf hbf] elg s;}n] gs/fpg' hbf} gelg p;} xft p7fO{ 9f]u
lbg'= cfkm'n] xft p7fO 9f]]u lbbf xft gp7fpGofnfO Psf]xf]/f ;nfd uGof{ gfdb{ 7x{5=
$= s;}n] cfÇgf ljjflxtf NofOtf :jfl:gnfO cfkm}n] ljlwk"j{slbIff d+q ;'gfof] eGof=
:jfl:gnfO s]lx kb}{g= d+q ;'gfpGof nf]UGofnfO @) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ k|folZrt ug'{ kb}{g=
nf]UGof :jfl:g 5'l8g' kb}{g= c?n]ifgk9g u}î Ond\ cfÇgf lhon] l;sfofsfdf ift
nfUb}g=
%= cj pk|f+t rf/j0f{ 5lt;} hftsf :jfl:g dflg;x¿n] d+q ;F'bfdf :jfl:g dflg;}jf6 ;'Fg'=
nf]UGof dflg;jf6 :jfl:g hftn] d+q g;F'g'= nf]UGof dflg; s;}n] :jfl:g dflg;nfO d+q
;'gfof] eGof @) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ul/ 5f]l8 lbg'=

ljxfj/Lsf]

201
!= cfÇgf xf8 gftfdf s/l0f u¥ofsf s'/fsf] k':tf ug'{kbf{ Psfkl§jf6 c}gn] ift jft
nfUGof k':tf gfWof] Psfkl§jf6 gf3]geGof= sd\ eofkl§sf k':tfsf] lx;fj gug'{=
gfWofkl§sf k':tfsf] lx;fj ul/ s'/f] l5+g' ift nfUb}g=
@= d"n k':tfb]lif & k':tf;Dd ;flk+8\of /x]5 & k':tfb]lv pef] ;flk8Øflgj[lQ x'+5= k':tf
u+g' kbf{ hfxfb]lif k'':tf sfl6 cfofsf] 5 cfÇgf lhob]lif d"n k'?if;Dd ulg k':tf
ldnfpg'=
#= !@ jif{ dflysf dfdf ls 5f]l/ bfn eft ldNbfdf s+Gof dgf]dfg;+u Nofof] eGof lbIff
d+q lb ltGsf] eft iffg x'+5= ljxfOtf jdf]lhd\ c+; nfU5=
$= dfdf ls 5f]l/ hft ldNbf] ls ljwjf Nofof] eGof ift jft nfUb}g= ;wjf eof ;fw'sf]
if'l;=
%= zf:qdf n]iofsf] x'gfn] rf/ j0f{ 5lQ; hftn] ;fnL / h]l7 ;f;' ljxf ug'{ x'+5 kfts\
nfUb}g= /fhfsf] ift jft nfUb}g=
^= tfuf wfl/ u}î hftsf 5f]l/ ljxf ubf{ % jif{ d'lgsf s+Gof s;}n] ljxf ug'{ x'b}g ltGdf
klg #) d}Gxf gk'Uofsf s+Gof ljxf ul/ lbGofsf] c}g jdf]lhDsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/
b;f}bln pk/ t];} sGofnfO bfOhf] lb 5fl8 lbg'= hflg hflg #) d}Gxf d'lgsf s+Gof dflu
ljxf uGof{df b'nxf kl§sf] d'io cifTof/ /x]5 eGof / p:sf] cfkm}] hfg]sf / b'nxL /x]5
/= cfkm} cifTof/ e} ljxf u¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof p;} b'nxfsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ ln 5fl8 lbg'
b'nlx ljxf uGof{ ls x'+5] #) d}Gxf gk'Uofsf s+GofnfO #) d}Gxf gfWofls xf] elg em'SofO
ljxf ul/ lbofsf] /x]5 eGof ljxf uGof{ b'nxf kl§sf d'io cifTof/e} ljxf u/fpGofsf] /=
d'io cifTof/= e} ljxf uGof{ b'nxfsf] ;j{:j gug'{ @) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= #) dlxgf gk'Uofsf
sGof ljxf u/fpGof k'/f]lxtnfO{ !) ?k}of b08 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
&= tfufwfl/ hftsf #) d}Gxf gfWofsf % jif{ d'lgsf s+Gof ljxf ul/ lbGofnfO @) ?k}of
b+8 ug'{ % jif{ gfWofls xf] elg 9f+l6 lbofsf] /x]5 eGof b'nxf kl§sf]nfO b+8 kb}{g %
jif{ d'lgsf s+Gof hflghflg ljxf u¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof b'nxf kl§sf df]io cifTof/sf] /
cfkm' cifTof/ e} ljxf u¥of b'nxf nfO @) ?k}of b08 ug'{ % jif{ gfWofsf] s+Gof ljxf
ul/ lbGof / ljxf uGof{ b'j}nfO iftjft nfUb}g=
*= tfufwfl/ hft /= gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hftsf ljwjf lblb j}lGx 5f]l/ j'xfl/ gfltlg ef+lh
u}înfO ljwjfsf /flhif'l;l;t dfOlt gftfbf/n] cfkm' e+bf 7'nf hft /= cfkm' ldNbf
hfTsf s;}nfO lbof eGof= d kmnfgfl;t hf+5' e+Gof !! jif{ gfWofsf ljwjf csf{nfO
;f}kGofnfO ift jft nfUb}g= ljwjfn] d cfÇgf if+;Dsf ;Todf j:5' csf{l;t hf+g e+bf
e+b} s/ nufO csf{nfO ;f}DKof 5g\ nf]UGofn] n}hfg gkfpb} ljwjf s/fpg cfO eGof=
lbGof tfufwfl/ hft eof !)) ?k}of gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hft eof %) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
dfl;Gof dt'jflnnfO !% kflg grnfGof 5f]O l56f] xfng' gkGof{ hftsfnfO !) 5f]O
l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftnfO * ?k}of b+8 ug'{= dfOlt gftfbf/n] lb n} hfGofnfO iftjft
nfUb}g= Tof] :jfl:g t];\l;t j:of klg gj:of klg :jfl:gsf] if';\ P:tf :jfl:g
csf{l;t ljlu| eGof hf/ sf6\g x'b}g= sf6\Øf Hofgsf] jbnf Hofb hf+5= cfÇgf if;Dsf]
;Todf j:5' csf{l;t hf+g e+Gof ljwjfnfO csf{nfO ;f}kL s/l0f r'sfO lbo]5 eGof=
t]:sf] c}g jdf]lhDsf] c+; ;j:j{ ul/ t];} :jfl:gnfO lbnfO e/fofsf wgsf] b;f}b ln
ljwjf ;f}kGofnfO ! jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf] 8jn\ lbof ln 5fl8 lbg'=
(= pkfWof j|fé0fn] eft ldNbf 5f]l/ lbbf eft ldNbf s'6'FjnfO lbg ljxf ug'{ cfkm' e+bf
sld eft gldn\gof hftsfnfO if'l; /flhn] 5f]l/ lbGofsf] c}g jdf]lhd\sf] c+; ;j{:j
ul/ cflw t];} 5f]l/nfO lbnfO cflw O6frkln k'¥ofO lbg'= cfkm' eft grnGof sd hft
e} pkfWofsf 5f]l/ ljèf uGof{nfO pkfWofsf s+Gofsf] s/l0f uGof{sf c}g jdf]lhd
;hfo ul/ nf]UGof :jfl:g 5'6ØfO lbg' hf/ xf+g kfpb}g= xfGof ;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{
:jfl:g hf}gf hftsfn] ljxf u¥ofsf] xf] p;} hftls x'+5]=
!)= rf/ j0f{ 5lt;} hft s;}n] s]l6 dfuL ljxf :d]t\ e} ;lsof kl5 s]6f] gk'+;s ln+u lxg
eofsf] sf]xL /x]5 / :jfl:g xf8gftf jfx]s hft ldnbfdf eftdf gkl/ csf{l;t kf]On
u} eGof= j|fé0f hftsf j|fé0fl;t uof ift nfUb}g= hf/ sf6Gof hftsf hf/ sf6g
kfpb}gg\= hf/ gsf6Gof hftsf nfO b+8 hl/jfgf klg x'b}g= dfl;Gof hft df;g klg
x'b}g= s;}n] hf/ sf6Øf] eGof j|fé0fn] eof c}g jdf]lhd\ c+; ;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{
c? hftsf] Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg sfl6 dfl/ lbg'=
202
!!= rf/ j0f{ 5lt;} hftsf !$ jif{b]lv dflylt/sf 5f]l/ elthL j}lGx gfltlg ef+lh kfNofsf
s+GofnfO s'6'Fjn] dfuL s+Gofn] gdflg hg} ;'kf/L lbg ;Sofkl5 / dt'jfln / dfl;gof
hftsf 5f+u|f/Lt if'jfof kl5 Tof] s+Gofn] t]; b'nxf;+u dnfO ljxf u/L gb]p dh+fg elg
eGof hg} ;'kf/L eofsf] 5= 5f+u|f/Lt if'jfofsf] 5 elg s/ nfUb}g= s+Gofsf] if'l; hft
ldNbf s'6'Fjdf s+Gofn] 7x/fofsf 7fp ljxf ul/ lbg'=
!@= rf/ j0f{ 5lt;} hfTsf s+Gofsf jfj' cfdf bfHo" efO s;}n] glbsg of] s+Gof dnfO
lbofsf] 5 elg s;}n] cbfnt 7fgf cdfn\df km/]j ul/ s/fpg cfof] j'‰bf jfj' cfdf
bfHo" efO s;}n] /Lt k'¥ofOsg eof] d'ifn] dfq elg eof] s]l6 lbofsf] 7x/]g P:tf
glbofsf s'/fdf km/]j ug{ cfofsf] em'§f] eGof t]:tf km/]lj tfufwfl/ hftsf] eof !))
?k}of gdfl;gof hf/ xf+Gof d'tjfln hftsf] eof %) ?k}of gdfl;Gof hf/ gxf+Gof
dt'jfln hftsf] eof !) ?k}of dfl;Gof hf/ xfGof hftsf] eof !) dfl;Gof hf/ gxf+gof
hftsf] eof % ?k}of kflg grnGof l56f] xfng' gkgGof{ hft eof @..= l56f] xfng' kGof{
hft eof !.. ?k}of b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhDs}b ug'{=
!#= rf/ j0f{ 5lt; hftsf ljxf ug{ elg s]l6 dfUbf d'ifn] dfq lb`f eGofsf] /x]5 hg}
;'kfl/ ;flxkf6f 5f+u|f cfÇgf hftsf] /Lt b:t'/ e} ;lsofsf] /x]g5 kmnfgfn] lbof ls
s]l6 cfh lb+g e+5 elg sf]lx s/fpg cfof] eGof /Lt gk'¥ofO d'ifn] dfq lbofsf] xf] eGg
cfpGofsf s'/f] cbfnt 7fgf cdfnaf6 g;'GGg' l/t gk'¥ofO d'ifn] dfq lbpnf eGofsf
s'/fn] s]6fsf] s/ nfUb}g jfj' cfdfn] s]l6 cGoq lbof klg ift jft nfUb}g= cbfnt
cdfnjf6 /Lt gk'Uofls s] s]6L t kfpb}g;\ elg hjfkm lbof kl5 b+uf u¥of] /= lkm/fb
k¥of] e+Gof b+uf uGof{ tfufwfl/ hft / gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hftnfO @) ?k}of dfl;Gof
hft kflg grnGof hft l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftnfO !) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g
jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=
!$= hg} ;'kfl/ u¥of ls s]l6n] ljxf u/]g eGof %) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= Tof] s]l6 jfj' cfdfn] hft
ldNbfdf km]l/ ljxf ul/ lbg'= dxf/f]u eof ls cfiff k'm6ofls km'sf}lg lg;\Sofls nf6L
5f¥of /f]u eGof ls lxh8f /lx5 xft if'§f ef+lrofls /lx5 le/+lu eofls /xl5 /= kl5
s]6fn] yfxf kfO ljxf ulb{g eGof ljxf ugf{sg s]6fnfO s/ nfUb}g= cfÇg' k¥ofsf]
b:t'/ 5f+Uof rf/ bfd lkmtf{ ul/ s+Gof 5f8g kfp5= s]6fnfO s/ nfUb}g= ift klg
nfUb}5=
!%= s;}n] ljxf ug{ elg s;}sf 5f]l/ dflu hg} ;'kfl/ cfÇgf hftsf] /Lt b:t'/ ul/ ;Sof
kl5 s]6f tkm{ xj;\ jf= s+Gof tkm{ xj;\ jf= s]lx c6sf p e} ljxf x'g gkfO /xg uof]
jf= s]6fnfO /fhsfhdf 6f9f hfg' kbf{ /èfsf] jfx]s s+Gof ljxf ug{ cfp elg dfOltn]
e+bf jif{ lbg leqdf cfO ljxf ug{ cfo]g eGof / cfÇgf sfhn] b]; kb]{; 6f9fu}jif{
lbgleqdf cfO ljxf ug{ cfo]g eGof /= cfÇgf sfhn] b]; kb]{; 6f9f u} jif{ lbg leqdf
cfO ljxf u/]g egof= Tof] s]l6 jfj' cfdf dfOltx¿n] h;\nfO lbg dg k5{ lbg'= jif{
lbg gfWofkl5 Tof] s]l6dnfO lbofsf] xf] elg emu/f ug{ cfpGofnfO !) ?k}of b+8 ug'{+
P:tfdf hf/ sf6Øf Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg hf+5=
!^= cfÇgf ljjflxtf :jfl:g csf{nfO lb csf{sf ljjflxtf :jfl:g ;f6f ;f6 uGof{n] cfkm'
ldNbf hft /x]5 eGof /= c?nfO efTdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof ift nfUb}g hf/ sf6g
kfpb}g= hf/ sf6of Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg hf+5= P:tf gfdb{sf xftsf] eft rNb}g=
etfxfn] eft giffg'= tfufwfl/ hft nufo]t\ kflg rnGof;Ddsf Hfftn] cfkm' e+bf 3l6
jl9 hfTdf :jfl:g ;f6f;f6 u¥ofsf] eof b'j}sf] c}g jdf]lhDsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ eft
jfx]s ul/ 5fl8 lbg'=
!&= pkfWof j|fé0f h}l; jfx'g\ /hk't tfufwfl/ Iflq hft gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hft dfl;Gof
dt'jfln hft kflg grnGof hft 5f]of l57f] xfng\ kGof{ hft u}î rf/ j0f{ 5lt;} hftn]
cflÇg cfdfsf Psf jfj'jf6 hGDofsf dfdf ;flg 7'nf] cfdfsf 5f]l/ ljxf uGof{nfO
iftjft nfUb}g= ljxf uGof{sf xftsf] eft iff+gf} e+Gof hft ldNbf etfxfnfO c8f cbfnt
cdfnjf6 !) ?k}of b+8 ul/ t];}sf xftsf] eft if'jfO 5fl8 lbg'= hft ldNbf] geof ljèf
ug{ x'+5 eft iffgfsf] s/ nfUb}g=
!*= cl3 lktf k'iff{b]lif km'k'sf 5f]l/ ljxf uGof{ /Lt rln cfofsf hftn] cfÇgf Psf
jfHofjf6 hGDofsf km'k'sf 5f]l/ ljxf ug{ x'+5 ift nfUb}g= k/fk"j{ b]lif grNofsf hftn]
ljxf u¥of c}g jdf]lhd ;hfo ug'{=
203
!(= s]6fsf] hft ;fg' 5 hft 9fl6 7'nf hftsf s]l6 dfuL hg} ;'kfl/ eofsf eof klg
s]l6sf jfj'n] t]/f] hft ;fg' /x]5= s]l6 lbg eGof= ift jft nfUb}g= s]6fn] hj/hl:t
ul/ ljxf ug{ iff]hGofnfO @) ?k}of b+8 ug{ sGof jfj' cfdfn] if';\ k¥ofsf 7fp+ ljxf ul/
lbg'=
@)= tfufwfl/ hftsf s;}n] hflg hflg cfkm' e+bf 3l6 kflg rnGof hftsf 5f]l/ ljxf ul/
s]l6sf xftsf] cfkm'n] eft iffO etfxfnfO :d]t\ eftdf jf]/]5 eGof !)) ?k}of b+8 ul/
t];} s]l6sf dfOltsf hftdf ldnfO lbg'= cfkm'n] eGof iffo]5 c?nfO jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5
eGof b+8 x'b}g= p;} hfTdf dfq} ldnfO lbg' ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{ k|folZrt
dfUof hflg hflg iffGofn] eftsf] kltof kfpb}g=
@!= gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hftn] cfkm' e+bf 3l6 eft grnGof hftsf 5f]/L ljxf ul/ s]l6sf
xftsf] eft iffO etfxfnfO :d]t\ jf]¥of] eGof= $) ?k}of b+8 ul/ t];} s]l6sf dfOltsf
hfTdf ldnfO lbg'= cfkm'n] eGof iffo]5= c?nfO jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof b+8 x'b}g= p;}
hftdf ldN5= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=
@@= dfl;Gof hftn] cfkm' e+bf 3l6 eft gnrGof hftsf 5f]l/ ljxf ul/ s]l6sf xftsf] eft
iffO etfxfnfO :d]t\ jf]¥of] eGof !) ?k}of b+8 ul/ t];} s]l6sf dfOltsf hftdf ldnfO
lbg'= cfkm'n] eft iffO c?nfO jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof b+8 x'b}g p;} hftdf dfq} ldN5=
@#= kflg grnGof / 5f]O l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftn] cfkm' e+bf 3l6 eft grnGof hftsf 5f]l/
ljxf ul/ s]l6sf xftsf] eft iffO etfxfnfO :d]t\ jf]/]5 eGof % ?k}of b+8 ul/ t];}
s]l6sf dfOltsf hftdf ldnfO lbg'= eft iffO c?nfO jf]¥ofsf] geof b+8 x'b}g= p;}
hftdf dfq} ldN5=
@$= s+Gofsf] hft ;fg' 5 em'lssg hft j/f]j/}sf] elg 7flg lghn] g} ;'kfl/ ul/ ;Sof kl5
;fg' hft /x]5 elg yfxf kfof] /= s]l6 ljxf ulb{g eGof] eGof / em'lSs hg} ;'kfl/
eofsf] /x]5 eGof klg s]6fnfO ljxf ugf{sf] s/ nfUb}g= 5f]l/ jfj' cfdfn] hft ldNbf
cs}{nfO lb ljxf ul/ lbg x'+5= ljxf ul/ ;Sofsf] eof :jfl:g 5f8g kfpb}g= eft
iffgfsf] s/ nfUb}g= ljxf e} eft klg iffo]5 kl5 yfxf kfof] / ef]/df k¥of cj t];\sf
xftsf] eft iff+g elg kltof dfUf] eGof k|folZrt lbg'=
@%= s;}n] cfkm'nfO ljxf ug{ elg= s;}sf 5f]l/ dfUof] 5f]l/sf jfj' cfdfn] xj;\ bfHo" efO
Ho]7f sf+5f jfj'n] xj;\= 5f]l/ lbo]5g\ s]6fn] ?k}of :d]t\ /flif lk5f k¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof=
Tof] s+Gof ljxf ug{ kfp5=
@^= cfkm'n] hGdfofsf 5f]/fsf ;f5Øft\ Ho]l7 ;f;' / ;fln NofpGof ljxf uGof{nfO ift
nfUb}g=
@&= pkfWof nufo]t\ /hk"t h}l; tfufwfl/ Ift[ gdfl;Gof dfl;Gof d'tjfln hft kflg
grnGof hft / l56f] xfng' kGof{ hft u}îsf nf]UGof dflg;\ xj;\ jf= :jfl:g dflg;\
xj;\= s;}n] eft gldnGof sd hftsf sGof ljwjf :jfl:gnfO ltd|f hft ldNbf xf]
elg 9fl6 pkfWof j|fé0fnfO ljxf ul/ u/fO lb xj;\ jf c? ljxf]/fn] hft 9fl6 lb
lbnfO t];} :jfl:gjf6 pkfWofsf eftdf jf]/]5 eGof /hk't h}l;sf 5f]l/ lb efTdf
jf]/fpGofnfO @)) tfufwfl/ Ift[hftsf 5f]l/ lb efTdf jf]/fpGof nfO @!) gdfl;Gof
dt'jfln hftsf 5f]l/ lb efTdf jf]/fpGof nfO @@) dfl;Gof dt'jfln hftsf 5f]l/ lb
eftdf jf]/fpGofnfO @#) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{= ljxf ul/
u/fO dfq lbo]5= efTdf jf]/fofsf] /x]g5 eGof hft 9fl6 ljxf ul/of jfkt\ hf}gf hftsf
5f]l/ lb lbnfO 9fl6 ljxf u/fofsf] 5= P;} c}gsf] cflw cflwsf bn]{ b+8 ug'{= eft
gldNbf sld hftsf 5f]l/ lb lbnfO eftdf jf]/fof kl5 s+Gofsf xfTfsf] / s+Gofsf
xfTsf] iffGofsfxfTsf] hflg hflg eft iffO kltof ug'{ kGof{ hftn] kltof gul/ cfÇgf
xftjf6 c? etfxfnfO jf]/]5 eGof nf]UGof dflg; eof c}g jdf]lhd\ ;j{:j ul/ :jfl:g
dflg; eof ;j{:j gul/ p;} hfTdf ldnfO 5fl8 lbg'= cfkm'n] eft iffo]5 etfxfnfO
jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof ;j{:j gu/L P;} c}g jdf]lhd\ b+8 ul/ p;} hfTdf ldnfO 5fl8
lbg'= ef]/df kl/ eft iffGof b'nxf / etfxf :d\\]t\nfO ef]/sf] kltof u/fO lbg'= ljxfsf]
ljlw k'lu ;Sofsf] x'gfn] :jfl:g 5f85' elg 5f8g kfpb}g= eft giffO /fifg'=
@*= pkfWof nufo]t\ /hk"t h}l; tfufwfl/ Ift[ gdfl;Gof= dfl;Gof dtjfln hft kflg
rnGof hft / l56f] xfng' kGof{ hft u}îsf nf]UGof :jfl:g dflg; s;}n] eft gdln\Gof
sd hftsf s+Gof ljwjf :jfl:gnfO ltd|f hft eft dlNbf] xf] elg /hk"t h}l; hftnfO
204
 ljxf ul/ u/fO lb xj;\ jf= c? ljxf]/fn] hft 9fl6 lb lbnfO t];} :jfl:gjf6 efTDff
jf]/fofsf] /x]5 eGof /hk"tsf 5f]l/ h}l;nfO h}l;sf 5f]l/ /hk"tnfO lb efTdf
jf]/fpGofnfO ^).^) ?k}of= tfufwfl/ Ift[ hftsf 5f]l/ lb /hk"t h}l;sf efTdf
jf]/fpGofnfO @)) gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hftsf 5f]l/ lb efTdf jf]/fpGofnfO @!) dfl;Gof
dt'jfln hftsf 5f]l/ lb efTdf jf]/fpGofnfO @@) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g
jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{ ljxf ul/ u/fOdfq lbo]5 efTDff jf]/fofsf] /x]g5 eGof hft 9fl6 ljxf
u/fof jfjt\ hf}gf hftsf 5f]l/ lb lbnfO 9fl6 ljxf u/fofsf] 5 P;} c}g sf] cfwf
cflwsf bn]{ b+8 ug'{+ eftdf gldn\Gof sld hftsf 5f]l/ lb lbnfO efTdf jf]/fof kl5
s+Gofsf xftsf] / s+Gofsf xfTsf] iffGofsf] xfTsf] hflghflg eft iffO kltof ug'{ kGof{
hftn] kltof gul/ cfÇgf xftjf6 etfxfnfO jf]/]5 eGof nf]UGof dflg; eof c}g
jdf]lhd\ ;j{:j ul/= :jfl:g dflg;\ eof ;j{:j gul/ p;} hfTdf ldnfO 5fl8 lbg'=
cfkm'n] dfq iffo]5 c? etfxfnfO jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof ;j{:j gul/ P;} c}g jdf]lhd\
b+8 ul/ p;} hfTdf ldnfO 5fl8 lbg'= ef]/df kl/ ljxf uGof{ /= efTdf kGof{x¿nfO ef]/sf]
kltof u/fO lbg'= ljxfsf] ljlw k'lu ;Sofls x'gfn] :jfl:g 5f85' elg 5f8g kfpb}g=
eft giffO /fifg'=
@*= pkfWof nufo]t\ /hk"t h}l; tfufwfl/ Ift[ gdfl;Gof= dfl;Gof dtjfln hft kflg
grnGof hfg / l56f] xfng' kGof{ hft u}îsf nf]UGof :jfl:g dflg; s;}n] eft
gldn\Gof sd hftsf s+Gof ljwjf :jfl:gnfO ltd|f hft eft ldNbf] xf] elg tfufwfl/
Ift[ hftnfO ljxf ul/ u/fO jf= c? ljxf]/fn] hft 9fl6 lb lbnfO t];} :jfl:gjf6
tfufwfl/ Ift[ hftsf efTdf jf]/fP5 eGof gdfl;Gof dt'jfnL hftsf 5f]/L lb xftdf
jf]/fpGofnfO @)) ?k}of dfl;Gof dt'jfnL hftsf 5f]/L lb efTdf jf]¥ofpGofnfO @!)
?k}of b08 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{= ljxf ul/ u/fOdfq lbo]5 efTdf
jf]/fofsf] /x]g5 eGof hft 9fl6 ljxf u/fof jfjt\ hf}gf hftsf 5f]l/ lb lbnfO ljxf
u/fofsf] 5 P;} c}gsf] cflw cflw sf b/n]]{ b+8 ug'{= eft gldn\Gof sld hftsf 5f]l/
lb lbnfO efTdf jf]/fof kl5 s+Gofsf xftsf] / s+Gofsf xfTsf] iffGofsf] xfTsf] hflghflg
eft iffO kltof ug'{ kGof{ hftn] kltof gul/ cfÇgf xftjf6 etfxfnfO jf]/]5 eGof
nf]UGof dflg; eof c}g jdf]lhd\ ;j{:j ul/= :jfl:g dflg;\ eof ;j{:j gul/ p;}
hfTdf ldnfO 5fl8 lbg'= cfkm'n] dfq iffo]5 etfxfnfO jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof ;j{:j
gul/ P;} c}g jdf]lhd b+8 ul/ p;} hfTdf ldnfO 5fl8 lbg'= ef]/df kl/ ljxf uGof{ /
eftdf kGof{x¿nfO ef]/sf] kltof u/fO lbg'= ljxfsf] ljlw k'uL ;Sofsf] x'gfn] :jfl:g
5f85' elg 5f8g kfpb}g= eft giffO /fifg'=
@(= pkfWof nufo]t\ /hk"t h}l; tfufwfl/ Ift[ gdfl;Gof= dfl;Gof dtjfln hft kflg
rnGof hft / l56f] xfng' kGof{ hft u}îsf nf]UGof :jfl:g dflg; s;}n] eft gldn\gof
sd hftsf s+Gof ljwjf :jfl:gnfO ltd|f hft eft ldNbf] xf] elg /hk"t h}l; hftnfO
ljxf ul/ u/fO lb xj;\ jf= c? ljxf]/fn] hft 9fl6 lb lbnfO t];} :jfl:gjf6 efTdf
jf]/fofsf] /x]5 egof /hk"tsf 5f]l/ h}l;nfO h}l;sf 5f]l/ /hk"tnfO lb efTdf
jf]/fpGofnfO ^).^) ?k}of= tfufwfl/ Ift[ hftsf 5f]l/ lb /hk"t h}l;sf efTdf
jf]/fpGofnfO @!) dfl;Gof dt'jfln hftf 5f]l/ lb efTdf jf]/fpGofnfO @@) ?k}of b+8
ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{ ljxf ul/ u/fOdfq lbo]5 efTdf jf]/fofsf]
/x]g5 eGof hft 9fl6 ljxf u/fof jfjt\ hf}gf hftf 5f]l/ lb lbnfO 9fl6 ljxf u/fosf] 5
P;} c}g sf] cfwf cflwf bn]{ b+8 ug'{= eftdf gldn\Gof sld hftf 5f]l/ lb lbnfO efTdf
jf]/fofsf kl5 s+Gofsf xftsf] / s+Goff xfTf] iffGofsf xfTsf] hflghflg eft iffO kltof
ug'{ kGof{ hftn] kltof gul/ cfÇgf xftjf6 etfxfnfO jf]/]5 eGof nf]UGof dflg; eof
c}g jdf]lhd\ ;j{:j ul/= :jfl:g dflg;\ eof ;j{:j gul/ p;} hfTdf ldnfO 5fl8 lbg'=
cfkm'n] dfq iffo]5 c? etfxfnfO jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof ;j{:j gul/ P;} c}g jdf]lhd\
b+8 ul/ p;} hfTdf ldnfO 5fl8 lbg'= ef]/df kl/ ljxf uGof{ /= efTdf kGof{x¿nfO ef] /sf]
kltof u/fO lbg'= ljxfsf] ljlw k'lu ;Sofls x'gfn] :jfl:g 5f85' elg 5f8g kfpb}g=
eft giffO /fifg'=
#)= pkfWof nufo]t\ /hk"t h}l; tfufwfl/ Ift[ gdfl;Gof dfl;Gof dt'jfnL hft kflg
grnGof hft / l56f] xfng'= kGof{ hft u}îsf nf]UGof :jfl:g dflg; s;}n] eft
gldn\Gof sd hftsf s+Gof ljwjf :jfl:gnfO ltd|f hft eft ldNbf] xf] elg gdfl;Gof
205
 dt'jfnL hftnfO ljxf ul/ u/fO lb xj;\ jf c? j]xf]/fn] hft 9fF6L lbO lbnfO t];}
:jf:gLjf6 xftdf jf]/fP5 eGof dfl;Gof dt'jfnL hftsf 5f]/L lb lbnfO efTdf
jf]/fpGofnfO @)) ?k}of b08 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{ ljxf u/L u/fO
dfq lbP5 eft jf]/fosf] /x]g5 eGof hft 9fl6 ljxf u/fof jfkt o;} c}gsf] cflwsf
bn]{ b+8 ug'{= eft gldn\Gof sld hftsf 5f]l/ lb lbnfO efTdf jf]/fof kl5 s+Gofsf
xfTfsf] /= s+Gofsf xfTsf] iffGofsf xftsf] hflg hflg eft iffO kltof ug'{ kGof{ hftn]
kltof gul/ cfÇgf xftjf6 etfxfnfO jf]/]5 eGof= nf]UGof dflg; eof c}g jdf]lhd\=
;j{:j ul/ :jfl:g dflg; eof ;j{:j gul/ p;} hfTdf ldnfO 5fl8 lbg'= cfkm'n] eft
iffo]5 etfxfnfO jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof ;j{:j gul/ P;} c}g jdf]lhd\ b+8 ul/ p;} hfTdf
ldnfO 5fl8 lbg'= ef]/df kl/ ljxf uGof{ / efTdf kGof{x¿nfO ef]/sf] kltof u/fO lbg'=
ljxfsf] ljlw k'lu ;Sofsf] x'gfn] :jfl:g 5f85' elg 5f8g kfpb}g eft giffO /fifg'=
#!= tfufwfl/ hft / gdfl;Gof dfl;Gof dt'jfln hft kflg grnGof hft / l56f] xfng' kGof{
hft u}îsf nf]UGof :jfl:g dflg;\ s;}n] eft gldn\Gof cfkm' cfkm'df 3l6 jl9 hftsf
s+Gof ljwjf eft dlNbf] xf] elg hft 9fl6 ljxf ul/ u/fO jf= c? ljxf]/fn] lb lbnfO
eftdf jf]/fO lbof] elg sf]lx s/fpg cfof] eGof >L k|fOd\ ldlgi6/ /= cbfntsf
xflsdn] thjLh ul/ b+8 ;hfo ug'{=
#@= tfufwfl/ nufo]t rf/ j0f{ 5lt;} hftsf nf]UGof :jfl:g dflg; s;}n] pkfWof j|fé0fsf
eft ldNbf s+gof ljwjf eft gldn\Gof sd hftsf nf]UGof dflg;\nfO ljxf ul/ u/fO
hft 9fl6 lbo]5 eGof s+Gofsf] hft hfGof x'gfn] s+Gofsf dfOlt / pGsf etfxfnfO
eftdf :d]t\ jf]/fo]5 eGof h}l; /hk"t tfufwfl/ Ift[ hftnfO lbGofnfO ^ jif{ gdfl;Gof
dt'jfln hftnfO lbGofnfO ( jif{ dfl;Gof dt'jfln hftnfO lbGofnfO !@ jif{ s}b ug'{=
ljxf ul/ u/fO jf c? ljxf]/fn] lb lbnfO eftdf jf]/fofsf] /x]g5 eGof P;} c}gsf]
cflwcfwLsf b/n] s}b ug'{= Dofbsf] 8jn\ lbof ln 5f8\g'= csf{n] hft ldNbf] xf] elg
9fl6 lbbf yfxf gkfO ljxf uGof{ s]6fnfO jft nfUb}g= s]l6 ljxf uGof{ ls x'+5]=
##= tfufwfl/ nufot rf/j0f{ 5lt;} hftsf nf]UGof :jf:gL dflg; s;}n] /hk"t h}l;sf
eftldNbf s+Gof ljwjf eft gldn\Gof sd hft sf nf]UGof dflg;nfO{ ljxful/ u/fO
hft 9fl6 lbo]5 eGof s+Gofsf] hft hfGof x'gfn] s+Gofsf dfOlt / pGsf etfxfnfO
eftdf jf]/fo]5 eGof /hk"t hftsf 5f]l/ h}l;nfO h}l; hftsf 5f]l/ /hk"tnfO
lbGofnfO !..=!.. jif{ tfufwfl/ Ift[ hftnfO lbGofnfO ^ jif{ gdfl;gof dt'jfln hftnfO
lbGofnfO ( jif{ dfl;Gof dt'jfln hftnfO lbGofnfO !@ jif{ s}b ug'{ ljxf ul/ u/fO jf=
c? ljxf]/fn] lb lbnfO efTdf jf]/fofsf] /x]g5 eGof P;} c}gsf] cflw cflw sf bn]{ s}b
ug'{= Dofbsf] 8jn lbof lng' csf{n] hft ldNbf] xf] elg 9fl6 lbbf yfxf gkfO ljxf
uGof{ s]6fnfO jft nfUb}g= s]l6 ljxf uGof{ ls x'+5]=
#$= tfufwfl/ nufo]t\ rf/ j0f{ 5lt;} hftsf nf]UGof :jfl:g dflg; s;}n] tfufwfl/ Ift[
hftsf eft ldn\Gof sGof ljwjf eft gdlNof sd\ hftsf nf]UGof dflg;nfO ljxf ul/
u/fO hft 9fl6 lbP5 eGof s+Gofsf] hft hfGof x'gfn] s+Gofsf dfOlt / pGsf etfxfnfO
eftdf :d]t\ jf]/fo]5 eGof= gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hftnfO lbGofnfO ( jif{ dfl;Gof
dt'jfln hftnfO lbGofnfO !@ jif{ s}b ug'{= ljxf u/ u/fO jf= c? ljxf]/fn] lb lbnfO
eftdf jf]/fofsf] /x]g5 eGof P;} c}gsf] cflw cflwsf b/n] s}b ug'{= Dofbsf] 8jn\
lbof lng'= csf{n] hft ldNbf] xf] elg 9fl6 lbbf yfxf gkfO ljxf uGof{ s]6fnfO jft
nfUb}g s]l6 ljxf uGof{ ls x'+5]=
#%= tfufwfl/ nufo]t\ rf/ j0f{ 5lt;} hftsf nf]UGof :jfl:g dflg; s;}n] gdfl;gof
dt'jfln hftsf eft ldNbf s+Gof ljwjf eft gldn\Gof sd hftsf nf]UGof dflg;\nfO
ljxf ul/ u/fO hft 9fl6 lbo]5 eGof= s+Gofs]f hft hfGof x'gfn] s+Gofsf dfOlt / pGsf
etfxfnfO eftdf :d]t\ jf]/fo]5 eGof dfl;Gof dt'jfln hftnfO lbGofnfO # jif{ s}b
ug'{= ljxf ul/ u/fO jf= c? ljxf]/fn] lb lbnfO efTdf jf]/fofsf] /x]g5 eGof= P;} c}gsf]
cflw cflwsf b/n] s}b ug'{= Dofbsf] 8jn\ lbof lng'= csf{n] hft ldNbf] xf] elg 9fl6
lbbf yfxf gkfO ljxf uGof{ s]6fnfO jft nfUb}g= s]l6 ljxf uGof{ ls x'+5]=
#^= tfufwfl/ hftsf 5f]l/ gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hft g]jf/ hft dfl;Gof dt'jfln hftn] hft
9fl6 s+Gof ljxf u/]5 eGof= t]:sf] c}g jdf]lhd\sf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{ hft 9fl6
cfpGofnfO yfxf gkfO 5f]l/ lbofsfdf ift nfUb}g tfufwfl/ hftn] hg} gnfpGof
206
 dt'jfln hftnfO 3l6 hft xf] elg hflg hflg jfj' cfdfn] lbof5g\ eGof 5f]l/
lbGofnfO # jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf ?k}of lbof ln 5fl8lbg'= jfj'n] hflghflg lbofsf]
xj;\ jf ghflg lbofsf] xj;\= Tof] s]l6 t]Zn] /fifg kfpb}g 5'6ofO lbg'=
#&= gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hftsf 5f]l/ g]jf/ hftn] hft 9fl6 ljxf u¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof
gdfl;Gof g]jf/hftnfO !.. jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf ?k}of lbof ln 5fl8 lbg'= dfl;Gof
hftn] /x]5 eGof= nf]UGofnfO dfl; lbg'= hft 9fl6 cfpGofnfO yfxf gkfO 5f]l/
lbofsfdf ift nfUb}g= jfj' cfdfn] hflghflg 5f]l/ lb ljxf u¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof gdfl;Gof
hft /x]5 eGof s]6fnfO @) 5f]l/ lbGofnfO #) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= dfl;Gof hft /x]5 eGof
s]6fnfO $) 5f]/L lbGofnfO ^) ?k}of b08 ug'{ ?k}of b+8 ug'{ ?k}+of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\
s}b ug'{= hflghflg lbofsf] xj;\ ghflg lbofsf] xj;\ Tof] s]l6 t]Zn] /fifg kfpb}g=
5'6ØfO lbg'=
#*= uf]iff{ /fh e/ d'n'ssf eftdf ;/f]j/ rNofsf u'?+ gfd u}î hftsf !! jif{ d'lgsf xpg\
!! jif{ gfWofsf xpg\ s+Gof ljwjfsf hj/ hl:t s/l0f uGof{ gdfl;Gof dt'jfln
hftnfO n]iofsf c}g jdf]lhd\ b+8 s}b ug'{= hjfg\ eofsf s+Gof ljwjfsf] /flh if'l;n]
s/l0f uGof{nfO efTdf jf]¥ofsf] eof klg geof klg u'?+ gfd u}îsf] hft Ps} x'gfn] /=
efTdf kl/ cfh;Dd ;/f]j/ rnfO cfofsf] x'gfn] s/l0f uGof{ u/fpGof b'j} nfO iftjft
nfUb}g= ;wjf u'?+:oflgsf] hfl/ u/]5 eGof c}g jdf]lhd ;fw'sf] if'l; u'?+ gfd u}îsf
5f]l/ u'?+ gfdn] ljxf ug{ elg s+Gofsf bfObf/l;t dfuL jxf u/]5 eGof= lbGof lnGofsf]
hft hfb}g= cfÇg} hftdf /x+5g\= kmnfgfls 5f]l/ ljxf ub}{g eGof] jf= kmnfgfnfO 5f]l/
lb+gf} eGof 5f]l/ lbbf lnbf= cfÇg' if'l; x'+5= s/ nfUb}g= u'?+ u'?+ hftdf xfd|f] hft 7'nf]
xf] t]:sf] ;fg' xf] eGof /= eft sf9GofnfO @).@) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= lhtGofnfO lhtfpl/
kb}{g=

sGof rf]/L ljxfuGof{

!= hg} nfpGof hftn] eft ldn\Gof hfTdf s;}sf 5f]l/ rf]l/ hj/hl:t ul/ cfkm'n] ljxf
u¥of] eGof t]:sf efO 5f]/f :jfl:gsf] c+; / 5f]l/sf] ljxf ifr{ k/ ;fl/ ;j{:j ug'{= rf]l/
ljxf u¥of ls s]l6 t]:n] kfpb}g= jfj'cfdfn] h;\nfO lb+5g\ pg}sf] if'l; eft iffgfsf] s/
nfUb}g= P:tfsf] hf/ sf6Øf] eGof= j|fé0fn] eof= c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/
bfdn ug'{= c? hftnfO Hofgsf] jbfnf Hofg sfl6 dfl/ lbg'= s]l6sf jfj' cfdfn]
lkm/fb u¥ofsf] s'/f] ;'+g'= jfj' cfdfn] lkm/fb u/]gg\ eGof P:tf s'/f g;'+g'= s]l6sf jfj'
cfdf d¥ofsf /èf 5g\ eGof cbfnt 7fgfjf6 iff]lh j'lem P;} c}g jdf]lhd\ lg;fkm ug'{
!@ jif{ gf£ofsf s+GofnfO hft ldNbfn] /flh if'l;l;t rf]l/ n}uL ljxf u¥ofsf] eof ift
nfUb}g hft eft hfb}g=
@= hg} gnfpGof hftn] hft ldNbfsf s+Gof rf]l/ hj/ hl:t ul/ ljxf u¥of] eGof s]l6sf
jfj' cfdf s/fpg cfof ljxf uGof{nfO @) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ s]l6 lbg'= glbg' jfj' cfdfsf]
if'l; hjfg\ eofsL s+Gof if'l; /flhl;t kmsfO n}lu ljxf uGof{nfO iftjft nfUb}g= s]l6
kmsf{pg klg kfpb}g=
#= b'lg`fdf csf{ls s+Gof rf]l/ NofO jfj' cfdf ;xf]b/ bfHo" efOx¿ ;+u gdflu rf]l/
n}lu hft eftdf s'6'FDnfO lb s;}n] s+Gof bfg u¥of] eGof t]:sf] hf] eofsf] ;+kltdf c}g
jd]lhd\sf] c+; k/;fl/ s+Gofbfg lbGofsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ b;f}b ln pk/ t];} s]l6nfO
bfOhf] lbnfO lbg'= s+Gof rf]l/ 3l6 hftnfO lbofsf] eof= ;j{:j ;sf{/jf6 lng'= Tof]
s]6L rf]l/ n}lu ljxf ul/ lbofsf ls ;b/ x'+g jfj' cfdfn] h;\nfO lb+5g\ p;}sf] x'+5
jfj' cfdfn] kl5 csf{nfO lbof] eGof t];n] hf/ xfFÙ kfpb}g= hf/ xfGof j|fé0fn] eof
c}g jdf]lhd\sf] c+; ;j{:q ul/ bfdn ug'{= c? hftnfO Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg sfl6
dfl/ lbg'= kl5 ljxf uGof{nfO eft iffgfsf] s/ nfUb}g=
$= pkfWof j|fé0f jfx]s\ c? tfufwfl/ hftdf eft iffhf grnGof hg} nfpGof sd hftsf
5f]l/ !@ jif{ gk'Uof ls ;B hftsfn] rf]l/ ljxf u¥of] eGof= t];n] rf]l/ n}uof jfjt\
t];\s]l6sf xftsf] eft iffg' k5{ c? etfxfnfO eftsf] s/ nfUb}g !@ jif{ gfWof ls

207
 hjfg\ eofls s+Gof /flh jflh l;t n}hfGofnfO ift jft nfUb}g= eft iffgf giffgfsf]
p:sf] if'l;=
%= s;}n] csf{sf s+Gof rf]l/ NofO bfHo" efO Oi6ldq ;s}nfO lb ljxf u/fof] eGof t]:sf]
c}g jdf]lhd\sf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ b;f}b ln t];} s]l6nfO bfOhf] ul/ lbnfO lbg'= s]l6
rf]bf{;+u hfGofx¿nfO hglx @).@) ?k}of b+8ug'{= csf{n] rf]l/ Nofofsf] xf] elg
hflghflg s+Gof bfg lbGofnfO ljxf u/fpGof k|f]lxtnfO @).@) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of
glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=
^= s;}n] csf{ls 5f]l/ ljxf ug{ elg rf]l/ n}uof] ljxf x'g gkfpb} dfOltx¿n] cflÇg s+Gof
iff]l;NofO s/fpg cfof eGof df]io rf]Gof{ hf] xf] p;\nfO !)) ?k}of c? s+Gof rf]g{ hfbf
;+u hfGofdf cf}jn\nfO @) bf]o+nfO !) l;d\nfO % rfxf/nfO @.. ?k}ofsf b/n] b+8 ug'{=
?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=

sGof bf]xf]/f] lbGof

!= tfufwfl/ hft u}în] hg} ;'kfl/ ul/ PsfnfO lbof ls s+Gof km]l/ hg} ;'kfl/ ln csf{
s]6fnfO lbo]5 / cl3Nnf] s]6f] s/fpg cfof] eGof kl5Nnfl;t ljxf x'g kfofsf] /x]g5
eGof= s]l6 cl3Nnfls x'+5] Ppl6 s+Gof b'O lt/ lbGofnfO %) ?k}of kl5Nnfn] s+Gof
ljxf u/]5 eGof !)) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= cl3Nnfn] s+Gof dflu hg} ;'kfl/ u¥ofsf] yfxf kfO
kl5Nnfn] dflu hg} ;'kfl/ u/]5= ljxf ug{ kfPsf] /x]g5 eGof @) ?k}of ljxf :d]t\
u/]5 eGof= $) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{= ljxf eofsf x'+gfn]
s]l6 kl5Nnfls x'+5] csf{n] hg} ;'kfl/ u¥ofsf] yfxf gkfO dflu ljxf uGof{nfO iftjft
nfUb}g=
@= gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hftsf cfÇgf hftsf] /Lt b:t'/ lnPsf nfO lbof ls s+Gof km]l/
csf{sf] /Lt b:t'/ iffO csf{ s]6fnfO lbo]5 /= cl3Nnf] b:t'/ lbGof s/fpg cfof] eGof
kl5Nnfl;t ljxf x'g kfofsf] /x]g5 eGof= cl3Nnfls x'+5]= Ppl6 s+Gof @ lt/
lbGofnfO @) ?k}of s]l6 kl5Nnfn] ljxf u/]5 eGof #) ?k}of b+8 ug'{+ cl3Nnfn] dflu
b:t'/= hftsf] /Lt 5f+u|fx¿ u}înfofsf] yfxf kfO kl5Nnfn] dflu b:t'/ 5f+u|fnfO
ljxfug{ kfofsf] /x]g5 eGof @) ?k}of ljxf :d]t\ u/]5 eGof $) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of
glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{= ljxf eofsf] x'gfn] s]l6 kl5Nnf ls x'+5] csf{sf] l/t
if'jfofsf] yfx gkfO ljxf uGof{nfO ift nfUb}g=
#= dfl;Gof dt'jfln hftsf cfÇgf hftsf] /Lt 5f+u|f $ bfd b:t'/ lbPsfnfO lbofls
s+Gof km]l/ csf{sf] l/t b:t'/ iffO csf{ s]6fnfO lbo]5 /= cl3Nnf] b:t'/ lbGof= s/fpg
cfof] eGof= kl5Nnfl;t ljxf x'g kfofsf] /x]g5 eGof= s]l6 cl3Nnfls x'+5]= of}l6
s+Gof b'Olt/ lbGofnfO ^ ?k}of s]l6 kl5Nnfn] ljxf u/]5 eGof !@ ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
cl3Nnfn] dflu b:t'/ nfofsf] yfxf kfO kl5Nnfn] dflu b:t'/ nfO ljxf ug{ kfofsf]
/x]g5 eGof !) ljxf :d]t u/]5 eGof @) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\
s}b ug'{= csf{n] /Lt if'jfofsf] yfxf gkfO dfuL ljxf uGof{nfO jft nfUb}g= ljxf eofls
x'gfn] s]l6 kl5Nnfls x+'5]=
$= kflg grnGofsf] 5f]O l56f] xfng' gkGof{ u}î hftsf cfÇgf hftf] l/t b:t'/ lnPsfnfO
lbofls s+Gof km]l/ csf{sf] /Ltb:t'/ iffO csf{ s]6fnfO lbo]5 / cl3Nnf] b:t'/ lbGof
s/fpg cfof] eGof= kl5Nnfl;t ljxf x'g kfofsf] /x]g5 eGof s]l6 cl3Nnfls x'+5]
of}l6 s]l6 b'Olt/ lbGofnfO $ ?k}of s]l6 kl5Nnfn] ljxf u/]5 eGof * ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
cl3Nnfn] s]l6 dflu b:t'/ nfofsf] yfxf kfO kl5Nnfn] dfuLb:t'/ nfO ljxf ug{
kfofsf] /x]g5 eGof % ?k}of ljxf :d]t\ u/]5 eGof !) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g
jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{= ljxf u¥ofsf] x'gfn] s]l6 kl5Nnfls x'+5] csf{n] /Lt if'jfofsf] yfxf
gkfO dfuL ljxf uGof{nfO ift nfUb}g=
%= 5f]O l56f] xfng' kGof{ u}î hftsf cfÇgf hftsf] /Lt b:t'/ lbPsfnfO lbofls s+Gof
km]l/ csf{sf] /Lt b:t'/ iffO csf{ s]6fnfO lbo]5 cl3Nnf] b:t'/ lbGof s/fpg cfof]
eGof kl5Nnfl;t ljxf x'g kfofsf] /x]g5 eGof s]l6 cl3Nnfls x'+5]= of}l6 s]l6 b'Olt/
208
 lbGofnfO @ ?k}of s]l6 kl5Nnfn] ljxf u/]5 eGof $ ?k}of b+8 ug'{= cl3Nnfn] s]l6
dflu b:t'/= nfofsf yfxf kfO kl5Nnfn] dfuL b:t'/ nfO ljxf ug{ kfofsf] /x]g5 eGof
@.. ?k}of ljxf :d]t u/]5 eGof % ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=
ljxf u¥ofsf] x'gfn] s]l6 kl5Nnfls x'+5] csf{n] /Lt if'jfofsf] yfxf gkfO dfuL ljxf
uGof{nfO ift nfUb}g=
^= s;}n] 5f]l/ lbbf s+Gofsf jfj'cfdf bfHo" efO Psf 3/df= dfg' g5'6ØfO ;+u} j:ofsf
/èf5g\ eGof jfj'n] lbofsf ;b/ x'+5= jfj' geof cfdfn] lbofsf] ;b/ x'+5 jfj' cfdf
klg /èfg5Geof Ho]7f bfHo" efOdf h'g\ Ho]7f] 5 p;}n] lbofsf] ;b/ x'+5= p:tf klg
geof Ho]7f sf+5f jfj'x¿n] lbofsf] ;b/ x'+5= c}gdf n]lifofsf k}Nxf /f]njfnf 5+Hofn\
kl5Nnf /f]njfnfn] lbofsf] ;b/ x'b}g= cl3Nnf /f]njfnfn] hft eft gldNbfdf /
c}gdf /f]lsofsfnfO lbo]5 eGof cl3Nnf /f]njfnfn] lbofsf] ;b/ x'b}g= kl5Nnf
/f]njfnfn] lbofsf] ;b/ x'+5=
&= jfj'n] ljjflxtf jf NofOtf Ho]l7 sf+l5 :jfl:gdf Ppl6 :jfl:glt/ nfuL j:ofsf] /x]5
of}l6nfO iffg nfpg glb lgsfn]5 jf= j]un /fiofsf] /x]5 /= 5f]l/ klg cfdfl;t}
j:ofls /lx5 eGof= Tof] 5f]l/ hft eft ldNbfdf /= c}gn] g/f]lsofsfnfO lb+5 eGof=
cfdfn] p7fofsf] ;b/ x'+5= p;}nfO ljxf ul/lbg'= jfj'n] p7fofsf] ;b/ x'b}g=
*= s+Gofls cfdf dl/5 /= jfj' bfHo"n] ;+ef/ ug{ g;ls csf{ s;}nfO kfng lbbf iffg
nfpg lb x]/ljrf/ ub}{ u¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof c}g jdf]lhd\ jfj' bfHo"n]= p7fofsf] ;b/ x'+5=
jfj' bfHo"n] x]/ljrf/ iffg nfpg s]lx glb dfof dfl/ ;f}Kofsf] /x]5 eGof jfnifb]lif
;lx;+ef/ ul/ kfnGofn] p7fofsf] ;b/ x'+5=
(= s+Gofsf jfj' cfdf /èfg5g\ / s+Gofsf bfHo" efO efpHo" dfjln km'k' lblb h]7f sf+5f
jfj' Ho]l7 sf+l5 cfdf u}î s;}n] kfNofsf] /x]5 eGof= t];\ s+GofnfO jfnifb]lif
;lx;+ef/ ul/ h:n] kfNofsf] 5 p;}n] s+Gof ljjfx u/L lbg' jfnif b]lv ;xL ;+ef/
gu{Gofn] sGofbfg d u5'{ jf sGof d lb+5' elg ph'/ ug{ kfpb}g kfnGofn] hft eft
gldNbfdf /= c}gn] /f]sLofnfO lbo]5 eGof ;b/ x'b}g= c}gdf n]lifofsf /f]njfnfn]
lbofsf] ;b/ x'+5=

/f]lunfO s+Goflb+g e+Gof

!= tfufwfl/ hft u}îsf ljxf ubf{= j/ jSs nf6f] dxf/f]uL n'nf] s'hf] b'j} cfiffsf] c+wf]
ln+ulxg eofsf] gk'+;s xft uf]8f eflr ;fj'b geofsf] jf}Nxf 5f¥of /f]u eofsf] /x]5 /=
P:tf s]6fnfO ;B 5 elg 9fl6 s]l6 dflu= hg} ;'kfl/ ul/ jl/oft cfof kl5 Plt
s'/fdf Ps s'/fsf] dfq} if'g /x]5 /= s+Gofbfg s/ gx'b} sGofsf jfj' cfdf bfh'efOn]
yfxf kfO lbGgf} eGof s]6fsf] s/ nfUb}g= s+Gofsf jfj' cfdfnfO ift nfUb}g= if'lgnfO
;B} xf] elg 9fl6 s+Gof dflu lbGofnfO %) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\=
sb ug'{= Tof] s]l6 dfOltn] h;\nfO lb+5g\ pGsf] if'l;+ s+Gof lj6'ln 7xb}{gg\= hft}df /x+5]=
hft ldNbfdf ljxf ul/ lbg'=eftdf rN5] s+Gof dfUGofn] P:tf] if'g 5 elg hfx]/ ul/
df£ofsf] /x]5 eGof s+Gof dfUGofnfO jft nfUb}g= s+Gofsf] hGde/ b'if x'Gof x'gfn] if'g
hgfO dfUofsf] eof klg s+GofnfO s]6fsf] s/ nfUb}g=
@= gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hft u}îsf s]6f] jSs nf6f] dxf/f]lu s'hf] n'nf] b'j} cfiffsf] c+wf]
ln+ulxg eofsf] gk'F;s xft uf]8f eflr ;fj'b geofsf] jf}Nxf 5f¥of /f]u eofsf] /x]5 /=
P:tf s]6fnfO ;B 5 elg 9fl6 s+Gof dfuL cfÇgf hftsf] 5f+u|f l/t b:t'/ ul/ jl/`ft
cfof kl5 Plt s'/fdf Ps s'/fsf] dfq} if'g /x]5 /= s+Gofbfg gx'b} s+Gofsf jfj' cfdf
bfHo" efOn] yfxf kfO lbÙf} eGof= s]6fsf] s/ nfUb}g= s+Gofsf jfj' cfdfnfO ift
nfUb}g= if'lg s]6fnfO ;B 5 elg 9fl6 sgof dflulbGofnfO @% ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of
glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{= s+Gof dfOltn] if';\ k¥ofsf 7fpdf ljxf ul/lbg'=
hfteftdf rN5] s]l6 dfUGofn] P:tf] if'G5 elg hfx]/ ul/ dfUofsf] /x]5= eGof= s]l6

209
 dfUGofnfO jft nfUb}g= s]l6sf] hGde/ b'if x'Gof x'gfn] if'g hgfO dfUofsf] eof klg
s]l6nfO s]6fsf] s/ nfUb}g=
#= dfl;Gof dt'jfln hft u}îsf s]6f] jSs nf6f] dxf/f]lu n'nf] s'hf] b'j} cfiffsf] c+wf]
ln+ulxg eofsf] gk'+;s xft uf]8f ef+lr ;fj'b geofsf] jf}Nxf 5f¥of /f]u eofsf] /x]5 /=
P:tf s]6fnfO 9fl6 s+Gof dfuL cfÇgf hftsf] 5f+u|f l/t b:t'/ ul/ jl/`ft cfof kl5
Plt s'/fdf Ps s'/fsf] dfq} if'g /x]5 /= s+Gofbfg gx'b} s+Gofsf jfj' cfdf bfHo" efOn]
yfxf kfO lbÙf} eGof s]6fsf] s/ nfUb}g= s+Gofsf jfj' cfdfnfO ift nfUb}g= if'lg
s]6fnfO ;B elg 9fl6 s+Gof dflulbGofnfO % ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}gjdf]lhd\
s}b ug'{= s+Gof dfOltn] if'; k¥ofsf 7fpdf ljxf ul/lbg' hft efTdf rN5] s]l6dfuGofn]
P:tf] if'g 5 elg hfx]/ ul/ dfUofsf] /x]5 eGof= s]l6 dfUGofnfO jft nfUb}g= s]l6sf]
hGde/ b'if x'Gof x'gfn] if'g hgfOdfUofsf] eof klg s]l6nfO s]6fsf] s/ nfUb}g=
$= 5f]O l56f] xfng' kGof{ kflg grnGof hft u}îsf] s]6f] jSs nf6f] dxf/f]lu n'nf] s'hf] b'j}
cfiffsf] c+wf] ln+ulxg eofsf] gk'F;s xft uf]8f eflr ;fj'b geof= sf] jf}Nxf 5f¥of /f]u
eofsf] /x]5 / P:tf s]6fnfO ;B} 5 elg 9fl6 s+gof dflu cfÇgf hftsf] 5f+u|f /Lt
b:t'/ ul/ jl/`ft cfof kl5 Plt s'/fdf Ps s'/fsf] dfq} if'g /x]5 /= s+Gofbfg gx'b}=
s+Gofsf jfj' cfdf bfho" efOn] yfxf kfO lbÙf} eGof s]6fsf] s/ nfUb}g= s+Gofsf jfj'
cfdfnfO ift nfUb}g= if'lg s]6fnfO ;B 5 elg 9fl6 s+Gof dflu lbGofnfO @..= ?k}of b+8
ug'{= s+Gof dfOltn] if'; k¥ofsf 7fpdf ljxf ul/lbg'= hft eftdf rN5] s]l6 dfUGofn]
P:tf] if'g 5 elg hfx]/ ul/ dfUofsf] /x]5 eGof= s]l6 dfUGofnfO jft nfUb}g= s]l6sf]
hGde/ b'if x'Gof x'gfn] if'g hgfO dfUofsf] eof klg s]l6nfO s]6fsf] s/ nfUb}g=
%= 5f]O l56f] xfng' kGof{= hft u}îsf s]6f] jSs nf6f] dxf/f]lu n'nf] s'hf] b'j} cfiffsf] c+wf]
ln+ulxg eofsf gk'+;s= xft uf]8f eflr ;fj'b geof sf] jf}Nxf 5f¥of /f]u eofsf] /x]5
/= P:tf s]6fnfO ;B} 5 elg 9fl6 s]l6 dflu cfÇgf hftsf] 5f+u|f l/t b:t'/ ul/ ljxf
ug{ cfof kl5 Plt s'/fdf Ps s'/fsf] dfq if'g /x]5 / ljxf gx'b} s]l6sf jfj' cfdf
bfHo" efOn] yfxf kfO s]6L lbbf}g eGof= s]6fsf] s/ nfUb}g s]l6sf jfj' cfdfnfO jft
nfUb}g= if'g eofsf] s]6fnfO ;B} 5 elg 9fl6 s]l6 dflu lbGofnfO !..= ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
s]l6nfO dfOltn] if'; k¥ofsf s]6fnfO ljxf ul/ lbg'= hft eftdf rN5]= s]l6 dfUgofn]
P:tf] if'g 5 elg hfx]/ ul/ dfUofsf] /x]5 eGof= s]l6 dfUGofnfO jft nfUb}g= s]l6sf]
hGde/ b'if x'Gof x'gfn] if'g hgfO dfUofsf] eof klg s]l6nfO s]6fsf] s/ nfUb}g=

dfUofls s+Gof ljxf ulb{g e+Gof

!= tfufwfl/ hft u}în] ljxf ug{ elg dfUofls s+Gof hg} ;'kfl/ cfÇgf hftsf] l/t e}
;lsofsf] /x]5 eGof klg dxf/f]u eofls cfiff km'6Øflsnfl6 5f¥of /f]u lel/+lu eofls
xft if'§f eflr ljs+jf eofls km'sf}lg lg:Sofls lxh8f /lx5 hGdb} b]lif ls n'ln
/lx5= jf}Nxfofls /lx5 eGof kl5 yfxf kfO ljxf ulb}g eGof s]6fnfO ljxf ugf{sf] s/
nfUb}g cfÇg' k¥ofsf] b:t'/ lkmtf{ u/fO s+Gof 5f]8g kfp5= Plt /f]u eofsf jfx]ssf
s+Gof dflu hg} ;'kfl/ ul/ ;Sof kl5 ljxf ulb{g elg 5f8Gof nfO %) ?k}of b+8 ug'{+
s+Gof jfj' cfdfn] hft ldNbf cs}{fnfO ljxf ul/ lbg' x'+5=
@= gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hft u}în] ljxf ug{ elg dfUofls s+Gof cfÇgf hftsf] b:t'/ 5f+u|f
l/t e} ;lsofls /lx5 eGof klg dxf/f]u eofls cfiff km'6Øfls nfl6 5f¥of /f]u le/+lu
eofls xft if'§f eflr ljs+jf eofls km'sf}lg lg:ofls lxh8f /xL5= hGdb} b]lif n'ln
/xl5 jf}Nxfofls /lx5= eGof= kl5 yfxf kfO ljxf ulb{g eGof= s]6fnfO ljxf ugf{sf]
s/ nfUb}g= cfÇg' k¥ofsf] b:t'/ lkmtf{ u/fO= s+Gof 5f]8g kfp5= Plt /f]u eof jfx]ssf
s+Gof dflu cfÇgf hftsf] b:t'/ 5f+u|f l/t ul/ ;Sof kl5 ljxf ulb{g egL 5f8GofnfO
@% ?k}of b+8 ug'{= s+Gof jfj' cfdfn] hft ldNbf cs}{nfO ljxf ul/ lbg' x'+5=
#= dfl;Gof dt'jfln hft u}în] ljbf ug{ dfUofls s+Gof cfÇgf hftsf] b:t'/ 5f+u|f l/t
e};lsofsf] /x]5 eGof klg dxf/f]u eofls cfiff km'6\Øfls nfl6 5f¥of /f]u eofls
le/+lu eofls xftif'§f eflr jLs+ jf eofls km'sf}lg lg:Sofls lxh8f /lx5= hGdb}
b]lif ls n'ln /lx5= jf}Nxfofls /lx5 eGof= kl5 yfxf kfO ljxf ulb{g e+Gof s]6fnfO
210
 ljxf ugf{sf] s/ nfUb}g= cfÇg' k¥ofsf] b:t'/ lkmtf{ u/fO s+Gof 5f]8g kfp5= Plt /f]u
eof jfx]ssf s+Gof dflu cfÇgf hftsf] /Lt b:t'/ 5f+u|f ul/ ;Sof kl5= ljxf ulb{g
elg 5f8GofnfO % ?k}of b+8 ug'{= s+Gofsf jfj' cfdfn] hft ldNbfdf cs}{nfO ljxf
ul/ lbg x'+5=
$= kflg grnGof 5f]O l56f] xfng' gkGof{ hft u}în] ljxf ug{ elg dfUofls s+Gof= cfÇgf
hftsf] b:t'/ 5f+u|f l/t e} ;lsofsf] /x]5 eGof klg dxf/f]u eofls cfiff km'6Øfls nfl6
5f¥of /f]u le/+lu eofls xft if'§f eflr ljs+jf eofls km'sf}lg lg:Sofls lxh8f /lx5
hGdb} b]lifls n"ln /lx5= jf}Nxfofls /lx5 eGof kl5 yfxf kfO ljxf ulb{g e+Gof=
s]6fnfO ljxf ugf{sf s/ nfUb}g= cfÇg' k¥ofsf] b:t'/ lkmtf{ u/fO s+Gof 5f]8g kfp5=
Plt /f]u eof jfx]ssf s+Gof dflu cfÇgf hft sf] b:t'/ 5f+u|f l/t ul/ ;Sof kl5 ljxf
ulb{g elg 5f8GofnfO @..= ?k}of b+8 ug'{= s+Gof jfj' cfdfn] hft ldNbf cs}{nfO
ljxful/ lbg x'+5=
%= 5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{ hft u}în] ljxf ug{ elg dfUofls s+Gof cfÇgf hftsf] b:t'/
5f+u|f l/t e} ;lsofsf] /x]5 eGof klg dxf/f]u eofls cfiff km'6ofls nfl6 5f8of /f]u
lx/+lu eofls xft if'§f efFlr ljs+jf eofls km'sf}lg lg:Sofls lxh8f /lx5 hGdb}
b]lifls n'ln /lx5= jf}Nxfofls /lx5 eGof= kl5 yfxf kfO ljxf ulb}g e+Gof s]6fnfO
ljxf ugf{sf] s/ nfUb}g cfÇg' k¥ofsf] b:t'/ lkmtf{ u/fO s+Gof 5f]8g kfp5= Plt /f]u
eof jfx]ssf s+Gofdflu cfÇgf hftsf] /Lt b:t'/ 5f+u|fl/t ul/;Sof kl5 ljxf ulb{g
elg 5f8GofnfO !..= ?k}of b+8 ug'{= s+Gof jfj' cfdfn] hft ldNbf cs}{nfO ljxf
ul/lbg'=

hftsf] /Lt eof kl5 ljxf gx'b} cl3 lju|Gof

!= l;+b'/ gk/+lh tfufwfl/ hftsf hg} ;'kfl/ dt'jfln hftsf 5f+u|f l/tsf] b:t'/ lb cfÇgf
hftsf] ljxf e+bf cl3 x'Gof l/t sd{ e} ;lsof kl5 !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof jfj' cfdfn]
glb cfÇgf if'l;n] cg]q lju¥of eGof s/l0f uGof{nfO cfkm'e+bf tNnf hftdf lju|\of
3l6 jl9 hfTdf s/l0f uGof{sf c}g jdf]lhd\ ;hfo ug'{= ldNbf] hftdf ljU¥ofls eof
tfufwfl/sf !)) gdfl;g] dtjfnLsf] %) dfl;Gof hftsfnfO * 5f]O l56f] xfng' gkGof{
kflg grnGofnfO $ 5f]O l56f] xfng' kGof{nfO @ ?k}of b+8 ug'{= hf/ xf+g kfpb}g xfGof]
eGof Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg x'+5=
@= tfufwfl/ hftsf Psfn] !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof ljxf ug{ elg dflu hg} ;'kfl/ eof kl5
l;+b'/ gkbf{;+ddf jfj' cfdfn] glb s+Gof cfÇgf if'l; /flhn] csf{l;t ljlu|5 eGof ljxf
e} ;lsofsf] x'gfn] hf/ sf6\g kfpb}g sf6\Gofsf] Hofgsf] abnf Hofg x'+5= s/l0f
uGof{nfO cfkm'e+bf 3l6 jl9 hfTdf s/l0f u/]5 eGof= 3l6 jl9 hfTdf s/l0f uGof{sf
c}g jdf]lhd\ ;hfo ug'{= cfkm' ldNbf] hft eof !)) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
#= gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof Psfn] ljxf ug{ elg dfuL cfÇgf
hftsf] l/t 5f+u|f b:t'/ iffof kl5 ljxf g'xgf;+ddf jfj' cfdfn] glb cfÇgf if'l; /flhn]
csf{l;t ljlu|5 eGof ljxf e} ;lsofsf] gx'gfn] hf/sf6Gof hftn] hf/sf6g kfpb}g=
sf6Øf Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg x'+5 s/l0f uGof{nfO cfkm'e+bf 3l6 jl9 hftsf] eof 3l6
jl9 hftdf s/l0f uGof{sf c}g jdf]lhd\ ;hfo ug'{= cfkm' ldNbf] eof %) ?kLof b+8
ug'{=
$= dfl;Gof dt'jfln hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof Psfn] ljxf ug{ elg dflu cfÇgf
hftsf] l/t 5+u|f b:t'/ eof kl5 ljxf gx'bf;Dddf jfj' cfdfn] glb cfÇgf if'l; /flhn]
csf{l;t ljlu|5 eGof= ljxf e} ;lsofsf] gx'gfn] hf/ sf6\Gof hftn] hf/ sf6\g kfpb}g
sf6Øf Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg x'+5 s/l0f uGof{nfO cfkm'e+bf 3l6 jl9 hftsf] eof 3l6
jl9 hfTdf s/l0f uGof{sf c}g jdf]lhd\ ;hfo ug'{= cfkm' ldNbf] eof * ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
%= kflg grnGof 5f]of l56f] xfng' gkGof{ hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf] s+Gof Psfn] ljxf ug{
elg dflu cfÇgf hftsf] l/t 5f+u|f b:t'/ eof kl5 ljxf gx'bf;+Dddf jfj' cfdfn] glb
211
 cfÇgf if'l; /flhn] csf{l;t ljlu|5 eGof ljxf e};lsofsf] gx'gfn] hf/ sf6\Gf hftn]
hf/ sf6\g kfpb}g= sf6Øf Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg x'+5 s/l0f uGof{nfO cfkm'e+bf 3l6 jl9
hftsf] eof 3l6 jl9 hfTdf s/l0f uGof{sf c}g jdf]lhd\ ;hfo ug'{= cfkm' ldNbf]eof $
?k}of b+8 ug'{=
^= 5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof Psfn] ljxf ug{ elg efuL cfÇgf
hftsf] /Lt 5+fu|f b:t'/ eof kl5 ljxf gx'bf;Dddf jfj' cfdfn] glb cfÇgf if'l; /flhn]
csf{l;t ljlu|5 eGof ljxf e} ;lsofsf] gx'gfn] hf/ sf6\Gof hftn] hf/ sf6\g kfpb}g=
sf6Øf Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg x'+5= s/l0f uGof{nfO cfkm'e+bf 3l6 jl9 hftsf] eof= 3l6
jl9 hftdf s/l0f uGof{sf c}g jdf]lhd\ ;hfo ug'{= cfkm'ldNbf] eof @ ?k}of b+8 ug'{=

ljxf gx'b} cl3 lju|Gof

!= pkfWof j|fé0fsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gofsf] ljxf gx'b} cl3 pkfWof j|fé0fn] s/l0f
u¥ofsf] /x]5 cl3 s/l0f uGof{n] hfx]/ klg u/]g5= s/l0f hfx]/ ge} hft ldNbf s;}n]
ljxf u/]5= ljxf e} ;lsof kl5 cl3sf] s/l0f hfx]/ eof] eGof cl3sf s/l0f uGof{jf6
!)) ?k}of ljxf ifr{ e/fO !)) ?k}of b08 ug'{= ef]/df eft iffGofnfO kltof u/fOlbg'=
ljxf gx'b} cl3 cfkm'n] s/l0f ul/ d}n] s/l0f u¥ofsf] 5 elg hfx]/ uGof{nfO ift jft
nfUb}g=
@= pkfWof j|fé0fsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gofsf] ljxf gx'b} cl3 /hk"t h}l; tfufwfl/ hftn]
s/l0f u¥ofsf] /x]5 cl3 s/l0f uGof{n] hfx]/ klg u/]g5 s/l0f hfx]/ ge} hft ldNbf
s;}n] ljxf u/]5 ljxf e} ;lsof kl5 cl3sf] s/l0f hfx]/ eof] eGof= cl3 s/l0f
uGof{jf6 !)) ?k}of ljxf ifr{ e/fO ^ jif{ s}b ug'{= ljxf gx'b} cl3 cfkm'n] s/l0f ul/
d}n] s/l0f u¥ofsf] 5 elg hfx]/ uGof{nfO # jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf] 8jn\ lbof lng'
ef]/df eft iffGofnfO kltof u/fO lbg'=
#= pkfWof j|fé0fsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gofsf] b]lif e§ b]j efh' t]îf}Nof dlw:of b]l;
j|fé0f b;gfd hf]lu h+ud ;+Gofl; ;]j8f j}/flu u}î e]ifwfl/ # ln+ub]lifsf h}l; hft
u}în] ljxf gx'b} cl3 s/l0f u¥ofsf] /x]5= cl3 s/l0f uGof{n] hfx]/ klg u/]g5 s/l0f
hf]x/ ge} hft ldNbf s;}n] ljxf u/]5 ljxf e} ;lsof kl5 cl3sf] s/l0f hfx]/ eof]
eGof= cl3 s/l0f uGof{jf6 !)) ?k}of ljxf ifr{ e/fO ^ jif{ s}b ug'{= ljxf gx'b} cl3
cfkm'n] s/l0ful/ d}n] s/l0f u¥ofsf] 5 elg hfx]/ uGof{nfO # jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf]
8jn\ lbof lng'= ef]/df kGof{nfO kltof u/fO lbg'=
$= pkfWof j|fé0fsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gofsf] gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hft / hg} nfpGof
gnfpGof gdfl;Gof g]jf/ hftn] ljxf gx''Fb} cl3 s/l0f u¥ofsf] /x]5 cl3 s/l0f uGof{n]
hfx]/ klg u/]g5 s/l0f hfx]/ ge} hft ldNbf s;}n] ljxf u/]5 ljxf e} ;lsof kl5
cl3sf] s/l0f hfx]/ eof] eGof= cl3 s/l0f uGof{jf6 !)) ?k}of ljxfifr{ e/fO * jif{
s}b ug'{= ljxfgx'b} cl3 cfkm'n] s/l0f ul/ d}n] s/l0f u¥ofsf] 5 elg hfx]/ uGof{nfO $
jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf] 8jn\ lbof lng'= ef]/df kGof{nfO kltof u/fOlbg'=
%= pkfWof j|fé0f /hk"t h}l; tfufwfl/ hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gofsf] ljxf gx'b} cl3
dfl;Gof khf{ hftn] s/l0f u¥ofsf] /x]5= cl3 s/l0f uGof{n] hfx]/ klg u/]g5 s/l0f
hfx]/ ge} hft ldNbf s;}n] ljxf u/]5= ljxf e} ;lsof kl5 cl3sf] s/l0f hfx]/ eof]
eGof cl3 s/l0f uGof{nfO $ jif{ s}b ul/ dfl;lbg'= ljxf gx'b} cl3 cfkm'n] s/l0f
u¥ofsf] 5 elg hfx]/ uGof{nfO @ jif{ s}b ul/ dfl;lbg'= ef]/df eft iffGofnfO kltof
u/fOlbg'=
^= /hk"t h}l; tfufwfl/ hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gofsf] ljxf gx'b} cl3 pkfWof j|fé0fn]
s/l0f u¥ofsf] /x]5 cl3 s/l0f uGof{n] hfx]/ klg u/]g5= s/l0f hfx]/ ge} hft ldNbf=
s;}n] ljxf u/]5 ljxf e} ;lsof kl5 cl3sf] s/l0f hfx]/ eof] eGof= cl3 s/l0f
212
 uGof{jf6 !)) ?k}of ljxf ifr{ e/fO #) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of s}b ug'{= ljxf gx'b}
cl3 cfkm'n] s/l0f ul/= d}n] s/l0f u¥ofsf] 5 elg hfx]/ uGof{nfO iftjft nfUb}g=
ef]/df iffGofnfO kltof u/fO{ lbg'=
&= h}l; j|fé0fsf /hk"tn] /hk"tsf h]l;n] !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gofsf] ljxf gx'b} cl3
s/l0f u¥ofsf] /x]5 cl3 s/l0f uGof{n] hfx]/ klg u/]g 5 sl0f{ hfx]/ ge}hft ldNbf
s;}n] ljxf u/]5 ljxf e} ;lsof kl5 cl3sf] s/l0f hfx]/ eof] eGof cl3 s/l0f
uGof{jf6 !)) ?k}of ljxf ifr{ e/fO #) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ljxf gx'b} cl3 cfkm'n] s/l0f ul/
d}n] s/l0f u¥ofsf] 5 elg hfx]/ uGof{nfO @) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of s}b ug'{=
ef]/df kGof{nfO kltof u/fOlbg'=
*= h}l; j|fé0fsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gofsf] ljxf gx'b} cl3 h}l; hftn] s/l0f u¥ofsf]
/x]5 cl3 s/l0f uGof{n] hfx]/ klg u/]g5 s/l0f hfx]/ ge} hft ldNbf s;}n] ljxf u/]5
ljxf e} ;lsof kl5 cl3sf] s/l0f hfx]/ eof] eGof cl3 sl0f{ uGof{jf6 !)) ?k}of
ljxf ifr{ e/fO #) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of s}b ug'{= ljxf gx'b} cl3 cfkm'n] s/l0f
ul/ d}n] s/l0f u¥ofsf] 5 elg hfx]/ uGof{nfO iftjft nfUb}g= ef]/df kGof{ nfO kltof
u/fO lbg'=
(= /hk"tsf / h}l;sf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gofsf] ljxf gx'b} cl3 tfufwfl/ Ift[ hft u}în]
s/l0f u¥ofsf] /x]5= cl3 s/l0f uGof{n] hfx]/ klg u/]g5 s/l0f hfx]/ ge} hft ldNbf
s;}n] ljxf u/]5 ljxf e} ;lsGof kl5 cl3sf] s/l0f hfx]/ eof] egof s/l0f uGof{jf6
!)) ?k}of ljxf ifr{ e/fO $ jif{ s}b ug'{= ljxf gx'b} cl3 cfkm'n] s/l0f ul/ d}n] s/l0f
u¥ofsf] 5= elg hfx]/ uGof{nfO @ jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf] 8jn lbof lng'= ef]/df
kGof{nfO kltof u/fOlbg'=
!)= /hk"t h}l; j|fé0f tfufwfl/ hft u}îsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gofsf] ljxf gx'b} cl3
gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hft /= hg} nfpGof gnfpGof= gdfl;Gof g]jf/ hft u}în] s/l0f
u¥ofsf] /x]5 cl3 s/l0f uGof{n] hfx]/ klg u/]g5 s/l0f hfx]/ ge} hft ldNbf s;}n]
ljxf u/]5 ljxf e} ;lsof kl5 cl3sf] s/l0f hfx]/ eof] eGof s/l0f uGof{jf6 !))
?k}of ljxf ifr{ e/fO ^ jif{ s}b ug'{= ljxf gx'b} cl3 cfkm'n] sl0f{ ul/ d}n] s/l0f
u¥ofsf] 5 elg hfx]/ uGof{nfO # jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf] 8jn\ lbof lng' ef]/df kGof{nfO
kltof u/fOlbg'=
!!= tfufwfl/ hft u}îsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gofsf] ljxf gx'b} cl3 pkfWof h}l; /hk"t
hftn] s/l0f u¥ofsf] /x]5 cl3 s/l0f uGof{n] hfx]/ klg u/]g5= s/l0f hfx]/ ge} hft
ldNbf s;}n] ljxf u/]5= ljxf e} ;lsof kl5 cl3sf] s/l0f hfx]/ eof] eGof= cl3
s/l0f uGof{jf6 !)) ?k}of ljxf ifr{ e/fO #) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of s}b ug'{= ljxf
gx'b} cl3 cfkm'n] s/l0f ul/ d}n] s/l0f u¥ofsf] 5 elg hfx]/ uGof{nfO iftjft nfUb}g=
ef]/df kGof{nfO kltof u/fOlbg'=
!@= tfufwfl/ hft u}îsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gofsf] ljxf gx'b} cl3 tfufwfl/ hft u}în]
s/l0f u¥ofsf] /x]5 cl3 s/l0f uGof{n] hfx]/ klg u/]g5 s/l0f hfx]/ ge} hft ldNbf
s;}n] ljxf u/]5 ljxf e} ;lsof kl5 cl3sf] s/l0f hfx]/ eof] eGof cl3 s/l0f
uGof{jf6 !)) ?k}of ljxf ifr{ e/fO #) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of s}b ug'{ ljxf gx'b}
cl3 cfkm'n] s/l0f ul/ d}n] s/l0f u¥ofsf] 5 elg hfx]/ uGof{nfO iftjft nfUb}g=
ef]/df kGof{nfO kltof u/fOlbg'=
!#= gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hft u}îsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gofsf] ljxf gx'b} cl3 pkfWof j|fé0f
/hk"t h}l; tfufwfl/ hft u}în] s/l0f u¥ofsf] /x]5 cl3 s/l0f uGof{n] hfx]/ klg
u/]g5 s/l0f hfx]/ ge} hft ldNbf s;}n] ljxf u/]5 ljxf e} ;lsof kl5 cl3sf] s/l0f
hfx]/ eof] eGof cl3 s/l0f uGof{jf6 ^) ?k}of ljxf ifr{ e/fO @) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of
glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{ ljxf gx'Fb} cl3 cfkm'n] s/l0f u/L d}n] s/l0f u/]sf] 5
egL hfx]/ uGof{nfO iftjft nfUb}g=
!$= gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hft u}îsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf] s+Gofsf] ljxf gx'b} cl3 gdfl;Gof
dt'jfln / hg} nfpGof gnfpGof= gdfl;Gof g]jf/ hftn] s/l0f u¥ofsf] /x]5 cl3
s/l0f uGof{n] hfx]/ klg u/]g5 s/l0f hf]x/ ge} hft ldNbf s;}n] ljxf u/]5 ljxf e}
;lsof kl5 cl3sf] s/l0f hfx]/ eof] eGof= cl3 s/l0f uGof{jf6 ^) ?k}of ljxf ifr{

213
 e/fO ^) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ljxf gx'b} cl3 cfkm'n] s/l0f u¥ofsf] 5 elg hfx]/ uGof{nfO
iftjft nfUb}g=
!%= gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hft u}îsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gofsf] ljxf gx'b} cl3 dfl;Gof khf{
hft u}în] s/l0f u¥ofsf] /x]5 cl3 s/l0f uGof{n] hfx]/ klg u/]g5 s/l0f hfx]/ ge}
hft ldNbf s;}n] ljxf u/]5 ljxf e} ;lsof kl5 cl3sf] s/l0f hfx]/ eof] eGof s/l0f
uGof{nfO ! jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf] 8jn lbof ln 5fl8lbg'= ljxf gx'b} cl3 cfkm'n]
s/l0f ul/ d}n] s/l0f u¥ofsf] 5 elg hfx]/ uGof{nfO :jf:gL hftdf cfpGof /lx5
eGof ^) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= hftdf cfpGof /lxg5 eGof dfl;lbg'=
!^= dfl;Gof dt'jfln hft u}îsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gofsf] ljxf gx'b} cl3 pkfWof j|fé0f
/hk"t h}l; tfufwfl/ gdfl;gof dt'jfln hft u}în]s/l0f u¥ofsf] /x]5 cl3 s/l0f
uGof{n] hfx]/ klg u/]g5= s/l0f hfx]/ ge} hft ldNbf s;}n] ljxf u/]5= ljxf e} ;lsof
kl5 cl3sf] s/l0f hfx]/ eof] eGof= cl3 s/l0f uGof{jf6 @) ?k}of ljxf ifr{ e/fO !)
?k}of b+8 ug'{= ljxf gx'b} cl3 cfkm'n] s/l0f ul/ d}n] s/l0f u¥ofsf] 5 elg hfx]/
uGof{nfO iftjft nfUb}g=
!&= dfl;Gof dt'jfln hft u}îsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gofsf] ljxf gx'b} cl3 dfl;Gof kHof{
hft u}în] s/l0f u¥ofsf] /x]5 / = cl3 s/l0f uGof{n] hfx] klg u/]g5 s/l0f hfx]/ ge}
hft ldNbf s;}n] ljxf u/] 5 ljxf e} ;lsof kl5 cl3sf] s/l0f hfx]/ eof] eGof cl3
s/l0f uGof{jf6 @) ?k}of ljxf ifr{ e/fO !) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ljxfgx'b} cl3 cfkm'n] s/l0f
ul/ d}n] s/l0f u¥ofsf] 5 elg= hfx]/ u¥of] eGof= xfd|f eftdf kfl/lbof] elg s/fpg
cfof % ?k}of b+8 ug'{= s/fpg cfofgg\ eGof iftjft nfUb}g=
!*= kflg grnGofl56f] xfng' gkGo}{ gkGof{ hfTdf kflg rnGof hftsf Psf hftsf !! jif{
gf£ofsf s+Gofsf] ljxf gx'b} cl3 s;}n] s/l0f u¥ofsf] /x]5 yfxf kfO t]xL sGof csf{n]
dfuL ljxf u/]5 ljxf e} ;lsofkl5 cl3 sf] sl/0f hfx]/ eof] eGof cl3 s/l0f uGof{
jf6 !% ?k}of ljxf ifr{ e/fO !% ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ljxf gx'b} cl3 cfkm'n] s/l0f ul/ d}n]
s/l0f u¥ofsf] 5 elg hfx]/ uGof{nfO hft ldNbfdf /= 3l6 hftdf s/l0f uGof{nfO ift
nfUb}g cfkm'e+bf 7"nf hftsf s+Gofsf] s/l0f cfkm'e+bf 7'nf hftsf sGofsf] s/l0f ul/
eft kflgdf kf¥of !) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ log} hftdf pkNnf hftn] cfkm' eGbf sd\ kflg
grnGof hftsf s+Gofsf] s/l0f ul/ cfÇgf hftnfO eft kflgdf jf]/]5 eGof !) ?k}of
b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ul/ hftsf l/tn] z'4 x'+5=
!(= 5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gofsf] ljxfgx'b} cl3 5f]ofl56f] xfng'
gkGof{ kflg grnGof hftn] s/l0f u¥ofsf] /x]5 s/l0f eofsf] yfxf gkfO t]lx sGof
s;}n] dflu ljxf u/]5 ljxfe} ;lsof kl5 cl3sf] s/l0f hfx]/ eof] eGof cl3 s/l0f
uGof{sf] c+;;j{:jul/ p;} hftsf] ! cIf/ iff]lb p;} hftdf ldnfO lbg'= ljxf gx'b} cl3
cfkm'n] s/l0f ul/ d}n] s/l0f u¥ofsf] 5 elg s;}nfO kflgdfgkfl/ hfx]/ uGof{nfO
iftjft nfUb}g=
@)= 5f]O l56f] xfng' kGo}{ kGof{ hfTdf kflg rnGof Psf hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf] s+Gofsf]
ljxf gx'b} cl3 5f]O l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftn] s/0fL u¥ofsf] /x]5 cl3 s/l0f uGof{n]
hfx]/ klg u/]g5 s/l0f hfx]/ ge} hft ldNbf s;}n] ljxf u/]5= ljxfe} ;lsof kl5
cl3sf] s/l0f hfx]/ eof] eGof cl3 s/l0f uGof{jf6 !% ?k}of ljxf= ifr{ e/fO !% ?k}of
b+8 ug'{= cl3 hfx]/ u/]5 eGof hftldNbfdf / cfkm' e+bf 3l6 hfTdf s;}nfO kflgdf
gkfl/ s/l0f uGof{nfO iftnfUb}g= cfkm' e+bf 7'nf hftsf s+Gofsf] s/l0f ul/ eft
kflgdf kf¥of !) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= Og} hftsf pkNnfhftn] kflg grNGof c? sd\ hftsf
s+Gofsf] s/l0f ul/ cfÇgf hftnfO eft kflgdf kf/]5 eGof !) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of
glt¥of c}gjdf]lhd s}b ul/ p;}hftdf ldnfO lbg'=

cf;o s/l0f

214
!= /h:jnf geofls :jfl:g jfx]s pd]/ k'Uofsf ljjflxtf :jfl:g lbg/ft df 3/sf
dflnsdf Ps hgf ;+u gelg ljbf gdflu ;fy} gln Psn} u} /= cGoqsf 3/ /ft jl;
nf]UGofnfO ;+sf k¥of] eGof= ;f]w k'5 ubf{ s/l0fsf] kQfnfu]g eGof etfxf efO / dfOlt
a;L eft vfG5g eGof= eft rN5= vfb}gg\ eGof s/ nfUb}g= eft giffO /fifg'=
@= :jfl:g dfl;g s;}n] cfkm'nfO s/l0fsf cf;on] csf{n] xftkft u¥ofdf s/l0f jrfO
p;} jift s'/f] hfx]/ uGof{ :jfl:g hfteft jfx]s x'+g= hft}df /lx+5 kltof k|folZrt
s]lx kb}{g=
#= csf{ls k|lt j|tf s+Gof ljwjf :jfl:g dnfO kmsfO b] elg e+bf df]xlg ul/ lbGofnfO
^) ?k}of df]lxg ug{ nfpGofnfO !@) j]:of :jfl:gnfO df]xlg ug{ nfpGofnfO $) ul/
lbGofnfO @) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}gjdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=
$= c? s;}sf sdf/f sdfl/n] sf]lx j8f pd/fjsf 5f]l/ j'xfl/ :jfl:g kmsfO s/l0f
r'sfO lbofsf] /x]5 eGof !.. jif{ s}b ul/ h:sf sdf/f sdfl/ xf] p;} wlgnfO ;f}lklbg'
Dofbsf ?k}of rf}j/sf lx;fjn] lbof lng'= jfwf jw]Toflgn] /x]5 eGof wlgsf] y}ln
k/;fl/ cbfnt 7fgf cdfnaf6 dfl;lbg'=
%= d'8Gof / hf/ sfl6Gof hftsf ;wjf :jfl:gnfO of] ljjflxtf xf] j]:of xf] elg 9fl6
csf{ nf]UGof gf7f;+u n}lu s/l0f r'sfOlbGof nf]UGof :jfl:g hf] xf] t]:tf dfl;Gof
hftnfO dfl;lbg'= gdfl;Gof hftsf nf]UGofnfO ^ jif{ :jfl:g dflg;nfO # jif{ s}b ul/
5fl8lbg'= P:tfnfO Dofbsf ?k}of glng' 8jn\ lbof ln 5fl8lbg'=
^= pkfWof j|fé0f nufo]t tfufwfl/ hft s;}n] cfÇgf5f]/f kl§df & k':tf 5f]l/kl§df #
k':tf;Ddsf !! jif{ pef]sf :jfl:gdflg;nfO s/l0fsf cf;on] kmsfpGofnfO $)
?k}of d'ifn] klg kmsfpGof= xftdf klg ;dfpGofnfO *) ?k}of r'Djg :d]t\ uGof{nfO
!)) ?k}of b'b ;dfpGof nfO !%) ?k}of :jfl:gnfO nf]6fO uf]8f :d]t\ ;dfpGofnfO %))
?k}ofsf b/n] b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ul/ cf}j\nnfO % bf]od\nfO $
l;d\nfO # rfxf/nfO @ ?k}ofsf b/n] wdf{lwsf/nfO uf]bfg lbnfO kltof u/fO lbg'=
&= s;}n] kmnflg :jfl:gnfO kmsfOb] e+bf kmsfpg hfGofdf p:n] kmsfo]5 s/l0f x'g
kfofsf] /x]g5 eGof= tfufwfl/ hftsf s+Gof ;wjf ljwjf :jfl:g kmsfpg hfGof
nldnfO @) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
*= s;}n] kmnflg :jfl:g dnfO kmsfOb] e+bf kmsfpg hfGofdf p:n] kmsfo] 5 s/l0f x'g
kfofsf] /x]g5 eGof gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hftsf s+Gof ;wjf ljwjf :jfl:g kmsfpg
hfGof nldnfO !) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
(= s;}n] kmnflg :jfl:g dnfO kmsfOb] e+bf kmsfpg hfGofdf p:n] kmsfo] 5 s/l0f x'g
kfofsf] /x]g5 eGof dfl;Gof dt'jfln hftsf s+Gof ;wjf ljwjf :jfl:g kmsfpg
hfGof nldnfO % ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
!)= s;}n] kmnflg :jfl:g dnfO kmfOb] e+bf kmsfpg hfGofsf p;}n] kmsfo] 5 sl/0f x'g
kfofsf] /x]g5 eGof= 5f]O l56f] xfng' gkGof{ hftsf s+Gof ;wjf ljwjf :jfl:g
kmsfpg hfGof nldnfO @.. ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
!!= s;}n] kmnflg :jfl:g dnfO kmsfOb] e+bf kmsfpg hfGofdf p:n] kmsfo] 5 s/l0f
x'gkfofsf] /x]g5 eGof= 5f]O l56f] xfng' kGof{= hftsf s+Gof ;wjf ljwjf :jfl:g
kmsfpg hfGof nldnfO !.= ?k}of b+8 ug'{+
!@= tfufwfl/ hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof ;wjf ljwjf :jfl:gn] 3/sf hfxfg kl/of/
eofsf 7fpdf cfÇgf gftf uf]tfsf !@ jif{ gf£ofsf nf]UGof dflg;\sf skfnsf hf}/f
df¥ofdf hf}/f df/L lbg] / df/L dfUg] b'j} nfO if6jf6 nfUb}g=
!#= tfufwfl/ hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf ;wjf ljwjf s+Gof :jfl:g dfl:n] cfkm' ldNbf s'6'Dj
/= cfkm'e+bf 3l6 jl9 hftsf !@ jif{ gf£ofsf nf]UGof dflg;\ nfO xj;\ jf nf]UGof
dflg:n] :jfl:g dflg;\nfO xj;\ c? dflg;x¿ ePsf 7fpdf hf}/f df¥of eGof
s/l0fsf] ;+sf lg:Sof j'lem c}g jdf]lhd\ lg;fkm ug'{= s/l0fsf] ;+sf b]lifo]g= hf}/f
df¥ofsf] dfq} 7x¥of] eGof= hf}/f dfGof{ d/fpGof b'j}nfO @).@) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ hft hfb}g=
!$= gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hft u}î s;}n] cfÇgf 5f]/fkl§df & k':tf 5f]l/kl§ df # k':tf
;Ddsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf :jfl:g dflg;\nfO s/l0fsf cf;on] kmsfpGofnfO @) ?k}of
d'ifn] klg kmsfpGof xftdf klg ;dfpGofnfO $) ?k}of r'Djg :d]t\ uGof{nfO %) b'b
;dfpGofnfO &% ?k}of :jfl:gnfO nf]6fO uf]8f :d]t\ ;dfpGofnfO @%) ?k}ofsf b/n]
215
 b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ul/ cf}jn\nfO @.. bf]od\nfO @ l;d\nfO !..
rxf/nfO ! ?k}of wdf{lwsf/nfO uf]bfg lbnfO{ kltof u/fOlbg'=
!%= dfl;Gof dt'jfln hft u}î s;}n] cfÇgf 5f]/fkl§df % k':tf 5f]l/ kl§df # k':tf ;Ddsf
!! jif{ gf£ofsf :jfl:g dflg:nfO{ s/l0fsf cf;on] kmsfpGofnfO !) ?k}of d'ifn] klg
kmsfpGof xftdf klg ;dfpGofnfO @) ?k}of r'Djg :d]t\ uGof{nfO @% ?k}of b'b
;dfpGof nfO #&..= ?k}of :jfl:gnfO nf]6fO uf]8f :d]t\ ;dfpGofnfO !@% ?k}of bn]{ b+8
ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=
!^= kflg grnGof hft / l56f] xfng' kGof{ hft u}î s;}n] cfÇgf 5f]/f kl§df $ k':tfsf
5f]l/kl§df # k':tfsf ;Ddsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf :jfl:g dflg;nfO s/l0fsf cf;fon]
kmsfpGofnfO % ?k}of d'ifn] klg kmsfpGof xftdf klg ;dfpGofnfO !) ?k}of
r'Djg:d]t\ uGof{nfO !@.. ?k}of b'b ;dfpGofnfO !*...= ?k}of :jfl:gnfO nf]6fO uf]8f
:d]t\ ;dfpGofnfO ^@..= ?k}ofsf bn]{ b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
!&= csf{sf ;wjf ljwjf s+Gof s;}l;t ljU¥ofsf ljU¥ofsf] hfx]/ ge} ;B} 5g\ e+Gof
7x/fO csf{ nf]UGofnfO kmsfOlbof] /f]jsf/ ubf{= cl3jf6 c?l;t ljU¥ofls 7x¥of]
egof P:tf u'lKt j]:of kmsfO lbGofdf s/l0f r'Sofsf] /x]g5 eGof= tfufwfl/ hftsf
;wjf ljwjf s+Gof kmsfO lbGofnfO * ?k}of gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hftsf kmsfO
lbGofnfO $ dfl;Gof dt'jfln hftsf kmsfOlbGofnfO @ kflg grnGofdf 5f]of l56f]
xfng' gkGof{ hftsf kmsfOlbGofnfO ! 5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf kmsfOlbGofnfO
..= ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
!*= s;}n] kmnflg :jfl:g dnfO kmsfOb] e+bf tfufwfl/ hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof
;wjf ljwjf :jfl:g kmsfO tfufwfl/ hftl;t s/l0f r'sfO lbGofnfO $) ?k}of
gdfl;gof hftl;t s/l0f r'sfO lbGofnfO ^) dfl;Gof hftl;t s/l0f r'sfO lbGofnfO
*) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{= kflg grnGofdf 5f]of l56f]
xfng' gkGof{ hftl;t s/l0f r'sfO lbGof dfl;Gof hft eof @ jif{ s}b u/L dfl;lbg'
gdfl;Gof hft eof $ jif{ s}b ug'{ 5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{ hft l;t s/0fL r'sfO
lbGofdf dfl;Gof hft eof $ jif{ s}b ul/ dfl; lbg'= gdfl;Gof hft eof * jif{ s}b
ug'{= Dofbsf] 8jn\ lbof lng'=
!(= s;}n] kmnflg :jfl:g dnfO kmsfOb] e+bf dfl;Gof dt'jfln hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf
s+Gof ;wjf ljwjf :jfl:gnfO kmsfO tfufwfl/ hft gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hftl;t s/l0f
r'sfO lbGofnfO #) ?k}of dfl;Gof hftl;t s/l0f r'sfO lbGofnfO $) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{= kflg grnGof hftdf 5f]of l56f] xfng' gkGof{
hftl;t s/l0f r'sfO lbGofdf dfl;Gof hft eof ! jif{ s}b ul/ dfl; lbg'= gdfl;Gof
hft eof @ jif{ s}b ug'{ 5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftl;t s/l0f r'sfO lbGofdf= dfl;Gof
hft eof @ jif{ s}b ul/ dfl;lbg'= gdfl;Gof hft eof $ jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf] 8jn\
lbof ln 5fl8lbg'=
@)= s;}n] kmnflg :jfl:g dnfO kmsfOb] e+bf dfl;Gof dt'jfln hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf
s+Gof ;wjf ljwjf :jfl:gnfO kmsfO tfufwfl/ hft g dfl;Gof dt'jfln hft dfl;Gof
dt'jfln hftl;t s/l0f r'sfO lbGof nfO !) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\
s}b ug'{= kflg grnGofdf 5f]of l56f] xfng' gkGof{ hftl;t s/l0f r'sfO{lbGofdf
dfl;Gof hft eof ^ d}Gxf s}b ul/ dfl;lbg'= gdfl;Gof hft eof ! jif{ s}b ug'{ l56f]
xfng' kGof{ hftl;t s/l0f r'sfO lbGofdf dfl;Gof hft eof ! jif{ s}b ul/ dfl;lbg'=
gdfl;Gof hft eof @ jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf 8jn\ lbof lng'=
@!= s;}n] kmnflg :jfl:g dnfO kmsfOb] e+bf kflg grnGofdf 5f]of l56f] xfng' gkGof{=
hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf ;wjf ljwjf s+GofnfO kmsfO tfufwfl/ hftl;t s/l0f r'sfO
lbGofnfO %) gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hftl;t s/l0f r'sfO lbGofnfO @% ?k}of dfl;Gof
dt'jfln hftl;t s/l0f r'sfO lbGofnfO !@..= kflg grnGofdf 5f]O l56f] xfng' gkGo}{
hftl;t s/l0f r'sfO lbGofnfO @..= 5f]O l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftl;t s/l0f r'sfO
lbGofnfO !) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=
@@= bdfO ufOGof jflbn] kmnflg :jfl:g dnfO kmsfOb] e+bf sfld ;fls{ s8f/fsf !! jif{
gf£ofsf s+Gof ;wjf ljwjf :jfl:g kmsfO s/l0f r'sfO lbo]5 eGof % ?k}of b+8 ug'{=

216
@#= s;}n] kmnflg :jfl:g dnfO kmsfOb] e+bf 5f]O l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf
;wjf ljwjf s+Gof kmsfO tfufwfl/ hftl;t s/l0f r'sfO lbGofnfO *) gdfl;Gof
dt'jfln hftl;t s/l0f r'sfO lbGofnfO ^) dfl;Gof dt'jfln hftl;t s/l0f
r'sfOlbGofnfO $) kflg grnGofdf 5f]O l56f] xfng' gkGof{ hftl;t s/l0f r'sfO
lbGofnfO !) 5f]O l56f] xfng' kg]{ hft l;t s/l0f r'sfO lbGof nfO !..= ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=
@$= rf/j0f{ 5lt;} hft u}î s;}n] ;wjf ljwjf s+Gof kmsfO s/l0f r'sfO lb cfkm'n] kflg
rnGof;Ddsf hftl;t s/l0f r'sfO lbofsf nf]UGof :jfl:gsf xftsf] eft kflg
grnGof l56f] xfng" kGof{ hftl;t s/l0f r'sfO lbofsf nf]UGof :jfl:gsf xftsf] eft
kflg iffofsf] /x]g5 eGof= s/l0f r'sfO lbGofnfO c}g jdf]lhd\sf] b+8 s}b dfq x'+5=
hft hfb}g= s/l0f uGof{ u/fpGof= nf]UGof :jfl:gsf xftsf] cfkm'n] eft kflg iffo]5
eGof kflg rnGof hftl;t s/l0f r'sfO lb p:sf xftsf] eft iffGofnfO c}g jdf]lhd\
b+8 s}b ul/ p;} hftdf ldnfO 5fl8lbg'= kflg grnGof /= l56f] xfng'= kGof{ hftl;t
s/l0f r'sfO lb p:sf xftsf] eft kflg iffGofnfO c}g jdf]lhd\ b+8 s}b ul/ p;} hftsf]
! cIf/ jf`f ufnfdf iff]lb p;} hftdf ldnfO 5fl8lbg'= lju|Gof nf]UGof :jfl:gsf
xftsf] eft kflg iffO c?nfO :d]t\ jf]/]5 eGof= c}g jdf]lhd\sf] c+; :d]t\ ;j{:j ul/
;f]xL jdf]lhd\ ;hfo ul/ 5fl8lbg'=
@%= cfkm'n] rfs/L u¥ofsf tfufwfl/ hftsf dflnssf !! jif{ gf£ofsf :jfl:g 5f]l/ j'xfl/
kmsfO tfufwfl/ hftl;t s/l0fr'sfO lbGofnfO !..= jif{ gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hftl;t
s/l0f r'sfO lbGofnfO @ jif{ s}b ug'{= dfl;Gof dt'jfln hftl;t s/l0f r'sfO
lbGofnfO !..= jif{ s}b ul/ dfl;lbg'= Dofbsf] 8jn\ lbof ln 5fl8lbg'=
@^= cfkm'n] rfsl/ u¥ofsf gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hftsf dflnssf !! jif{ gf£ofsf :jfl:g
5f]l/ j'xfl/ kmsfO tfufwfl/ hft gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hftl;t s/l0f r'sfO lbGofnfO (
d}Gxf s}b ug'{= dfl;Gof dt'jfln hftl;t s/l0f r'sfO lbGofnfO ! jif{ s}b ul/
dfl;lbg'= Dofbsf] 8jn lbof ln 5fl8lbg'=
@&= cfkm'n] rfsl/ u¥ofsf dfl;Gof dt'jfln hftsf dflnssf !! jif{ gf£ofsf :jfl:g
5f]l/ j'xfl/ kmsfO tfufwfl/ hft gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hft dfl;Gof dt'jfln hftl;t
s/l0f r'sfO lbGofnfO $.. d}Gxf s}b ug'{= Dofbsf] 8jn\ lbof lng'=
@*= csf{sf ;wjf ljwjf s+GofnfO xft kft gu¥ofsf s'/fdf d}n] kmnflg :jfl:gnfO
s/l0fsf cf;on] xft kft u¥of+ elg d'ifn] eGof] /f]jsf/ ubf{ xft kft u¥ofsf 7x/]g
eGof cfkm'e+bf 3l6 jl9 cfkm' ldNbf hftdf s/l0fsf cf;on] xft kft uGof{nfO
n]iofsf c}g jdflhd\ b+8 ;hfo ug'{=
@(= s/l0f eof ift nfUGof nf]UGof :jfl:gdf !! jif{b]lif pef]sf s;}n] j]/fld ge} cfÇgf
if'l;n]= c? dflg;\ eofsf 7fpdf cfÇgf cfudf t]n u}î nfpg nfo]5= jf nfOlbo]5 /=
s/l0fsf] cf;o 7x/]g eGof nf]UGof nfO @) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= :jfl:gnfO b+8 kb}{g= !! jif{
pef]sfnfO j]/fld eofdf 3/df c?sf] sf]xL gx'bf Onfh lgldQ / !! jif{ d'lgsf
jfnifx¿nfO t]n u}î 3l;lbofsf] 3;\g nufofsfdf iftjft nfUb}g s/l0fsf] cf;o
g7xgf{n] kltof kb}{g= b+8sf ?k}of glt¥of d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf b/n] s}b ug'{=

s/l0fsf cf;on] xft kft uGof{sf]

!= iff/]h= -cfÇgf cfÇgf ;d hftdf s;}n] s;}sf ljwjf ;wjf s+Gofsf] s/l0fsf]
cf;on] xft kft u¥of] / sf]lx s/fpg cfof eGof tfufwfl/ hftn] tfufwfl/ hftsf
:jfl:gnfO xft kft u¥ofsf]eof %) ?k}of dt'jfln gdfl;Gof hftn] dt'jfln gdfl;Go}
hftsfnfO xft kft u¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof= #) ?k}of ld;fift\ kGof{ g]jf/ hftn] ld;fift\
kGof{ g]jf/} hftsfnfO xft kft u¥ofsf] eof @) ?k}of dfl;Gof hftsfn] dfl;Go} hft
217
 u}înfO xft kft u¥ofsf] eof !% ?k}of s;flx s';Gof 8f]d\ s'n' u}î kflg grnGof
5f]of l56f] klg xfng' gkGof{ hftn] cfkm' ldNbf hftdf xft kft u¥ofsf] eof !) ?k}of
kf]9\of Roféf ifns\x¿n] cfkm' ldNbfdf xft kft u¥ofsf] eof % ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of
glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=
@= iff/]h= -cfkm' e+bf tNnf pkNnf hftdf tfufwfl/ u}î hftsf ;wjf ljwjf s+Gofsf]
s/l0fsf cf;o]n] hft ldNbfdf s;}n] xft kft u¥of] s/l0f ug{ kfo]g t]:t}df :jfl:g
s/fpg cfO eGof= xft kft uGof{nfO %) ?k}of b+8 ug'{+ cfkm' eGbf 7'nf hftsf
:jf:gLnfO xft kft uGof{{nfO *) ?k}of b08 ug'{ tfufwfl/ hftn] dt'jfln gdfl;Gof
hftsf nfO xft kft u¥of] eGof #) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= dt'jfln gdfl;Gof hftn] dfl;Gof
khf{ hftsf= :jfl:gnfO xft kft u¥of] eGof !% ?k}of= b+8 ug'{= kflg rnGofn] kflg
grnGof hft u}îsf :jfl:gnfO xftkft u¥of] eGof *) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= kflg grnGof
hft / 5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{ hft u}în] kflg rnGof hft u}îsf :jfl:gnfO s/l0fsf
cf;on] xft kft u¥of] eGof *) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}oflt/]gg\ eGof c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b
ug'{= kltof ug'{ kb}{g=_
#= rfs rs'O kGof{ jfx]s\ hf/ xf+Gof hftsf :jfl:g dflgZn] cfÇgf nf]UGof jfx]s\ c?
s;}nfO b'b d8fO{ bjfofsf] p:sf nf]UGofn] yfxf kfof] cyjf b]iof] eGof /= cbfnt
7fgf cdfndf s/fpg cfof] eGof= Tof] csf{sf :jfl:gsf] b'b df8Gof gf7fsf] c}g
jdf]lhd\= sf] c+; ;j{:j ul/= p:sf] b;f}b srxl/jf6 ln pk/ ;j} ;fw'nfO ;f}lkbg'=
csf{nfO b'b d8fpGof :jfl:g hft kltt x'+5]=
$= j|fé0f nufo]t\ tfufwfl/ hft u}îsf :jfl:gx¿n] cfkm'e+bf pkNnf hftl;t xj;\ cfkm'
ldNbf hftl;t xj;\= kflg rnGof hft;Ddsf nf]UGofl;t s/l0fsf cf;on] csf{nfO
r'Djg uGof{ cufnf] xfnGof b'b d8fpGof if'l;/flhn] k}tfnfb]lif l;/;Dddf ;dfpGof
wf]lt k6'sf sDj/ ;dfpGof= csf{n] kmsfpbf cfÇgf d'ifn] s/l0f lb+5' e+Gof= s/l0f df
eGof gr'Sofsf :jfl:g dflg;x¿nfO Plt s'/fdf of}6f s'/f] dfq u¥ofsf] eof klg t]:tf
:jfl:gsf xftsf] eft rNb}g c+; klg kfpb}gg\ c}gn] hf/ xf+g x'Gof;+dsf :jfl:gnfO
nf]UGofn] iffg nfpg glb lgsfln lbof] eGof / lt :jfl:g csf{ s;}l;t ljU¥of eGof=
hf/ sf6g kfpb}g hf/ sf6Øf Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg x'+5= s/l0f uGof{nfO ift nfUb}g
nf]UGofn] iffg nfpg lb /fiofsf] /x]5 /= lt :jfl:g csf{l;t kf]On uof eGof c}g
jdf]lhd\ d'8g hf/ sf6g= ljxf ifr{ ln 6fFud'lg l5/fO 5f8g'= s]lx gul/ t];} 5f]8gfsf]
;fw'sf if'l;= s/l0fdf gr'Sofsf kltt dfq eofsf nf]UGofn] iffg nfpg lb lsgf/f ul/
/fiofsf :jfl:gsf] cfÇg} nf]UGofn] s/l0f ul/ t];}sf ljo{n] hGDofsf ;+tfgn] hg}
kfp5g\= cfk'm ldNbf cfkm' e+bf pkNnf hftl;t s/l0fsf] cf;o uGof{ :jfl:gjf6
hGDofsf ;+tfgnfO eft rnGof ljwjf NofOtfsf ;+tfgsf ;/xsf] c+; lbg'= cfkm'e+bf
sd\ tfufwfl/ hftsf nf]UGofl;t s/l0fsf] cf;o uGof{ :jfl:gsf ;+tfgnfO ;os/f
!@) dt'jfln hftsf nf]UGofl;t cf;o uGof{sf ;+tfgnfO ;os/f %% sf b/n] c+;
lbg'= eft rnGof ;+Ddsf :jfl:gjf6 hGDofsf ;+tfgnfO ;Bn] kfofsf h+dfsf ;os/f
!) eft grnGof s+Gof ljwjf hfl/ul/ Nofofsf :jfl:gsf ;+tfgnfO ;Bn] kfofsf
h+dfsf ;os/f % j]:of / jw]Toflg sdfl/ u}î :jfl:gsf ;+tfgnfO ;Bn] kfofsf
h+dfsf ;os/f @.. sf b/n] c+; kfp5 lbnfO{ lbg'=
%= gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof ljwjf ;wjf :jfl:gn] cfkm'e+bf
pkNnf hftsfnfO xj;\ cfkm' ldNbf hftnfO xj;\= cfkm' e+bf 3l6 hftnfO xj;\
s/l0fsf cf;on] csf{ s;}nfO cufnf] xfng hfGof= rF'Djg uGof{ b'b d8fpGof
if'l;/flhn] k}tfnfb]lif l;/;Dddf= cfÇg' cfFu ;dfpg lbGof= csf{sf] wf]lt k6'sf sDj/
;dfpGof= s/l0fdf eGof gr'Sofsfsf :jfl:gn]= n]lifofsf Plt s'/f u}îdf of}6f s'/f]
dfq} u¥ofsf] eof klg cgfrf/ u¥of jfjt\= P:tf :jfl:gnfO !) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= t]:tf
:jfl:gsf xftsf] bfn eft iffg' giffg'= etfxfsf] if'l;= P:tf :jfl:g cfkm'n] /flif
hGDofsf ;+tfg jfj's} hftdf /x+5g\= etfxfn] eft iffofsf] /x]5 eGof= c+; klg j/f]j/
kfp5g\= eft iffofsf] /x]g5 eGof= # if+8df ;Bn] @ efu kfof P:tfnfO ! efu c+;
kfp5= iffg nfpg lb /fiofsf P:tf :jfl:g csf{l;t kf]On uof eGof= hf/ xf+Gof hftsf]
c}g jdf]lhd\ ;fw'sf] if'l; hf/ gxfGof ljxf ifr{ lnGof hftnfO c}g jdf]lhd ljxf ifr{

218
 e/fO= lju} jdf]lhd\ b+8 ug'{= iffg nfpg glb lgsfNofsf :jfl:gsf] hf/ sf6\Gofsf]
Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg x'+5= ljxf ifr{ klg kfpb}g= ljuf jdf]lhd b+8 klg x'b}g=
^= dfl;Gof dt'jfln hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof ;wjf ljwjf= :jfl:gn] cfkm' e+bf
pkNnf hftsfnfO xj;\ cfkm' ldNbf hftsfnfO xj;\ cfkm' e+bf 3l6 kflg rnGof
hftnfO xj;\= s/l0fsf cf;on] csf{ s;}nfO cufnf] xfng hfGof r'Djg uGof{ b'b
d8fpGof if'l; /flhn] k}tfnfb]lif l;/Dddf ;dfpg lbGof csf{sf] wf]lt k6'sf s+j/
;dfpGof s/l0fdf eGof gr'Sofsf :jfl:gn]= n]lifofsf Plt s'/f u}îdf of}6f s'/f] dfq
u¥ofsf] eof klg t]:tf :jfl:gsf] hft hfb}g= cfÇgf hft}df /x+5]= cgfrf/ u¥of jfjt\=
% ?k}of b+8 ug'{= P:tf :jfl:g cfkm}n] /flif ;+tfg hGDof ;Bsf ;/xsf] j/f]j/ c+;
kfp5g\= csf{ s;}l;t kf]On uof eGof hf/ xf+Gof hftn] hf/ xf+g'= ljxf ifr{ lnGof
hftn] ljxf ifr{ lngkfp5= ljxf ifr{ @) ?k}of e/fO lju} jdf]lhd\= b+8 ug'{= P:tf
:jfl:g /fiftLg egL iffg nfpg glb nf]UGofn] lgsfNofsf :jfl:g csf{l;t kf]On uof
eGof= hf/ xf+g klg kfpb}gg\= Hofg sf6Øf= Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg x'+5= ljxf ifr{ lng klg
kfpb}g= ljuf jdf]lhd\ b+8 klg x'b}g=
&= kflg grnGof / 5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof ;wjf ljwjf
:jfl:gn] cfkm' e+bf pkNnf hftsfnfO{ xj;\= cfkm' ldNbf hftnfO xj;\ cfkm' e+bf 3l6
hftnfO xj;\= s/l0fsf cf;on] csf{ s;}nfO= cufnf] xfng hfGof r'Fjg uGof{ b'b
d8fpGof if';L /flhn] k}tfnfb]lif l;/;Dddf ;dfpg lbGof csf{sf] wf]lt k6'sf sDj/
;dfpGof= s/l0fdf eGof gr'Sofsf :jfl:gn]= n]lifofsf Plt s'/f u}îdf of}6f s'/f] dfq
u¥ofsf] eof klg t]:tf :jfl:gn] cfkm' e+bf pkNnf lji6 hftnfO u¥ofsf] eof @..
?k}of b+8 ug'{+ cfkm' e+bf 3l6 cfkm'n] kflg giffGof hftnfO u¥ofsf] eof % ?k}of b+8
ug'{= eft iffgf giffgfsf] etfxfsf] if'l; P:tf :jfl:g cfkm}n] /flif hGDofsf ;+tfgnfO
;Bsf ;/xsf] j/f]j/ c+; kfp5= csf{ s;}l;t kf]On uof eGof= ljxf ifr{ lnGof
hftnfO c}g jdf]lhd\ ljxf ifr{ e/fO lju} jdf]lhd\ b+8 ug'{ hf/ xf+Gof hftnfO ;fw'sf]
if'l; d'if kltt eofsf] :jfl:g /fiftLg egL ifft nfpg glb lgsfNofsf] :jfl:g
csf{l;t kf]On uof eGof hf/ sf6\g kfpb}g= sf6Øf Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg x'+5= ljxf ifr{
klg kfpb}g= ljuf jdf]lhd b+8 klg x'b}g=
*= j|fé0f nufo]t\ tfufwfl/ hft / gdfl;Gof dfl;Gof u}î kflg rnGof hftsf
:jfl:gx¿n] kflg grnGof /= 5f]O l56f] xfng' kGof{= hftsf] nf]UGofx¿nfO sl0f{sf
cf;on] r'Djg uGof{= cufnf] xfnGof= b'b d8fpGof if'l;/flhn] k}tfnfb]lif l;/;+ddf
;dfpg lbGof= s+j/ k6'sf wf]lt ;dfOlbGof s/l0fdf eGof g r'Sofsf :jfl:gx¿n] Plt
s'/fdfof}6f s'/f dfq} u¥ofsf] eof klg plx hft x'+5= eft kflg rNb}g= iffg nfpg glb
nf]UGofn] lgsfln lbof] /= kl5 s;}l;t= kf]On u} eGof= hf/ sf6\g ljxf ifr{ lng
kfpb}g= iffg nfpg lb lsgf/f ul/ /fiofls Pl:t :jfl:g csf{l;t kf]On u} eGof= hf/
sf6\Gof hftn] hf/ sf6g ljxf ifr{ lng kfp5= P:tf kltt e} kflg grnGof hft
eofsf :jfl:gnfO ljjflxtf nf]UGofn] klg s/l0f gug'{= :jfl:g kltt e} tfklg :jfl:g
5f8\lbg elg s/l0f u¥of] eGof nf]UGof klg plx hft x'+5= c? s;}n] hflg hflg s/l0f
u¥of] eGof klg P:tf :jfl:gsf] s/l0f uGof{ dflg;\ hft kfpb}g= p;} :jfl:gsf] hft
x'+5= jf`f ufnfdf p;} hftsf] ! cIf/ iff]lb 5f]l8lbg'=
j|fé0f nufo]t\ tfufwfl/ hft u}în] csf{sf ;wjf
ljwjf s+Gofsf] s/l0f u¥of jfx]s jl0f{sf cf;on] xft kft
u}î u¥ofdf b+8 uGof{ c}g\=
(= j|fé0f nufo]t\ tfuwfl/ hft u}în] hft ldNbfsf ;wjf ljwjf s+Gofsf] s/l0f u¥ofsf]
/ ;+u 3'/ ifflk ;'Tofsf] /x]g5 s/l0fsf cf;on] b'b df8\ofsf] jf xft kft u}î dfq
u¥ofsf] 7x¥of] eGof %) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= gdfFl;Gof dt'jfln hftsf :jfl:gnfO xft kft
u}î dfq u¥ofsf] 7x¥of] eGof #) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= dfl;Gof kflg rnGof hftsf
:jfl:gnfO xft kft u¥ofsf] 7x¥of] eGof !% ?k}of b+8 ug'{= kflg grnGof / 5f]O l56f]
xfng' kGof{ hftsf :jfl:gnfO xft kft u¥ofsf] 7x¥of] eGof *) ?k}of b+8 ug'{+ ?k}of
ltg{ ;s]g eGof= c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{= s/l0f g7xgf{n] nf]UGof :jfl:g b'j} hgfnfO
kltof kb}{g=
gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hft u}în] csf{sf ;wjf ljwjf s+Gofsf]
219
 s/l0f u¥of jfx]s s/l0fsf cf;on] xft kft u}î u¥ofdf
uGof{ c}g=
!)= gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hft u}în] j|fé0f nufo]t\ tfufwfl/ hft u}îsf ;wjf ljwjf
s+Gofsf] s/lg u¥ofsf] ;+u 3'/ ifflk ;'Tofsf] /x]g5 s/l0fsf cf;on] xft kft u}î dfq
u¥ofsf] 7x¥of] eGof *) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= gdfl;GofGo} dt'jfln hftsf :jfl:gnfO xft
kft u}î dfq u¥ofsf] 7x¥of] eGof #) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= dfl;Gof hftsf :jfl:gnfO xft
kft u}î dfq u¥ofsf] 7x¥of] eGof !% ?k}of b+8 ug'{= kflg grnGof hft / 5f]O l56f]
xfng' kGof{ hftsf :jfl:gnfO xft kft u}î dfq u¥ofsf] 7x¥of] eGof *) ?k}of b+8
ug'{= ?k}of ltg{ ;s]g eGof c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{= sl0f{ g7xgf{n] nf]UGof :jfl:g b'j}nfO
kltof kb}{g=
dfl;Gof dt'jfln hft u}în] csf{sf ;wjf ljwjf s+Gofsf]
s/l0f u¥of jfx]s s/l0fsf cf;on] xft kft u}î u¥ofdf
b+8 uGof{ c}g=

!!= dfl;Gof dt'jfln hft u}în] j|fé0f nufot\ tfufwfl/ hft u}îsf ;wjf ljwjf s+Gofsf]
s/l0f u¥ofsf] / ;+u w'/ ifflk ;'Tofsf] /x]g5 s/l0fsf cf;on] xft kft u}î dfq
u¥ofsf] 7x¥of] eGof *) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= gdfl;Go} dt'jfln hft u}îsf :jfl:gnfO
xftkft u}î dfq u¥ofsf] 7x¥of] eGof !% ?k}of b+8 ug'{+= gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hftsf
:jfl:gnfO xft kft u}î dfq u¥ofsf] 7x¥of] eGof #) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= kflg grnGof hft
/ 5f]O l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf :jfl:gnfO xft kft u}î dfq u¥ofsf] 7x¥of eGof *)
?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of ltg{ ;s]g eGof c}g jdf]lhd\= s}b ug'{ s/l0f g7xgf{n] kltof
kb}{g=
kflg grnGof / l56f] xfng' kGof{ hft u}în] csf{sf ;wjf
ljwjf s+Gofsf] s/l0f u¥of jfx]s s/l0fsf cf;on] xft
kft u}î u¥ofdf b+8 uGof{ c}g
!@= kflg grnGof / 5f]O l56f] xfng' kGof{ hft u}în] j|fé0f nufo]t\ tfufwfl/ hft /
gdfl;Gof dfl;Gof dt'jfln u}î kflg rnGof hftsf ;wjf ljwjf s+Gofsf] s/l0f
u¥ofsf] / ;+u w'/ ifflk ;'Tofsf] /x]g5 s/l0fsf cf;on] xft kft u}î dfq u¥ofsf]
7x¥of] eGof !)) ?k}of b+8 ug'{+ s/l0f g7xgf{n] :jfl:gnfO kltof kb}{g= kflg grnGof
hftn] kflg grnGo} hftsf :jfl:gnfO xft kft u}î dfq u¥ofsf] 7x¥of] eGof !) ?k}of
b+8 ug'{= 5f]O l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftn] 5f]O l56f] xfng' kGo}{ hftsf :jfl:gnfO xft kft
u}î dfq u¥ofsf] 7x¥of] eGof % ?k}of b+8 ug'{= kflg grnGof hftn] 5f]of l56f] xfng'
kGof{ hftsf :jfl:gnfO xft kft dfq u¥ofsf] 7x¥of] eGof !% ?k}of b+8 ug'{= 5f]O l56f]
xfng' kGof{ hftn] kflg grnGof hftsf :jfl:gnfO xft kft dfq u¥ofsf] 7x¥of] egof
#) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=

d]l/ :jfl:g xf] d}n] s/l0f u¥ofF e+Gofsf]

!= csf{sf c}gn] hf/ xf+g x'Gof ;+dsf ;wjf ljwjf s+GofnfO s/l0f gul/ d}n] s/l0f
u¥ofsf] 5 eGof] jf d]l/ :jfl:g xf] eGof] /f]jsf/ ubf{= s/l0f 7x/]g egof= tfufwfl/
hftn] tfufwfl/ hftsf :jfl:gnfO eGofsf] /x]5 eGof @ jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf ?k]of
lbof lng'= gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hftsf :jfl:gnfO eGofsf] /x]5 eGof %) ?k}of dfl;Gof
hftsf :jfl:gnfO eGofsf] /x]5 eGof !) ?k}of kflg grnGof l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftf
:jfl:gnfO eGofsf] /x]5 eGof %) ?k}of l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf :jf:gLnfO eGofsf]
/x]5 eGof ^) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{= :jfl:g hft}df /x+5g\=
kltof kb}{g=
@= tfufwfl/ hftsf c}gn] hf/ xf+g gx'Gof 3/ NofO /fiofsf j]:of s]l6 :jfl:gnfO s/l0f
gul/ d}n] s/l0f u¥ofsf] 5 eGof] jf d]l/ :jfl:g xf] eGof] /f]jsf/ ubf{ s/l0f 7x/]g
egof= tfufwfl/ hftn] eGofsf] eof @) ?k}of gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hftn] eGofsf] eof
220
 @% ?k}of dfl;Gof hftn] eGofsf] eof #) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\=
s}b ug'{= kflg grnGof l56f] xfng' gkGof{ hftn] eGofsf] /x]5 eGof ! jif{ l56f] xfng'
kGof{ hftn] eGofsf] eof !.. jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf] ?k}of lt¥of ln 5f8g'= :jfl:g
hft}df /x+5+g\ kltof kb}{g=
#= csf{sf c}gn] hf/ xf+g x'Gof ;+Ddsf ;wjf ljwjf s+GofnfO s/l0f gul/ d}n] s/l0f
u¥ofsf] 5 eGof] jf d]l/ :jfl:g xf] egof] /f]jsf/ ubf{= s/l0f 7x/]g eGof gdfl;Gof
dtjfln hftn] tfufwfl/ hftsf :jfl:g nfO eGofsf] /x]5 eGof # jif{ s}b ug'{=
gdfl;Gof hftsf :jfl:gnfO eGofsf] /x]5 eGof ! jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf ?k}of lt¥of
lng'= dfl;Gof hftsf :jfl:gnfO eGofsf] /x]5 eGof !) ?k}of kflg grnGof l56f]
xfng' gkGof{ hftsf :jfl:gnfO eGofsf] /x]5 eGof $) ?k}of l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf
:jfl:gnfO eGofsf] /x]5 eGof %) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{
:jfl:g hft}df /x+5g\= kltof kb}{g=
$= gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hftsf c}gn] hf/ xf+g gx'Gof 3/df NofO /fiofsf eft giffofsf
j]:of :jflLgnfO cfkm'n] s/l0f gul/ d}n] s/l0f u¥ofsf] 5 eGof] jf= d]l/ :jfl:g xf]
eGof] /f]jsf/ ubf{ s/l0f 7x/]g egof= tfufwfl/ hft /= gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hftsfnfO
!) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= dfl;Gof dt'jfln hftsf nfO !% ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g
jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{ l56f] xfng' gkGof{ kflg grnGof hftnfO ! jif{ l56f] xfng' kGof{
hftnfO !..= jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf ?k}of lt¥of ln 5f8g'= :jfl:g hft}df /x+5g\= kltof
kb}{g=
%= csf{sf c}gn] hf/ xf+g x'Gof ;Ddsf ;wjf ljwjf s+GofnfO s/l0f gul/ d}n] s/l0f
u¥ofsf] 5 eGof] jf= d]l/ :jfl:g xf] egof] /f]jsf/ ubf{= s/l0f 7x/]g eGof dfl;Gof
dt'jfln hftn] tfufwfl/ hftsf :jfl:g nfO eGofsf] /x]5 eGof # jif{ s}b ug'{=
gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hftsf :jfl:gnfO eGofsf] /x]5 eGof !..= jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf
?k}of lbof lng' dfl;Gof dt'jfln hftsf :jfl:gnfO eGofsf] /x]5 eGof * ?k}of kflg
grnGof l56f] xfng' gkGof{ hftsf :jfl:gnfO eGofsf] /x]5 eGof !^ ?k}of l56f] xfng'
kGof{ hftsf :jfl:gnfO eGofsf] /x]5 eGof @$ ?k}of b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of c}g
jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{= :jfl:g hft}df /x+5g\ kltof kb}{g=
^= dfl;Gof dt'jfln hftsf c}gn] hf/ xf+g gx'Gof=3/df NofO /fiofsf j]:of :jfl:gnfO
cfkm'n] s/l0f gul/ d}n] s/l0f u¥ofsf] 5 eGof] jf= d]l/ :jfl:g xf] eGof] /f]jsf/ ubf{
s/l0f 7x/]g eGof tfufwfl/ hft / gdfl;Gof= dfl;Gof= dt'jfln hftnfO % ?k}of b+8
ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{= l56f] xfng' gkGof{ kflg grnGof hftnfO !
jif{ l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftnfO !.. jif{ s}b ug'{ Dofb ?k}of lbof ln 5f8g'= :jfl:g hft}df
/x+5g\ kltof kb}{g=
&= s;}n] g/fiofsf kflg rnGof hftsf j]:of kft/= s]l6 sdfl/nfO cfkm'n] s/l0f gul/
d}n] s/l0f u¥ofsf] 5 eGof] jf= d]l/ :jfl:g xf] eGof] elg :jfl:g s/fpg cfO /=
/f]jsf/ ubf{ s/l0f 7x/]g eGof= tfufwfl/ gdfl;Gof dfl;Gof dtt'jfln hftnfO %
?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{= l56f] xfng' gkGof{ kflg grnGof
hftnfO ! jif{ l56f] xfng' kGof{nfO !..= jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf ?k}of lbof ln 5f8g'=
*= csf{sf c}gn] hf/ xf+g x'Gof ;Ddsf ;wjf ljwjf s+GofnfO s/l0f gul/ d}n] s/l0f
u¥ofsf] 5 eGof] jf= d]l/ :jfl:g xf] eGof] /f]jsf/ ubf{ s/l0f 7x/]g egof kflg grnGof
l56f] xfng' gkGof{ hftn] tfufwfl/ hftsf :jfl:gnfO eGofsf] /x]5 eGof $ jif{=
gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hftsf :jfl:gnfO eGofsf] /x]5 eGof # jif{ dfl;Gof dt'jfln
hftsf :jfl:gnfO eGofsf] /x]5 eGof @ jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf ?k}of lboflng'= kflg
grnGof l56f] xfng'= gkGo]{ hftsf :jfl:gnfO eGofsf] /x]5 eGof= $ ?k}of= l56f]
xfng' kGof{ hftsf :jfl:gnfO eGofsf] /x]5 eGof !@ ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g
jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{= :jfl:g hft}df /x+5g\= kltof kb}{g=
(= csf{sf c}gn] hf/ xf+g x'Gof ;Ddsf ;wjf ljwjf s+GofnfO s/l0f gul/ d}n] s/l0f
u¥ofsf] 5 eGof] jf d]l/ :jfl:g xf] eGof] /f]jsf/ ubf{ s/l0f u¥ofsf] 7x/]g eGof= l56f]
xfng' kGof{ tfufwfl/ hftsf :jfl:gnfO eGofsf] /x]5 eGof % jif{ gdfl;Gof dt'jfln
hftsf :jfl:gnfO eGofsf] /x]5 eGof $ jif{ dfl;Gof hftsf :jfl:gnfO eGofsf] /x]5
eGof= # jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf ?k}of lbof lng'= kflg grnGof l56f] xfng' gkGof{ hftsf
221
 :jfl:gnfO eGofsf] /x]5 eGof !@ ?k}of l56f] xfng' kGo]{ hftsf :jfl:gnfO eGofsf]
/x]5 eGof $ ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{ :jfl:g hft}df /x+5g\
kltof kb}{g=

s/l0fsf cfzon] 9's\Gof

!= s;}n] s;}sf= 3/sf kWof¥of jfl/ s/f;f= cfug\ lk9L 9f]sf 9'sL jyfgL j:ofsf] /x]5
/= t]:t}df km]nf kf/L kqmL ;f]4f kmnfgL :jfl;gsf] s/l0fsf cf;on] cfofsf] x'+g egL
sfon eof] eGof= tfufwf/L nufot\= gdfl;Gof dt'jfnL ;+dsf ;wjf ljwjf s+Gof
:jfl:gsf s/l0fsf cf;on] cfofsf] x'+ elg e+Gof tfufwf/L nufo]t\= gdfl;Gof dt'jfnL
;+dsf nf]UGofnfO @) ?k}of= dfl;Gof hftnfO #) ?k}of= kfgL grnGof /= 5f]of l56f]
xfng' kGof{ hftsf nf]UGofnfO $) ?k}of dfl;Gof dt'jfln hftsf :jf:gLnfO s/l0fsf
cf;on] b'Sof eGof= tfufwfl/ gdfl;Gof= dfl;Gof hftsf nf]UGofnfO % ?k}of= sdf/L
/= kft/= j]:ofnfO 9'Sofsf] eof # ?k}of= kfgL grnGof /= 5f]of 5L6f] xfng' kGof{ hftn]
eof @) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}`f gtL¥of c}g jdf]hLDs}b ug'{= :jf:gL hft}df /xG5]=
@= s;}n] s;}sf= 3/sf kWof/f jf/L s/f;f cfug\= kLl9 9f]sf 9'sL jyfgL j:ofsf] /x]5
/= t]:t}df km]nf kf/L kqmL ;f]4f= kmnfgL :jf:gLsf] s/l0fsf cf;on] cfofsf] cfofsf]
x'+ egL sfo]n\ eof] eGof= kfgL grnGof 5f]O l56f] xfng' gkGof{= hftsf :jf:gLnfO
9'sGof jyfGof tfufwf/Lb]lif gdfl;Gof= dfl;Gof= hft;+dsf nf]UGof dfgL;nfO !)
?k}`f= 5f]O l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf :jf:gLnfO 9'sGof jyfGofnfO @) ?k}`f= kfgL
grnGof hftn]= kfgL grnGo} hftsf :jf:gLnfO 9'sGof jyfGof sf] eof % ?k}of b+8
ug'{= 5f]O l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftn] 9'Sofsf] /x]5 eGof !% ?k}`f b+8 ug'{+ ?k}`f glt¥of
c}g jdf]lh+s}b ug'{= :jfl:g hft}df /x+G5]=
#= s;}n] s;}sf 3/sf kWof/f jfl/ s/f;f cfug\ lk8L 9f]sf 9'sL jyfgL j:ofsf] /x]5
/=t]:t}df km]nf kf/L klqm ;f]4f= kmnfgL :jfl;gsf] s/0fLsf cf;on]= cfofsf] x'+ egL
sfo]n eof] eGof= kfgL grnGof /= 5f]O l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf :jf:gLnfO= 9'sGof
jyf+Gof= tfufwf/L nufo]t\= df;LGof dt'jfln hft;+dsf nf]UGof dfgL;nfO @) ?k}`f
5f]of l56f] xfng' gkGof{= kfgL grnGof hftsf nf]UGofnfO !) ?k}`f= l56f] xfng' kGof{
hftdf= 3l6 hft eof klg= jl9 hft eof klg % ?k}`f b+8 ug'{= ?k}`f glt¥of c}g
jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
$= s;}n] s;}sf 3/sf kWof/f jf/L s/f;f cfug\ lkl9 9f]sf 9'sL jyfgL j:ofsf] /x]5=
egL s;}nfO kf]Nof]= /f]jsf/ ubf{ 7x/]g eGof= t]:tf kf]nfxfnfO hf}gf hftsfnfO
kf]Nofsf] 5= p;} hftsf c}g n]iofsf] cflw b+8 ug'{= ?k}`f glt¥of= c}g jdf]lhd s}b
ug'+=
%= sf]xL nf]UGof dfgL; s/l0fsf cf;on]= csf{sf ‰ofn sf};L 5fgf 9f]sf iff]nL leq
k:ofsf] /x]5 /= kqmLbf kmnfgL :jf:gLsf] s/l0f u?+ eGof cf;on] cfofsf] x'+ egL
sfo]n eof] eGof= tfufwfl/ nufo]t\= gdfl;Gof dt'jfln;dsf ;wjf ljwjf s+Gofsf]
s/l0fsf cf;on] cfofsf] x'+ egL sfo]n x'Gof= tfufwfl/b]lif dfl;Gof dtjfnL;+dsf
hftsf nf]UGofnfO #) ?k}`f= df;LGofdf= kfgL rnGof;DdsfnfO $% ?k}`f= kfgL
grnGof /= 5f]of 5L6f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf nf]UGofnfO ^) ?k}`f= dfl;Gof dt'jfnL
hftsf :jf:gLsf] s/l0fsf cf;on] cfofsf] x'+ egL sfo]n x'Gof= tfufwfl/ nufo]t\=
dfl;Gof dt'jfnL hftsf nf]UGofnfO &..= ?k}of= sdf/L /= s]6L kft/= j]:ofsf=
s/l0fsf cf;on] cfofsf] e+Gof tfufwfl/ nufo]t\= dfl;Gof;+Ddsf nf]UGofnfO $..=
?k}of kfgL grnGof /= l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf nf]UGofnfO #) ?k}of= b+8 ug'{= ?k}of
gtL¥of c}g jdf]hL+ s}b ug'{= :jf:gL hft}df /xG5g\=
^= sf]lx nf]UGof dfgL;\ s/l0fsf cf;on] csf{sf ‰ofNsf};L5fgf 9f]sf iff]nL leq
k:ofsf] /x]5= kqmbf kmnfgL :jf:gLsf] s/l0f u?+ e+Gof cf;on] cfofsf] x'+ egL sfo]n
eof] eGof= kfgL grnGof= 5f]of 5L6f] xfng' gkGof{ hfTsf :jfl:gsf s/l0fsf cf;on]=
leq k:Gof= tfufwf/L b]ifL dfl;Gof hftsf nf]UGof dfgL;nfO !% ?k}`f 5L6f] xfng'
kGof{ hftsf :jf:gLsf 3/eLq kl; 9's\GofnfO #) ?k}of= kfgL grnGof hftn] kfgL
222
 grnGo} hftsf :jfl:gnfO 9'Sofsf eof &..= ?k}`f= 5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftn]=
9'Sofsf] eof @@.. ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}`f gtL¥of c}g jdf]lhDs}b ug'{=
&= sf]xL nf]UGof dfgL; s/l0fsf cf;on]= csf{sf ‰ofn sf}l; 5fgf 9f]sf iff]nL leq
k:ofsf] /x]5= kqmbf kmnfgLsf] s/l0f u?+ e+Gof cf;on]= cfofsf] x'+ egL sfo]n eof]
eGof= kfgL grnGof /= l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf :jfl:gnfO 9'sGof jyfGof= tfufwfl/
nufo]t\= dfl;Gof t'jfnL;+dsf nf]UGof dfgL;nfO #) 5f]of l56f] xfng' gkGof{ kfgL
grnGof hftsf nf]UGofnfO !% ?k}`f= 5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{df= 3l6 hft eof kgL=
jl9 hft eof kgL &..= ?k}`f b+8 ug'{= ?k}f`f glt¥of c}g jdf]lhDs}b ug'{=
*= sf]lx nf]UGof dfgL; s/l0fsf cf;on]= csf{sf ‰ofn sf}l; 5fgf 9f]sf iff]nL leq
k:ofsf] /x]5 egL kf]Nof]= /f]jsf/ ubf{= 3/leq k:ofsf] 7x/]g eGof= t]:tf kf]nfxfnfO
hf}gf hftsfnfO kf]Nofsf] 5= p;} hftnfO n]iofsf c}gsf]= cfwL b+8 ug'{= ?k}`f glt¥of
c}g jdf]lh+Ds}b ug'{=

3'/ ifflk ;'tGof

!= pkfWofn] pkfWofsf] !! jif{ gfWofsf ;wjf ljwjfl;t 3'/ iffkL ;'Tof] eGof= s/l0f
geof kgL s/l0f 7x5{= j|fé0f x'gfn] hf/ sf6g x'b}g= d'8g'= c}g jdf]lh+sf] c+; ;j{:j=
nLg'= ljxf ifr{ lng'= t];} g5f]8g'= c}g jdf]hLd ;fw'sf] if'l;= s+Gof /= ljwjfl;t 3'/
iffkL ;'t]5= etfxfnfO eftdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5= eGof ift nfUb}g= cfkm'n] p:sf xftsf]
eft iffofsf] /x]g5= :jf:gLtkm{jf6 jf]/fo]5 eGof !)) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ hft hfb}g=
:jfl:gsf xftsf] eft cfkm'n] iffO etfxfnfO efTdf jf]/]5 eGof !)) ?k}`f b+8 u/L
nf]UGof :jfl:g b'j}nfO= h};L hfTdf ldnfO lb ef]/df kGof{nfO kltof u/fO{bLg'=
@= /hk't h};L tfufwf/L hfTsf nf]UGofn] pkfWofsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf ;wjfl;t 3'/ ifflk
;'Tof] eGof c}g jdf]lhd\= ;fw'sf] if'l;= s+Gof / ljwjf ;Lt 3'/ ifflk ;'lt etfxf
j|fé0fnfO efTdf jf]/]sf] eof $ jif{ eftdf jf]/fofsf] geof @ jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf]
8jNbLof nLg'= :jf:gL hft ktLt x'G5]= ef]/df kGof{ etfxfnfO ktLof u/fObLg'=
#= /hk'tsf h};Ln] h};Lsf /hk'tn] !! jif{ gf£ofsf ;wjf;Lt 3'/ iffkL ;'Tof] eGof c}g
hdf]lh+ ;fw'sf] if'l; s+Gof /= jLwjfl;t 3'/ ifflk ;'tL etfxfnfO eftdf jf]/fo]5 eGof
^) ?k}`f= efTdf jf]¥ofsf] geof $) ?k}`f b+8 ug'{= :jfl:gsf xftsf] eft cfkm'n] iffP5
eGof nf]UGof :jf:gLb'j}nfO eft jfx]s ul/ ef]df{ kGof{ etfxfnfO= ktLof u/fO lbg'=
$= tfufwfl/ Ift[ hftn] /hk'tsf / h};L jfx'Gsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf ;wjfl;t 3'/ iffkL
;'Tof] eGof= c}g jdf]lhd ;fw'sf] if'l;= s+Gof jLwjfl;t 3'/ ifflk ;'tL etfxfnfO
eftdf jf]/]5= eGof $ jif{ eftdf jf]¥ofsf] geof @ jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf] 8jn\ lbof
nLg'= :jfl:g hft ktLt x'G5]= ef]/df kGof{ etfxfnfO ktLof u/fOlbg'=
%= tfufwf/L tfufwfl/hftsf eft gdLn\Gof Psf hftn] Psf hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf
;wjf l;t 3'/ifflk ;'Tof] eGof c}g jdf]lhd ;fw'sf] if';L= s+Gof / ljwjfl;t 3'/ifflk
;'tL etfxfnfO eftdf jf]/]5 eGof ^) ?k}of eftdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof $) ?k}of b+8
ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{= :jfl:g plx hft x'+5] ef]/df kGof{ etfxfnfO
ktLof u/fO lbg'=
^= /hk"t h}l; Ift' tfufwfl/ hft u}în] cfÇgf eft ldNbf hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf
;wjfl;t 3'/ifflk ;'Tof] eGof c}g jdf]hLd;fw'sf] if'l;= s+Gof jLwjfl;t 3'/iffkL ;'tL
etfxfnfO eftdf jf]¥of5 eGof= iftjft nfUb}g= :jfl:gjf6 etfxfnfO eftdf jf]/fo]5
eGof= ^) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= hft hfb}g= cfkm'n] :jfl:gsf xftsf] eft iffO= etfxfnfO :d]t \
eftdf jf]/fP5 eGof ^) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= eft iffg' giffg' etfxfsf] if'l;=
&= pkfWofn] /hk"t h}l; Ift[= tfufwfl/ hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf ;wjf l;t 3/ifflk ;'Tof]
eGof= j|fé0f ;'Tof] eGof= j|fé0f x'gfn] hf/sf6g x'b}g= hf/ sf6gf jfx]s\= c}g jdf]lhd
;fw'sf] if'l;= s+Gof jLwjfl;t 3'/ifflk ;'tL= etfxfnfO= eftdf jf]/]5 eGof #) ?k}of

223
 b+8 ul/= ef]/df kGof{ etfxf nfO= :jfl:gsf gfpsf] kltof u/fO lbg'= eftdf jf]¥ofsf]
/x]g5 eGof= iftjft nfUb}g=
*= /htk't hft /= h};L hftn] Ift[ c? tfufwfl/ hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf ;wjfl;t
3'/ifflk ;'Tof] eGof= c}g jdf]lhD;fw'sf] if'l;= s+Gof jLwjfl;t= 3'/ifflk ;'tL
etfxfnfO= eftdf jf]/]5 eGof= #) ?k}of b+8 u/L= ef]/df kGof{ etfxfnfO :jfl:gsf
gfpsf] ktLof u/fO lbg'= eftdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof iftjft nfUb}g=
(= Ift[ tfufwf/L hftn] cfkm' eGbf 36L eft grnGof= tfufwfl/ hftsf !! jif{ gf£of sf
;wjfl;t 3'/ifflk ;'Tof] eGof= c}g jdf]lh+ ;fw'sf] if'l;= s+Gof jLwjfl;t 3'/ifflk ;'tL
etfxfnfO eftdf jf]/]5 eGof= #) ?k}of b+8 u/L ef]/df kGof{ etfxfnfO= t];} :jfl:gsf
gfpsf] ktLof u/fO lbg'= eftdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof= iftjft nfUb}g=
!)= gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hftn]= pkfWof= /hk't= h}l; Ift[= tfufwfl/ hft u}îsf= ;wjfl;t
3'/iffkL ;'Tof eGof= c}g jdf]lh+ ;fw'sf] if'l;= s+Gof jLwjfl;t 3'/ifflk ;'tL etfxfnfO=
eftdf :d]t\= jf]/fP5= eGof= ^ jif{ s}b ug'{= eftdf jf]/fofsf] /x]g5 eGof= # jif{ s}b
ug'{= Dofbsf] 8jn\ lbof lng'= ef]/df kGof{ etfxfnfO kltof u/fO lbg'= :jfl:g hft
ktLt x'G5]=
!!= pkfWof /hk't h}l; Iflq tfufwfl/ hftn] gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf
;wjfl;t 3'/ifflk ;'Tof] eGof= c}g jdf]lhd\ ;fw'sf] if'l;= s+Gof jLwjf;Lt 3'/ifflk
;'Tof iftjft nfUb}g=
!@= gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hftn]= gdfl;Go} dt'jfln hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf= ;wjfl;t
3'/ifflk ;'Tof] eGof= c}g jdf]lh+ ;fw'sf] if'l;= s+Gof jLwjfl;t 3'/ifflk ;'tL etfxfnfO
eftdf jf]/]g5 eGof= iftjft nfUb}g etfxfnfO= eftdf jf]¥of egL s/fpg cfof !)
?k}`f b+8 ul/= etfxfnfO ktLof u/fO lbg'= :jfl:g plx hft x'G5]=
!#= dfl;Gof dt'jfnL hftn] pkfWof /hk't h};L IfqL tfufwfl/ hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf=
;wjfl;t 3'/ifflk= ;'Tof] eGof= c}g jdf]lhD;fw'sf] if'l;= s+Gof ljwjfl;t 3'/ifflk ;'tL
etfxfnfO= eftdf jf]/fP5= eGof= # jif{ eftdf jf]¥ofsf] geof !..= jif{ s}b ul/ dfl;
bLg'=
!$= dfl;Gof dt'jfln hftn]= gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf ;wjfl;t 3'/ifflk
;'Tof] eGof= c}g jdf]lh+ ;fw'sf] if'l; s+Gof jLwjf l;t 3'/ifflk ;'tL= eftdf jf]¥ofsf]
eof klg geof klg= dfl; lbg'= ef]/df iffGof etfxfnfO kltof u/fO lbg'=
!%= pkfWof /hk't h};L IfqL tfufwfl/ hft /= gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hftn]= dfl;Gof dt'jfln
hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf= ;wjf l;t 3'/ifflk ;'Tof] eGof= c}g jdf]lh+D;fw'sf] if'l;=
s+Gof jLwjf l;t 3'/ifflk ;'Tof ift nfUb}g= dfl;Go} dfl;Gof= dt'jfln hftdf= Psf
hftsf nf]UGofn] Psf hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf ;wjfl;t 3'/ifflk ;'Tof] eGof= hf/
sf6Gof hftn]= c}g jdf]lhd\ ;fw'sf] if'l;= s+Gof jLwjfl;t 3'/ifflk ;'Tof] egL s/fpg
cfof % ?k}of b+8 ug'{= :jfl:g plx hft x'+5]=
!^= pkfWof /hk't h}l; IfqL tfufwfl/ hft /= gdfl;Gof dfl;Gof dt'jfln hft u}în]= kfgL
grnGofdf= l56f] xfng' gkGof{= hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf ;wjfl;t 3'/ifflk ;'Tof] eGof=
c}g jdf]lh+ ;f3'sf] if'l;= s+Gof jLwjfl;t 3'/ifflkdfq ;'Tof= :jfl:gsf xftsf] eft
kfgL iffofsf] /x]g5 eGof tfufwfl/ hftnfO= !)) ?k}`f= gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hftnfO
%) ?k}of= dfl;Gof dt'jfnL hftnfO @% ?k}`f b+8 ul/ ! tLy{ u/fO= ktLof u/fOlbg'=
hft hfb}g= 3'/iffkL ;'tL p:sf xftsf] eft kflg iffO c? etfxfnfO ;d]t jf/]sf] /x]5
eGof P]g jdf]lhdsf] c+; ;j{:j u/L eft jfx]s\ ul/= p;} hfTsf] ! cIf/= jf`f ufnfdf
iff]lb= 5f]l8 lbg'= cfkm' eGbf 7'nf hftl;t= 3'/ifflk ;'tGof :jfl:g dfgL;nfO= dfl;
lbg'=
!&= kfgL grnGof l56f] xfng' gkGof{ hftn]= l56f] xfng' gkGo]{ hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf
;wjfl;t 3'/ifflk ;'Tof eGof= hf/ xfFGof hftsf] c}g jdf]lhD;fw'sf] if';L hf/ gxfGof
hftsf ;wjf /= s+Gof jLwjfl;t 3'/ifflk ;'Tof] egL s/fpg= cfof $ ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
s/fpg gcfof= iftjft nfUb}g= :jfl:g hft}df /xG5]=
!*= kfgL grnGof l56f] xfng' gkGof{ hftn]= l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf ;wjf / !! jif{
gf£ofsf ljwjf s+Gofl;t= /fhL if'l;n] 3'/ifflk ;'Tofdf= ;fw'n] eftdf lnof] eGof /=
lkm¥ofbug{ gcfof= iftjft nfUb}g, :jfl:g hft}=df /xG5]= lkm¥ofb ug{ cfof ;wjf eof
224
 !% ?k}of ljxf ifr{ e/fO= !% ?k}`f b08ug'{M s+Gof ljwjfl;t 3'/ifflk ;'lt etfxfnfO
eftdf jf]/]5 eGof= ;j{:j ul/ eft kflg jfx]s u/L p;}hftsf] ! cIf/ jf`fF ufnfdf
iff]bL 5fl8 lbg'= cfkm' eGbf 7'nf hft l;t 3'/ifflk ;'tGof :jfl:gnfO= dfl; lbg'=
!(= kfgL grnGof l56f] xfng' gkGo]{ hftn]= pkfWof /hk't h}l; If]qL tfufwfl/ hft /=
gdfl;Gof dfl;Gof dt'jfln hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf ;wjf;Lt 3'/ifflk ;'Tof] eGof= hf/
xfGof hftsf] c}g jdf]lh+D;fw'sf] if'l;= ;fw'n] hf/ xfg]g eGof /= s+Gof jLwjfl;t
3'/ifflk ;'tGof= dfl;Gof hft eof $ jif{ s}b ul/ dfl; lbg'= gdfl;Gof hft eof * jif{
s}b ug'{ Dofbsf] rf}jbL{of ?k}of lng'= tfufwfl/ gdfl;Gof hftsf :jfl:gnfO=
p;}hftsf] ! cIf/ jf`fF ufnfdf iff]lb= eft kfgL jfx]s\ u/L 5fl8 lbg'= dfl;Gof hftsf
:jfl:g nfO ! cIf/ jf`fF ufnfdf iff]bL= dfl; lbg'=
@)= pkfWof /hk't h};L IfqL= tfufwf/L hft /= gdfl;Gof dfl;Gof= dt[jfnL hftn] 5f]of
5L6f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf ;wjf jLwjf s+Gof l;t 3'/ifflk ;'Tof] eGof=
eft kfgLdf jf]¥ofsf] eof kgL geof kgL= c}g jdf]hL+Dsf] c+; ;j{:j u/L !..= jif{ s}b
u/L hf}gf hftsf :jfl:gl;t 3'/ifflk ;'Tofsf] 5= p;}hftsf] ! cIf/ jf`fF ufnfdf iff]bL
eft kfgL jfx]s ul/= 5f]l8 lbg'= cfkm' e+bf 7'nf hftl;t 3'/ifflk ;'tGof :jfl:gnfO=
dfl; lbg'=
@!= 5L6f] xfng' kGof{ hftn] 5L6f] xfng' kGo}{ hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf ;wjf l;t
3'/ifflk;'Tof] eGof hf/ xfGof hftsf] ;fw'sf] if'l;= hf/ xfFGof hftsf ;fw'n] eftdf
nLof] eGof /= lkm¥ofb ug{ cfo]g eGof= iftjft nfUb}g= :jfl:g kgL hft}df /xG5]=
lkm¥ofb ug{ cfof ;wjf eof=!% ?k}`f jLxf ifr{ e/fO !% ?k}`f b+8 ug'{= s+Gof /
jLwjf eof= $ ?k}`f b+8 ug'{= s/fpg gcfof= iftjft nfUb}g= :jfl:g kgL hft}df /x+G5]=
@@= 5L6f] xfng' kGof{ hftn] pkfWof /hk't h}l;= IfqL tfufwf/L gdfl;Gof dt'jfnL hftsf]
!! jif{ gf£ofsf ;wjf ljwjf s+Gofl;t= 3'/ifflk ;'Tof] eGof= ;wjf eof c}g jdf]lh+d\
;fw'sf] if'l;= hf/ sf6]g eGof /= s+Gof ljwjf eof= c}g jdf]lhDsf] c+; ;j{:j u/L
bfdn\= ug'{= dfl;Gof hft /= l56f] xfng' gkGof{ hftsf ;wjf jLwjf s+Gof= l;t
3'/ifflk ;'Tof dfl; lbg'= l56f] xfng' kGof{ hft ;Lt 3'/ifflk ;'tGof :jfl:g dfgL:df=
tfufwf/L hft /= gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hftsf :jfl:gnfO p;}hftsf] ! cIf/ jf`fF
ufnfdf iff]lb eft kfgL jfx]s\ ul/= 5f]8L lbg'= dfl;Gof hft /= 5L6f] xfng' gkGof{
hftsf :jfl:gnfO= ! cIf/ iff]bL dfl; lbg'=

d'if klttsf]

!= tfufwfl/ nufo]t= kfgL rnGof u}î hftsf !@ jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof ;wjf ljwjf
:jfl:gn] kfgL grnGof /= 5f]of 5L6f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf xftsf] eft kfgL iffof eGof /=
gL/f]kg\ ubf{ kgL iffofsf] ;fr} 7x¥of] eGof= t]:tfn] eft kfgLsf] ktLof kfpb}gg\= hf}gf
hftsf xftsf] iffofsf] 5= plx hftdf ldN5g\= ktLof gbLg'= P:tf hft ktLg eof kl5=
P:tf :jf:gL nf]UGofn] km]l/ /fifg kfpb}g= c+; kgL kfpb}gg\= csf{l;t jLu|f eGof= hf/
sf6g kgL kfpb}g= sf6Øf Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg x'G5= hflg hflg hft kltteofsf
:jfl:g /fifGof P:tfsf xftsf] eft kfgL iffGof= sf] kflg grnGof plx hft x'+5= kltof
kfpb}g=
@= tfufwfl/ nufPt\ kfgL rnGof;Ddsf u}î hftsf !@ jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof ;wjf ljwjf
:jfl:gn] kfgL rnGof /= 5f]of l56f] :d]\t\ xflng' kGof{ hft u}îsf= xftsf] eft kfgL
iffof eGof /= /f]jsf/ ubf{ iffofsf] 7x/]g eGof= t]:tfsf xftsf] eft rNb}g= kfgL eGof
rN5= P:tf :jfl:gjf6= kl5 hGDofsf ;Gtfg\n]= ;Bn] hglx %.% efu kfof P:tf nfO
hgxL !.! efusf] c+; kfp5= iffg nfpg lb /fiofsf] /x]5= /= t]:tf :jfl:g csf{ l;t
kf]On= uO eGof= c}g jdf]lhd hf/ sf6g d'8g ljxf ifr{ nLg kfp5= b+8 x'Gof hftnfO=
b+8 x'G5= dfl;Gof hft dfl;G5= bfNeft :d]T;+tfgsf xftsf] iffg geof k5L P:tf ktLt
eof :jf:gL /fiftLg egL iffg nfpg gbL gLsfNof :jf:gL csf{l;t kf]On uof eGof=
hf/ sf6g kfpb}g= sf6Øf] eGof Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg x'+5=
225
#= tfufwf/L hftsf !@ jif{ gf£ofsf ;wjf ljwjf s+Gof= :jfl:g dfgL;x¿n] eft
grnGof kfgL dfq rnGof= sf xftsf bfneft / dlb/f s'if'/f]= u}î ceIf iffof eGof /=
/f]jsf/ ubf{= iffofsf] 7x/]g eGof P:tfnfO !) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= eft kfgL rN5= gL/f]kg
ubf{= iffofsf] 7x¥of] eGof= t]:tfsf xftsf] eft rNb}g= kfgLdfq rN5= eft jfx]s\
eofsf :jfl:gjf6= kl5 hGDofsf ;+Gtf+n] ;Bn] hgxL %.% efu kfof P:tfnfO hGx}
!.! efusf] c+; kfp5g\= iffg nfpg lb /fiofsf] /x]5 / P:tf :jfl:g csf{l;t kf]On
uof egof= c}g jdf]lh+ hf/ sf6g d'8g= ljxf ifr{ lng kfp5= b+8 x'Gof hftnfO b+8
x'+5= dfl;Gof hft dfl;G5= bfNeft ;+tfgsf xftsf] iffg geof kl5= P:tf ktLt eofsf
:jfl:g= /fif\lbg egL iffg nfpg gbL gLsfNofsf :jfl:g csf{l;t kf]On uof eGof hf/
sf6g kfpb}g= sf6Øf] eGof Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg x'G5=
$= tfufwfl/ hft u}îsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof ;wjf jLwjf :jfl:gn] cfkm' eGbf pkNnf
hftsfnfO xj;\= cfkm' ldNbf hftsfnfO xj;\= cfkm' eGbf 3l6 hftsfnfO xj;\=
kmnfgfnfO s/l0f u/f`f egL cfÇgf d'ifn] egL /= lg/f]k0f ubf{ s/l0f eGof eofsf]
7x/]g= d'ifn] jSofsf] dfq 7x¥of] eGof d'if ktLt x'gfn]= P:tf :jfl:gsf xftsf] eft
rNb}g= kfgLdfq rN5= P:tf :jfl:gnfO ljjfxLtf nf]UGofn] /fifL hGDofsf ;Gtfg\n] hg}
kfp5g\ ;+Gtfgsf xftsf] eft iffgf giffgfsf] etfxfnfO if'l;= P:tf d'l8Gof hftsf
:jfl:g gdfl;Gof z'b|= hft x'+G5g\ sf6LGof hftsf :jfl:g dfl;Gof hft x'G5g\= dfl;Gof
hftsf :jfl:g dfl;G5g\= P:tf hft ktLt eofsf :jfl:g cfkm'n] /flif hGDofsf
;Gtfg\nfO c+; lbbf ;Bn] hglx %.% efu kfof P:tfnfO= !.! efu c+; lbg'= iffg
nfpg lb /fiofsf= P:tf :jfl:g csf{l;t kf]On u} eGof= c}g jdf]hLd\= hf/ xfg\g d'8g
p:sf] c+; lng= 6fu dgL l5/fO jf= p;} 5f]8g'= ljxf ifr{ nLg' ;fw'sf] if'l;= iffg nfpg
glb lgsfNofsf :jfl:g csf{l;t ljU¥of eGof= hf/ sf6g kfpb}g= sf6Øf Hofgsf]
jbnf Hofg lng'=
%= gdfl;Gof dt'jfnL hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gofsf ;wjf jLwjf :jf:gLn]= cfkm'
eGbf pkNnf hftsfnfO xj;= cfkm' ldNbf hftsf nfO xj;\ cfkm' eGbf 3l6 hftnfO
xj;\= d}n] kmnfgfnfO s/l0f u/fof egL cfÇgf d'ifn] egL /= lg/f]kg\ ubf{ s/l0f 7x/]g=
d'ifn] p;} jSofsf] dfq} 7x¥of] eGof= s/l0f ge}= csf{nfO em'§f] kf]Nof jfjt\=
:jfl:gnfO !) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= d'if ktLt x'gfn] P:tf :jfl:gsf xftsf] bfNeft iffg' giffg'
etfxfsf] if'l;= P:tf :jfl:g cfkm}n] /flif= hGDofsf ;Gftfg\ jfj' s] hftdf hfG5g\=
etfxfn] eft iffofsf] /x]5 eGof c+; kgL j/f]j/ kfp5g\= bfn eft iffofsf] /x]g5 eGof=
# if+8df= ;Bn] @ efu kfof P:tfnfO ! efu c+; kfp5g\= iffgnfpg lb /fiofsf :jfl:g
csf{l;t kf]On uof eGof= hf/ xf+Gof hftsf] c}g jdf]hLd\ ;fw'sf] if'l;= hf/ gxfGof
jLxf ifr{ lnGof hfTnfO c}g jdf]lh+d ljxf ifr{ e/fO= lju} jdf]lh+ 8+8 ug'{= iffg nfpg
glb gLsfnL /fiofsf] :jfl:gsf] hf/ sf6Gofsf] Hofgsf] jbfnf Hofg x'+G5= ljxf ifr{
kgL kfpb}g= ljuf jdf]lhd b+8 kgL x'b}g=
^= dfl;Gof dt'jfnL hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof ;wjfljwjf :jfl:gx¿n] cfkm' eGbf=
pkNnf /= cfkm' ldNbf= cfkm' eGbf 3l6 kfgL rnGof ;Ddsf hftnfO d}n] kmnfgfnfO
s/l0f u/f`f= egL cfÇgf d'ifn] elg /= lg/f]kg\ ubf{ s/l0f eofsf] 7x/]g /= d'ifn] p;}
jSofsf] dfq} 7x¥of] eGof= t]:tf :jfl:gsf] hft hfb}g= cfÇgf hft}df /xG5g\= em'6f] s'/f]
kf]Nof jfkt\ :jfl:gnfO= % ?k}`f b+8 ug'{= P:tf :jfl:g cfkm}n] /flif hGDofsf ;Gtfg\=
;Bsf ;/xsf] j/f]j/ c+; kfp5g\= c? s;}l;t kf]On uP eGof= hf/ xfGof hftn] hf/
xfGg= ljxf ifr{ nLGofn] jLxf ifr{ nLg kfp5g\= jLxf ifr{ @) ?k}of e/fO= lju} jdf]lh+
b+8 ug'{= csf{nfO s/l0f lb`f elg d'if kltt\ eofsf :jfl:g /fiftLg egL iffg nfpg
gbL= nf]UGofn] lgsfNofsf :jfl:g csf{l;t kf]On uof eGof= hf/ xfÙ kfpb}g= sf6Øf
Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg x'G5= ljxf ifr{ kgL kfpb}g= jLuf jdf]lh+ b+8 kgL x'b}g=
&= kfgL grnGof /= 5f]of 5L6f] cfng' kGof{ hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof ;wjf jLwjf
:jfl:gx¿n]= cfkm' eGbf pkNnf= cfkm' j/fj/= cfkm' eGbf 3l6 hftsfnfO= d}n]
kmfnfgfnfO s/l0f u/f`f egL= cfÇgf d'ifn] egL /= lg/f]kg\ ubf{= s/l0f eofsf] 7x/]g
d'ifn] dfq} jSofsf] 7x¥of] eGof= t]:tf :jfl:gn] cfkm' eGbf pkNnf lji6 hftnfO
kf]Nofsf] eof= dfl; lbg'= cfkm' ldNbf hftnfO kf]Nofsf] eof @.. ?k}`f b+8 ug'{= cfkm'
eGbf 3l6 cfkm'n] kfgL giffGof= hftsfnfO kf]Nofsf] eof kfgL rN5= !) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
226
 eft iffgf giffGGff etfxfsf] if'l;= P:tf :jfl:g cfkm}n] /flif hGDofsf ;Gtfg\ nfO= ;sf
;/xsf] j/f]j/ c+; kfp5= csf{ s;}l;t kf]On uof eGof= jLxf ifr{ nLGof hftnfO c}g
jdf]lhd jLxf ifr{ e/fO= ljuf jdf]lh+ b+8 ug'{= hf/ xfFGof hftsf ;fw'sf] if'l;= d'if
ktLt\ eof sL :jfl:g /fiftLg egL iffg nfpg glb= lgsfNofsf :jfl:g csf{l;t kf]On
uof eGof= hf/ sf6g kfpb}g sf6Øf Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg x'+5= ljxf ifr{ klg kfpb}g=
ljuf jdf]lh+ b+8 kgL x'b}g=
*= tfufwfl/ nufPt\= kfgL rnGof;Ddsf u}î hfTf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof ;wjf ljwjf
:jfl:gn] cfÇgf d'ifn] kfgL grnGof /= 5f]of 5L6f] xfng' kGof{ hftl;t jLU¥of egL /=
lg/f]kg\ ubf{ s/l0f eofsf] 7x¥of] eGof eft kfgLsf] ktLof kfpb}gg\= hf}gf hftsf
ljU¥ofsf] 7x5{g\= p;} hftsf xftsf] eft kfgL if'jfO= p;}hftsf] cIf/ jf`fF ufnfdf
iff]bL= plx hftdf ldnfO 5f]8L lbg'= eft kfgLs]f ktLof kfpbLg= glbg'= kfgL grnGof
hft /= 5f]of l56f] xfng'= kGof{ hftl;t= ljU¥of egL d'ifn]dfq e+Gof s/l0f eGof
gr'Sofsf :jfl:gsf] hft hfG5= d'l8Gof hftsf :jfl:g z'b| hftx'+5g\= sfl6Gof hftsf
:jfl:g dfl;Gof hft x'G5g\= dfl;Gof hftsf :jfl:g dfl;G5g\= P:tfsf xftsf] eft
rNb}g= kfgL dfq rn\5= P:tf :jfl:g ljjflxtf nf]UGofn] /fifL ;+tfg hGDof ;os/f
@..= ?k}`fsf bn]{ c+; kfp5g\= k}Nx] srxl/df s'/f] k/L s'6l\k6\ s]lx gul/ ;f]4f
kmnfgfl;t s/l0f eofsf] 5= s/l0fdf sfo]n u/fpnf egL sfuh n]lif ;lx xfln lb /=
kf]NofsfnfO lemsfO= /f]jsf/ ubf{ s/l0f 7x/]g eGof kgL sfuh n]lif ;lx=
xfnLlbofsf] x'gfn]= P:tf :jfl:gsf xftsf] eft kfgL rNb}g= hf}gfhftl;tsf] s/l0f xf]
egL cl3 sfuh n]lif lbof sL 5= gdfl;Gof hftsf :jfl:g eof pxL hftsf] ! cIf/
iff]lb eft kfgL jfx]s\ ul/ p;} hftdf ldnfO 5f]l8 lbg'= dfl;Gof hftsf :jfl:g eof
cIf/ iff]bL dfl; lbg'=
(= s;}n] c}gn] hf/ xfÙ x'Gof;Ddsf cflÇg :jfl:gnfO s/l0fdf csf{ l;t lju|L e+Gof
;+sfn] eft rnGof :jfl:gsf xftsf] eft iffg 5f8]5 eGof eft grNGof :jfl:gnfO=
kmnfgf l;tsfs/l0fdf ljU¥ofsf] 5;\ egL ;'gfP5= p; :jfl:gsf] cfkm'n] s/l0f ub}{
/x]5= eGof= To; :jfl:g csf{ s;}l;t jf]U¥of eGof s/l0f uGof{nfO @) ?k}`f b+8 ug'{=
hf/ sf6g kfpb}g sf6Øf] eGof d'l8Gof hfTn] eof= c}g jdf]lhDsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/
bfdn\ ug'{= sf6LGof hftnfO sf6L df/L bLg'= eftsf9Øf ;'gfof k5L cfkm'n] s/l0f
u¥ofsf] /x]g5= iffg nfpglb sLgf/f ul/ /fiofsf] /x]5 eGof c}g jdf]hLd\ hf/ sf6g
kfp5=

s/0fLsf cfzon] xftkft u¥ofsf] hfx]/ uGof{

!= pkfWof j|fé0fsf ;wjf ljwjf s+Gofn] pkfWof j|fé0f s;}nfO p;n] xf;\iofn\ 7§f
jft s]xL gul/ lx8Øfsf j:ofsf ;'Tofsf j]nfdf wf]lt ln+u ;dfO5 r'Djg ul/5
cufnf] xfln5 / kmnflg :jfl:gn] dnfO o;f] ul/ elg & lbgleqdf cbfnt cdfn
ufp 3/df cfO cfkm}n] hfx]/ u¥of] eGof t];\ nf]UGofnfO :jfl:gsf jfl/;\ jfnfn] ift
nufpg kfpb}g= cbfnt cdfnfjf6 klg b+8 s}b ;hfo ug{ x'b}g= csf{sf nf]UGofnfO
Plt ljl4 uGof{ :jfl:gsf xftsf] eft rNb}g kflg dfq rn5 P:tf :jfl:gljjflxtf
nf]UGofn] iffg nfpg lbof /fiofsf csf{l;t kf]On uof eGof c}g jdf]lhd hf/ sf6\g'=
d'8g'= ljxfifr{ lngkfp5 iffg nfpg glb nf]UGofn] lgsfNofsf P:tf :jfl:g csf{l;t
lju|of eGof hf/ sf6g d'8g ljxf ifr{ lng kfpb}g hf/ sf6\of]eGof c}g jdf]lhd\ c+;
;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{ :jfl:g dflg;n] Plt s'/f u¥ofsf] nf]UGofn] hfx]/ u/]g cs}{jf6
hfx]/ eof] eGof cbfnt 7fgf cdfnfjf6 lt nf]UGof :jfl:g b'j}nfO{ lemls k'k{If ubf{
s/l0f u¥ofsf] 7x¥of] egof p;} hfts s/l0fsf c}g jdf]lhd ;hfo ug'{= s/l0f
u¥ofsf] 7x/]g eGof nf]UGofnfO %) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ hft hfb}g kmnflg :jfl:gn] dnfO of]
s'/f ul/ e+g cfof] /f]jsf/ ubf{ :jfl:gn] eGofsf] 7x/]g / nf]UGofn] kf]Nofsf] dfq 7x¥of]
eGof %) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
@= pkfWof j|fé0fsf ;wjf ljwjf s+Gofn] tfufwfl/ hft s;}nfO p;n] xf;\iofn 7§fjft
s]lx gul/ lx8\ofsf j:ofsf ;'Tofsf j]nfdf wf]lt ln+u ;dfO5 r'Djg ul/5 c+ufnf]
227
 xfln5 / kmnflg :jfl:gn] dnfO P;f] ul/ elg & lbgleqdf cbfnt cdfn ufp 3/df
cfO cfkm}n] hfx]/ u¥of] eGof t]; nf]UGofnfO :jfl:gsf jfl/;jfnfn] ift nfpg kfpb}g
cbfnt cdfnjf6 klg b+8 s}b ;hfo ug{ x'b}g csf{sf nf]UGof nfO Plt ljlw uGof{
:jfl:gsf xftsf] eft rNb}g kflg dfq rn5 P:tf :jfl:g ljjflxtf nf]UGofn] iffg
nfpglb /fiofsf] :jfl:g csf{l;t kf]On uof] eGof c}g jdf]lhd\ hf/ sf6g d'8g' ljjfx
ifr{ lng kfp5 iffg nfpg glb nf]UGofn] lgsfNofsf P:tf :jfl:g csf{l;t ljU¥of
eGof hf/ sf6g' d'8g ljjfx ifr{ lng kfpb}g hf/ sf6Øf] eGof c}g jdf]lhd\ c+;
;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{ :jfl:g dflg;n] Plt s'/f u¥ofsf] nf]UGofn] hfx]/ u/]g cs}{jf6
hfx]/ eof] eGof cbfnt 7fgf cfdfn jf6 lt nf]UGof :jfl:g b'j}nfO lemls k'k{If ubf{
s/l0f u¥ofsf] 7x¥of] eGof p;} hftsf s/l0fsf c}g jdf]lhd\ ;hfo ug'{+ s/l0f eofsf]
7x/]g eGof nf]UGofnfO ^) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= hft hfb}g kmnflg :jfl:gn] dnfO o;f] ul/
e+gcfof] /f]jsf/ ubf{ :jfl:gn] eGofsf] 7x/]g /= nf]UGofn] kf]Nofsf] dfq 7x¥of] eGof
^) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
#= pkfWof j|fé0fsf ;wjf ljwjf s+Gofn] gdfl;Gof dtjfln hft s;}nfO p;n] xf;\
iofn\ 7§f jft s]lxgul/ lx8Øfsf j:ofsf ;'Tofsf j]nfdf wf]lt ln+u ;dfO5 r'Djg
ul/5 cufnf] xfln5 /= kmnflg :jfl:gn] dnfO P;f] ul/ egL & lbgleqdf cbfnt\
cdfn ufp 3/df cfO cfkm}n] hfx]/ u¥of] eGof t]; nf]UGofnfO :jfl:gsf jfl/;\
jfnfn] ift nfpg kfpb}g cbfnt 7fgf cdfnjf6 klg b+8 s}b ;hfo ug'{ x'b}g= csf{sf
nf]UGofnfO Plt ljlw uGof{ :jfl:gsf xftsf] eft rNb}g kflg dfq rN5 P:tf :jfl:g
ljjflxtf nf]UGofn] iffg nfpg lb /fiofsf csf{l;t kf]On uof eGof c}g jdf]lhd hf/
sf6g d'8g ljxf ifr{ lng kfp5 iffg nfpg glb nf]UGofn] lgsfNofsf P:tf :jfl:g
csf{l;t kf]On uof] eGof hf/ sf6g d'8g ljxf ifr{ lng kfpb}g hf/ sf6Øf] eGof c}g
jdf]lhdsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{ :jfl:g dflg;\n] Plt s'/f u¥ofsf] nf]u\Gofn]
hfx]/ gul/ cs}{jf6 hfx]/ eof] eGof cbfnt cdfnjf6 lt nf]u\Gof :jfl:g b'j}nfO
lemls k'k{If ubf{ s/l0f u¥ofsf] 7x¥of] eGof p;} hftsf s/l0fsf c}g jdf]lhd\ ;hfo
ug'{ s/l0f u¥ofsf] 7x/]g eGof nf]UGofnfO ^% ?k}of b+8 ug'{ hft hfFb}g kmnflg
:jfl:gn] dnfO of] s'/f] ul/ eÙ cfof] /f]jsf/ ubf{ :jfl:gn] eGofsf] 7x/]g eGof /
nf]UGofn] kf]Nofsf] dfq 7x¥of] eGof ^% ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
$= pkfWof j|fé0fsf ;wjf ljwjf s+Gof :jfl:gn] dfl;Gof kflg rnGof hftsf nf]UGof
dflg;\ s;}nfO p;}n] xf;\ iofn\ 7§f jft s]lx gul/ lx8Øfsf j:ofsf ;'Tofsf j]nfdf
wf]lt ln+u ;dfO5 r'Djg ul/5 cufnf] xfln5 / kmnflg :jfl:gn] dnfO P;f] ul/ elg
& lbg leqdf cbfnt\ 7fgf cdfn ufp 3/df cfO cfkm}n] hfx]/ u¥of]eGof nf]UGofnfO
:jfl:gsf jfl/; jfnfn] iftnfpg kfpb}g cbfnt\ 7fgf cdfnjf6 klg b+8s}b ;hfo
ug'{ x'b}g csf{sf nf]UGofnfO Plt ljlw uGof{ :jfl:gsf xftsf] eft rNb}g kflg dfq
rN5= P:tf :jfl:g ljjflxtf nf]UGofn] iffg nfpg lb /fiofsf :jfl:g csf{l;t kf]On
uof eGof ;fw'n] c}g jdf]lhd hf/ sf6g ljxf ifr{ lng kfp5 iffg nfpg glb nf]UGofn]
lgsfNofsf P:tf :jfl:g csf{l;t ljU¥of eGof hf/ sf6g' ljxf ifr{ lng kfpb}g hf/
sf6Øf] eGof c}g jdf]lhd c+; ;j{:j ul/ bfdn\ ug'{ :jfl:g dflg;\n] o]lt s'/f u¥ofsf]
nf]UGofn] hfx]/ u/]g cs}{jf6 hfx]/ eof] eGof cbfnt\ 7fgf cdfnjf6 lt nf]UGof :jfl:g
b'j}nfO lemls k'k{If ubf{ s/l0f u¥ofsf] 7x¥of] eGof p;} hftsf s/l0fsf c}g jdf]lhd
;hfo ug'{ s/l0f 7x/]g eGof nf]UGofnfO &) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd
s}b ug'{ hft hf+b}g kmnflg :jfl:gn] dnfO of] s'/f] ul/ e+g cfof] /f]jsf/ ubf{ :jfl:gn]
eGofsf] 7x/]g eGof / nf]UGofn] kf]Nofsf] dfq 7x¥of] eGof &) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
%= pkfWof j|fé0fsf ;wjf ljwjf s+Gof :jfl:g dflg;\n] kflg grnGof hft / 5f]of l56f]
xfng' kGof{ hftsf nf]UGof dflg;\ s;}nfO p;n] xf;\ iofn\ 7§f jft s]lx gu/
lx8Øfsf j:ofsf ;'Tofsf j]nfdf wf]lt ln+u ;dfO5 r'Djg ul/5 cufnf] xfln5 /=
kmnflg :jfl:gn] dnfO P;f] ul/ elg & lbgleqdf cbfnt\ 7fgf cdfn ufp 3/df cfO
cfkm}n] hfx]/ u¥of] eGof t];\ nf]UGofnfO :jfl:gsf jfl/;\ jfnfn] ift nfpg kfpb}g
cbfnt 7fgf cdfnjf6 klg b+8 s}b ;hfo ug{ kfpb}g csf{sf nf]UGofnfO Plt ljlw
uGof{ :jfl:gsf xftsf] eft kflg rNb}g hf}gf hftsf nf]UGofnfO Plt ljlw u¥ofsf] 5
p;} hftsf] ! cIf/ jf`f ufnfdf iff]lb eft kflg jfx]s\ ul/ p;} hftdf ldnfO
228
 5fl8lbg'= P:tf :jfl:gsf] ljjflxtf nf]UGofn] s/l0f u¥of] eGof /= c?n] hflg hflg
s/l0f u¥of5+ eGof OgnfO klg kltof glbg' p;} hftdf ldnfOlbg' cfkm'nfO csf{sf
:jfl:g dflg;\n] Pltljlw u¥ofsf] cfkm'n] hfx]/ u/]g 5 cs}{jf6 hfx]/ eof] eGof=
cbfnt\ 7fgf cdfnjf6 lt nf]UGof :jfl:g b'j}nfO lemls k'k{If ubf{ s/l0f 7x¥of= p;}
hftsf s/l0fsf c}g jdf]lhd ;hfo ug'{+ s/l0f 7x/]g eGof kflg grnGof nf]UGofsf
l56f] xfng' gkGof{ hftsf nf]UGofnfO &% ?k}of l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf nf]UGofnfO *)
?k}of b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{= kmnflg :jfl:gn] dnfO of] s'/f u/L
e+g cfof] /f]jsf/ ubf{ :jfl:gn] eGofsf] 7x/]g nf]UGofn] kf]Nofsf] dfq 7x¥of] *) ?k}of
b+8 ug'{=
^= tfufwfl/ hft u}îsf ;wjf ljwjf s+Gof :jfl:gn] pkfWof nufot\ tfufwfl/ hft
s;}nfO p;\n] xf;\ iofn 7§f jft s]lx gul/ lx8Øfsf j:ofsf ;'Tofsf j]nfdf wf]lt
ln+u ;dO5 r'Djg ul/5 cufnf]xfln5 /= kmnfgL :jfl:gn] dnfO o;f] ul/ elg &
lbgleqdf cbfnt\ 7fgf cdfn ufp 3/df cfO cfkm}n] hfx]/ u¥of] eGof t];\ nf]UGofnfO
:jfl:gsf jfl/;\ jfnfn] ift nfpg kfpb}g cbfnt\ cdfnjf6 klg b+8 s}b ;hfo ug'{
x'b}g csf{sf nf]UGofnfO Pltljlw uGof{ :jfl:gsf xftsf] eft rNb}g= kflgdfq rN5
o;tf :jfl:g ljjflxtf nf]UGofn] iffg nfpg lb /fiofsf :jf:gL csf{l;t kf]On uof
eGof ;fw'n] c}g jdf]lhd hf/ sf6\g d'8g ljxf ifr{ lng kfp5 iffg nfpg glb
nf]UGofn] lgsfNofsf P:tf :jfl:g csf{l;t ljU¥of eGof hf/ sf6\g d8g ljxf ifr{
lng kfpb}g hf/ sf6Øf] eGof Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg :jfl:g dflg;\n] Plt s'/f u¥ofsf]
nf]UGofn] hfx]/ u/]g cs}{jf6 hfx]/ eof] egof cbfnt\ 7fgfcdfnjf6 lt nf]UGof :jfl:g
b'j}nfO lemls k'k{If ubf{ s/l0f eofsf] 7x¥of] eGof p;} hftsf c}g jdf]lhd ;hfo ug'{
s/l0f u¥ofsf 7x/]g eGof nf]UGofnfO %) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ hft hfb}g kmnflg :jfl:gn]
dnfO of] s'/f] u/L e+g cfof] /f]jsf/ ubf{ :jfl:gn] eGofsf] 7x/]g /= nf]UGofn] kf]Nofsf]
dfq} 7x¥of] eGof %) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
&= tfufwfl/ hft u}îsf ;wjf ljwjf s+Gof :jfl:gn] gdfl;Gof dtjfln hft u}î s;}nfO
p;n] xf; iofn 7§f jft s]lx gul/ lx8Øfsf j:ofsf ;'Tofsf j]nfdf wf]lt ln+u
;dfO5 r'Djg ul/5 cufnf] xfln5 /= kmnflg :jfl:gn] dnfO o;f]u/L elg &
lbgleqdf cbfnt\ 7fgf cdfn ufp 3/df cfkm}n] hfx]/ u¥of] eGof t]; nf]UGofnfO
:jfl:gsf jfl/; jfnfn] ift nfpg kfpb}g cbfnt\ cdfnjf6 klg b+8 s}b ;hfo ug{
x'b}g csf{sf nf]UGofnfO Plt ljlw uGof{ :jfl:gsf xftsf] eft rnb}g kflgdfq rn5
P:tf :jfl:g ljjflxtf nf]UGofn] iffg nfpg lb /fiofsf :jfl:g csf{l;t kf]On uof]
eGof ;fw'n] c}g jdf]lhd hf/ sf6\g ljxf ifr{ lng kfp5 iffg nfpg glb nf]UGofn]
lgsfNofsf P:tf :jfl:g csf{l;t ljU¥of eGof hf/ sf6g' ljxf ifr{ lng' kfpb}g hf/
sf6of] eGof Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg= :jfl:g dflg;\n] Plt s'/f u¥ofsf] nf]UGofn] hfx]/
u/]g cs}{jf6 hfx]/ eof] eGof cbfnt cdfnjf6 lt nf]UGof :jfl:g b'j}nfO lemls k'k{If
ubf{ s/l0f u¥ofsf] 7x¥of] eGof= p;} hftsf s/l0fsf c}g jdf]lhd ;hfo ug'{= s/l0f
eofsf] 7x/]g eGof nf]UGofnfO ^% ?k}of b+8 ug'{ hft hfb}g kmnflg :jfl:gn] dnfO of]
s'/f] ul/ e+g cfof] /f]jsf/ ubf{ :jfl:gn] eGofsf] 7x/]g /= nf]UGofn] kf]Nofsf] dfq
7x¥of] eGof ^% ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
*= tfufwfl/ hft u}îsf ;wjf ljwjf s+Gof :jfl:gn] dfl;Gof kflg rnGof hftsf nf]UGof
dflg;\ s;}nfO p;n] xf; iofn 7§f jft s]lx gul/ lx8Øfsf j:ofsf ;'Tofsf j]nfdf
wf]lt ln+u ;dfO5 r'Djg ul/5 cufnf] xfln5= / kmnflg :jfl:gn] dnfO o;f] u/L elg
& lbgleqdf cbfnt cdfn ufp 3/df cfO cfkm}n] hfx]/ u¥of] eGof t]; nf]UGof nfO
:jfl:gsf jfl/;jfnfn] ift nfpg kfpb}g= cbfnt cdfnjf6 klg b+8 s}b ;hfo ug{
x'b}g= csf{sf nf]UGofnfO Plt ljlw uGof{ :jfl:gsf xftsf] eft rNb}g= kflg dfq
rN5= P:tf :jfl:g ljjflxtf nf]UGofn] iffg nfpg lb /fiofsf :jfl:g csf{l;t kf]On
uof eGof ;fw'n] c}g jdf]lhd\ hf/ sf6g ljxf ifr{ lng kfp5= iffg nfpg glb
nf]UGofn] lgsfNofsf P:tf :jfl:g csf{l;t ljU¥of eGof= hf/ sf6g ljxf ifr{ lng
kfpb}g= hf/ sf6Øf] eGof Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg\= :jfl:g dflg;n] Plt s'/f u¥ofsf]
nf]UGofn] hfx]/ u/]g cs}{jf6 hfx]/ eof] eGof cbfnt cdfnjf6 lt nf]UGof :jfl:g
b'j}nfO lemls k'k{If ubf{= s/l0f eofsf] 7x¥of] egof p;} hftsf s/l0fsf c}g jdf]lhd\
229
 ;hfo ug'{= s/l0f eofsf] 7x/]g eGof nf]UGofnfO &) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= hft hfb}g= kmnflg
:jfl:gn] dnfO of] s'/f] ul/ e+g cfof] /f]jsf/ ubf{ :jfl:gn] eGofsf] 7x/]g eGof /=
nf]UGofn] kf]Nofsf] dfq 7x¥of] eGof &) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
(= tfufwfl/ hft u}îsf ;wjf ljwjf s+Gof :jfl:g dflg;n] kflg grnGof hft / 5f]of
l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf nf]UGof dflg;\nfO p;n] xf; iofn 7§f jft s]lx gul/
lx89fsf j:ofsf ;'Tofsf j]nfdf wf]lt ln+u ;dfO5 rF'Djg ul/5= cufnf] xfln5 /
kmnflg :jfl:gn] dnfO o;f] ul/ elg & lbg leqdf cbfnt cdfn ufp 3/df cfO
cfkm}n] hfx]/ u¥of] eGof= t]; nf]UGofnfO :jfl:gsf jfl/;jfnfn] ift nfpg kfpb}g=
cbfnt cdfnjf6 klg b+8 s}b ;hfo ug{ x'b}g= csf{sf nf]UGofnfO oltljlw uGof{
:jfl:gsf xftsf] eft kflg rNb}g= hf}gf hftsf nf]UGofnfO Plt ljlw u¥ofls 5= p;}
hftsf] ! cIf/ jf`f ufnfdf iff]lb eft kflg jfx]s ul/ p;} hftdf ldnfO 5fl8 lbg'=
o:tf :jf:gLsf] ljjflxtf nf]UGofn] s/l0f u¥of] eGof / c?n] hfgL hfgL s/l0f u/]5g
eGof pgnfO{ klg kltof glbg' p;} hftdf ldnfO lbg'= cfkm'nfO csf{sf
:jfl:gdflg:n] Pltljlw u¥ofsf] cfkm'n] hfx]/ u/]g cs}{jf6 hfx]/ eof] eGof= cbfnt
7fgf cdfnjf6 lt nf]UGof :jfl:g b'j}nfO lemls k'k{If ubf{ s/l0f 7x¥of] eGof p;}
hftsf s/l0fsf c}g jdf]lhd\ ;hfo ug'{= s/l0f 7x/]g eGof= kflg grnGof nf]UGofdf
l56f] xfng' gkGof{ hftsf nf]UGofnfO &% ?k}of l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf nf]UGofnfO *)
?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\= s}b ug'{= kmnflg :jfl:gn] dnfO of] s'/f] ul/
eÙ cfof] /f]jsf/ ubf{ :jfl:gn] eGofsf] 7x/]g / nf]UGofn] kf]Nofsf] dfq 7x¥of] eGof
*) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
!)= gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hft u}îsf ;wjf ljwjf s+Gof :jfl:g dflg;n] pkfWof nufo]t\
tfufwfl/ hft /= gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hft u}îsf nf]UGof dflg;nfO p;n] xf; iofn
7§fjft s]lx gul/ lx8ofsf j:ofsf ;'Tofsf j]nfdf wf]lt ln+u ;dfO5 r'Djg ul/5
cufnf] xfln5 / kmnflg :jfl:gn] dnfO o;f] ul/ elg & lbgleqdf cbfnt 7fgf
cdfn ufp 3/df cfO cfkm}n] hfx]/ u¥of] eGof t]; nf]UGofnfO :jfl:gsf jfl/; jfnfn]
ift nfpg kfpb}g= cbfnt 7fgf cdfnjf6 klg b+8 s}b ;hfo ug{ x'b}g= csf{sf
nf]UGofnfO oltljlw uGof{ :jfl:gsf xftsf] eft iffg' giffg'= etfxfsf] if'l; P:tf :jfl:g
ljjflxtf nf]UGofn] iffg nfpg lb /fiofsf csf{l;t kf]On uof eGof ;fw'n] c}g
jdf]lhd\ hf/ sf6g ljxf ifr{ lng kfp5= iffg nfpg glb nf]UGofn] lgsfNofsf P:tf
:jfl:g csf{l;t ljU¥of eGof= hf/ sf6g ljxf ifr{lng kfpb}g= hf/ sf6of Hofgsf]
jbnf Hofg x'G5 :jfl:g dflg;n] Plt s'/f] u¥ofsf] nf]UGofn] hfx]/ u/]g cs}{jf6 hfx]/
eof] eGof= cbfnt 7fgf cdfnfjf6 lt nf]UGof :jffl:g b'j}nfO lemls k'k{If ubf{ s/l0f
eofsf] 7x¥of] eGof p;} hftsf s/l0fsf c}g jdf]lhd\ ;hfo ug'{= s/l0f eofsf] 7x/]g
eGof= #% ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{= kmnflg :jfl:gn] dnfO
of] s'/f] ul/ eÙ cfof] /f]jsf/ ubf{ :jfl:gn] eGofsf] 7x/]g eGof /= nf]UGofn] kf]Nofsf]
dfq 7x¥of] eGof #% ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
!!= gdfl;Gof= hftsf ;wjf ljwjf s+Gof= :jfl:g dfgL;\n]= dfl;Gof hftdf= kfgL rnGof
hftsf nf]UGof dfgL;\nfO p;n] xf; iofn 7§f jft s]lx gul/ lx8ofsf j:ofsf
;'Tofsf j]nfdf= wf]lt ln+u ;dfO5= r'Djgul/5 cufnf] xfln5= /= kmnflg :jf:gLn]
dnfO o];f] ul/ egL & lbg\leqdf= cbfnt 7fgf cdfn ufp 3/df cfO cfkm}n] hfx]/
u¥of] eGof= t];\ nf]UGofnfO :jf:gLsf jfl/;jfnfn] ift nfpg kfpb}g= cbfnt 7fgf
cdfnjf6 kgL b+8 s}b ;hfo ug{ x'b}g= csf{sf nf]UGofnfO Plt ljlw uGof{ :jfl:gsf
xftsf] eft rNb}g= kfgL dfq rN5= P:tf :jf:gLnfO ljjflxtf nf]UGofn] iffg nfpg lb=
/fiofsf= csf{l;t kf]On uof eGof= ;fw'n] c}g jdf]lh+ hf/ sf6g= ljxf ifr{ lng
kfp5= iffg nfpg gbL= lgsfNofsf P:tf :jf:gL csf{;Lt jLU¥of eGof= hf/ sf6g
jLxf ifr{ lng kfpb}g= hf/ sf6of Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg x'G5= :jfl:g dfgL;n] o]lt s'/f
u¥ofsf]= cfkm'n] hfx]/ u¥o]g cs}{jf6 hfx]/ eof] eGof cbfnt 7fgf cdfn= jf6 lt
nf]UGof :jf:gL b'j}nfO lemsL k"k{If ubf{= s/l0f eofsf 7x¥of] eGof p;} hftsf
s/l0f=sf c}g jdf]lh+ ;hfo ug'{= s/l0f 7x/]g eGof= &) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}`f glt¥of
c}g jdf]lh+ s}b ug'{= kmnfgL :jf:gLn] dnfO= of] s'/f] ul/ eÙ= cfof] /f]jsf/ ubf{

230
 :jfl:gn] eGofsf] 7x/]g eGof /= nf]UGofn] kf]Nofsf] dfq 7x¥of] eGof= &) ?k}`f b+8
ug'{=
!@= gdfl;Gof dt'jfnL hftsf s+Gof ;wjf jLwjf :jf:gL dfgL;\n]= kflg grnGof /= 5f]of
l56f] :d]t\ xfng' kGof{= hftsf nf]UGof dfgL;\nfO p;n] xf; iofn 7§f jft s]lx gul/=
lx8ofsf j:ofsf ;'Tofsf j]nfdf= wf]tL nL+u ;dfO5= r'Djg\ ul/5 cufnf] xfln5 /
kmnfgL :jf:gLn] dnfO{ o;f] u/L egL & lbgleqdf= cbfnt 7fgf cdfn ufp 3/df
cfO= cfkm}n] hfx]/ u¥of] eGof t]; nf]UGofnfO= :jfl:gsf jf/L; jfnfn] ift nfpg
kfpb}g= cbfnt 7fgf cdfnjf6 kgL b+8 ;hfo s}b ug'{ x'b}g= kfgL grnGof hftsf]
nf]UGofnfO= Pltljlw u¥of{ :jf:gLsf xftsf] eft kfgL rNb}g hf}gf hfTsf nf]UGofnfO=
Pltljlw u¥ofsf] 5= p;} hfTsf] ! cIf/jf{`f ufnfdf iffbL eft kfgL jfx]s\ ul/ p;}
hfTdf ldnfO 5fl8 lbg'= P:tf :jfl:gsf] jLjflxtf nf]UGofn] s/l0f u¥of] eGof /= c?n]
kgL hfgL hfgL s/l0f u/]5eGof= p;nfO kgL ktLof gbLg'= p;} hfTdf ldnfO lbg'=
cfkm'nfO csf{sf :jf:gLn] PtL jLlw u¥ofsf] cfkm'n] hfx]/ u/]g= cs}{jf6 hfx]e{of]
eGof= cbfnt 7fgf cdfnjf6= lt nf]UGof :jf:gL b'j}nfO lemsL k'k{If ubf{= s/l0f
eofsf] 7x¥of] p;} hftsf s/l0fsf c}g jdf]lh+ ;hfo ug'{= s/l0f 7x/]g eGof= kfgL
grnGof nf]UGof dfgL:df= 5f]of 5L6f] xfng' gkGof{ hftsf nf]UGofnfO &% l56f] xfng'
kGof{ hftsfnfO *) ?k}`f b+8 ug'{ ?k}`f glt¥of c}g jdf]lhDs}b ug'{= kmnfgL :jf:gLn]
dnfO of] s'/f] ul/ eÙ cfof] /f]jsf/ ubf{ :jf:gLn] eGofsf] 7x/]g /= nf]UGofn] dfq
kf]Nofsf] 7x¥of] eGof= *) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
!#= dfl;Gofsf] kfgL rnGof u}î hftsf ;wjf ljwjf s+Gof :jf:gLn] pkfWof nufo]t\
tfufwfl/ hft gdfl;Gof dfl;Gof u}î hftsf= nf]UGof dfgL;\nfO p;\n] xf; iofn\
7§fjft s]lx gu/L= lx8Øfsf j:ofsf ;'Tof j]nfdf wf]tL ln+u ;dfO5= r'Djg\ ul/5=
cufnf] xfnL5 /= kmnfgL :jf:gLn] dnfO= P;f] u/L egL & lbGeLqdf= cbfnt 7fgf
cdfn= ufp 3/df cfO cfkm}n] hfx]u{Gof] eGof t];\ nf]UGofnfO :jf:gLsf jfl/; jfnfn]
ift nfpg kfpb}g= cbfnt cdfn\jf6 klg= b+8 s}b ;hfo ug{ x'b}g= csf{sf nf]UGofnfO
Plt jLwL uGof{ :jf:gLsf xftsf] eft rN5 o:tf :jf:gL nfO ljjflxt nf]UGofn] iffg
nfpg bL /fiofsf csf{ l;t kf]On uof eg] ;fw'n] c}g jdf]lhd hf/ sf6Gof hftn] hf/
sf6g ljxf ifr{ lng] hftn] ljxf ifr{ lng kfpF5 . iffg nfpg glbO nf]UGofn]
lgsfNofsf o:tf :jf:gL csf{ l;t lj¥of{ hf/ sf6g x'b}g sf6\of Hofg sf] jbnf
Hofg x'G5 . :jf:gL dflg;n] = Pltljlw u¥ofsf] 5= cfkm'n] hfx]/ u/]]g cs}{jf6 hfx]/
eof] eGof cbfnt 7fgf cdfnjf6 tL nf]UGof :jf:gL b'j} nfO lemsL k'k{If ubf{ s/l0f
7x¥of p;} hfTsf sl/0fsf c}g jdf]lhd ;hfo ug'{ s/l0f g7x¥of @% ?k}of b+8 ug'{
?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{= kmnfgL :jf:gLn] dnfO of] s'/f] u/L eGg cfof]
/f]jsf/ ubf{ :jf:gLn] eGofsf] 7x/]g / nf]UGofn] kf]Nofsf] dfq 7x¥of] eGof @% ?k}of
b+8 ug'
!$= dfl;Gof hftdf kfgL rnGof hft u}î= sf ;wjf jLwjf s+Gofn] kfgL grnGof /= 5f]of
5L6f] xfng'= kGof{ hftsf nf]UGof dfgL;nfO= p:n] xf;\ iofn\ 7§f jft\ s]lx gul/=
lx8Øfsf j:ofsf ;'Tofsf j]nfdf= wf]tL ln+u ;dfO5= r'Ddg\ ul/5= cufnf] xfln5 /=
kmnfgL :jf:gLn] dnfO o;f] ul/ egL & lbg eLqdf= cbfnt 7fgf cdfn= ufp 3/df
cfO cfkm}n] hfx]/ u¥of] eGof= t];\ nf]UGofnfO= :jf:gLsf jf/L; jfnfn] ift nfpg
kfpb}g= cbfnt 7fgf cdfnjf6 klg b+8 s}b ;hfo x'b}g= csf{sf nf]UGofnfO PtL
jLwL uGof{ :jf:gLsf xftsf] eft kfgL rNb}g= hf}gf hftsf nf]UGofnfO Plt jLwL
u¥ofsf] 5= p;} hftsf] ! cIf/ jf`f ufnfdf iff]lb= eft kfgLdf jfx]s\ ul/= p;} hfTdf
ldnfO 5f8L lbg'= P:tf :jf:gLsf] jLjflxtf nf]UGofn] s/l0f u¥of] eGof / c?n] klg
hfgL hfgL s/l0f u/]5g\ eGof pg\nfO kgL ktLof glbg'= p;} hftdf ldnfO lbg'=
cfkm'nfO= csf{sf:jf:gLn] PltljwL u¥ofsf] cfkm'n] hfx]/ u/]g= cs}{jf6 hfx]/ eof]
eGof= cbfnt 7fgf cdfnfjf6 lt nf]UGof :jf:gL b'j}nfO lemsL k'k{If ubf{= s/l0f
eofsf] 7x¥of= p;} hftsf s/l0fsf c}g jdf]lh+D;hfo ug'{= s/l0f g7x¥of= kfgL
grnGof nf]UGof dfgL:df= l56f] xfng' gkGof{ hftsfnfO= &% ?k}of= 5f]of l56f] xfng'
kGof{ hftsfnfO= *) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ kmnfgL :jf:gLn] dnfO of] s'/f] ul/= eÙ cfof]

231
 /f]jsf/ ubf{ :jf:gLn] eGofsf] 7x/]g /= nf]UGofn] kf]Nofsf] dfq 7x¥of] eGof *) ?k}`f
b+8 ug'{=
!%= kflg grnGof 5f]of l56f] xfng' gkGof{ hftsf ;wjf ljwjf s+Gof :jfl:g dflg;\n]
pkfWof nufo]t\ tfufwfl/ hft gdfl;Gof dfl;Gof dt'jfln hft u}îsf nf]UGof dflg:nfO
p;n] xf;iofn 7§f jft s]lx gul/ lx8Øfsf j:ofsf ;'Tofsf j]nfdf wf]lt ln+u
;dfO5 r'Djg ul/5= cufnf] xfln5 /= kmnflg :jfl:gn] dnfO o;f] ul/ elg &
lbgleqdf cbfnt cdfn ufp 3/df cfO cfkm}n] hfx]/ u¥of] eGof= t]; nf]UGofnfO
:jfl:gsf jfl/;jfnfn] ifft nfpg kfpb}g= cbfnt cdfn jf6 klg b+8 s}b ;hfo ug{
x'b}g= csf{sf nf]UGofnfO oltljlw uGof{ :jfl:g ljjflxtf nf]UGofn] iffg nfpg lb
/fiofsf csf{l;t kf]On uof eGof= ;fw'n] c}g jdf]lhd\ hf/ sf6Gof hftn] hf/ sf6g
ljxf ifr{ lnGof hftn] ljxf ifr{ lng kfp5= iffg nfpg glb nf]UGofn] lgsfNofsf P:tf
:jfl:g csf{l;t kf]On uof eGof hf/ sf6g ljxf ifr{ lng kfpb}g hf/ sf6of] eGof=
Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg\= :jfl:g dflg:n] Pltljlw u¥ofsf] nf]UGofn] hfx]/ u/]g cs}{jf6
hfx]/ eof] eGof cbfnt cdfn jf6 lt nf]UGof :jfl:g b'j}nfO lemls k'k{If ubf{ s/l0f
eofsf] 7x¥of] eGof= p;} hftsf s/l0fsf c}g jdf]lhd\ ;hfo ug'{= s/l0f 7x/]g eGof=
nf]UGofnfO &% ?k}of b+8 ug'{ hft hfb}g kmnflg :jfl:gn] dnfO o;f] ul/ e+g cfof]
/f]jsf/ ubf{ :jfl:gn] eGofsf] 7x/]g nf]UGofn] kf]Nofsf] dfq 7x¥of] eGof &% ?k}of b+8
ug'{=
!^= kflg grnGof 5f]of l56f] xfng' gkGof{ hftsf ;wjf ljwjf s+Gof :jfl:g dflg;n]
kflg grnGof /= 5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf nf]UGof dflg;nfO p;n] xf; iofn 7§f
jft s]lx gul/ lx8Øfsf j:ofsf ;'Tofsf j]nfdf wf]lt ln+u ;dfO5 r'Djg ul/5
cufnf] xfln5 / kmnflg :jfl:gn] dnfO o;f] ul/ elg & lbgleqdf cbfnt cdfn
ufp 3/ cfO cfkm}n] hfx]/ u¥of] eGof t];\ nf]UGofnfO :jfl:gsf jfl/; jfnfn] ift
nfpg kfpb}g cbfnt cdfnjf6 b+8 s}b ;hfo ug{ x'b}g csf{sf nf]UGofnfO Pltljlw
uGof{ :jfl:g sfxfTsf] eft rNb}g kflg dfq rN5 o:tf :jfl:g ljjflxtf nf]UGofn] iffg
nfpg lb /fiofsf :jfl:g csf{l;t kf]On uof eGof ;fw'n] c}g jdf]lhd+ hf/ sf6Gof
hftn] hf/ sf6g kfp5= ljxf ifr{ lnGof hftn] ljxf ifr{ lng kfp5= iffg nfpg glb
nf]UGofn] lgsfNofsf P:tf :jfl:g csf{l;t kf]On uof eGof= hf/ sf6g ljxf ifr{ lng
kfpb}g= sf6Øf] egof Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg\= :jfl:g dflg;n] o]lt ljlw u¥ofsf]
nf]UGofn] hfx]/ u/]g cs}{jf6 hfx]/ eof] eGof cbfnt cdfnjf6 lt nf]UGof :jfl:g
b'j}nfO lemls k'k{If= ubf{= s/l0f eofsf] 7x¥of] egof p;} hftsf sl/0fsf c}g
jdf]lhd\ ;hfo ug'{= s/l0f eofsf] 7x/]g eGof= nf]UGofnfO @@.. ?k}of b+8 ug'{= hft
hfb}g= kmnflg :jfl:gn] dnfO of] s'/f] ul/ e+g cfof] /f]jsf/ ubf{ :jfl:gn] eGofsf]
7x/]g / nf]UGofn] kf]Nofsf] dfq 7x¥of] eGof @@.. ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
!&= l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf ;wjf ljwjf s+Gof :jfl:g dflg;n] pkfWof nufo]t\ tfufwfl/
hft gdfl;Gof dfl;Gof dt'jfln hft u}îsf nf]UGof dflg;nfO p;n] xf; iofn 7§f
jft s]lx gul/ lx8\ofsf j:ofsf ;'Tofsf a]nfdf wf]lt ln+u ;dfO5 r'Djg ul/5
cufnf] xfln5 /= kmnflg :jfl:gn] dnfO o;f] ul/ elg & lbgleqdf cbfnt cdfn
ufp 3df{ cfO cfkm}n] hfx]/ u¥of] eGof= t];\ nf]UGofnfO :jfl:gsf jfl/; jfnfn] ift
nfpg kfpb}g= cbfnt cdfn jf6 klg b+8 s}b ;hfo ug{ x'b}g= csf{sf nf]UGofnfO
Pltljlw uGof{ :jfl:g ljjflxtf nf]UGofn] iffg nfpg lb /fiofsf csf{l;t kf]On uof
eGof= ;fw' n] c}g jdf]lhd\ hf/ sf6Gof hftn] hf/ sf6g kfp5= ljxf ifr{ lnGof
hftn] ljxf ifr{ lng kfp5= iffg nfpg glb nf]UGofn] lgsfNofsf :jfl:g csf]{ l;t
kf]On uofeGof= hf/ sf6g ljxf ifr{ lng kfpb}g= hf/ sf6of] eGof= Hofgsf] jbnf
Hofg\ :jfl:g dflg;n] Pltljlw u¥ofsf] nf]UGofn] hfx]/ u/]g cs}{jf6 hfx]/ eof] eGof
cbfnt cdfn jf6 lt nf]UGof :jfl:g b'j}nfO lemls k'k{If ubf{ s/l0f eofsf] 7x¥of]
eGof p;} hftsf s/l0fsf c}g jdf]lhd\ ;hfo ug'{= s/l0f eofsf] 7x/]g eGof=
nf]UGofnfO *) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= hft hfb}g= kmnflg :jfl:gn] dnfO of] s'/f] ul/ e+g cfof]
/f]jsf/ ubf{ :jfl:gn] eGofsf] 7x/]g nf]UGofn] kf]Nofsf] dfq 7x¥of *) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
!*= l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf ;wjf ljwjf sGof :jfl:gdflg;n] kflg grnGof / l56f]
xfng' kGof{ hftsf nf]UGof dflg;nfO p;n] xf; iofn 7§f jft s]lx gul/ lx8ofsf
232
 j:ofsf ;'Tofsf j]nfdf wf]lt ln+u ;dfO5 r'Djg\ ul/5 cufnf] xfln5 /= kmnflg
:jfl:gn] dnfO o;f] ul/ elg & lbgleqdf cbfnt cdfn ufp 3/df cfO cfkm}n] hfx]/
u¥of] eGof= t]:tf nf]UGofnfO :jfl:gsf jfl/; jfnfn] ift nfpg kfpb}g cbfnt
cdfnjf6 klg b+8 s}b ;hfo ug{ x'b}g= / Plt ljlw uGof{ :jfl:g ljjflxtf nf]UGofn]
iffg nfpg lb /fiofsf :jfl:g csf{l;t kf]On uof egof= ;fw'n] c}g jdf]lhd\ hf/
sf6Gof hftn] hf/ sf6g kfp5 ljxf ifr{ lnGof hftn] ljxf ifr{ lng kfp5= iffg nfpg
glb nf]UGofn] lgsfNofsf :jfl:g csf{l;t kf]On uof eGof= hf/ sf6g ljxf ifr{ lng
kfpb}g= hf/ sf6of] eGof Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg\= :jfl:g dflg;n] o]ltljlw u¥ofsf]
nf]UGofn] hfx]/ u/]g cs}{jf6 hfx]/ eof] eGof= cbfnt cdfnjf6 lt nf]UGof :jfl:g
b'j}nfO lemls k'k{If ubf{= s/l0f eofsf] 7x¥of] eGof= p;} hfTsf s/l0fsf c}g jdf]lhd\
;hfo ug'{= s/l0f eofsf] 7x/]g= eGof= l56f] xfng' gkGof{ hftsf nf]UGofnfO #) ?k}of
l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf nf]UGofnfO @!..= ?k}of b+8 ug'{= hft hfb}g= kmnflg :jfl:gn]
dnfO of] s'/f] ul/ e+g cfof] /f]jsf/ ubf{ :jfl:gn] eGofsf] 7x/]g / nf]UGofn] kf]Nofsf]
dfq 7x¥of] eGof #) ?k}of l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftnfO @!.. ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
!(= pkfWof j|fé0fn] pkfWof j|fé0fsf ;wjf ljwjf s+GofnfO cfÇgf d'ifn] s/l0f b] elg
kmsfo]5 :jfl:gn] d'ifn] s/l0f lb+5' eGofls xj;\ jf s/l0f lb+5' eGofls gxj;\=
t]:t}df hfx]/ eof] s/l0f eGof x'g kfofsf] /x]g5 d'if kltt ;+ddf sfo]n eof eGof=
s/l0f b] e+Gof nf]UGofnfO #) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= nf]UGofsf] hft hfb}g= :jfl:gn] s/l0f
lb+5' eGofls /lx5 eGof= :jfl:gsf xftsf] eft rNb}g= kflg dfq rN5 P:tf :jfl:g
ljjflxtf nf]UGofn] iffg nfpg lb /fiofsf :jfl:g csf{l;t kf]On uof eGof c}g
jdf]lhd\ hf/ sf6g d'8g ljxf ifr{ lng kfp5= d'if kltt eofsf P:tf :jfl:g /fifltg
elg iffg nfpg glb lgsfNofsf :jfl:g csf{l;t ljU¥of eGof hf/ sf6g d'8g ljxf
ifr{ lng kfpb}g= hf/ sf6Øf c}g jdf]lhd\ ;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{ nf]UGofn] s/l0f b] e+bf
:jfl:gn] s/l0f lb+5' eGofls /lxg5 eGof /= cfkm}n] hfx]/ ug{ cfO eGof :jfl:gsf
xftsf] eft rN5 hft}df /x+5]=
@)= tfufwfl/ hft u}în] pkfWof j|fé0fsf ;wjf ljwjf s+GofnfO d'ifn] s/l0f b] elg
kmsfo]5 :jfl:gn] d'ifn]s/l0f lb+5' egofls xj;\ jf= s/l0f lb+5' eGofls gxj;\
t]:t}df hfx]/ eof] s/l0f eGof x'g kfofsf] /x]g5 d'if kltt ;+Ddf sfo]n eof eGof=
s/l0f b] e+Gof nf]UGofnfO $) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ nf]UGofsf] hft hfb}g= :jfl:gn] s/l0f lb+5'
eGofls /lx5 eGof :jfl:gsf xftsf] eft rNb}g= kfgL dfq rN5= P:tf ljjflxtf
nf]UGofn] iffg nfpg lb /fiofsf :jfl:g csf{l;t kf]On uof egof= c}g jdf]lhd\ hf/
sf6g d'8g' ljxf ifr{ lng kfp5 d'if kltt eofsf P:tf :jfl:g /fiftLg egL= iffg
nfpg glb lgsfNofsf :jfl:g csf{l;t ljU¥of eGof hf/ sf6g ljxf ifr{ lng d'8g
kfpb}g= hf/ sf6of c}g jdf]lhd\ ;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{= nf]UGofn] s/l0f b] e+bf
:jfl:gn] s/l0f lb+5' eGofls /lxg5 eGof / cfkm}n] hfx]/ ug{ cfO eGof= :jfl:gsf
xftsf] eft rN5= hft}df /x+5]=
@!= tfufwfl/ hft u}¥xn] pkfWof j|fé0f jfx]s tfufwfl/ hft u}îsf ;wjf ljwjf
s+GofnfO d'ifn] s/l0f b]elg kmsfo]5 :jfl:gn] d'ifn] s/l0f lbG5' eGofls xj;\ jf
s/l0f lb+5' eGofls gxj;\ t]:t}df hfx]/ eof] s/l0f x'g kfofsf] /x]g5 d'if kltt ;Dddf
sfo]n eof] eGof s/l0f b] e+Gof nf]UGofnfO #) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ nf]UGofsf] hft hfb}g=
:jfl:gn] s/l0f lb+5' eGofls /lx5 eGof :jfl:gsf xftsf] eft rNb}g kflg dfq rN5=
P:tf :jfl:g ljjflxtf nf]UGofn] iffg nfpg lb /fiofsf :jfl:g csf{l;t kf]On uof
egof c}g jdf]lhd hf/ sf6g d'8g ljxf ifr{ lngkfp5 d'if kltt\ eofsf :jfl:g
/fifltg elg iffgnfpg glb lgsfNofsf :jfl:g csf{l;t lju¥of eGof= hf/sf6g= d'8g
ljxf ifr{ lng kfpb}g= hf/ sf6\of Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg\ nf]UGof dflg;n] s/l0f b] e+bf
:jfl:gn] s/l0f lb+5' eGofls /lxg5 eGof /= cfkm}n] hfx]/ ug{ cfO eGof :jfl:gsf
xftsf] eft rN5= hft}df /x+5g\=
@@= tfufwfl/ hft u}în] gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hft u}îsf ;wjfljwjfs+GofnfO d'ifn] s/l0f
b] elg kmsfo]5= :jfl:gn] d'ifn] s/l0f lb+5' eGofls xj;\ jf= s/l0f lb+5' eGof ls
gxj;\= t]:t}df hfx]/ eof] s/l0f eGof x'g kfofsf] /x]g5 d'if kltt ;Dddf sfo]n eof
eGof= s/l0f b] e+Gof nf]UGofnfO !% ?k}of b+8 ug'{= nf]UGofsf] hft hfb}g= :jfl:gn]
233
 s/l0f lb+5' eGofls /lx5 eGof= :jfl:gsf xftsf] eft rNb}g= kflg dfq rN5= P:tf
ljjflxtf nf]UGofn] iffgnfpg lb /fiofsf] :jfl:g csf{l;t kf]On uof eGof= c}g
jdf]lhd\= d'8g hf/sf6g ljxf ifr{lng kfp5= d'if kltt eofsf P:tf :jfl:g /fifltg
elg iffgnfpg glb lgsNofsf :jfl:g csf{l;t lju¥of eGof= hf/sf6g d'8g ljxf ifr{
lng kfpb}g= hf/ sf6Øf Hoffgsf] jbnf Hofg\= nf]UGofn] s/l0f b] e+bf :jfl:gn] s/l0f
lb+5' eGofls /xlg5 eGof / cfkm}n] hfx]/ ug{ cfO eGof :jfl:g sf xftsf] eft rN5=
hft}df /x+5]=
@#= tfufwfl/ hft u}în] dfl;Gof dt'jfln hft u}îsf ;wjf ljwjf s+GofnfO d'ifn] s/l0f
b] elg kmsfo]5 :jfl:gn] d'ifn] s/l0f lb+5' eGofls xj;\ jf s/l0f lb+5' eGofls
gxj;\= t]:t}df hfx]/ eof] s/l0f eGof x'g kfofsf] /x]g5 d'if kltt ;Dddf sfo]n eof
eGof s/l0f b] e+Gof nf]UGof nfO % ?k}of b+8 ug'{= nf]UGofsf hft hfb}g= :jfl:gn]
s/l0f lb+5' eGofls /lx5 eGof= :jfl:gsf xftsf] eft rNb}g= kflg dfq rN5= P:tf
ljjflxtf nf]UGofn] iffg nfpg lb /fiofsf :jfl:g csf{l;t kf]On uof egof= c}g
jdf]lhd\ hf/ xf+Gof hftn] hf/ sf6g kfp5 ljxf ifr{ lnGof hftn]ljxf ifr{ lng kfp5=
d'if kltt\ eofsf P:tf :jfl:g /fiftLg egL iffg nfpg glb lgsfNofsf :jfl:g
csf{l;t ljU¥of eGof= hf/sf6g ljxf ifr{ lng kfpb}g= hf/ sf6Øf Hofgsf] jbnf
Hofg\= nf]UGofn] s/l0f b] e+bf :jfl:gn] s/l0f lb+5' eGofls /lxg5 eGof /= cfkm}n]
hfx]/ ug{ cfO egof :jfl:gsf xftsf] eft rN5 hft}df /x+5]=
@$= tfufwfl/ u}în] kflg grnGof 5f]O l56f] xfng' gkGof{ hftsf ;wjf ljwjf s+GofnfO
d'ifn] s/l0f b]elg kmsfo]5 :jfl:gn] d'ifn] s/l0f lb+5' eGofls xj;\ jf s/l0f lb+5'
eGofls gxj;\= t]:t}df hfx]/ eof] s/l0f x'gkfofsf] /x]g5 d'if kltt ;Dddf sfo]n
eof eGof= s/l0f b] e+Gof nf]UGofnfO !) ?k}of b+8 ug'{+ nf]UGofsf] hft hfb}g= :jfl:gsf
xftsf] eft rN5= P:tf ljjflxtf nf]UGofn] iffg nfpg lb /fiofsf :jfl:g csf{l;t
kf]On uof eGof= c}g jdf]lhd\ hf/ xf+Gof hftn] hf/ xf+g kfp5= ljxf ifr{ lnGof hftn]
ljxf ifr{ lng kfp5= d'if kltt eofsf P:tf :jfl:g /fiftLg elg iffg nfpg glb
lgsfNofsf :jfl:g csf{l;t ljU¥of eGof= hf/ sf6g ljxf ifr{ lng kfpb}g= hf/
sf6of Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg\=
@%= tfufwfl/ hft u}în] l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf ;wjf ljwjf s+GofnfO d'ifn] s/l0f b]
elg kmsfo]5 :jfl:gn] d'ifn] s/l0f lb+5' eGofls xj;\ jf= s/l0f lb+5' eGofls gxj;\=
t]:t}df hfx]/ eof] s/l0f eGof x'g kfofsf] /x]g5 d'if kltt ;Dddf sfo]n eof] eGof
s/l0f b] e+Gof nf]UGofnfO ^) ?k}of b+8 ug'{+ hfthfb}g= kltof kb}{g :jfl:gsf xftsf]
eft rN5= P:tf ljjflxtf nf]UGofn] iffg nfpg lb /fiofsf :Jffl:g csf{l;t kf]On uof
eGof= hf/ xf+Gof hftn] hf/ xf+g kfp5= ljxf ifr{ lnGof hftn] ljxf ifr{ lng kfp5=
d'ifkltt\ eofsf P:tf :jfl:g /fitLg elg iffg nfpg glb lgsfNofsf :jfl:g csf{l;t
kf]On uof eGof hf/ sf6g ljxf ifr{ lng kfpb}g= hf/ sf6of Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg\=
@^= gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hft u}în]= pkfWof nufo]t\ tfufwfl/ hft u}îsf ;wjf ljwjf
s+GofnfO d'ifn] s/l0f b] elg kmsfo]5 :jfl:gn] d'ifn] s/l0f lb+5' eGofls xj;\ jf
s/l0f lb+5' egofls gxj;\= t]:t}df hfx]/ eof] s/l0f eGof x'g kfofsf] /x]g5 d'if kltt
;Dddf sfo]n eof eGof s/l0f b] e+Gof nf]UGofnfO $% ?k}of b+8 ug'{+ nf]UGofsf] hft
hfb}g= :jfl:gn] s/l0f lb+5' eGofls /lx5 eGof :jfl:gsf xftsf] eft rNb}g= kflg
dfq rN5 P:tf ljjflxtf nf]UGofn] iffg nfpg lb /fiofsf :jfl:g csf{l;t kf]On uof
eGof c}g jdf]lhd\= hf/ sf6g d'8g ljxf ifr{ lng kfp5= d'if kltt eofsf P:tf
:jfl:g /fiftLg elg iffg nfpg glb lgsfNofsf :jfl:g csf{l;t ljU¥of eGof= hf/
sf6g d'8g ljxf ifr{ lng kfpb}g hf/ sf6of Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg\ nf]UGofn] s/l0f b]
e+bf :jfl:gn] s/l0f lb+5' eGofls /lxg5 eGof /= cfkm}n] hfx]/ ug{ cfO eGof
:jfl:gsf xftsf]eft rN5= hft}df /x+5]=
@&= gdfl;Gof d'tjfnL hft u}în] gdfl;Go} dtjfnL hft u}îsf ;wjf jLwjf s+GofnfO
s/l0f b] egL kmsfo]5= :jfl:gn] s/l0f lb+5' eGofsL xj;\= jf s/l0f lb+5' eGofsL
gxj;\= t]:t}df hfx]e{of] s/l0f eGof x'gkfofsf] /x]g5= d'if ktLt;Dddf sfo]d eof
eGof= s/l0f b] e+Gof nf]UGofnfO @% ?k}`f b+8 ug'{+ hft hfb}g= :jf:gLn] s/l0f lbG5'
eGofsf] /lx5 eGof= :jf:gLsf xftsf] eft rNb}g= kfgL dfq rN5 = P:tf ljjflxtf
234
 nf]UGofn] iffg nfpg lb /fiofsf= :jfl:g csf{l;t kf]On uof eGof= c}g
jdf]lhDjLxfifr{ lng hf/ sf6g kfp5= d'if ktLt= eofsf P:tf :jfl:g /fifltg egL=
iffg nfpg glb nf]UGofn] lgsfNofsf= :jf:gL csf{l;t ljU¥of eGof= hf/ sf6g jLxf
ifr{ nLg kfpb}g= hf/ sf6of Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg\= nf]UGofn] s/l0f b] eGbf= :jf:gLn]
s/l0f lbG5' eGofsf] /xlg5 eGof /= cfkm}n] hfx]/ ug{ cfO eGof= :jf:gLsf xftsf] eft
rN5= hft}df /xG5]=
@*= gdfl;Gof dt'jfnL hft u}în]= dfl;Gof hftsf ;wjf jLwjf s+GofnfO s/l0f b] egL
kmsfP5= :jf:gLn] s/0fL lbG5' eGofsL xj;\ jf= s/l0f lbG5' eGofsL gxj;\ t]:t}df
hfx]e{of] s/l0f eGof x'g kfofsf] /x]g5= d'if ktLt ;Dddf sfo]n\ eof eGof= s/l0f b]
eGof nf]UGofnfO % ?k}`f b+8 ug'{= :jfl:gsf xfTsf] eft rN5= P:tf jLjfxLtf
nf]UGofn]= iffg nfpg lb /fiofsf :jf:gL csf{l;t kf]On uof eGof= c}g jdf]lhd\ hf/
sf6Gf hftn] hf/ sf6g kfp5= ljxf ifr{ nLGof hftn] ljxf ifr{ lng kfp5= d'if ktLt
eofsf P:tf :jfl:g /fifltg egL iffg nfpg glb gLsfNofsf :jf:gL csf{l;t jLU¥of
eGof= hf/ sf6g jLxf ifr{ nLg kfpb}g= hf/ sf6of Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg\=
@( gdfl;Gof dt'jfnL hft u}în]= kfgL grnGof l56f] xfng' gkGof{= hft u}îsf ;wjf
ljwjf s+GofnfO s/l0f b] egL kmsfo]5= :jf:gLn] s/l0f lbG5' eGofsL xj;\ jf=
s/l0f lbG5' eGofsL gxj;\= t]:t}df hf]x/ eof] s/l0f eGof x'g kfofsf] /x]g5= d'if
ktLt;Ddsf sfo]Neof eGof s/l0f b] e+Gof nf]UGofnfO !) ?k}`f b+8 ug'{ :jf:gLsf
xftsf] eft rN5= P:tf ljjfxLtf nf]UGofn] iffg nfpg lb /fiofsf :jf:gL csf{l;t
kf]On uof eGof= c}g jdf]lh+ hf/ sf6Gof hftn] hf/ sf6g kfp5= ljxf ifr{ lnGof
hftn] ljxf ifr{ lng kfp5= d'if kltt eofsf P:tf :jf:gL /fiftLg egL iffg nfpg
glb= lgsfNofsf :jf:gL= csf{l;t jLU¥of eGof= hf/ sf6g jLxf ifr{ lng kfpb}g= hf/
sf6of Hofgsf jbnf Hofg\=
#)= gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hft u}în]= l56f] xfng' kGof{ hft u}îsf ;wjf ljwjf s+GofnfO
d'ifn] s/l0f b] egL kmsfo]5 :jfl:gn]= d'ifn] s/l0f bLG5' eGofsL xj;\= jf= s/l0f
lbG5' eGofsL gxj;\= t]:t}df hfx]/ eof] s/l0f eGof x'g kfofsf] /x]g5= d'if
ktLt;Dddf sfPn eof eGof= s/l0f b] e+Gof nf]UGofnfO @) ?k}`f b+8 ug'{= nf]UGofsf]
hft hfb}g= ktLof kb}{g= P:tf ljjflxtf nf]UGofn] iffg nfpg bL /fiofsf :jf:gL
csf{l;t kf]On uof eGof= c}g jdf]lh+ hf/ sf6\Gof hftn] hf/ sf6g kfp5= ljxf ifr{
lnGof hftn] ljxf ifr{ nLg kfp5= d'if kltt\ eofsf P:tf :jf:gL /fiftLg egL iffg
nfpg glb lgsfNofsf :jf:gL csf{ l;t jLU¥of eGof= hf/ sf6g jLxf ifr{ lng
kfpb}g= hf/ sf6of Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg\=
#!= dfl;Gof dt'jfnL hft u}în] pkfWof nufo]t\ tfufwfl/ hft / gdfl;Gof dt'jfnL hft
u}îsf ;wjf jLwjf s+GofnfO d'ifn] s/l0f b] egL kmsfP 5= :jfl:gn] d'ifn] s/l0f
lbG5' eGofsL xj;\ jf= s/l0f bLG5' eGofsL gxj;\ t]:t}df hfx]e{of] s/l0f egof
x'gkfofsf] /x]g5= d'if ktLt;Dddf sfo]Neof] eGof= s/l0f b] e+Gg] nf]UGofnfO %) ?k}`f
b+8 ug'{= nf]UGofsf] hft hfb}g= :jfl:gn] s/l0f lb+G5' eGofsL /xl5 eGof :jfl:gsf
xftsf] eft rNb}g= kfgL dfq rN5= o:tf jLjflxtf nf]UGofn] iffg nfpg lb /fiofsf
:jfl:g= csf{l;t kf]On uof eGof= c}g jdf]lhd\ hf/ sf6g d'8g ljxf ifr{ lng kfp5=
d'if ktLt eofsf P:tf :jf:gL /fifltg= elg iffgnfpg gbL= lgsfNofsf :jf:gL
csf{l;t jLU¥of eGof hf/ sf6g d'8g= ljxf ifr{ lng kfpb}g= hf/ sf6] Hofgsf] jbnf
Hofg nf]UGofn] s/l0f b] eGbf :jf:gLn] s/l0f lb+G5' eGofsL /lxg5 / cfkm}n] hfx]/ ug{
cfO eGof= :jf:gLsf xftsf] eft rN5= hftdf /xG5]=
#@= dfl;Gof d'tjfnL hft u}în] dfl;Gof dt'jfnL hft}df ;wjf jLwjf s+GofnfO d'ifn]
s/l0f b] egL kmsfP5= :jf:gLn] d'ifn] s/l0f lbG5' eGofsL xj;\ jf= s/l0f lbG5'
eGofsL gxj;\= t]:t}df hfx]/ eof] s/l0f eGof x'g kfofsf] /x]g5 d'if kltt;Dddf
sfPn\ eof] eGof s/l0f b] e+Gof nf]UGofnfO= % ?k}`f b+8 ug'{= :jfl:gsf xftsf] eft
rN5= P:tf jLjflxtf nf]UGofn] iffg nfpg lb /fiofsf :jf:gL csf{l;t kf]On uof
eGof= c}g jdflh+ hf/ sf6Gof hftn] hf/ sf6\g kfp5= ljxf ifr{ lnGof hftn] jLxf ifr{
nLg kfp5= d'if ktLt eofsL :jf:gL /fiftLg egL iffg nfpg glb lgsfNofsf :jfl:g
csf{l;t ljU¥of= hf/ sf6g jLxf ifr{ lng kfpb}gg\= hf/ sf6of Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg\=
235
##= dfl;Gof d'tjfnL hft u}în] kfgL grnGof l56f] xfng' gkGof{ hft u}îsf ;wjf ljwjf
s+Gof= nfO d'ifn]= s/l0f b] egL kmsfP5= :jfl:gn] d'ifn] s/l0f lb+G5' eGofsf] xj;\
jf= s/l0f lbG5' eGofsf] gxj;\= t]:t}df hfx]/ eof] s/l0f eGof x'g kfofsf] /x]g5= d'if
kltt;Dddf sfo]Neof] egof= s/l0f b] egof nf]UGofnfO % ?k}`f b+8 ug'{= :jfl:gsf
xftsf] eft rN5= P:tf jLjflxtf nf]UGofn] iffg nfpg lb /fiofsf :jf:gL csf{l;t
kf]On uof eGof c}g jdf]lhd\= hf/ sf6Gof hftn] hf/ sf6\g kfp5= ljxf ifr{ lnGof
hftn] jLxf ifr{ lng kfp5= d'ifktLt eofsf P:tf :jf:gL /fiftLg egL iffg nfpg glb
lgsfNofsf :jf:gL csf{l;t jLU¥of eGof= hf/ sf6g ljxf ifr{ nLg kfpb}g= hf/
sf6of Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg\=
#$= dfl;Gof dt'jfln hft u}în] l56f] xfng' kGof{ hft u}îsf ;wjf ljwjf s+G ofnfO d'ifn]
s/l0f b] elg kmsfo]5 :jfl:gn] d'ifn] s/l0f lb+5' eGofls xj;\ jf= s/l0f lb+5'
eGofls gxj;\= t]:t}df hfx]/ eof] s/l0f eGof x'g kfofsf] /x]g5 d'if kltt;Dddf
sfo]n eof eGof nf]UGoffnfO= !) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ nf]UGofsf] hft hfb}g= ktLof kb}{g P:tf
ljjflxtf nf]UGofn] iffg nfpg lb /fiofsf :jfl:g csf{l;t\ kf]On uof eGof c}g
jdflhd\ hf/ sf6Gof hftn] hf/ sf6g kfp5= ljxf ifr{lnGof hftn] ljxf ifr{lng
kfp5= d'if kltt eofsf P:tf :jfl:g /fiftLg elg iffg nfpg glb lgsfNofsf :jfl:g
csf{l;t ljU¥of eGof hf/ sf6g ljxf ifr{ lng kfpb}g= hf/ sf6of Hofgsf] jbnf
Hofg\=
#%= l56f] xfng' gkGof{ kflg grnGof hft u}în] pkfWof nufo]t\ tfufwfl/ gdfl;Gof
dt'jfln dfl;Gof dt'jfln hft u}îsf ;wjf ljwjf s+GofnfO d'ifn] s/l0f b] elg
kmsfo]5 :jfl:gn] d'ifn] s/l0f lb+5' eGofls xj;\ jf s/l0f lb+5' eGofls gxj;\
t]:t}df hfx]/ eof] s/l0f eGof x'g kfofsf] /x]g5 d'if kltt;+Dddf sfo]n eof eGof
s/l0f b] e+Gof nf]UGofnfO %% ?k}of b+8 ug'{= nf]UGofsf] hft hfb}g= :jfl:gn] s/l0f
lb+5' eGofls /lx5 eGof= :jfl:gsf xftsf] eft rNb}g= kflg dfq rN5= P:tf
ljjflxtf nf]UGofn] iffg nfpg lb /fiofsf :jfl:g csf{l;t kf]On uof eGof= c}g
jdf]lhd\ hf/ sf6g d'8g ljxf ifr{ lng kfp5 d'if kltt eofsf P:tf :jfl:g /fifltg
elg iffg nfpg glb lgsfNofof :jfl:g csf{l;t ljU¥of eGof= hf/ sf6g d'8g ljxf
ifr{ lng kfpb}g hf/ sf6of Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg\= nf]UGofn] s/l0f b] e+Gof :jfl:gn]
s/l0f lb+5' eGofls /xlg5 eGof / cfkm}n] hfx]/ ug{ cfO eGof :jfl:gsf xftsf] eft
rN5 hft}df /x+5]=
#^= l56f] xfng' gkGof{ kflg grnGof hft u}în] l56f] xfng' gkGof{ kflg grnGof hft
u}îsf ;wjf ljwjf s+GofnfO d'ifn] s/l0f b] elg kmsfo]5 :jfl:gn] d'ifn]s/l0f lb+5'
egofls xj;\ jf s/l0f lb+5' egofls gxj;\ t]:t}df hfx]/ eof] s/l0f egof x'g
kfofsf] /x]g5 d'if kltt ;Dddf sfo]n eof eGof= s/l0f b] e+Gof nf]UGofnfO @..= ?k}of
b+8 ug'{= :jfl:gsf xftsf] eft rN5= P:tf ljjflxtf nf]UGofn] iffg nfpg lb /fiofsf
:jlf:g csf{l;t kf]On uof eGof= c}g jdf]lhd\ hf/ sf6Gof hftn] hf/ sf6g kfp5
ljxf ifr{ lnGof hftn] ljxf ifr{ lng kfp5= d'if kltt eofsf P:tf :jfl:g /fifltg
elg iffg nfpg glb lgsfNofsf :jfl:g csf{l;t ljU¥of eGof hf/ sf6g ljxf ifr{
lng kfpb}g hf/ sf6of Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg\=
#&= l56f] xfng' gkGof{ klfg grnGof hft u}în] l56f] xfng' kgof{ hft u}îsf ;wjf ljwjf
s+GofnfO d'ifn] s/l0f b] elg kmsfo]5 :jfl:gn] d'ifn] s/l0f lb+5' eGofls xj;\ jf
s/l0f lb+5' eGofls gxj;\= t]:t}df hfx]/ eof] s/l0f eGof= x'g kfofsf] /x]g5 d'if kltt
;Dddf sfo]n eof eGof= s/l0f b] e+Gof nf]UGofnfO @.. ?k}of b+8 ug'{+ :jfl:gsf xftsf]
eft rN5= P:tf ljjflxtf nf]UGofn] iffg nfpg lb /fiofsf :jfl:g csf{l;t kf]On uof
eGof= c}g jdf]lhd\ hf/ sf6Gof hftn] hf/ sf6g kfp5 ljxf ifr{ lnGof hftn] ljxf
ifr{ lng kfp5= d'if kltt eofsf P:tf :jfl:g /fifltg elg iffg nfpg glb lgsfNofsf
:jfl:g csf{l;t jLU¥of eGof hf/ sf6g ljxf ifr{ lng kfpb}g hf/ sf6of Hofgsf]
jbnf Hofg\=
#*= l56f] xfng' kGof{ hft u}în] pkfWof nufo]t tfufwfl/ hft /= gdfl;Gof dt'jfln
dfl;Gof dt'jfln hft u}îsf= ;wjf ljwjf s+GofnfO d'ifn] s/l0f b]elg kmsfo]5
:jfl:gn] d'ifn] s/l0f lb+5' eGofls xj;\ jf s/l0f lb+5' egofls gxj;\= t]:t}df hfx]/
236
 eof] s/l0f egof x'gkfofsf] /x]g5 d'if kltt ;Dddf sfo]n eof eGof s/l0f b] e+Gof
nf]UGofnfO ^) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= :jfl:gn] s/l0f lb+5' eGofls /xl5 egof= :jfl:gsf
xftsf]eft rNb}g kflg dfq rN5= P:tf ljjflxtf nf]UGofn] iffg nfpg lb /fiofsf
:jfl:g csf{l;t kf]On uof eGof= c}g jdf]lhd\= hf/ sf6Gof hftn] hf/ sf6g d'8g
ljxf ifr{ lng kfp5= d'if kltt eofsf P:tf :jfl:g /fifltg elg iffg nfpg glb
lgsfNofsf :jfl:g csf{l;t lju¥of eGof= hf/ sf6g d'8g ljxf ifr{ lng kfpb}g hf/
sf6\of Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg\ nf]UGofn] s/l0f b]e+bf :jfl:gn] s/l0f lb+5' eGofls /xlg5
eGof / cfkm'n] hfx]/ ug{ cfO eGof :jfl:gsf xftsf] eft rN5= hft}df /x+5]=
#(= l56f] xfng' kGof{ hft u}în] l56f] xfng' gkGof{ kflg grnGof hft u}îsf ;wjf ljwjf
s+Gof nfO d'ifn] s/0f b] elg kmsfo]5 :jf:gLn] d'ifn] s/l0f lb+5' eGofls xj;\ jf=
s/l0f lb+5' eGofls gxf]j;\= t]:t}df hfx]/ eof] s/l0f eGof x'g kfofsf] /x]g5= d'if
kltt ;Dddf sfo]n eof eGof= s/l0f b]e+Gof nf]UGofnfO !) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= :jfl:gn]
s/l0f lb+5' eGofls /lxg5 egof eft iffg' giffg'= etfxfsf] if'l; P:tf ljjflxtf
nf]UGofn] iffg nfpglb /fiofsf :jfl:g csf{l;t lju¥of eGof c}gjdf]lhd\ hf/ sf6Gof
hftn] hf/ sf6g kfp5 ljxf ifr{ lnGof hftn] ljxfifr{ lng kfp5=d'if kltt eofsf
P:tf:jfl:g /fifltg elg iffg nfpg glb lgsfNofsf :jfl:g csf{ l;t lju¥of egof
hf/sf6g ljxf ifr{ lng kfpb}g= hf/sf6\of Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg\= l56f] xfng' kGof{ hft
u}în] l56f] xfng' kGo}{ hft u}îsf ;wjf ljwjf s+GofnfO d'ifn] s/l0f b]elg kmsfo]5
:jfl:gn] d'ifn] s/l0f lb+5' eGofls xj;\ jf s/l0f lb+5' eGofls gxj;\= t]:t}df hfx]/
eof] s/l0f eGof x'g kfofsf] /x]g5 d'if kltt ;Dddf sfo]n eof eGof= s/l0f b] e+Gof
nf]UGofnfO !.. ?k}of b+8 ug'{= :jfl:gsf xftsf] eft rN5= P:tf ljjflxtf nf]UGofn] iffg
nfpg lb/fiofsf :jfl:g csf{l;t kf]On uof egof= c}g jdf]lhd\ hf/ sf6Gof hftn]
hf/ sf6g kfp5 ljxf ifr{ lnGof hftn] ljxf ifr{ lng kfp5= d'if kltt eofsf P:tf
:jfl:g /fifltg egL iffgnfpg glb lgsfNofsf :jfl:g csf{l;t lju¥of eGof hf/
sf6g ljxf ifr{ lng kfpb}g= hf/ sf6\of Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg\=

pkfWofsf] xf8gftf
cfÇgf cf8gftfdf s/l0f uGof{ pkfWof nufo]t\ j|fDx0f hftsf]
tkl;n

!= cfkm'nfO hGdfpGof cfdf cfÇgf Psf jfj'jf6 hGDofsf lblb j}lGx cfkm'n] hGDofofsf
5f]l/sf] s/l0f uGof{ j|fé0f hftnfO c}g jdf]lhd\sf] c+; ;j{:j u/L bfdn\ ug'{=
@= cfÇgf xf8df & k':tf ;+dsf hGdfpGof cfdf cfÇgf Psf jfj'jf6 hGDofsf lblb j}lGx
cfkm'n] hGdfofsf 5f]l/ jfx]s eft iffofsf xpg\ giffofsf xpg\= c? ;f}ltGof cfdf jHo"
efpHo" efO{ j'xf/L 5f]/f j'xfl/ gftLgf j'xfl/ lbbL 5f]l/ gfltlh km'k' gftf kGof{ ;wjf
eof klg ljwjf eof klg s+Gof eof klg P:tfsf] s/l0f uGof{ pkfWof nufo]t\ j|fé0f
hftsf] c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ hg} lemls d'l8 g/s jfx]s db;'u/sf] df;'
if'jfO{ hft kltt\ ul/ k'j{sf] eof klZrd\ klZrd\sf] eof k'j{ tkm{ glb s6fO{ wkfO{ lbg'
P:tfsf xftsf] xft rNb}g eftsf] kltof glbg' e'nf r'sf kl/ s;}n] kltof lbof klg
kltofsf] sfuh lemls eft jfx]s} u/fO{ lbg' kflg rN5 kflgsf] dfq kltof lbg'
P:tfsf] gdfl;Gof z'b| hft x'5g\=
#= xf8df & k':tf b]lif dfly cfkm' b]lif !$ k':tf ;Ddsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof / ljwjfsf]
eft iffofsf] eof klg giffofsf] eof klg P:tfsf] s/l0f uGof{ pkfWof nufo]t\ j|fé0f
hftsf] /fh ift nfUGofn] c}g df]lhdsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ hg} lemls hft kltt ul/
j:ofsf ufp ;x/jf6 lgsfln lbg' P:tfsf xftsf] eft rNb}g kflg rN5=
$= xf8df !$ k':tf b]lif dflysf= cfkm' b]lif @! k':tf ;Ddsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof
ljwjfsf] eft iffofsf] xj;\ giffofsf] xj;\ P:tfsf] s/l0f uGof{ pkfWof nufo]t\ j|fé0f
hftsf] /fhift nfUgfn] s/l0f ul/ eft ;d]t iffO c?nfO ;d]t jf]¥ofsf] eof c}g
jdf]lhd c+; ;jf]{:j u/L eft jfx]s ul/ 5fl8 lbg' eft iffofsf] geof !)) ?k}of b+8

237
 ul/ kltof u/fO{ lbg' ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{ hft hfb}g nf]UGof :jfl:g
5'6\ofO lbg'=
%= eft iffofsf xpg\ giffofsf xpg\ xf8df @! k':tf b]lif dflysf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof
ljwjfsf] pkfWof nufo]t j|fé0f hftn] s/l0f ul/ c?nfO eft :d]t jf]¥ofsf] /x]5
eGof= !)) ?k}of b+8 ul/ eft jfx]s ul/ lbg' eftdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof !)) ?k}of
b+8 ul/ kltof u/fO{ lbg' ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{= hft hfb}g nf]UGof :jfl:g
5'6ofO lbg'=
\^= cfkm'n] hGdfofsf 5f]l/sf 5f]l/ gftLlg /= c}gn] hf/ xfFg x'gof;+dsf gfltGof j'xfl/sf]
s/l0f uGof{ pkfWof nufo]t\ j|fé0f hftsf] /fhift nfUgfn] c}g jdf]lhd\ c+; ;j{:j
ul/ hg} lemls d'8L g/s jfx]s\ c? ceIf if'jfO{ hft kltt u/L k'j{sf] eof klZrd\
klZrd\ eofsf] k'j{ tkm{ glb s6fO{ wkfO{ lbg' P:tfsf xftsf] eft rNb}g kltof glbg'
e'nf r'sf kl/ s;}n] kltof lbof egL kltof sf] sfuh lemls eft jfx]s u/fO{ lbg'=
P:tf gdfl;Gof z'b| hft x'+5g\= kflg rN5 kfgLsf] dfq kltof lbg'=
&= ef+hf ef+lhsf gftfdf ;wjf eof klg s+Gof ljwjf eof klg cfÇgf jfj'jf6 hGDofsf
lblb j}lGxsf 5f]l/ ef+lh / eflghsf c}gn] hf/ xfGg x'Gof;Ddsf :jfl:g ef+Hofj'xfl/sf]
s/ uGof{ pkfWof nufo]t j|fé0f hftnfO{ /fh ift nfUgfn] c}g jdf]lhd\sf]= c+; ;j{:j
ul/ hg} lemls d'l8 g/s\ jfx]s\ c? ceIf if'jfO hft kltt ul/ k'j{sf] eof klZrd\
klZrd\sf] eof k'j{ tkm{ glb s6fO{ wkfO{ lbg' P:tfsf xftsf] eft rNb}g kltof glbg'
e'nfr'sf k/L s;}n] kltof klg kltofsf] sfuh lemls eft jfx]s} u/fO lbg' o;tf
gdfl;Gof ;'b| hft x'G5 .
*= dfjln kl§sf gftfdf eft iffofsf xpg\ giffofsf xpg\ cfdfnfO hGdfpGof jHo"
cfdfsf Psf jfHofjf6 hGDof jHo" cfdf hGDofsf Psf cftsf lblb j}GxL ;flg 7"nL
cfdf= dfdfsf hf/ xf+g x'Gof ;+dsf :jfl:g dfOHo"sf] s/l0f uGof{ pkfWof nufo]t \
j|fé0f hftnfO /fhift nfUgfn] c}g jdf]lhd\sf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ hg} lemls d'l8 g/s
jfx]s c? ceIf if'jfO hft kltt ul/ k'j{sf] eof klZrd\ klZrd\sf] eof k'j{ tkm{ glb
s6fO{ wkfO lbg' P:tfsf xftsf] eft rNb}g= kltof glbg' e'nfr'sf kl/ s;}n] kltof
lbof klg kltofsf sfuh lemls eft jfx]s} u/fO{ lbg' P:tf gdfl;Gof ;'b| hft x'+5g\
kflg rN5 kflgsf] dfq kltof lbg'=
(= dfjln k§Lsf gftfdf cfdfsf ;f}ltGof cfdfsf 5f]/L ;flg 7"nL cfdf / cfdfls
cfdfsf Psf jfj'jf6 hGDofsf 5f]l/ jHo"x¿sf] s/l0f uGof{ pkfWof nufo]t\ j|fé0f
hftnfO{ ;wjf eof ;fw'sf] if'l; ;fw'n] 5f]8of] eGof / s+Gof ljwjf eof /fhift
nfUgfn] c}g jdf]lhd\sf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ hg} lemls hft kltt ul/ j:ofsf ufp
;x/jf6 lgsflbg' eft rNb}g kflgdfq rN5 kflgsf] dfq kltof lbg' P:tfsf] gdfl;Gof
;'b| hft x'+5=
!)= ;;'/fnL k§Lsf gftfdf eft iffsf xj;\ giffofsf xj;\ cflÇg :jfl:gnfO{ hGDffpGof
;f;' ;;'/fn] c}gn] hf/ xfFg x'Gof;Ddsf Nofofsf ;wjf ;f}ltGof ;f;' ;;'/fnfO /
;f;';;'/fnfO{ hGdfpGof j'l9 ;fd' ;wjf eof klg ljwjf eof klg P:tfsf] s/l0f
uGof{ pkfWof nufo]t\ j|fé0f hftnfO /fhift nfUgfn] c}g jdf]lhd\sf] c+; ;j{:j ul/
d'8L g/s jfx]s / c? ceIf if'jfO hft kltt ul/ k'j{sf] eof klZrd\ klZrd\sf] eof
k'j{tkm{ glb s6fO wkfO{ lbg' P:tfsf xftsf] eft rNb}g kltof glbg' e'nfr'sf kl/
s;}n] kltof lbof klg kltofsf] sfuh lemls eft jfx]s} u/fO lbg' P:tf gdfl;Gof
;'b| hft x'G5g\ kflg rN5 kflgsf] dfq kltof lbg'=
!!= cfkm'nfO / c}gn] hf/ xfFg x'Gof;Ddsf cflÇg :jfl:gnfO{ lbIff d+q ;'gfpGof j'df{sf] /
d+q ;'gfpGof u'?sf c}gn] hf/ xf+g x'Gof ;Ddsf :jfl:g u'd{sf] s/l0f uGof{ cf} cfkm'n]
lbIff d+q ;'gfofsf l;Iff lg / l;ifsf c}gn] hf/ xf+g x'Gof;Ddsf :jfl:gsf] s/l0f
uGof{ pkfWof nufo]t j|fé0f hft u}înfO{ /fhift nfUgfn] c}g jdf]lhd\sf] c+; ;j{:j
ul/ hg} lemls d'8L g/s jfx]s c/ ceIf if'jfO{ hft kltt\ u/L k"j{sf] eof klZrd
klZrd\sf] eof k"j{ tkm{ glb s6fO{ wkfO{bLg' P:tfsf xftsf] eft rNb}g kltof glbg'
e'nf r'sf kl/ s;}n] kltof lbof klg kltof sf] sfuh lemls eft jfx]s} u/fO{ lbg'
P:tf gdfl;Gof ;'b| hft x'+5g\ kflg rN5 kfgLsf] dfq kltof lbg'=

238
!@= xf8 / /fhift nfUGof gftf s;}n] cfkm' t]>f] kl/Nofofsf c}gn] hf/ xfFg x'Gof eft
grnGof :jfl:gsf] s/l0f uGof{ pkfWofo nufoo]t\ j|fé0f hft u}înfO hft eft
ldnGof gx'gfn] / hf/ xf+g gx'gfn] ! jif{ s}b ug'{ hft hfb}g s/l0f ul/ cfkm'n] eft
iffO{ etfxfnfO jf]¥ofsf] geof ! jif{ ug'{= p;} :jfl:gsf hftdf ldnfO{ 5fl8 lbg'=
:jfl:gsf xftsf] eft iffO etfxfnfO :d]t\ eftdf jf]/]5 eGof c}g jdf]lhd\sf] c+;
;j{:j ul/ ! jif{ s}b ul/ ljU¥ofls :jfl:gsf] hf}g hft eofsf]5 p;} hft ldnfO lbg'
Dofbsf ?k}of lbof ln 5fl8 lbg'=
!#= xf8 / /fhift nfUGof gftfsf s;}n] cfkm' t]>f] ln+ub]lif pef] kl/Nofofsf eft grnGof
:jfl:gsf] s/l0f uGof{ pkfWof nufo]t\ j|fé0f hft u}înfO ^ d}Gxf s}b u/L 5fl8 lbg'=
hft hfb}g hfx]/ ul/ g/fiofsf 3/df klg gNofofsf :jfl:gsf] s/l0f uGof{nfO iftjft
nfUb}g=
!$= /fhiftsf] ;hfo n]lifofsf xf8 gftf ;gx]df s/l0f uGof{ / u/fpGof nf]UGof :jfl:gnfO
c}g jdf]lhd\sf] ;hfo ul/ 5'6ofO lbg' 5'6ofofsf kl5 klg s/l0f u¥of] eGof s/l0f
uGof{ nf]UGofnfO{ %) s/l0f u/fpGof :jfl:gnfO @% ?k}of b+8 ul/ 5'6ofO lbg' ?k}of
glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=
!%= pkfWof nufo]t\ tfufwfl/ hft u}în] cfÇgf PsfjfHofjf6 hGDofsf h]7f sf+5fjfj'sf
5f]l/sf 5f]l/ ef+lhx¿ / cfÇgf Psf jfj'jf6 hGDofsf bfHo"= efOsf 5f]l/sf 5f]l/
gfltlgx¿sf] s/l0f u/]5 eGof ;wjf eof c}g jdf]lhd\ ;fw'sf] if'l; s+Gof / ljwjf
eof c}g jdf]lhd\sf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ hg} lemls d'l8 /lS; db ;'u'sf]{ df;' if'jfO hft
kltt ul/ j:ofsf ufp ;x/jf6 lgsfln lbg' P:tfsf xftsf] eft rNb}g kflg rN5
kflgsf] dfq} kltof lbg' Plt gftf jfx]s\ c? uf]ltof efOx¿sf 5f]l/sf 5f]l/sf] s/l0f
ul/ eftdf jf]/]5 eGof ;wjf eof c}g jdf]lhd ;fw'sf] if'l; !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof
ljwjf eof gftf gnfUof s'6'+jsf s+Gof ljwjfsf] s/l0f uGof{nfO n]iofsf c}g
jdf]lhd\ ;hfo\ ug'{ eftdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof iftjft nfUb}g=

/hk'tsf] xf8gftf
cfÇgf xf8gftfdf s/l0f uGof{ /hk'thftsf]
tkl;n

!= ;wjf eof klg ljwjf eof klg j]:of eof klg cfkm'nfO hGdfpGof cfdfsf] s/l0f
uGof{ /hk"t hftnfO{ sfl6 dfl/ lbg'=
@= cfÇgf Psf jfj'jf6 hGDofsf lblb j}lGx cfkm'n] hGdfofsf 5f]l/sf] s/l0f uGof{ /hk"t
hft u}înfO{ c}g jdf]lhd\ c+; ;j{:j ul/ bfdn\ ug'{=
#= cfÇgf xf8df & k':tf;Ddsf hGdfpGof cfdf cfÇgf jfj'jf6 hGDofsf lblb j}GxL
cfkm'n] hGdfofsf 5f]l/ / efpHo" jfx]s\ eft iffofsf xpg\ giffofsf xpg\ c? ;f}ltGof
cfdf jHo" efO{ j'xf/L 5f]/f j'xfl/ gfltGof j'xfl/ lblb j}GxL 5f]l/ gfltlg km'k' gftf kGof{
;wjf eof klg ljwjf eof klg s+Gof eof klg P:tfsf] s/l0f uGof{ /hk"t hftsf] c}g
jdf]lhdsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ hg} lemls d'8L g/s jfx]s\ db ;'u'/sf] df;' if'jfO{ hft
kltt ul/ k'j{sf] eof klZrd\ klZrd\sf] eof k'j{ tkm{ glb s6fO wkfO lbg' P:tfsf
xftsf] eft rNb}g kltofglbg' e'nfr'ssf kl/ s;}n] kltof lbof klg kltofsf] sfuh
lemls eft jfx]s} u/fO lbg' P:tf gdfl;Gof ;'b| hft x'5g\ kflg rN5 kflgsf] dfq
kltof lbg'
$= xf8df & k':tfsf b]lif dfly cfkm' b]lif !$ k':tf;Ddsf !! jif]{ gf£ofsf s+Gof ljwjfsf]
eft iffofsf] eof klg giffofsf] eof klg P:tfsf] s/l0f uGof{ /hk"t hftsf] /fhift
nfUGofn] c}g jdf]lhd\sf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ hg} lemls hft kltt ul/ j:ofsf ufp
;x/jf6 lgsf lbg' P:tfsf xftsf] eft rNb}g kflg rN5=
%= xf8df !$ k':tf b]lif dfly cfkm' b]lif @! k':tf;Ddsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof / ljwjfsf]
eft iffofsf] xpg\ giffofsf] xpg\ P:tfsf] s/l0f uGof{ /hk"t hftsf] /fhift nfuGofn]
s/l0f ul/ eft :d]t\ iffO{ c?nfO{ :d]t\ jf]¥ofsf] eof c}g jdf]lhd\ c+; ;j{:j ul/ eft
239
 jfx]s u/L 5f8L lbg'=eft iffofsf] geof !)) ?k}of b+8 ul/ kltof u/fO lbg' ?k}of
glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{ hft hfb}g nf]UGof :jfl:g 5'6ofO lbg'=
^= eft iffofsf xpg\ giffofsf xpg\ xfF8df @! k':tf b]lif dflysf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof
ljwjfsf] /hk"t hftn] s/l0f ul/ c?nfO eftdf :d]t\ jf]¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof ^) ?k}of
b+8 ul/ eft jfx]s ul/lbg'= eftdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof ^) ?k}of b+8 ul/ kltof ul/
lbg' hft hfb}g nf]UGof :jfl:g 5'6ofO lbg'=
&= cfkm'n] hGdfofsf 5f]l/sf 5f]l/ gftLgL / c}gn] hf/ xfÙ x'Gof;Ddsf gfltGof j'xfl/sf]
s/l0f uGof{ /hk"tsf] /fhift nfUGofn] c}g jdf]lhd\ c+; ;j{:j ul/ hg} lemls d'l8
g/s jfx]s c? ceIf if'JffO hft kltt ul/ k'j{sf] eof klZrd\ klZrd\sf] eof k'j{ tkm{
glb s6fO wkfO lbg'= P:tfsf xftsf] eft rNb}g kltof glbg' e'nfr'sf kl/ s;}n]
kltof lbof klg ktLofsf] sfuh lemls eft jfx]s} u/fO lbg' P:tf gdfl;Gof ;'b| hft
x'+5g\ kflg rN5 kflgsf] dfq kltof lbg'=
*= ef+hf ef+lh kl6\6sf gftfdf ;wjf eof klg s+Gof eof klg cfÇgf jfj'jf6 hGDofsf
lblb j}GxLsf 5f]l/ ef+lh / eflghsf hf/ xfÙ x'Gof ;Ddsf :jfl:g ef+Hff j'xfl/sf]
s/l0f uGof{ /hk"t nfO /fhift nfUgfn] c}g jdf]lhDsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ hg} lemls d'l8
g/s jfx]s\ c? ceIf if'jfO hft kltt ul/ k'j{sf] klZrd\ klZrdsf] eof k'j{tkm{ glb
s6fO wkfO lbg' P:tfsf xftsf] eftrNb}g kltof glbg' enfr'sf kl/ s;}n] kltof
lbof klg kltofsf] sfuh lemls eft jfx]s} u/fO lbg' gdfl;Gof ;'b| hft x'+5g\ kflg
rN5 kflgsf] dfq kltof lbg'=
(= dfjnL kl§sf gftfdf eft iffof xpg\ giffofsf xpg\ cfdfnfO hGdfpGof jHo"
cfdfsfPsf jfHofaf6 hGDofsf jHo" cfdfhGDofsf Psf cftsf lblbj}lGx ;flg7"ln
cfdf dfdfsf hf/xfGg x'Gof;Ddsf :jf:gL dfOHo"sf s/l0f uGof{ /hk"t /ftnfO /fhift
nfUgfn] c}g jdf]lhd\ sf] c+; ;j{:jul/ hg} lemls d'l8 g/s jfx]s c? ceIf if'jfO
hftklttul/ k'j{sf] eof klZrd\ klZrd\sf] eof k'j{tkm{ glb s6fO wkfO lbg' P:tfsf
xftsf] eft rNb}g kltof glbg' e'nfr'sf kl/ s;}n] kltof lbofklg kltofsf] sfuh
lemls eft jfx]s} u/fO lbg' P:tf gdfl;Gof z'b|hft x'5g\ kflg rN5 kflgsf] dfq
kltoflbg'=
!)= dfjln kl§sf gftfdf cfdfsf ;f}ltGof cfdfsf 5f]l/ ;flg 7"nL cfdf / cfdfsL
cfdfsf Psf jfj'jf6 hGDofsf lblb j}lGx jHo"sf] s/l0f uGof{ /hk"tnfO ;wjfeof
;fw'sf] if'l; ;fw'n] 5f]8of] eGof / s+Gof ljwjf eof /fhift nfUgfn] c}g jdf]lhd\sf]
c+; ;j{:j ul/ hg} lemls hft kltt ul/ j:ofsf ufp ;x/jf6 lgsfln lbg'= eft
rNb}g kflg rN5 kflgsf] dfq kltof lbg' P:tf gdfl;Gof z'b| hft x'G5g\=
!!= /hk"t hft u}în] dfdfsf 5f]l/ / c}gn] hf/ xfGÙ x'Gof;Ddsf dfdfsf 5f]/f j'xfl/sf]
if'l; /flhn] s/l0f uGof{nfO ;wjf eof ;fw'sf] if'l; !! jif{ pef]sf s+Gof / ljwjf
eof /fhift nfUb}g=
!@= ;;'/fln k6\6L sf= gftfdf eft iffofsf xpg\ giffofsf xpg\ cfÇgf :jfl:gnfO hGdf
pGof ;f;' ;;'/fn] c}gn] hf/ xfFg x'Gof;Dd Nofofsf c? ;wjf ;f}ltGof ;f;'
;;'/fnfO / ;f;'nfO hGdfpGof j'l9 ;f;' ;wjf eofklg ljwjf eof klg P:tfsf]
s/l0f uGof{ /hk"t hftnfO /fhift nfUgfn] c}g jdf]lhDsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ hg} lemls
d'l8 g/s jfx]s c? ceIf if'jfO{ hft kltt ul/ k'j{sf eof klZrd\ klZrdsf] eof
k'j{tkm{ glb s6fO wkfO lbg' p:tfsf xftsf] eft rNb}g kltof glbg' e'nf r'sf kl/
s;}n] kltof lbof klg kltofsf] sfuh lemls eft jfx]s} u/fOlbg' P:tf gdfl;Gof
If"b|hft x'G5g\ P:tfsf xftsf] eft rNb}g kflgsf] dfq kltof lbg'=
!#= ;;'/fln kl§sf gftfdf cfÇgf Ho]7f sf+5f ;;'/fsf :jfl:g c}gn] hf/ xfÙ x'Gof ;Ddsf
;f;' / km'k';f;' ;fnf Ho]7'sf :jfl:g eft iffof xpg\ giffofsf] xpg\ P:tfsf] s/l0f
uGof{ j|fé0f /hk"t tfufwfl/ nufo]t\ c? u}î hftnfO ;wjf eof ;fw'sf] if'l; ljwjf /
s+Gof eof /fhift nfUb}g=
!$= cfkm"nfO / c}gn] hf/ xfÙ x'Gof ;Ddsf cfÇgf :jfl:gnfO lbIff d+q ;'gfpGof u'df{sf] /
d+q ;'gfpGof u'?sf c}gn] hf/ xfÙ x'Gof ;Ddsf :jfl:g u'df{sf] s/l0f uGof{ /hk"t
hftnfO /fhift nfUgfn]= c}g jdf]lhDsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ hg} lemls d'8L g/s jfx]s
c? ceIf if'jfO{ hft kltt ul/ k'j{sf] eof klZrd\ klZrd\sf] eof k'j{tkm{ glb s6fO
240
 wkfO lbg' P:tfsf xftsf] eft rNb}g kltof glbg' e'nf r'sf kl/ s;}n] kltof lbof
klg kltofsf] sfuh lemls eft jfx]s} u/fO lbg' P:tf gdfl;Gof If'b| hft x'+5g\ kflg
rN5 kflgsf] dfq kltof lbg'=
!%= xf8 / /fhift nfUGof gftfsf s;}n] cfkm' t]>f] ln+u kl/ Nofofsf c}gn] hf/ xf+g gx'Gof
eft grnGof :jfl:gsf] s/l0f uGof{ /hk"t hft u}înfO hft eft ldnGof gx'gfn] /
hf/ xf+g gx'gfn] ! jif{ s}b ug'{ hft hfb}g sl/0f ul/ cfkm'n] eft iffO etfxfnfO
jf]¥ofsf] geof ! jif{ s}b u/L p;} :jfl:gsf hfTdf ldnfO 5fl8lbg' :jfl:gsf xftsf]
eft iffO etfxfnfO{ :d]t\ jf]/]5 eGof c}g jdf]lhd c+; ;j{:j ul/ ! jif{ s}bul/
ljUGofls :jfl:gsf] hf}g hft eofsf] 5 p;} hftdf ldnfO lbg' Dofbsf ?k}of lbof nL
5fl8lbg'=
!^= xf8 /fhift\ nfUGof gftfsf s;}n] cfkm' t]>f] ln+ub]lif pef] kl/ Nofofsf eft grnGof
:jfl:gsf] s/l0f uGof{ / /hk't hft u}înfO{ ^ d}Gxf s}b ul/ 5fl8 lbg' hft hfb}g hfx] /
ul/ g/fiofsf 3df{ klg gNofofsf :jfl:gsf] s/l0f uGof{nfO ift jft nfUb}g=
!&= /fhiftsf] ;hfo n]lifofsf xf8 gftf ;gx]df s/l0f uGof / s/l0f u/fpGof nf]UGof
:jfl:gnfO{ c}g jdf]lh\dsf] ;hfo ul/ 5'6ofOlbg' 5'6ofof kl5 klg s/l0f u¥of] eGof
s/l0f uGof{ nf]UGofnfO %) s/l0f u/fpGof :jfl:gnfO @% ?k}of b+8 ul/ 5'6ofO lbg'
?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=
!*= /hk"t hftn] cfÇgf ;wjf ljwjf efpHo"sf] s/l0f u¥ofdf cl3b]lif cfhts hf}g l/t
rln cfofsf] 5 ;f] jdfl]hd\ cfÇgf cfÇgf hftdf /x+5g\ cl3b]lif cfh;Dd e} rnL
cfofsf] x'gfn] cfhsf] c}gdf ldnfO cl3sf] s'/f] g x]g'{ cl3s} ;b/ x'+5=
!(= !(!( ;fn ldlt j}zfif z'lb # /f]h ^ sf lbgb]lif /hk"t hftn] efpHo" nfO :jfl:g
t'NofO g/fig' sf]lx /hk't hftn] efpHo"nfO :jf:gL t'NofO /fiof} eGof jif{ s}b ug'{
Dofbsf ?k}of 8jn lbof nLg'efpHo" nfO{ :jfl:g t'NofO /fifGof /hk"t / p;n] :jfl:g
t'NofO{ /fiofsf efpHo" O b'O /= O b'Ojf6 hGDofsf ;+tfg\sf xftsf] bfHo" efO{ gftf s'6'+j
s;}n] eft giffg' t]:tfsf ;Gtfg\n] t]:t} hft ;+u ljxf jl/ ug'{=
@)= cj pk|fGt efpHo"sf] s/l0f uGof{ u/fpGof= /hk"t hftsf nf]UGof :jfl:gn] xj;\ Og\jf6
hGDofsf ;+tfg\n] xj;\ xfld ;B xf} elg hft 9fl6 c?nfO{ eftdf jf]/]5 eGof *)
?k}of b+8 ul/ ef]/df kGof{nfO{ kltof u/fO{ lbg' O P:tf 3l6 hft x'+ elg hflg hflg
P:tfsfxftsf] eft iffO{ c?nfO{ jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof p;} hftdf dfq ldnfO{lbg" b+8
x'b}g= cfkm'n] eft iffO{ cfÇgf etfnfO :d]t\ jf]/]5 eGof *) ?k}of b+8 ul/ p;} hfTdf
ldnfO lbg'=
@!= /hk"t hftn] ;wjf efpHo"sf] s/l0f u¥of] eGof ;fw'n] Ho" sf6g' x'b}g c}g jdf]lhd\
;j{:j ul/ hg} lemls hft kltt\ ul/ gdfl;Gof z'b| hftdf ldnfO{ lbg' ;fw'n] ;hfo
ul/b]p elg s/fof] eGof c8f uf}8f cbfnt 7fgf cdfn\jf6 hfl/ uGof{nfO{ klqm ;f]lx
jdf]lhd\ ;hfo ul/ j:ofsf ufp ;x/jf6 lgsfln lbg' ;j{:j dWo] b;f}b ln pk/
;fw'nfO{ ;f}lk lbg' efpHo" ;flxgfdf ;fw'n] ;hfo gul/ 5f]8of eGof /fhift nfub}g
hft}df /x+G5=

h}l; jfx'g\sf]

!= h}l; jfx'g\n] cfÇgf xf8gftfdf s/l0f u¥of] eGof pkfWof j|fé0f c}g jdf]lhd\ ;hfo
ug'{=
@= pkfWofn] pkfWofsf s+GofnfO Nofofsf / pkfWofsf ljwjf Nofofsf :jfl:gjf6
hGDofsf ;+tfg\ c;n\ h}l; x'+5g\ P:t} h}l;sf] 5f]l/ pkfWofn] ljxf ul/ Nofofsf
:jlf:gjf6 hGDofsf ;Gtfg\ klg c;n\ h}l; x'+5g\=

241
#= pkfWof / h}l;n] /fiofsf j|fé0ff]df ljwjf cf;f/f8L nf]UGofnfO ;hfo e} ;'b| hftdf
ldnfofsf dfgL;\sf ;Todf /èfsf :jfl:gx¿df cfkm' bf]>f] kl/ Nofofsf :jfl:gjf6
hGDofsf ;Gtfg\ h}l; hft x'5g\=
$= j|fé0fn] t]>f] ln+u kl/ Nofofsf gftf s]lx gnfUof pkfWof / h}l;jf6 hg\Dofsf ;Gtfg\
ef6 h}l; jf]lng\5g\ hg} kfp5g\ P:tf h}l; eftsf ljwjfnfO gftf gnfUof tfufwfl/
hftn] dgf]dfgl;t eftdf kl/ Nofof] eGof %) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ efTdf kf/]g eGof ift
nfUb}g ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=

tfufwfl/ If]qLo hft\

cfÇgf xf8 gftfdf s/l0f uGof{ tfufwfl/ If]qL hft u}¥xsf]
tkl;n

!= ;wjf eof klg ljwjf eof klg j]:of eof klg cfkm'nfO hGdfpGof cfdfsf] s/l0f
uGof{ tfufwfl/ If]qL hft u}înfO sfl6 dfl/ lbg'=
@= cfÇgf Psf jfj'jf6 hGDofsf lblb j}lGx cfkm'n] hGDffofsf 5f]l/sf] s/l0f uGof{
tfufwfl/ If]qL hft u}înfO{ c}g jdf]lh\dsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ bfdn\ ug'{=
#= cfÇgf xf8df & k':tf;Ddsf hGdfpGof cfdf cfÇgf Psf jfj'jf6 hGDofsf lblb j}lGx
cfkm'n] hGdfofsf 5f]l/ / efpHo" jfx]s eft iffofsf xpg\ giffofsf xpg\ c? ;f}ltGof
cfdf jHo" efO j'xfl/ 5f]/f j'xfl/ gfltGof j'xfl/ lblb j}GxL 5f]l/ gfltlg km'k' gftf
kGof{df ;wjf eof klg ljwjf eof klg s+Gof eof klg P:tfsf] s/l0f uGof{ tfufwfl/
If]qL hft u}înfO c}g jdf]lhd\sf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ hg} lemls d'l8 db ;'u'sf]{ df;' if'jfO
hft kltt ul/ k'j{sf] eof klZrd\ klZrd\sf] eof k'j{ tkm{ glb s6fO wkfO lbg'
P:tfsf xftsf] eft rNb}g kltof glbg' e'nf r'sf kl/ s;}n] kltof lbof klg
kltofsf] sfuh lemls eft jfx]s} u/fOlbg' o:tf gdfl;Gof z'b| hft x'+5g\ kflg rN5
kflgsf] dfq kltof lbg'=
$= xf8df & k':tfb]lif dfly cfkm'b]lif !$ k':tf;Ddsf efpHo" gftf kGof{ jfx]s !! jif{
gf£ofsf sGof ljwjfsf] eft iffofsf] eof klg giffofsf] eof klg P:tfsf] s/l0f uGof{
tfufwfl/ If]qL hft u}înfO{ /fhift nfUgfn] c}g jdf]lhd\ c+; ;j{:j ul/ hg} lemls
hft kltt ul/ j:ofsf ufp ;x/jf6 lgsfln lbg' P:tfsf xftsf] eft rNb}g kflg
rN5=
%= xf8df !$ k':tfb]lif dfly cfkm'b]lif @! k':tf;Ddsf efpHo" gftfkGof{ jfx]s !! jif{
gf£ofsf s+Gof ljwjfsf] eft iffofsf xpg\ giffofsf] xpg\ P:tfsf] s/l0f uGof{ tfufwfl/
If]qLhft u}înfO{ /fhift nfUgfn] s/l0f ul/ eft :d]t\ iffO c? etfxfnfO :d]t\ jf]¥ofsf]
eof c}g jdf]lhd\ c+; ;j{:j ul/ lng' eft iffg' giffg' etfxfsf] if'l; eftdf jf]¥ofsf]
geof !)) ?k}of b+8 ul/ kltof u/fOlbg' hft hfb}g ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b
ug'{=
^= cfÇgf xf8df @! k':tfb]lif dflysf efpHo" gftf kGof{ jfx]s !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof
ljwjfsf] eft iffofsf] xpg\ giffofsf] xpg\ P:tf :jfl:gsf] s/l0f uGof{ tfufwfl/ If]qL
hft u}înfO /fhift nfUgfn] s/l0f ul/ eft :d]t\ jf]¥ofsf] eof %) ?k}of b+8 ul/ lng'
eft iffgf giffgfsf] etfxfsf] if'l; eftdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof %) ?k}of b+8 ul/ kltof
u/fO{ lbg'=
&= pkfWof /hk"t h}l; nufo]t\ d'l8Gof hft jfx]s c? tfufwfl/ u}î hftn] ljwjf efpHo"
gftf kGof{sf dgf]dfgn] s/l0f u¥of]eGof s/l0f uGof{ u/fpGof b'j}nfO /fhift nfUb}g
;wjf efpHo" gftf kGof{sf] s/l0f u¥of] eGof ;fw'n] Ho" sf6g x'b}g c}g jdf]lhd\ c+;
;j{:j ul/ tfufwfl/ hftnfO hg} lemls hft kltt ul/ gdfl;Gof z'b| hftdf ldnfO
lbg' ;fw'n] ;ho ul/b]p elg s/fof] eGof c8f uf}8f cbfnt\ 7fgf cdfn\jf6 hfl/
uGof{nfO klqm ;f]lx jdf]lhd\ ;hfo ul/ j:ofsf ufp ;x/jf6 lgsfnL lbg' ;j{:j
dWo] b;f}b nL pk/ ;fw'nfO lbg' efpHo" ;fxLgfdf ;fw'n] ;hfo gul/ 5f]8of eGof
/fhift nfUb}g cfÇgf hft}df /x+5=

242
*= cfkm'n] hGdfofsf 5f]l/sf 5f]l/ gfltlg / c}gn] hf/ xfÙ x'Gof ;Ddsf gfltGof j'xfl/sf]
s/l0f uGof{ tfufwfl/ If]qL hft u}înfO /fhift nfUgfn] c}g jdf]lhd\sf] c+; ;j{:j ul/
hg} lemls d'l8 db ;'u'sf{ df;' if'jfO hft kltt ul/ k'j{sf] eof klZrd\ klZrd\sf]
eof k'j{tkm{ glb s6fO wkfO lbg' P:tfsf xftsf] eft rNb}g kflg rN5 kflgsf] dfq
kltof lbg' P:tf gdfl;Gof z"b| hft x'+5g\=
(= j|fé0f /hk"t jfx]s efpHo" rnGof tfufwfl/ hft u}îsf ljwjf efpHo"sf] eft
grnGof sld hftsf b]j/n] s/l0ful/ eftdf :d]t\ jf]/]5 eGof !)) ?k}of c?nfO{
eftdf kf¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof %) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=
!)= ef+hf ef+lh kl§sf gftfdf ;wjf eof klg ljwjf eof klg s+Gof eof klg cfÇgf
jfj'jf6 hGDofsf lblb j}lGxsf 5f]l/ ef+lh / c}gn] xfÙ x'Gof;Ddsf ef+Hof j'xfl/sf]
s/l0f uGof{ tfufwfl/ If]qL hft u}înfO /fhift nfUgfn] c}g jdf]lhd\sf] c+; ;j+:j ul/
hg} lemls d'8L db ;'u'/sf] df;' if'jfO hft kltt ul/ k'j{sf] eof klZd\ klZrd\sf] eof
k'j{tkm{ glb s6fO wkfO lbg' o;tfsf xftsf] eft rNb}g kfgL rN5 kfgLsf] dfq kltof
lbg' P:tf gdfl;Gof z'b| hft x'+5g\=
!!= dfjnL kl§sf gftfdf eft iffofsf] xpg\ giffofsf] xpg\= cfdfnfO hGdfpGof jHo"
cfdfsf ;xf]b/ jHo" cfdf hGDofsf Psf cftsf lblb j}lGx ;flg 7"nL cfdf dfdfsf
hf/ xfÙ x'Gof;Ddsf :jfl:g dfO{Ho"sf s/l0f uGof{ tfufwlf/ If]qL hft u}înfO{ /fhift
nfUgfn] c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ hg} lemls d'l8 db ;'u'/sf] df;' if'jfO{ hft
kltt\ ul/= k'j{sf] eof klZrd\ klZrd\sf] eof k'j{tkm{ glb s6fO wkfO{ lbg' P:tfsf
xftsf] eft rNb}g kflg rN5 kflgsf] dfq kltof lbg' P:tf gdfl;Gof ;'b| hft x'+5=
!@= dfjln kl§sf gftfdf cfdfsf ;f}ltGof cfdfsf 5f]/L ;fgL 7'nL cfdf / cfdfls
cfdfsf Psf e'8Lsf lblbj}lGx jHo"x¿sf] s/l0fuGof{ tfufwfl/ If]qL hft u}înfO
;wjf eof ;fw'sf] if'l; ;fw'n] 5f8of] eGof / s+Gof ljwjf eof /fhift\ nfUgfn]
c}gjdf]lhDsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ hg} lemls hft kltt\ ul/ j:ofsf ufp ;x/jf6 lgsfln
lbg' eft rNb}g kflg rN5 kflgsf] dfq kltoflbg' P:tfsf] gdfl;Gof z"b| hft x'+5=
!#= tfufwfl/ If]qL hft u}în] dfdfsf 5f]l/ c}gn] hf/xfÙ x'Gof;ddsf dfdfsf 5f/]f
j'xfl/sf] s/l0f uGof{nfO ;w'jf eof ;fw'sf] if'l; ljwjf / s+Gof eof /fhift nfUb}g=
!$= ;;'/fnL k§Lsf gftfdf eft iffofsf xpg\ giffofsf xpg\ c}gn] hf/ xfÙ x'Gof;Ddsf
cfÇgf :jfl:gnfO hGdfpGof ;f;' ;;'/fnfO / ;f;' nfO hGdfpGof j'l9 ;f;' ;wjf
eof klg ljwjf eof klg P:tfsf] s/l0f uGof{ tfufwfl/ If]qL hft u}înfO /fhift
nfUgfn] c}g jdf]lhDsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ hg} lemsL d'8L db ;'u'/sf] df;' if'jfO{ hft
kltt ul/ k'j{sf] eof klZrd\ klZrd\sf] eof k'j{tkm{ glb s6fO wkfO lbg' P:tfsf
xftsf] eft rNb}g kflg rN5 kflgsf] dfq kltoflbg' P:tf gdfl;Gof z'b| hft x'+5=
!%= cflÇg :jfl:gnfO hGdfpGof ;f;' jfx]s c}gn] hf/xfÙ x'Gof;Ddsf ;;'/fsf :jfl:g
;f;'sf] s/l0f uGof{ tfufwfl/ If]qL u}î hftnfO /fhift nfUgfn] c}g jdf]lhd\sf] c+;
;j{:j ul/ hg} lemls hft kltt ul/ j:ofsf ufp ;x/jf6 lgsfln lbg' P:tfsf]
xftsf] eft rNb}g kflg rN5 kflgsf] dfq kltof lbg' P:tf gdfl;Gof z'b| hft x'+5=
!^= cfkm'nfO / c}gn] hf/ xf+g x'Gof;Ddsf cfÇgf :jfl:gnfO lbIf d+q ;'gfpGof u'df{sf]/
d+q ;'gfpGof u'?sf c}gn] hf/ xfÙ x'Gof;Ddsf u'df{sf] s/l0f uGof{ tfufwfl/ If]qL hft
u}înfO /fhift nfUgfn] c}g jdf]lhd\ c+; ;j{:j ul/ hg} lemls d'l8 db ;'u/sf] df;'
if'jfO hft kltt ul/ k'j{sf] eof klZrd\ klZrd\sf] eof k'j{tkm{ glb s6fO wkfO lbg'
P:tfsf xftsf] eft rNb}g kflg rN5 kflgsf] dfq kltof lbg' P:tf gdfl;Gof z'b| hft
x'+5g\=
!&= xf8 / /fhift\ nfUGof gftfsf s;}n] cfkm' t]>f] ln+ukl/ Nofofsf= c}gn] hf/ xfÙ x'Gof
eft grnGof= :jfl:gsf] s/l0f uGof{ tffufwfl/ If]qL hft u}înfO hft eft ldNof
gx'gfn] /= hf/ xfÙ gx'gfn] ! jif{ s}b ug'{ hft hfb}g s/l0f ul/ cfkm'n] eft iffO{
etfxfnfO jf]¥ofsf] geof ! jif{ s}b ul/ p;} :jfl:gsf hftdf ldnfO{ 5fl8lbg'
:jfl:gsf xftsf] eft iffO{ etfxfnfO :d]t\ jf]/]5= eGof= c}g jdf]lhDsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/
! jif{ s}b ul/ ljU¥ofls :jfl:gsf] hf}g hft eofsf] 5 p;} hfTdf ldnfO{ lbg'= Dofbsf]
?k}of lbof nL 5f8g'=

243
!*= xf8 / /fhift\ nfUgf gftfsf s;}n] cfkm' t]>f] ln+u b]lif pef] kl/ Nofofsf eft rnGof
:jfl:gsf] s/l0f uGof{ tfufwfl/ If]qLhft u}înfO{ ^ d}Gxf s}b ul/ 5fl8lbg' hft hfb}g
hfx]/ ul/ g/fiofsf 3/df klg gNofofsf :jfl:gsf] s/l0f uGof{nfO iftjft nfUb}g=
!(= pkfWof /hk"t c;n\ h}l; jfx]s c? tfufwfl/ hft u}în] cfÇgf nf]UGofsf ;Todf
j;\5' e+Gof !! jif{ dlgsf ljwjf efpHo" kGof{nfO nfu' if'jfO xj;\ jflw xj;\ d'if y'lg
xj;\ Pltdf of}6} s'/f] dfq} ul/ s/l0f uGof{ hj/hl:t 7x5{ t]:sf] c}g jdf]lhd\sf]
c+;;j{:j ul/ b;f}b ln pk/ t];} :jfl:gnfO lbnfO s/l0f lnGofnfO ^ jif{ s}b ug'{
Dofbsf] 8jn lbof ln 5f8g'=
@)= pkfWof /hk"t c;n\ h}l; hfTjfx]s\ c? tfufwfl/ hft u}în] cfkm\gf nf]UGof sf ;Todf
j:5' eGof !! jif{ gf£ofsf ljwjf efpHo" kGof{nfO nfu' if'jfO xj;\ jflw xj;\ d'if
y'lg xj;\ Pltdf of}6}s'/f] dfq} u/L s/l0f u¥of] eGof hj/hl:t uGof{ 7x5{ t]:sf] c}g
jdf]lhd\sf] c+;;j{:j ul/ srxl/jf6 b;f}b nL p;} :jfl:gnfO{ lbnfO s/l0f
lnGofnfO # jif{ s}b ug'{ Dofbsf] 8jn\ lbof nL 5f8g'=
@!= j|fé0f jfx]s\ j|tj+w ul/ eftdf grnGofsf tfufwfl/ u}î hftn] ljwjf efpHo"sf] /flh
if'l;n] s/l0f ul/ efTdf jf]¥of] elg s/fpg cfof s/l0f uGof{ sd{ grNofsf b]j/nfO{
@) ?k}of b+8 ul/ ef]/df eft iffGofnfO kltof u/fO{ lbg'= efTdf jf]¥ofsf] geof s/l0f
uGof{nfO jft nfUb}g sd{ grNofsf b]j/nfO s/l0f lbGof efpHo" etfxfsf eft df
rlNbg=

gdfl;Gf dt'jfln
cfÇgf xf8 gftfdf s/l0f uGof{ gdfl;Gof dt'jfnL hft u}¥xsf]
tkl;n

!= ;wjf eof klg ljwjf eof klg j]:of eof klg cfkm'nfO hGdfpGof cfdfsf] s/l0f
uGof{ gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hft u}înfO sfl6 dfl/ lbg'=
@= cfÇgf Psf jfj'jf6 hGDofsf lblb j}GxL cfkm'n] hGdfofsf 5]fl/sf] s/l0f uGof{
gdfl;Gof dtjfnL hft u}înfO{ c}g jdf]lhDsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{=
#= cfÇgf xf8df $ k':tf;Ddsf hGDffpGof cfdf cfÇgf Psf jfj'jf6 hGDofsf lblbj}lGx
cfkm'n] hGdfofsf 5f]l/ efpHo" jfx]s\ c}gn] hf/ xfÙ x'Gof;Ddsf c? ;f}ltGof cfdf
jHo" efO j'xfl/ 5f]/f j'xf/L gfltGof j'xfl/ lblb j}lGx 5f]l/ gfltgL km'k' gftf kGof{ ;wjf
eof klg ljwjf eof klg s+Gof eof klg P:tfsf] s/l0f uGof{ gdfl;Gof dt'jfnL hft
u}îsf] c}g jdf]lhd\sf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ d'l8 s's'/sf df;' if'jfO{ hft kltt ul/ ;x/
uf}8f 3'dfO eft jfx]s ul/ k'j{sf] eof klZrd\ klZrd\sf] eof k'j{tkm{ glb s6fO wkfO
lbg' P:tfsf xftsf] eft rNb}g kltof glbg' P:tf dfl;Gof ef]6of hft x'+5g\ kflg rN5
kflgsf] dfq kltof lbg'=
$= cfÇgf xf8df $ k':tf]blif dfly cfkm'b]lif & k':tf;Ddsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof ljwjf
:jfl:gsf] s/l0f uGof{ gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hft u}îsf] c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/
hft kltt ul/ ef]6of hftdf ldnfO lbg' P:tfsf] kflg rN5 kflgsf] dfq kltof lbg'=
%= cfÇgf xf8df & k':tfb]lif dfly cfkm'b]lif !$ k':tf;Ddsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof ljwjf
:jfl:gsf] s/l0f uGof{ gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hft u}înfO %) ?k}of b+8 ul/ln nf]UGof
:jfl:g 5'6ofO eft kflgsf] kltof lbg' hft hfb}g ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=
^= cfÇgf xf8df !$ k':tfb]lif dflysf hlt;'s} k':tfsf eof klg !! jif{ gf£ofsf sGof /
ljwjfsf] s/l0f uGof{ gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hft u}înfO @) ?k}of b+8 ul/ nL nf]UGof
:jfl:g 5'6ofO lbg' hft hfb}g ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=
&= gdfl;Gof dt'jfnL hft u}în] ljwjf efpHo" gftf kGof{sf] dgf]dfgn] s/l0f u¥of] eGof
s/l0f uGof{ u/fpGof b'j}nfO{ /fhift\ nfUb}g ;wjf efpHo" gftf kGof{sf] s/l0f u¥of]
eGof ;fw'n] c}g jdf]lhd\ c+; ;j{:j ul/ hft kltt ul/ j:ofsf ufp ;x/jf6
lgsfln lbG5 tfklg s]lx gul/ p;} 5f85 tfklg ;fw'sf] if'l; ;fw'n] ;hfo gul/
244
 iftdfkm ul/ 5f8ofsf] hft hfb}g ;fw'n] ;hfo ul/ b]p egL s/fof] eGof c8f uf}8f
cbfnt\ 7fgf cdfn\jf6 hfl/ uGof{nfO{ klqm c}g jdf]lhd\ ;j{:j ul/ dfl;Gof ef]6of
hftdf ldnfO lb ufp ;x/jf6 lgsfnL lbg' ;j{:j dWo] b;f}b nLpk/ ;fw' nfO lbg'
efpHo" ;flxgfdf ;fw'n] ;hfo gul/ 5f]8of] eGof / gfln;\ u/]0f eGof /fhift nfUb}g
cfÇgf hft}df /x+5=
*= cfkm'n] hGdfofsf 5f]l/sf 5f]l/ gfltgL / c}gn] hf/ xfÙ x'Gof ;Ddsf gfltGof j'xfl/sf]
s/l0f uGof{ gdfl;Gof dt'jfnL hft u}înfO /fhift nfUgfn] c}g jdf]lhd\sf] c+;
;j{:j ul/ d'8L s's'/sf] df;' if'jfO hft kltt\ ul/ ;xuf}{8f 3'dfO eft jfx]s ul/
k'j{sf] eof klZrd\sf] klZrd\sf] eof k'j{tkm{ glb s6fO wkfOlbg' P:tf dfl;Gof ef]6of
hft 7x5{g\ eftsf] kltof kfpb}gg\ kflg rN5 kflgsf] dfq kltof lbg'=
(= ef+hf ef+lh kl§sf gftfdf ;wjf eof klg s+gof ljwjf eof klg cfÇgf Psf jfj'jf6
hGDofsf lblb j}GxLsf 5]fl/ ef+lh / c}gn] hf/ xfGg x'Gof;Ddsf hf+Hof j'xfl/sf] s/l0f
uGof{ gdfl;Gof dt'jfnL hft u}înfO{ /fhift nfu\gfn] c}g jdf]lhd\sf] c+; ;j{:j ul/
d'l8 s's'/sf] df;' if'jfO hft kltt ul/ ;x/ uf}8f 3'dfO{ eft jfx]s ul/ k"j{sf] eof
klZrd\ klZrd\sf] eof k'j{tkm{ glb s6fO wkfOlbg' P:tf dfl;Gof ef]6of hft 7x{5g\
eftsf] kltof kfpb}gg\ kflg rN5 kflgsf] dfq kltof lbg'=
!)= dfjln kl§sf gftfdf eft iffof xpg\ giffofsf xpg\ cfdfnfO hgdfpGof jHo" cfdfsf]
;xf]b/ jHo" cfdf hGDFofsf Psf cftsf lblb j}lGx ;flg 7"nL cfdf dfdfsf hf/ xfÙ
x'Gof;Ddsf :jfl:g dfOh'sf] s/l0f uGof{df gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hft u}înfO /fhift
nfUgfn] c}g jdf]lhDsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ d'l8 s's'/sf] df;' if'jfO{ hft kltt ul/ ;x/
uf}8f 3'dfO eft jfx]s ul/ k'j{sf] eof klZrd\ klZrd\sf] eof k'j{tkm{ glb s6fO
wkfOlbg' P:tf dfl;Gof ef]6of hf5 7x5{ eftsf] kltof kfpb}g\ kflg rN5 kflgsf] dfq
kltof lbg'=
!!= dfjln kl§sf gftfdf cfdfsf] ;f}ltGof cfdfsf 5f]l/ ;flg y'ln cfdf / cfdfls
cfdfsf Psf jfj'jf6 hGDofsf lblb j}lGxx¿sf] s/l0f uGof{ gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hft
u}înfO{ ;wjf eof ;fw'sf] if'l; ;fw'n] 5f]8of eGof / s+Gof / ljwjf eof /fhift
nfUgfn] c}g jdf]lhd\sf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ j:ofsf ufp ;x/jf6 lgsfnL lbg' eft rNb}g
kflg rN5 kflgsf] dfq kltof lbg' P:tfsf] dfl;Gof k'hf{ hft x'+5=
!@= gdfl;Gof dt'jfnL hft u}în] dfdfsf 5f]l/ / c}gn] hf/ xfÙ x'Gof ;Ddsf dfdfsf 5f]/f
j'xfl/sf] s/l0f uGof{nfO ;wjf eof ;fw'sf] if'l; ljwjf / s+Gof eof /fh nfu\b}g=
!#= ;;'/fln kl§sf gftfdf eft iffof xpg\ giffof xpg\ cfÇgf :jfl:gnfO hGdfpGof ;f;'
;';'/fnfO / ;f;'nfO hGdfpGof j'l9 ;f;' ;wjf eof klg ljwjf eof klg P:tfsf]
s/l0f uGof{ gdfl;Gof dt'jfnL hft u}î nfO /fhift nfu\gfn] c}g jdf]lhd\sf] c+;
;j{:j ul/ d'l8 s''s'sf]{ df;' if'jfO{ hft kltt ul/ ;x/ uf}8f 3'dfO{ eft jfx]s ul/
k'j{sf] eof klZrd\ klZrd\sf] eof k'j{tkm{ glb s6fO wkfO{ lbg'= P:tf dfl;Gof ef]6of
hft 7x5{g\ kflg rN5 kflgsf] dfq kltof lbg'=
!$= ;;'/fnL kl§sf gftfdf cfÇgL :jfl:gnfO hGdfpGof ;f;' jfx]s ;;'/fsf c}gn] hf/
xfÙ x'Gof;Ddsf c? :jfl:g ;f;'sf] s/l0f uGof{ gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hft u}înfO
/fhift\ nfUgfn] c}g jdf]lhd\sf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ j:ofsf ufp ;x/jf6 lgsfln lbg'
eft rNb}g kflg rN5 kflgsf] dfq kltof lbg' P:tfsf] dfl;Gof khf{ hft x'+5=
!%= cfkm'nfO / c}gn] hf/ xfÙ x'Gof;Ddsf cflÇg :jfl:gnfO{ lbIff d+q ;'gfpGof u'df{sf] /
d+q ;'gfpGof u'?sf c}gn] hf/ xfÙ x'Gof ;Ddsf :jfl:g u'df{sf] s/l0f uGof{ gdfl;Gof
dt'jfnL hft u}înfO /fhift nfUgfn] c}g jdf]lhDsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ d'l8 s's'sf]{ df;'
if'jfO hft kltt ul/ ;x/ uf}8f 3'dfO eft jfx]s ul/ k'j{sf] eof klZrd\ klZrdsf]
eof k'j{tkm{ glb s6fO wkfO lbg' P:tf dfl;Gof ef]6of hft 7x5g{\ eftsf] kltof
kfpb}g kflg rN5 kflgsf] dfq kltof lbg'=
!^= xf8 / /fhift nfUGof gftfdf s;}n] cfkmn] t]>f] ln+u kl/ Nofofsf c}gn] hf/ xf+g x'Gof
eft grnGof :jfl:gsf] s/l0f uGof{ dfl;Gof dt'jfnL hft u}înfO hft eft ldnGof
gx'gfn] / hf/ xf+g gx'gfn] s/l0f ul/ eft df jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof ! jif{ s}b ug'{ hft
hfb}g s/l0f ul/ efTdf :d]t\ jf/]5 eGof !..= jif{ s}b ug'{ Dofbsf ?k}of lt¥of nL
5f8g'=
245
!&= xf8 / /fhift nfUGof gftfsf s;}n] cfkm" t]>f] ln+ub]lif pef] kl/Nofofsf eft grnGof
:jlf:gsf] s/l0f uGof{ gdfl;Gof dt'jfnL hft u}înfO ^ d}Gxfs}b ul/ 5f8L lbg' hft
hfb}g hfx]/ ul/ g/fiofsf 3/df klg gNofofsf= :jfl:gsf] s/l0f uGof{nfO iftjft
nfUb}g=
!*= gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hft u}în] cfÇgf Psf jfHofjf6 hGDofsf h]7f sf+5f jf j'sf
5f]/Lsf 5]fl/ ef+lhx¿ / cfÇgf Psf jfj'jf6 hGDofsf bfHo" efO{sf 5f]l /sf 5f]l/
gfltgLx¿sf] s/l0f u/]5 eGof ;wjf eof c}g jdf]lhd\ ;fw'sf] if'l; s+Gof / ljwjf
eof c}g jdf]lhd\sf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ d'l8 s's'/sf] df;' if'jfO hft kltt ul/ ;x/ uf}8f
3'dfO eft jfx]s ul/ wkfO{ lbg' P:tfsf xftsf] eft rNb}g P:tf dfl;Gof ef]t] hft
x'+5g\ kflg rN5 kflgsf] dfq} kltof lbg' Plt gftf jfx]s c? uf]ltof efOsf 5f]l/sf
5f]/Lsf] s/l0f ul/ eftdf jf]/]5 eGof ;wjf eof c}g jdf]lhd\ ;fw'sf] if'l; !! jif{
gf£ofsf s+Gof / ljwjf eof gftf gnfUGof s'6'Fjsf s+Gof ljwjfsf] s/l0f uGof{nfO
n]iofsf c}g jdf]lhd\ ;hfo ug'{ eftdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof iftjft nfUb}g=

dfl;Gof dt'jfnLsf]
cfÇgf xf8 gftfdf s/l0f uGof{ dfl;Gof dt'jfnL hft u}î kfgL rnGofsf] tkl;n

!= ;wjf eof klg ljwjf eof klg j]:of eof klg cfkm'nfO{ hGdfpGof cfdfsf] s/l0f
uGof{ df;LGof dt'jfnL hft u}înfO sfl6 dfl/ lbg'=
@= cfÇgf Psf jfj'jf6 hGDofsf lblb j}lGx / cfkm'n] hGdfofsf 5f]l/sf] s/l0f
uGof{ dfl;Gof dt'jfln hft u}înfO c}g jdf]lhd\sf] ;j{:j ul/ bfdn\ ug'{=
#= cfÇgf xf8df % k':tf;Ddsf cfkm'nfO hGdfpGof cfdf cfÇgf Psf jfj'jf6 hGDofsf
lblb j}GxL cfkm'n] hGdfofsf] 5f]l/ / efpHo" gftf kGof{ jfx]s c? !! jif{ gf£ofsf
s+Gof ;wjf ljwjfsf] s/l0f uGof{ dfl;Gof dt'jfnL hft u}îsf nf]UGof :jfl:g
b'j}nfO{ dfl; lbg'=
$= cfÇgf cf8df % k':tfb]lifdfly cfkm'b]lif !$ k':tf;Ddsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof /
ljwjfsf] s/l0f uGof{ dfl;Gof dt'jfnL hft u}îsf nf]UGofnfO !% :jfl:gnfO !) ?k}of
b+8 ul/ 5'6ofO{ lbg' % k':tf b]lif dfly s/l0f uGof{sf]Ho" dfl;b}g=
%= cfÇgf !$ k':tfb]lif dflysf xf8 gftfdf s/l0f uGof{ dfl;Gof dt'jfnL hft u}îsf
nf]UGofnfO !@ ?k}of :jfl:gnfO * ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
^= dfl;Gof dt'jfnLdf kflg rnGof hft ;Ddsf s;}n] cfÇgf xf8sf % k':tfb]lif
pef]sf ;wjf :jfl:gsf] s/l0f u¥of] eGof ljxf ul/ Nofofsf / ljxfsf] l/t ul/
Nofofsf :jfl:gsf] @) ?k}of ljxf ifr{ ;fw'nfO e/fO{lb nf]UGofnfO @) xf8kmf]/f
kgf{n] :jfl:gnfO{ !) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ljxfsf] l/t gk'¥ofO Nofofsf cfÇgf hft eftdf
rNofsf :jfl:gsf] s/l0f uGof{nfO ljxf ifr{ kb}{g nf]UGofnfO !) :jfl:gnfO !) b+8
ug'{ hft eftdf glnofsf 3/df NofO /fiofsf :jfl:gsf] s/l0f
uGof{ nf]UGofnfO !) :jf:gLnfO % ?k}of b+8 ul/ 5'6ofO{ lbg' ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd
s}b ug'{=
&= dfl;Gof dt'jfnL hft u}în] ljwjf efpHo" gftf kGof{ sf dgf]dfgn] s/l0f u¥of] eGof
s/l0f uGof{ u/fpGof b'j}nfO /fhift nfUb}g ;wjf efpHo" gftf kGof{sf] s/l0f u¥of]
eGof cl3b]lif hf/ xfGof hftnfO{ ;fw'n] hf/ sf6g gx'gfn] c}g jdf]lhd\ c+; ;j{:j
ul/ ln+5 tfklg j:osf ufp ;x/jf6 gLsfnL lb+5 tfklg s]lx gul/ p;} 5f85
tfklg ;fw'sf] if'l; ;fw'n] ;hfo gul/ ift dfkm ul/ 5f8ofsf] hft hfb}g d ;hfo
ubL{g elg c8f uf}8f cbfnt\ 7fgf cdfn\df e+g= cfof] eGof hfl/ uGof{sf]= c}g
jdf]lhd\ c+; ;j{:j ul/ b;f}g nL pk/ ;fw' nfO ;f}lkbLg' s/l0f uGof{nfO ^ d}Gxf s}b
ug'{ Dofbsf] ?k}of lbof lng' ;fw'n] ;hfo gul/ hfl/sf] iftdfkm ul/ 5f]8of] eGof
246
 /fhift nfUb}g hft hfb}g cl3b]lif hf/ gxflgcfpGof hftsf nf]UGof :jfl:g b'j}nfO
dfl;lbg'=
*= cfkm'n] hGdfofsf 5f]l/sf 5f]l/ gflt / c}gn] hf/ xfÙ x'Gof ;Ddsf gftLGof j'xfl/sf]
s/l0f uGof{ dfl;Gof dt'jfnL hft u}înfO{ /fhift nfUgfn] s/l0f uGof{ u/fpGof
b'j}nfO{ dfl;lbg'=
(= ef+hf ef+lh kl§sf gftfdf ;wjf eof klg ljwjf eof klg s+Gof eof klg cfÇgf
jfj'jf6 hGDofsf lblb j}lGxsf 5]fl/ ef+lh / c}gn] hf/ xfÙ x'Gof ef+Hof j'xfl/sf] s/l0f
uGof{ dfl;GofdtjfnLhft u}înfO /fhift nfUgfn] nf]UGof :jfl:g b'j}nfO{ dfl;lbg'=
!)= dfjln kl§sf gftfdf cfdfnfO hGDffpGof jHo" cfdfsf ;xf]b/ jHo" cfdf hGDofsf
Psf jfj'jf6 hGDofsf lblb j}lGx ;flg 7"nL cfdf / dfdfsf hf/ xfÙ
x'Gof ;Ddsf :jfl:g dfOHo"sf] s/l0f uGof{ dfl;Gof dt'jfnL hft u}înfO /fhift
nfUgfn] nf]UGof :jfl:g b'j}nfO{ dfl;lbg'=
!!= dfjnL kl§sf gftfdf cfdfsf ;f}ltGof cfdfsf 5f]l/ ;flg 7"nL cfdf / cfdfls
cfdfsf Psf jfj'jf6 hGDofsf lblb j}lGx jHo"x¿sf] s/l0f uGof{ dfl;Gof dt'jfnL
hft u}înfO ;wjf eof ;fw'nfO @) ?k}of ljxf ifr{ e/fO
nf]UGofnfO{ @) :jfl:gnfO !) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ s+Gof ljwjf eof /fhift nfUgfn] s/l0f
uGof{ nf]UGofnfO !% ?k}of :jfl:g nfO !) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
!@= ;;'/fnL kl§sf gftfdf cfÇgf :jfl:gls cfdf ;f;' cfÇgf ;;'/fn] ljxf ul/
Nofofsf :jfl:g ;f;' ;;'/fnfO / ;fw'nfO hGdfpGof j'l9 ;f;' P]ltsf] s/l0f
uGof{ dfl;Gof dt'jfnL hft u}înfO s/l0f uGof{ / s/l0f u/fpGof b'j}nfO dfl;lbg'=
!#= cfkm'nfO lbIff d+q ;'gfpGof u'df{ / u'?sf c}gn] hf/ xfÙ x'Gof :jfl:g u'df{sf] s/l0f
uGof{ dfl;Gof dt'jfnL hft u}îsf nf]UGof :jfl:gnfO dfl;lbg'=
!$= cfkm'nfO hGdfpGof jfj' cfÇgf Psf jfj'jf6 hGDofsf bfHo" efO cfkm'n] hGDfofsf]
5f]/fnfO{ s/l0f lbGof cfÇgf ;;'/fnfO s/l0f lbGof :jfl:gx¿df gdfl;Gof
hftsf :jfl;g eof # jif{ s}b ug'{ Dofbsf ?k}of lt¥of nL 5f8g' dfl;Gof hft kflg
grnGof hft 5f]O l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf :jfl:gnfO dfl;lbg'=
!%= dfl;Gof hftdf kflg rnGof grnGof u}î hftn] cfÇgf Psf jfj'jf6 hGDofsf Ho]7f
sf+5f jfj'sf 5f]l/sf 5f]l/ ef+lhx¿ / cfÇgf Psf jfj'jf6 hGDofsf bfHo" efOsf
5f]l/sf 5]l/ gfltgLx¿sf] s/l0f u/]5 eGof ;wjf eof c}g jdf]lhd\ ;fw'sf] if'l; sGof
/ ljwjf eof s/l0f uGof{ u/fpGof nf]UGof :jfl;g b'j}nfO{ dfl;lbg' Plt gftf jfx]s
c? uf]l6of efOx¿sf 5f]l/sf 5]fl/sf] s/l0f ul/ eftdf jf]/]5 eGof ;wjf eof c} g
jdf]lhd\ ;fw'sf] if'l; !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof ljwjf eof gftf gnfUGof s'6'Fjsf s+Gof
ljwjfsf] s/l0f uGof{nfO n]iofsf c}g jdf]lhd\ ;hfo ug'{ eftdf jf]¥ofsf] geof
iftjft nfUb}g=

l56f] xfng' gkGof{

b]l; d';n\df jfx]s r'8f/f nufo]t\ 5f]O l56f] xfng' gkGof{
kflg grn\Gof hft u}¥x xf8 gftfdf s/l0f uGof{sf]
tkl;n\
!= ;wjf eof klg ljwjf eof klg j]:of eof klg cfkm' hGDffpGof cfdfsf] s/l0f
uGof{ d';n\dfg\ jfx]s\ l56f] xfng' gkGof{ kflg grnGof u}î hftnfO sfl6 dfl/lbg'=
@= cfÇgf Psf jfj'jf6 hGDofsf lblb j}GxL cfkm'n] hGDffofsf 5f]l/sf] s/l0f uGof{ kflg
grnGof l56f] xfng' gkGof{ hft u}îsf] c}g jdf]lhd\sf] c; ;j{:j ul/ bfdn\ ug'{=
#= cfkm'nfO hGDfpGof cfdf cfÇgf Psf jfj'jf6 hGDofsf lblb j}lGx cfkm'n] hGDfofsf
5f]l/ / efpHo" gftf kGof{ jfx]s xf8sf $ k':tf ;+dsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf ;wjf ljwjf
s+Gofsf] s/l0f uGof{ l56f] xfng' gkGof{ hftsf nf]UGof / s/l0f lbGof :jfl:g b'j}nfO
dfl;lbg'=

247
$= cfÇgf xf8df $ k':tfb]lif dfly hlt;'s} k':tfsf eof klg !! jif{ gf£ofsf sGof /
ljwjfsf] s/l0f uGof{ d;n\dfg jfx]s l56f] xfng' gkGof{ kflg grn\Gof u}î hftsf
nf]UGofnfO{ !@ jif{ :jfl:gnfO * ?k}of b+8 ul/ ln nf]UGof :jfl:g 5'6ofO lbg' hft
hfb}g=
%= d';ndfg\ jfx]s l56f] xfng' gkGof{ kflg grnGof hft u}în] cfÇgf xf8df $ k':tfb]lif
pef]sf ;wjf :jfl:gsf] s/l0f u¥of] eGof ljxf ul/ Nofofsf / ljxfsf] l/t ul/
Nofofsf :jfl:g eof !% ?k}of ljxf ifr{ e/fO nf]UGofnfO !% xf8 kmf]/f
kgf{n] :jfl:gnfO * ?k}of b+8 ug'{ ljxfsf] l/t gk'¥ofO{ Nofofsf] cfÇgf hft eftdf
rnfofsf :jfl:gsf] s/l0f uGof{nfO ljxf ifr{ kb}{g nf]UGofnfO !% :jfl:gnfO * ?k}of
b+8 ug'{ eft eftdf glnofsf 3df{ Nofofsf :jfl:gsf] s/l0f uGof{ nf]UGofnfO
* :jfl:gnfO $ ?k}of b+8 u/L 5'6ofO{ lbg' ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
&= d';n\dfg jfx]s 5f]of l56f] xfng' gkGof{ kflg grnGof hft u}în] ljwjf efpHo" gftf
kGof{sf dgf]dfgn] s/l0f u¥of] eGof s/l0f uGof{ u/fpGof b'j}nfO /fhift nfUb}g ;wjf
efpHo" gftf kGof{sf] s/l0f u¥of] eGof ;fw'n] c}g jdf]lhd\ c+; ;j{:j ul/ nL j:ofsf
ufp ;x/jf6 lgsfnL lb+5 tfklg s]lx gul/ p;} 5f85 tfklg ;fw'sf]
if'l; ;fw'n] ;hfo gul/ iftdfkm ul/ 5f8ofsfsf] hft hfb}g ;fw'n] ;hfo ul/b]p elg
s/fof] eGof c8f uf}8f cbfnt\ 7fgf cdfnfj6 hfl/ uGof{nfO kqmL c}g
jdf]lhd\ c+; ;j{:j ul/ ;j{:j dWo] b;f}b nL pk/ ;fw'nfO lb s/l0f uGof{nfO
$ d}Gxf s}b ug'{=
&= d';n\dfg jfx]s 5f]O l56f] xfng' gkGof{ kflg grnGof hft u}în] ef+hf ef+lhsf gftfdf
cfÇgf jfj'jf6 hGDofsf lblb j}lGxsf5f]l/ ef+lhsf] / c}g n] hf/ xfÙ x'Gof ef+hf
j'xfl/sf] s/l0f u¥of] eGof s/l0f uGof{ s/l0f lbGof b'j}nfO dfl; lbg'=
*= d';n\dfg jfx]s 5f]O l56f] xfng' gkGof{ kflg grnGof hft u}în] dfjnL kl§sf gftfdf
cflÇg cfdfnfO{ hGdfpGof jHo" cfdfsf ;xf]b/ jHo" cfdfsf Psf e"l8sf / ;f}ltGof
kl§ lblb j}lGx ;flg y'ln cfdf kGof{ dfdfsf c}gn] hf/ xfÙ x'Gof ;Ddsf :jfl:g
dfOHo" cfdfls cfdfsf Psf e"+8Lsf lblb j}lGx jHo"x¿sf] s/l0f uGof{ u/fpGof
b'j}nfO{ dfl; lbg'=
(= d';n\dfg jfx]s 5f]O l56f] xfng' gkGof{ kflg grnGof hft u}în] ;;'/fnL kl§sf
gftfdf cflÇg :jfl:gnfO hGDffpGof jHo" ;;'/fn] ljxf u¥ofsf :jfl:g ;f;' ;;'/fnfO
/ ;f;'nfO hGdfpGof j'l9 ;f;'sf] s/l0f uGof{= / u/fpGof b'j}nfO dfl; lbg'=

l56f] xfNg' kGof{

cfÇgf xf8 gftfdf s/l0f uGof{ l56f] xfng' kGof{
kflg grnGof hftsf]
tkl;n

!= ;wjf eof klg ljwjf eof klg j]:of eof klg cfkm'nfO hGDffpGof cfdfsf] s/l0f
uGof{ 5f]O l56f] xfng' kGof{ hft u}înfO{ sfl6 dfl/ lbg'=
@= cfÇgf Psf jfj'jf6 hGDofsf lblb j}lGx cfkm'n] hGdfofsf 5f]l/sf] s/l0f uGof{ 5f]O
l56f] xfng' kGof{ hft u}înfO c}g jdf]lhd\sf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ bfdn\ ug'{=
#= cfkm'nfO hGdfpGof cfdf cfÇgf Psf jfj'jf6 hGDofsf lblb j}lGx cfkm'n] h+Gdfofsf
5]fl/ / efpHo' gftf kGof{ jfx]s\ xf8df $ k':tf;Ddsf] !! jif{ gf£ofsf ;wjf ljwjf
s+gofsf] s/l0f uGof{ / u/fpGof 5f]O l56f] xfng' kGof{ hft u}îsf nf]UGof :jfl:g b'j]
dfl;lbg'=

248
$= cfÇgf xf8df $ k':tfb]lv dfly hlt;'s} k':tf eof klg !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof /
ljwjfsf] s/l0f uGof{ 5f]O l56f] xfng' kGof{ hft u}îsf nf]UGof nfO !@ :jfl:gnfO
* ?k}of b+8 ul/ nL nf]UGof :jfl:g 5'6ofO{ lbg' hft hfb}g=
%= 5f]O l56f] xfng' kGof{ hft u}în] cfÇgf xf8df $ k':tfb]lv pef]sf ;wjfsf] s/l0f u¥of]
eGof ljxf ul/ Nofofsf / ljxfsf] l/t ul/Nofofsf :jfl:g eof !% ?k}of ljxf
ifr{ e/fO{ nf}UGofnfO !% xf8 kmf]/f kgf{n] :jfl:gnfO * ?k}of b+8 ug'{ ljxfsf] l/t
gk'¥ofO{ Nofofsf cfÇgf hft eftdf rNofsf :jfl:gsf] s/l0f uGof{nfO ljxf ifr{ kb}{g
nf]UGofnfO !% :jfl:gnfO * ?k}of b+8 ug'{ hft eftdf glnofsf 3/df
Nofofsf :jfl:gsf] s/l0f uGof{ nf]UGofnfO * :jfl:gnfO $ ?k}of b+8 ul/
5'6fO{ lbg' ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=
^= 5f]O l56f] xfng' kGof{ hft u}în] ljwjf efpHo" gftf kGof{sf dgf]dfgn] s/l0f u¥of]
eGof s/l0f uGof{ u/fpGof b'j}nfO /fhift nfUb}g ;wjf efpHo" gftf kGof{sf] s/l0f
u¥of] eGof ;fw'n] c}g jdf]lhd\ c+; ;j{:j ul/ ln j:ofsf ufp ;x/jf6 lgsfln lb+5
tfklg s]lx gul/ p;} 5f85 tfklg ;fw'sf] if'l; ;fw'n] ;hfo gul/ ift dfkm ul/
5f8gfsf] hft hfb}g ;fw'n] ;hfo ul/ b]p elg s/fof] e+Gof c8f uf}8f cbfnt\ 7fgf
cdfnjf6 hfl/ uGof{nfO klqm c}g jdf]lhd\ c+; ;j{:j ul/ b;f}b nL pk/ ;fw'nfO
lbg' efpHo' ;flxgfdf ;fw'n] ;hfo gul/ 5f]8of] eGof /fhift nfUb}g=
&= ef+hf ef+lhsf gftfdf cfÇgfPsf jfj'jf6 hGDofsf lblb j}lGxsf 5f]l/ ef+lhsf] / c}gn]
hf/ xfÙ x'Gof ef+Hof j'xfl/sf] s/l0f uGof{ 5f]O l56f] xfng' kGof{ hft u}înfO s/l0f
uGof{ u/fpGof b'j}nfO dfl;lbg'=
*= dfjnL k§Lsf gftfdf cflÇg cfdfnfO hGdfpGof jHo" cfdfsf ;xf]b/ jHo" cfdfsf
Psf jfj'jf6 hGDofsf ;flg 7'ln cfdf kGof{x¿ dfdfsf c}gn] hf/ xfÙ
x'Gof;+dsf :jfl:g dfOHo" cfdfls cfdfsf Psf jfj'jf6 hGDofsf lblb j}lGx
jHo"x¿sf] s/l0f uGof{ 5f]O l56f] xfng' kGof{ hft u}înfO s/l0f uGof{ u/fpGof b'j}nfO
dfl;lbg'=
(= ;;'/fnL kl§sf gftfdf cflÇg :jfl:gnfO hGdfpGof ;f;' ;;'/fn] ljxf ul./
Nofofsf :jfl:g ;f;' ;;'/fnfO / ;f;'nfO hGdfpGof j'l9 ;f;'sf] s/l0f uGof{ 5f]O
l56f] xfng' kGof{ hft u}înfO s/l0f uGof{ / u/fpGof b'j}nfO dfl;lbg'=

/fhift\ nfUGof xf8gftf jfx]s c? ;gx]df

s/l0f uGof{sf c}g\=
tkl;n\

!= cfÇgf xf8df / c}gdf ;hfo n]lifofsf gftfdf s/l0f uGof{nfO c}g jdf]lhD;hfo
ug'{ ;hfo n]ifLofjfx]s c? ;gx]df s/l0f sGof{nfO ;wjf eof ;fw'sf] if'l; hft
ldNbf s+Gof / ljwjfsf] /flh if'l;n] s/l0f ul/ eftdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof ift\ nfUb}g
s/l0f ul/ eft\df :d]t\ jf]/]5 eGof j|fé0fnfO !)) /hk"tnfO ^) tfuf wfl/nfO %)
gdfl;Gof dtjflnnfO @) dfl;GofnfO % ?k}of sf bn]{ b+8 ug'{ hj/hl:t s/l0f u/] 5
eGof hj/hl:t s/l0f uGof{sf c}g jdf]lhD;hfo ug'{ c}gdf ;hfo n]lifofsf xf8gftf
jfx]s c? ;gx]df ljwjfNofpGof / ljxf uGof{ nfO ift\ jft nfUb}g=
@= km'k' kl§sf c}gdf ;hfo n]iofsf gftfdf sl0f{ uGof{nfO c}g jdf]lhD;hfo ug'{ ;hfo
n]iof jfx]sdf s/l0f uGof{nfO ;wjf eof ;fw'sf] if'l; hft ldNbf s+Gof / jLwjfsf]
/flh if'l;n] s/l0f ul/ eftdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof ift\jft nfub}g sl/0f ul/
efTdf :d]t\ jf]/]5 eGof j|fDx0f nfO !)) /hk"tnfO ^) tfufwfl/nfO %) gdfl;Gof
dtjflnnfO @) dfl;GofnfO{ % ?k}ofsf b/n] b+8 ug'{ hj/hl:t s/l0f u/]5 eGof
hj/hl:t s/l0f uGof{sf c}g jdf]lhd\;hfo ug'{= km'k' gftfjx]s km'k'sf c? ;+tfgdf
ljxf uGof{ / ljwjfNofpGofnfO ift\jft\ nfUb}g=

249
#= dfjln kl§sf gftfdf= clÇg cfdfnfO hGDffpGf jHo' cfdfsf ;xf]b/ jHo" cfdfsf=
Psf jfj'jf6 hGDofsf lblbj}lGx ;flg7"ln cfdf= dfdfsf c}gn] hf/xf+g
x'Gof ;dDsf :jfl:g dfOh"x¿ cfdfsf ;f}ltGof cfdfsf] 5f]l/ ;flg 7"ln cfdf /
cfdfls cfdfsf Psf e"l8sf lblb j}lGx jHo"x¿sf] s/l0f uGof{nfO c}g
jdf]lhd\ ;hfo ug'{ Plt gftf jfx]s c? ;gx]df s/l0f uGof{nfO ;wjf eof ;fw'sf]
if'l; hft ldNbf s+Gof /= ljwjfsf] /flh if'l;n] s/l0f ul/ eft jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof
iftjft nfUb}g sl0f{ ul/ efTdf:d]t\ jf]/]5 eGof j|fé0fnfO !)) /htk"tnfO ^)
tfufwfl/nfO %) gdfl;Gof dtjflnnfO @) dfl;GofnfO % ?k}ofsf bn]{ b+8
ug'{ hj/hl:t s/l0f u/]5 eGof hj/hl:g s/l0f uGof{sf c}g jdf]lhd\ ;hfo
ug'{ c}gdf ;hfo n]lifofsf gftf jfx]s c? ;gx]df ljwjfNofpGof / ljxf uGof{nfO
iftjft nfUb}g=
$= ef+hf ef+hL kl§sf gftfdf cfÇgf Psf jfj'jf6 hGDofsf lblb j}lGxsf 5f]l/ ef+lhx¿ /
eflghsf c}gn] hf/xf+g x'gof ;Ddsf :jfl:g ef+Hof j'xfl/sf] s/l0f uGof{nfO c}g
jdf]lh+ ;hfo ug'{ Plt gftf jfx]s c? ef+hf ef+lhsf ;+tfg\df ;wjfsf] s/l0f
uGof{nfO= ;fw'sf] if'l; hft ldNbf ljwjf / sGofsf] s/l0f u/L eftdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5
eGof iftjft nfUb}g s/l0f ul/ efTdf:d]t\ jf]/]5 eGof j|fé0fnfO !)) /hk'tnfO ^)
tfuf wfl/nfO %) gdfl;Gof dtjflnnfO @) dfl;GofnfO % ?k}of b+8 ug'{ hj/hl:t
s/l0f u/]5 eGof hj/hl:t s/l0f uGof{sf c}g jdf]lh+ ;hfo ug'{= ef+lh / ef+Hof j'xfl/
jfx]s OGsf c? ;+tfgdf ljwjfNofpGof / ljxf uGof{nfO iftjft nfUb}g=
%= ;;'/fln kl§sf gftfdf cflÇg :jfl:gnfO hGdfpGof ;f;' / ;;'/fsf c}gn] hf/xf+Gg
x'Go ;+dsf :jfl:g ;f;'x¿ ;;'/fnfO / ;f;'nfO hGdfpGof j'l9 ;f;'sf] s/l0f
uGof{nfO c}g jdf]lhd ;hfo ug'{ Plt hft jfx]s c? ;gx]df s/l0f uGof{nfO ;wjf
eof ;fw'sf] if'l; hft ldNbf s+Gof / ljwjfsf] /flh if'l;n] sl0f{ ul/ efTdf jf]¥ofsf]
/x]g5 eGof ift\jft nfUb}g s/l0f ul/ efTdf ;d]t jf]/]5 eGof j|fé0fnfO !))
/hk"tnfO ^) tfufwfl/nfO %) gdfl;Gof dtjflnnfO @) dfl;GofnfO % ?k}of sf b/]
b+8 ug'{ hj/hl:t s/l0f u/]5 eGof h/hl:t s/l0f uGof{s/l0f uGof{sf c}g
jdf]lhD;hfo ug'{ c}gdf ;hfo n]lifofsf gftf jfx]s ;;'/fln kl§sf gftfdf h]7f
sf+5f ;;'/fsf :jfl:g ;f;'x¿ h]7' ;fnfsf :jfl:g h]l7 ;f;' km'k" ;flg 7'ln
cfdf ;f;' u}î c? ;gx]df ljwjfNofpGof / ljxf uGof{nfO ift\jft nfUb}g=

xf8 gftfsf j]:of efosfsf] s/l0f uGof{

tfufwfl/sf]

!= j|fé0f nufo]t\= tfufwfl/ hftsf cfÇgf & k":tf;+dsf xf8sf= sfsf jfHof bfHo" efO
elthf gflt kGof{n] ljxf ul/ hfl/ ul/ Nofofsf s+Gof ljwjf Nofofsf c}gn] hf/ xf+g
x'Gof;Ddsf :jfl:gdf cfÇgf if;;sf] ;To 5f]l8 csf{l;t kf]On uofsf :jfl:gsf]
ljU¥ofsf] yfxf gkfO s;}n] s/l0f u/]5 ;f] sl0f{ bjfO :jfl:gsf xft\sf] cfkm'n] iffO
cfÇgf xftjf6 etfxfnfO jf]/]5eGof c}g jdf]lhd\sf] c+;;j{:j ul/eft jfx]s ul/
5f]l8 lbg'= cfkm'n] :jfl:gsf xftsf] eft iffO c?nfO eftdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5
eGof %) ?k}Fo b+8 ul/ eft jfx]s ul/ 5fl8 lbg' sl0f{ ul/ :jfl:gsf xftsf] eft
iffofsf] /x]g5 c?nfO klg jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof %) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g
jdf]lhDs}b ug'{ hft hfb}g=
@= j|fé0f nufo]t\ tfufwfl/ hftsf cfkm'nfO hGdfpGof cfdf / cfkm'n] hGDfofsf 5f]/L
cfÇgf Psf cftsf lblb j}lGx jfx]s c? cfÇgf xf8sf & k":tf ;+dsf km"k' km'k'jHo"
lblb j}lGx 5f]l/ gfltgL gftf kGof{ / cfÇgf jfj'jf6 hGDofsf lblb j}lGxsf 5]fl/ ef+lh /
cfÇgf cfdfsf Psf jfj'jf6 hGDofsf ;flg 7'ln cfdf ljjflxtf :jfl:g ls cfdf ;f;'
cflÇg u'df{x¿df cfÇgf if;Dsf] ;To 5f]l8 csf{l;t kf]On uofsf :jfl:gsf] ljU¥ofsf]
250
 yfxf gkfO s;}n] sl0f{dfq u/]5 eGof c}g jdf]lhDsf] c+; ;j{:j ug'{ hft hfb}g
sl0f{ ul/ p:sf xftsf] eft :d]t\ iffo]5 eGof ;j{:j ul/ hftjfx]s ul/ lbg' sl0f{ ul/
cfkm'n] p:sf xftsf] eft iffO cfÇgf xftjf6 c?nfO :d]t\ eftdf jf]/]5 eGof c}g
jdf]lhDsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ ! jif{ s}b u/L 5fl8 lbg'= \
#= pkfWof nufo]t\ tfufwfl/ hftn] cfÇgf Psf jfj'jf6 hGDofsf lblb j}lGx / cfkm'n]
hGDfofsf 5f]l/ cfÇgf if;Dsf] ;Tof 5f]l8 csf{l;t uofsf hlt;'s}l;t ljU¥ofsf eof
klg P:tfsf] sl0f{ uGof{sf] c}g jdf]lhDsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ hg} lemls e'l8 /S;L ;'u'sf{]
df;' if'jfO hft kfltt ul/ k'j{sf]{ eof klZrd klZrDsf] eof k'j{tkm{ glb s6fO wkfO
lbg'= P:tfsf xftsf] eft rNb}g= kflg rN5 kflgsf] dfq} kltof lbg' P:tf gdfl;Gof
z'b| hft x'+5g\=
$= pkfWof nufo]t\ tfufwfl/ hft u}în] cfÇgf jfj'jf6 hGDofsf lblb j}lGx / cfkm'n]
hGdfofsf 5f]l/ jfx]s Psf jfHofjf6 hGDofsf 5f]l/ km'k' cfÇgfHo]7f sf+5fjfj'jf6
hGDofsf 5f]l/ lblb j}lGx cfÇgfPsf jfj'jf6 hGDofsf bfHo"efOsf 5f]/L eltlhx¿
cfkm"n] hGDffofsf 5f]/fsf 5f]l/ gfltlg cfÇgf 5f]l/sf 5]fl/ gfltlg cfÇgf ;fIfft\ lblb
j}lGxsf 5f]l/ ef+lh cfÇgf h]7f sf+5f jfj'sf 5f]/fsf 5]fl/ elhlt cfÇgf jfj'nfO /
cfdfnfO hGdfpGof jHo" cfÇgf cfdfsf ;xf]b/ lblb j}lGx ;flg 7"ln cfdf cfÇgf
ljjflxtf :jfl:gnfO hGdfpGof ;f;' cfkm'nfO d+q ;'gfpGof u'df{ cfkm'n] d+q ;'gfofsf
l;ioflg Pltdf cfÇgf if;Dsf] ;To 5f]l8 csf{l;t kf]On ufosfnfO hlt ;'s} ln+u
kl/ sl0f{ u¥of klg t]:tfsf] c}g jdf]lhDsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ hgL lemls hft kltt ul/
nf]UGof :jfl:g 5'6ofO kflgsf] dfq} kltof lbg" eft rNb}g=

%= pkfWof nufo]t\ tfufwfl/ hft u}în] cfkm'nfO hGDffpGof cfdf jfx]s\ c? jfj'n] c}gn]
hf/ xfFg x'Gof;Dsf Nofofsf ;f}ltGof cfdf cfkm'nfO d+q ;'gfpGof u'?sf :jfl:g
u'df{ cflÇg cfdf sf ljdft[ kl§sf lblb j}lGx ;flg 7'ln cfdf ;f;'nfO / ;;' /fnfO
hGdfpGof j'l9 ;f;' ;;'/fn] c}gn] hf/ xf+g x'Gof;dsf :jfl:g ;f}ltGof ;f;'x¿df
cfÇgf if;Dsf] ;To 5]fl8 csf{l;t kf]On uofsf :jfl:gsf] sl0f{ ul/ eft ;d]t\ iffO
etfxfnfO eftdf jf]/]5 eGof c}g jdf]lhDsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/= hft eft jfx]s\= ul/
5fl8 lbg' P:tfsf xftsf] eft rNb}g eftdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof !)) ?k}of b+8 ul/=
5'6ofO lbg' hft hfb}g=
^= pkfWof / tfufwfl/hft u}în] cfÇgf xf8df # k':tfb]lvo'9f] & k':tf;+dsf bfHo"efO
sfsfjfHof 5f]/f elthf kGof{sf 5f]l/ km'k' jHo" lblb j}lGx 5f]l/ gfltlg= kgfltlg gftf
kGof{ :jf:gLx¿df cfÇgf if;Dsf] ;To 5f]l8 csf{l;t kf]On uof sf] cfkm' t]>f] kl/
sl0f{u¥of] eGof nf]UGof /x]5 eGof hf/ xf+Gofsf] if'l; nf]UGof /x]g5 eGof / hf/ xfg]g
eGof /fhift\ nfUgfn] sl0f{ ul/ :jfl:gsf xftsf] cfkm"n] eft iffO cfÇgf xftjf6 c?
etfxf nfO jf]/]5 eGof !@) ?k}of b08 u/L eft jfx]s ul/lbg"= eft iffofsf] /x]g5
eGof ^) ?k}of rf}yf] ln+u kl/ sl0f{ uGof{nfO #) ?k}of hlt;'s}l;t lju|ofls eof klg
rf}yf]ln+ub]lif o'9f] kl/ sl0f{ uGof{nfO !% ?k}of b+8 ul/ 5'6ofOlbg'=
&= pkfWof nufo]t\ tfufwfl/ hft u}¥xn] cfÇgf xf8df & k':tfb]lif dfly !$ k':tf ;Dd sf
bfHo" efOsf 5f]l/ km"k' jHo" lblb j}lGx 5f]l/ eltlh gfltlg kgfltlg gftf kGof{x¿df
cfÇgf if;Dsf] ;Tof 5f]l8 csf{l;t kf]On uofsf :jfl:ggLf] cfkm' t]>f] kl/ sl0f{ u¥of]
eGof nf]UGof /x]5 eGof hf/ xf+Gofsf] if'l; nf]UGof /x]g5 eGof /= hf/ xfg]g eGof
sl0f{ ul/ :jf:gLsf xftsf] xfkm"n] eft iffO cfÇgf xftjf6 c? etfxfnfO eftdf jf]/] 5
eGof !@) ?k}of b+8 ul/ eft jfx]s ul/lbg" cfkm'n] eft iffofsf] /x]g5 eGof /fhift
nfUgfn] #) ?k}of rf}yf] kl/ sl0f{ uGof{nfO !% ?k}of hlt;'s} l;t lju|ofls eof klg
cfkm' kf+rln+u b]lif o'9f] kl/ sl0f{ uGof{nfO !) ?k}of b+8 ul/ nf]UGof :jfl:gL 5'6ofO
lbg'=
*= pkfWof nufo]t\ tfufwfl/ hft u}în] cfÇgf xf8df !$ k':tf b]lif dfly @! k':tf;Ddsf
bfHo" efOsf 5]fl/ km"k' jHo" lblb j}lGx 5f]/L elthL gfltlg kgfltlg ;flxg" kGof{x¿df
cfÇgf if;Dsf] ;Tof 5f]8L csf{l;t kf]On uofsf :jfl:gsf] cfkm'n] t]>f] kl/
sl0f{ uGof{nfO nf]UGof /x]5 eGof hf/ xf+Gofsf] if'l; hf/ xfg]g jf nf]UGof /x]g5 eGof
sl0f{ ul/ :jfl:gsf xftsf] cfkm'n] eft iffO cfÇgf xftjf6 c?etfxfnfO eftdf jf]/]5
251
 eGof !@) ?k}of b+8 ul/ eft jfx]s ul/ lbg' cfkm'n] eft ifffofsf] /x]g5 eGof
/fhift\ nfUgfn] @) ?k}of rf}yf]ln+u kl/ sl0f{ uGof{nfO !) ?k}of hlt ;'s} l;t ljU¥of
ls eof klg cfkm' kfrln+u b]lif o'9f] kl/ sl0f{ uGof{nfO % ?k}of b+8 ul/
nf]UGof :jfl:g 5'6ofO lbg" @! k":tf b]lif o'9f]sf cfÇgf if;Dsf] ;To 5f]l8 csf{l;t
ljU¥ofsf :jfl:gsf] sl0f{ uGof{nfO /fhift\ nfUb}g=
(= pkfWof nufo]t\ tfufwfl/ hftsf cfÇgf xf8sf & k":tf;Ddsf sfsf jfHof efO elthf
5f]/f gfltx¿n] ljxf ul/ Nofofsf lbof] sn; k"lh Nofofsf hfl/ ul/ Nofofsf s+Gof
ljwjf Nofofsf / cfÇgf ;fIfft dfOHo" ef+hf j'xfl/x¿df cfÇgf if;Dsf] ;To 5f]l8
csf{l;t kf]On uofsf :jfl:gx¿l;t ljU¥ofsf] cfkm'n] yfxf kfO cfkm' t]>f] kl/
sl0f{ u¥of]{ :jfl:gsf xftsf] eft iffofsf] /x]g5 eGof nf]UGof /x]5 eGof hf/ xf+Gof
hftsf] c}g jdf]lhd\ ;fw'sf] if'l; nf]UGof /x]g5 eGof / hf/ xfg]g eGof efTdf jf]¥ofsf]
/x]g5 eGof /fhift\ nfUgfn] @% ?k}of b+8 ug'{= :jfl:gsf xftsf] eft iffO cfÇgf
xftjf6 c?nfO jf]/]5 eGof !@) ?k}of b+8 ul/ hft jfx]s\ ul/ 5fl8 lbg'= cfkm"
rf}yf]ln+u kl/ sl0f{ uGof{nfO !% ?k}of hlt;'s} l;t ljU¥of ls eof klg kfrln+u b]lif
o'9f] kl/ sl0f{ uGof{fnfO{ !) ?k}of b+8 ul/ 5'6ofO lbg'=
!)= pkfWof nufo]t\ tfufwfl/ hft u}în] cfÇgf xf8sf & k":tf b]lif !$ k':tf;+dsf bfHo"
efOsf ljxf ul/Nofofsf hfl/ ul/ Nofofsf s+Gof ljwjf Nofofsf lbof] sn; k'lh
Nofofsf c}gn] hf/ xf+g x'Gof;Dsf :jfl:gdf cfÇgf if;Dsf ;To 5f]l8 csf{l;t
ljU¥ofsf :jfl:gnfO{ cfkm' t]>f] kl/ sl0f{ u¥of] eGof nf]UGof /x]5 eGof / hf/ xf+Gof
hftsf] c}g jdf]lhd\ ;fw'sf] if'l; nf]UGof /x]g5 eGof / sl0f{ ul/ :jfl:gsf xftsf]
cfkm'n] eft iffO cfÇgf xftjf6 c? etfxfnfO= eftdf jf]/]5 eGof !@) ?k}of b+8 ul/=
eft jfx]s\ ul/ lbg'= eft iffofsf] /x]g5 eGof /fhift\ nfUgfn] !% ?k}of rf}yf]ln+u kl/
sl0f{ uGof{nfO !) ?k}of kfrf} kl/ sl0f{ uGof{nfO % ?k}of b+8 ul/ 5'6ofO lbg" !$ k':tf
o'9f]sf cfÇgf if;Dsf] ;To 5f]l8 kf]On uofsf :jfl:gsf] sl0f{ uGof{nfO /fhift\ nfUb}g=

P]= gdfl;Gofsf]

!= gdfl;Gof dtjfnL hft u}îsf cfÇgf Psf jfj'jf6 hGDofsf lblb jlGx cfkm'n]
hGDofofsf 5f]l/df cfÇgf if;Dsf] ;To 5f]l8 csf{l;t ljU¥ofsf nfO htL;'s} ln+u kl/
sl0f{ u¥ofsf] eof klg t]:tfsf] c}g jdf]lhDsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ d'l8 s's'sf]{ df;' if'jfO
eft jfx]s\ ul/ k"j{sf] eof klZrd klZrDfsf] eof k"j{tkm{ glb s6fO wkfO{ lbg"=
P:tfsf xftsf] eft rNb}g kflg rN5 kflgsf] dfq kltof lbg"= P:tf dfl;Gof ef]6\of
hft x'+5g\=
@= gdfl;Gof dtjfln hft u}în] cfÇgf xf8df $ k':tf;Ddsf km'k' jHo km'k' lblb j}lGx
5f]l/ eltlh gfltlg kgftLlg gftf kGof{ / cfÇgL 5f]l/sf 5f]l/ gfltlg lblb j}lGxsf 5f]l/
ef+lh jfj'nfO /= cfdfnfO hGdfpGof jHo" cfÇgL :jfl:gnfO hGDffpGof ;f;' cfdfsf
;xf]b/ lblb j}lGx ;flg 7'ln cfdf cfkm'nfO d+q ;'gfpGof u'df{ Pltdf cfÇgf if;Dsf]
;To 5f]l8 csf{ l;t ljU¥ofsf nfO hlt;'s} ln+u k/L sl0f{ u¥ofsf] eof klg nf]UGof
/x]5 eGof hf/ xf+Gof hftsf] c}g jdf]lh+ ;fw'sf] if'l; nf]UGof /x]g5 jf hf/ xfg]g eGof
/fhift\ nfUgfn] c}g jdf]lhDsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ ! jif{ s}b ul/ hft kltt ul/ ef]6 \of
hftdf ldnfO lbg' Dofbsf] rf}j/ lbof ?k}of lng' P:tfsf xftsf] eft rNb}g kflg
rN5 kflgsf] dfq kltof ul/ nf]UGof :jfl:g 5'6\ofO{ lbg'=
#= gdfl;Gof dtjfln hft u}¥n] cfkm'nfO hGdfpGof cfdf jfx]s\ c? jfj'n] c}gn] hf/ xf+g
x'Gof;Ddsf Nofofsf ;f}ltGof cfdf cfkm'nfO d+q ;'gfpGof u'?sf :jfl:g u'df{ cfkmlg
cfdfsfljdflq kl6\6sf lblb j}lGx ;flg 7'ln cfdf ;f;'nfO /= ;;'/fnfO hGdfpGof
j'9L ;f;' ;;'/fn] c}gn] hf/ xf+g x'Gof;Ddsf :jfl:g ;f}ltGof ;f;' Pltdf cfÇgf
if;dsf] ;Tof 5f]l8 csf{l;t kf]On uofsf :jfl:gsf] cfkm" t]>f] kl/ sl0f{uGof{ nfO
nf]UGof /x]5 eGof hf/ xf+Gof hftsf] c}g jdf]lhd\ ;fw'sf] if'l; nf]UGof /x]g5 jf hf/
xfg]g eGof /fhift\ nfUgfn] ^) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ rf}yf] kl/ sl0f{ uGof{nfO #) hlt;'s} l;t

252
 ljU¥of ls eof klg kfrf} b]lif o'9f] kl/ sl0f{ uGof{nfO !% ?k}of b+8 ul/ nf]UGof :jfl:g
5'6ofO lbg' hft hfb}g=
$= gdfl;Gof dtjfln hft u}îsf cfÇgf xf8df $ k':tf b]lif o'9f] & k':tf ;Ddsf bfHo"
efOsf jfHof 5f]/f elthf kGof{sf 5f]l/ km'k' jHo" lblb j}lGx 5f]l/ gfltlg kgfltlg gftf
kGof{ :jfl:gx¿df cfÇgf if;Df ;To 5f]l8 csf{l;t kf]On uofsfsf] cfkm' t]>f] kl/
sl0f{ u¥of] eGof nf]UGof /x]5 eGof hf/ xfGof hftsf] c}g jdf]lhd\ ;fw'sf] if'l; nf]UGof
/x]5 eGof /= hf/ xf+g]g eGof /fh ift\ nfUgfn] $) ?k}of rf}yf] ln+ukl/ sl0f{ uGof{nfO
@) ?k}of b+8 ul/ 5'6ofO lbg'=
%= gdfl;Gof dtjfln hftsf xf8df & k':tf b]lif pef]df !$ k':tf;Ddsf bfHo" efO sfsf
jfHof 5f]/f elthf gflt kGof{sf 5f]l/ km'k' jHo" lblb j}lGx 5f]l/ gfltlg kgfltlg gftf
kGof{ :jfl:gdf cfÇgf if;Dsf] ;To 5f]l8 csf{l;t kf]On uofsf :jfl:gdf cfkm' t]>f]
kl/ sl0f{ u¥of] eGof nf]UGof eof hf/ xf+Gof hftsf] ;fw'sf] if'l; nf]UGof /x]g5 eGof /
hf/ xfg]g eGof /fhift\ nfUgfn] @) ?k}of rf}yf] kl/ sl0f{ uGof{nfO !) ?k}of hlt;'s}
l;t ljU¥of ls eof klg kfFrf} b]lif o'9f] kl/ sl0f{ uGof{nfO % ?k}of b+8 ul/ 5'6ofO lbg"
!$ k"tf b]lif o'9f]sf cfÇgf if;Dsf] ;To 5f]l8 csf{ l;t ljU¥of lssf] sl0f{ uGof{nfO
ift\ nfUb}g=
^= gdfl;Gof dtjfln hft u}îsf cfÇgf xf8sf & k':tf;Ddsf sfsf jfHof efO etLhf
5f]/f gfltx¿n] ljxf ul/ Nofofsf lbof] sn; k"lh Nofofsf hfl/ul/ Nofsf s+Gof
ljwjf Nofofsf / cfÇgf ;fIfft\ dfOHo" ef+Hof j'xfl/x¿ df cfÇgf if;Dsf] ;Tof 5f]l8
csf{l;t kf]On uofsf :jfl:gx¿l;t cfkm' t]>f] k/L s/l0f u¥of] eGof nf]UGof /x]5
eGof hf/xf+Gofsf] if'l; nf]UGof /x]g5 eGof / hf/ xfg]g eGof /fhift\ nfUgfn] !) ?k}of
cfkm' rf}yf] ln+u ul/ s/l0f uGof{nfO % ?k}of hlt ;'s} l;t ljU¥ofls eof klg kf+r
ln+u b]lif o'9f] kl/ s/l0f uGof{nfO @.. ?k}of b+8 ul/ 5'6ofO lbg'=
&= gdfl;Gof dtjfln hft u}îsf cfÇgf xf8fsf & k':tfb]lif !$ k':tf;Ddsf bfHo" efOsf
ljxf ul/ Nofofsf hfl/ ul/ Nofofsf s+Gof ljwjf Nofofsf lbof] sn; k"lhNofofsf
c}g n] hf/ xf+g x'Gof ;+Ddsf cfÇgf if;dsf] ;To 5f]l8 csf{l;t ljU¥ofsf :jfl:gnfO
cfkm' t]>f] kl/ s/l0f u¥of] eGof nf]UGof /x]5 eGof hf/ xf+Gof hftsf] ;fw'sf] if'l;
nf]UGof /x]g5 eGof / hf/ xfg]g eGof /fhift\ nfUgfn] % ?k}of rf}yf]ln+u kl/ s/l0f
uGof{nfO @.. ?k}of b+8 ul/ 5'6ofO lbg' kfFrf}kl/ s/l0f uGof{nfO ift\jft nfUb}g !$
k':tf b]lif o'9f]sf cfÇgfif;Dsf] ;To 5f]l8 csf{l;t kf]On uofsf :jfl:gsf] s/l0f
uGof{nfO klg /fhift\ nfUb}g=

P]dfl;Gofsf]

!= dfl;Gof dtjfln hft u}în] cfÇgf xf8df $ k':tf ;+dsf bfHo" efO sfsf jfHof 5f]/f
gflt kGof{sf 5f]l/ km'k' jHo" lblb j}lGx 5f]l/ eltlh gfltlg kgfltgL kGof{ / cfÇgf
;fIfft\ lblb j}lGxsf 5f]l/= ef+lh cfÇgf cfdfnfO / jfj'nfO hGdfpGof jHo" cfdfsf
;xf]b/ lblb j}lGx ;flg 7'ln cfdf cflÇg :jfl:gnfO hGdfpGof ;f;' cfkm'nfO d+q
;'gfpGof u'df{ Pltdf cfÇgf if;+sf] ;To 5f]l8 csf{l;t kf]On uofsf nfO hlt ;'s}
ln+u kl/ s/l0f u¥of klg nf]UGofnfO dfl; lbg' s/l0f lbGof :jfl:g gdfl;Gof hftls
/lx5 eGof j]:of x'+5] dfl;gof hftls /lx5 eGof= dfl; lbg'=
@= dfl;Gof dtjfln hft u}în] cfkm'nfO hGdfpGof cfdf jfx]s c? jfj'n] c}gn] hf/ xf+g
x'Gof ;+dsf Nofofsf ;f}ltGof cfdf cfkm'nfO d+q ;'gfpGof u'?sf :jf:gL u'df{ cflÇg
cfdfsf ljdft[ kl§sf lblb j}lGx ;flg 7'ln cfdf ;;'/fnfO / ;f;'nfO hGdfpGof j'l9
;f;' ;;'/fn] c}gn] hf/ xfÙ x'Gof ;+dsf :jf:gL ;f}ltGof ;f;' oltdf cfÇgf if;Dsf]
;To 5f]l8 csf{l;t kf]On uofsf :jfl:gsf] cfkm' t]>f] kl/ sl0f{ uGof{nfO nf]UGof /x]5
eGof hf/ xf+Gof hftsf] c+g jdf]lhd ;fw'sf] if'l; nf]UGof /x]g5 jf hf/ xfg]g eGof
/fhift\ nfUgfn] @) ?k}of rf}yf] kl/ sl0f{ uGof{nfO !% hlt;'s} l;t ljUof{ls eof klg
253
 rf}yf] b]lif o'9f] kl/ s/l0f uGof{ nfO cl3b]lif hf/ xf+Gof hft /x]5 eGof !) ?k}of b+8
ul/ 5'6ofO lbg' hft hfb}g=
#= dfl;Gof hftdf kflg rnGof u}î hftsf cfÇgf xf8df $ k':tfb]lv o'9f] & k':tf;Dddf
bfHo" efO sfsf jfHof 5f]/f elthf kGof{sf 5f]l/ km'k' jHo" lblb j}lGxsf] 5f]l/ gfltlg
kgfltlg gftf kGof{ :jf:gLx¿df cfÇgf if;+sf] ;Tof 5f]l8 csf{l;t kf]On uofsfsf]
cfkm' t]>f] kl/ sl0f{ u¥of] eGof nf]uGof /x]5 eGof cl3b]lif hf/ xflg cfofsf hftnfO
hf/ xf+Gof hftsf] c}g jdf]lhD;fw'sf] if'l; nf]UGof /x]g5 eGof /= hf/ xfg]g eGof
cl3b]lv hf/ gxfGof hft /x]5 eGof /fhift\ nfUgfn] !% ?k}of rf}yf] ln+u kl/ sl0f{
uGof{nfO !) ?k}of hlt;'s} l;t ljU¥ofls eof klg kfrf} ln+u b]lif o'9f] kl/ sl0f{
uGof{nfO % ?k}of b+8 ul/ 5'6ofO lbg' & k':tfb]lv o'9f]sf cfÇgf if;+sf] ;To 5f]l8
csf{l;t kf]On uofsf :jf:gLsf] sl0f{ uGof{nfO /fhift\ nfUb}g=
$= dfl;Gof dtjfln hft u}în] cfÇgf xf8sf & k':tf;+dsf sfsf jfHof efOelthf 5f]/f
gfltx¿n] ljxf ul/ Nofofsf] lbof]sn; k"lh Nofofsf hfl/ ul/ Nofofsf s+Gof ljwjf
Nofofsf / cfÇgf ;fIfft\ dfOHo" ef+Hof j'xfl/x¿df cfÇgf ;if;+dsf] ;To 5f]l8
csf{l;t kf]On uofsf :jf:gLx¿l;t cfkm' t]>f] kl/ sl0f{ u¥of] eGof nf]UGof /x]5
eGof hf/ xf+Gof hftsf] c}g jdf]lh+ ;fw'sf] if'l; nf]UGof g/x]5 eGof / hf/ xfg]g eGof
/fhift nfUgfn] !% ?k}of cfkm' rf}yf] ln+u kl/ sl0f{ uGof{nfO !) ?k}of hlt;'s} l;t
ljU¥ofls eof klg kfFr ln+ub]lif o'9f] sgL{ uGof{ nfO % ?k}of b+8 ul/ nf]UGof :jf:gL
5'6ofO lbg' & k':tfb]lif o'9f] sf cfÇgf if;Dsf] ;To 5fl8 csf{l;t kf]On uofsf
:jf:gLsf] sl0f{ uGof{ nfO klg /fhift\ nfUb}g=
%= ln+j' ls/flt hft jfx]s tfufwfl/ hft / gdfl;Gof dtjfln hft dfl;Gof hft kflg
grnGof hft 5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{hftn] cfÇgf jfj'n] ljxf ul/ nfofsf s+Gof
Nofofsf ljwjf Nofofsf hfl/ u/L Nofofsf c}gn] hf/xf+g x'Gof;+dsf :jf:gL ;flg
cfdfx¿ csf{l;t ljU¥ofsf ljU¥ofsf] hfx]/ e} sl0f{ u/]+ 5 eGof c}g jdf]lh+ c+;
;j{:j ul/ nf]UGof :jf:gL 5'6ofO lbg' P:tf sf xftsf] eft rNb}g kflg rN5 kflgsf]
dfq kltof lbg 5'6Øfof kl5 km]l/ klg sl0f{ u¥of] eGof hlt km]/f sl0f{ u5{ plQkN6
!).!) ?k}of b+8 ul/ 5'6ØfO lbg'=

P= kflg grnGofsf]

!= 5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{ gkGof{ u}î kflg grnGof hfTdf d';n\dfg jfx]sn] cfÇgf xf8df
$ k':tf ;+dsf bfHo" efO sfsf jfHof 5f]/f gflt kGof{ sf 5f]l/ km'k' jHo" lblb j}lGx
5f]l/ eltlh gfltlg kgfltlg kGof{ / cfÇgf;fIfft\ lblb j}lGxsf 5f]l/ ef+lh cfÇgf
cfdfnfO / jfj' nfO{ hGdfpGof jHo" cfdfsf ;xf]b/ lblb j}lGx ;flg 7'ln cfdf cflÇg
:jf:gLnfO hGdfpGof ;f;' cfkm'nfO d+q ;'gfpGof u'df{ Pltdf cfÇgf if;+dsf] To;
5f]l8 csf{l;t kf]On uofsfnfO hlt;'s} ln+u kl/ sl0f{ u¥of klg nf]UGof :jf:gL
b'j}nfO dfl;lbg'=
@= 5f]O l56f] xfng' kGof{ gkGof{ u}î kflg grnGof hftdf d';Ndfg\ jfx]sn] cfkm"nfO
hGdfpGof cfdf jfx]s c? jfj'n] c}gn] hf/ xfÙ x'Gof ;+dsf Nofofsf ;f}ltGof cfdf
cfÇgL cfdfsf ljdft[ kl§sf lblb j}lGx ;flg 7'ln cfdf ;;'/fnfO / ;f;'nfO
hGdfpGof j'l9 ;f;' ;f;'n] c}gn] hf/ xf+g x'Gof;Ddsf :jf:gL ;f}ltGofF ;f;' Pltdf
cfÇgf if;+dsf] ;To 5f]l8 csf{l;t kf]On uofsf :jf:gLsf] cfkm' t]>f] kl/ sl0f{
uGof{nfO nf]UGof /x]5 eGof hf/ xf+Gof hftsf] c}g jdf]hL+ ;fw'sf] if'l; nf]UGof /x]g5 jf
hf/ xfg]g eGof /fhift\ nfUgfn] !% ?k}of b+9 ug'{ rf}yf] kl/ sl0f{ uGof{nfO cl3b]lif hf/
xf+Gof hft /x]5 eGof !) hlt;'s}l;t ljU¥ofls eof klg rf}yf] b]lif o'9f] kl/ sl0f{
uGof{nfO % ?k}of b+8 ul/ 5'6ofO lbg' hft hfb}g=
#= 5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{ gkGof{ u}î kflg grnGof hfTdf d';Ndfg\ jfx]s cfÇgf cf8df $
k':tfb]lif o'9f] & k':tf;Ddsf bfHo" efO sfsf jfHof 5f]/f elthf kGof{ sf 5f]l/ km'k'
254
 jHo" lblb j}lGx 5f]l/ gfltlg kgfltlg gftf kGof{ :jf:gLx¿df cfÇgf if;+dsf] ;To 5f]l8
csf{l;t kf]On uofsfsf] cfkm'n] t]>f] kl/ sl0f{ u¥of] eGof nf]UGof /x]5 eGof cl3b]lv
hf/ xflg cfofsf hftnfO hf/ xf+Gofsf if'l; nf]UGof /x]g5 eGof / hf/ xf]gg eGof
cl3b]lif hf/ gxf+Gof hft /x]5 eGof /fhift\ nfUGffn] !) ?k}of rf}yf] ln+u kl/ sl0f{
uGof{nfO % ?k}of b+8 ug'{ hlt;'s} l;t ljU¥ofls eof klg kfr ln+ub]lif o'9f] kl/ sl0f{
uGof{nfO @.. ?k}of b+8 u/L 5'6ofOlbg' & k':tfb]lif o'9f]sf cfÇgf if;dsf] ;Tof
5f]8ofsfsf] sl0f{ uGof{nfO /fhift\ nfUb}g=
$= 5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{ gkGof{ u}î kflg grnGof hftdf d';ndfg\ jfx]sn] cfÇgf xf8sf]
& k':tf;+dsf sfsf jfHof efO elthf 5f]/f gfltx¿n] ljxf ul/ Nofofsf lbof] sn;
k'lh Nofofsf hfl/ ul/ Nofofsf sNof ljwjf Nofofsf / cfÇgf ;fIfft\ dfOHo" ef+hf
j'xfl/x¿df cfÇgf if;dsf] ;To 5f]l8 csf{l;t kf]On uofsf :jf:gLx¿l;t cfkm' t]>f]
kl/ sl0f{ u¥of] eGof nf]UGof /x]5 eGof hf/ xf+Gof hftsf] c}g jdf]lh+ ;fw'sf] if'l;
nf]UGof /x]g5 eGof / hf/ xfg]g eGof /fhift\ nfUgfn] !% ?k}of cfkm' rf}yf] ln+u kl/
sl0f{ uGof{nfO !) ?k}of htL;'s} l;t ljU¥ofls eof klg kfr ln+ub]lv o'9f] klg sl0f{
uGof{nfO % ?k}of b+8 ul/ nf]UGof :jfl:g b'j}nfO 5'6ofOlbg' & k':tf b]lif o'9f]sf cfÇgf
if;+sf] ;To 5f]l8 csf{l;t kf]On uofsf :jf:gLsf] sl0f{ uGof{nfO /fhift\ nfUb}g=
%= kftls eof kl5 hGDofsf ;+tfg\ kl§ bf]>f] t'NofO j]:of eofsf :jf:gL ;+u &
k':tfleqsf Ps} uf]q Ps} hfTdf s;}sf] sl0f{ eo]5 eGof @) ?k}of b+8 ul/ k|fo]lZrt
u/fOlbg'=

uf];'jf/fsf]

!= k'/f]lxTofl` uGof{ j|fé0fn] h:sf 3/df cfkm' d"n k'/f]lxt e} Hohdflg u¥ofsf] 5 p;n]
cfÇgf Hohdfgsf !@ jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof / ljwjf :jfl:g 5f]l/x¿sf] /fhLif'l;n] sl0f{
u¥of] eGof # jif{ s}b ul/ 5fl8 lbg' Dofbsf] ?k}of rf}j/ lbof lng'=
@= rf/ j0f{ 5lQ;} hft u}îsf ljjflxtf nf]UGofjf6 hGDofsf 5f]/f 5f]l/sf] / p;} :jf:gLn]
csf{ nf]UGofl;t kf]Onu} hGDofsf 5f]/f 5f]l/sf] sl0f{ uGof{ u/fpGof df Psf cf]6 \jl6
hGDofsf lho lho}sf] sl0f{ eofsf] /x]5 eGof c}g jdf]lh+sf] c+; ;j{:j u/L tfufwfl/
hftnfO hg} lemls /lS; ;'u'sf]{ df;' if'jfO hft kltt ul/ dtjfln gdfl;Gof hft df
ldnfO{ lbg' dtjfln gdfl;Gof hftnfO{ dfl;Gof hftdf dLnfO lbg'= dfl;Gof hftsf
nf]UGof :jf:gL b'j}nfO dfl; lbg' pGsf lho lhojfx]s= ;+tfg\ ;g\tfGdf sl0f{ u¥of
ift\jft\ nfUb}g=
#= wd{k'q /fifGofn] wd{k'q 5f]/f kl§sf ;+tfg\df / wd{k'q j:Gofn] wd{k'q /fifGof jfj'sf
;+tfgdf sl0f{ u¥of] eGof cfÇgf xf8sf] wd{k'q /x]5 eGof k':tf ul0f ;hfo ug'{ k¥of]
eGof hGdfpGof jfj' kl§sf k':tf sf] lx;fj ul/ xf8df sl0f{ uGof{sf c}g jdf]lh+
;hfo ug'{ xf8 jfx]s csf{ uf]qsf] / kmfNofsf] jfnif NofO kfNofsf wd{k'qn] wd{k'q
/fifGof jfj'sf :jf:gL / t];} jfj'jf6 hGDofsf 5f]l/sf] sl0f{ u¥of] / wd{k'q /fifGofn]
wd{k'qls :jf:gLsf] sl0f{ u¥of] eGof c}g jdf]lh+sf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ bfdn\ ug'{ Plt
gftf jfx]s c? wd{k'qsf ;gx]df wd{ k'qn] sl0f{ u¥of klg wd{k'q /fifGofn] sl0f{ u¥of
klg xf8 gftfsf] ;gx] nfUb}g ;wjfsf] sl0f{ u¥of /fifGofn] sl0f{ u¥of klg xf8 gftfsf]
;gx] nfUb}g ;wjfsf] sl0f{ u¥of ;fw'sf] if'l; ljwjf s+Gof sf] sl0f{ u¥of] eGof= gftf
gnfUofsf s+Gof ljwjfsf] sl0f{ uGof{nfO n]iofsf c}g jdflh+ ug'{=
$= pkfWof nufo]t\ tfufwfl/ hft / gdfl;Gof dtjfln hftn] Nofofsf :jf:gLsf cl3Nnf
nf]UGofkl§jf6 hGDofls em6\Sofln 5f]l/sf] sl0f{ ln cfkm'n] eft iffo etfxfnfO :d]\t
jf]/]5 eGof !)) ?k}of b+8 ul/ eft jfx]s ul/ hf}g hftsf em6\Soflnsf] sl0f{ u¥ofsf]
5 p;} hfTdf ldnfO lbg' sl0f{ ul/ cfkm'n] eGof p:sf xftsf] eft iffofsf] /x]g5
:jf:gLtkm{jf6 efTdf jf]/fo]5 eGof @% ?k}of b+8 ug'{ t]:sf] hft hfb}g ef]df{ kGof{nfO
kltof u/fOlbg' sl0f{ ul/ cfÇgf xftjf6 klg :jf:gL tkm{jf6 klg etfxfnfO efTdf
jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof @) ?k]of b+8 u/L 5'6ofO lbg' hft hfb}g 5'6Øfof kl5 km]l/ klg

255
 sl0f{ u¥of] eGof hlt kN6 sl0f{ u5{ plt k6s !).!) ?k}of b+8 ul/ 5'6ofO lbg'= ?k}of
glt¥of c}g jdf]lh+ s}b ug'{=
%= dfl;Gof hft kflg grnGof hft 5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftn] Nofofsf :jf:gLsf
cl3Nnf nf]UGof kl§jf6 hGDofls em6\Sofln 5f]l/sf] sl0f{ u¥of] eGof kflg rnGof
dfl;Gof hftnfO !% ?k}of kflg grnGof / 5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsfnfO !) ?k}of
b+8 ul/ 5'6ofO lbg' hft hfb}g 5'6\ofof kl5 km]l/ sl0f{ u¥of] eGof hlt k6s sl0f{ u5{
plt k6s %.% ?k}of b+8 ul/ 5'6ofO lbg'=
^= ;fx' 6N;L+ s;}n] c;fld df]lxsf 5]fl/ j'xfl/ :jf:gLsf] sl0f{ u/]5 eGof t];n] lng'
kGof{ y}ln jflnlngkfpb}g lng' kGof{ y}ln ljuf] e"; u/fO sl0f{ lnGof ;fx' 6lN;+ hf]
xf]p;\p; nfO hf}gf hftsf s+Gof ;wjf ljwjf :jf:gLsf sl0f{ u¥ofsf] 5 p;} hftsf
c}g jdf]lh+ hf/ sf6gfnfO hf/ sf6g'd'8gnfO d'8g' ;j{:j lngfsf] ;j{:j lng' b+8
s}b ugf{nfO b+8 s}b ug'{ ljxf ifr{ e/fO b+8 ugf{nfO ljxf ifr{ e/fO b+8 ug'{ ift
gnfUGof :jf:gLsf] sl0f{ u/]5 eGof b+8 x'b}g ?k}of jfln hlt e'; u/fOlbg'=
&= sl/of eof klg cDn]if eofsf] eof klg k;'jf eof klg ifjf:of hftn] cfÇgf if;+sf
:jf:gL 5f]l/ j'xfl/sf] sl0f{ u/]5 eGof sfl6 df/L lbg" c? s'/fsf] tS;Lu{¥ofdf k;'jf
ifjf:ofnfO / cDn]if eofsf ifjf:of nfO gdfl;Gof dtjflnsf ;/xsf] ;hfo ug'{
sl/of /èfsf ifjf:of nfO dfl;Gof dtjfnLsf ;/xsf] ;hfo ug'{=
*= cfÇgf jfj' jfHof bfHo" efO 5f]/f gfltn] Nofofsf eft iffhf g rnGofsL hftsf s+Gof
Nofofsf hfl/ ul/ Nofofsf :jf:gLsf] sl0f{ uGof{ tfufwfl/ hft u}înfO c}g
jdf]lhdsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ hg} lemls hft kltt ul/ gdflf;Gof z"b| hftdf dlnfO
lbg' dtjfln gdfl;Gof hftnfO p:sf] c+; ;j{:j u/L dfl;Gof khf{ hftdf ldnfO lbg'
dfl;Gof hft u}înfO dfl;lbg'=
(= ul2gl;b dxf/fhsf /fgLnfO / ul2sf jfl/;jfnf ;fx]jHofbfsf /flg nfO / cf} /fhf
/flgnfO d+q ;'gfpGof u'?sf j|fé0fL u'df{ jf= d+q lgBof u'df{ ;wjf xpg\ ljwjf xpg\
OGsf] s;}n] sl0f{ u¥of] d'l8Gof hft eof c}g jdf]lhDsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{
sfl6Gof hft eof sfl6 dfl/lbg'=
!)= kflg grnGof / 5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftdf sl0f{u¥of u/fofsf s'/f jfx]s xf8gftf
u}îdf sl0f{ u¥of jfjt\ c}g jdf]lh+ ;hfo e} kflgsf] kltof lbg' e+Gof n]lifofsf
snDdf nf]UGof dflg;n] kflgsf] kltof kfof] eGof Tof] xf8 gftf u}îdf sl0f{ lbGof
:jf:gLnfO klg kflgsf] kltof lbg' nf]UGof nfO kltof glbg'= e+Gof n]lifofsf ifTdf
:jf:gL gdfl;Gof hftls eof kflgsf] kltof kfpb}gg\ P:tf :jf:gLsf] j]:of eof kl5
kflg rN5= dfl;Gof hftls eof dfl; kflgsf] kltof lbg' kflg rN5=
!!= cfkm'n] rfsl/ u¥ofls tfufwfl/ hftsf 3sf{ dflnssf !! jif{ gf£ofsf 5]fl/ j'xfl/
:jf:gLsf] tfufwfl/ hftn] sl0f{ u/]5 eGof # jif{ gdfl;Gof dtjfln hftn] eof $ jif{
dfl;Gof dtjfln hftn] eof # jif{ s}b ul/ dfl;lbg' Dofbsf] 8jn\ lbof lng'= \
!@= cfkm'n] rfsl/ u¥ofsf gdfl;Gof dtjfln hftsf 3/sf dflnssf !! jif{ gf£ofsf
5f]l/ j'xfl/ :jf:gLsf] tfufwfl/ hft gdfl;Gof dtjfln hftn] sl0f{ u/]5 eGof !.. jif{
dfl;Gof dtjfln hftn] eof @ jif{ s}b ul/ dfl;lbg'= Dofbsf ?k}of 8jn\ lbof lng'=
!#= cfkm'n] rfsl/ u¥ofsf dfl;Gof dtjfln hftsf3/sf dflnssf !! jif{ gf£ofsf 5]fl/
j'xfl/ :jf:gLsf] tfufwfl/ hft gdfl;Gof dtjfln hft dfl;Gof dtfjfln hftn] sl0f{
u/]5 eGof ( d}Gxf s}b ug'{ Dofbsf] 8jn\ lbof lng'=
!$= ldTofl/sf ;gx]df sl0{fsf] s'/f] kl/ cfof ;wjf eof c}g jdf]lh+ ;fw'sf] if'l; ljwjf /
s+Gof eof gftf ;gx] gnfUofdf sl0f{ uGof{sf c}g jdf]lh+ ;hfo ug'{ ldTofl/sf ;gx]df
/fhift\ nfUb}g=
\!%= >L % dxf/fhsf dxf/fgL j'xfl/ d}`fx¿ ;wjf eof klg jwjf eof klg s+Gof eof klg
OG;Ltsf] /fhfsf u'?sf] sl0f{sf] s'/f] pl7 /f]jsf/ ubf{ ;frf] 7x¥of] eGof sfo]n\gfdf
n]iffO c}g jdf]lh+ c+; ;j{:j ul/ d'l8 b]; lgsfnf ul/ lbg' P:tfsf ;+tfg\nfO u'? klg
gt'Nofpg'=
!^= cfÇgf d''n'ssf jfl;+bf dlw:ofx¿ j|fé0f /hk"t Iflq u}î hg} nfpGof hft / d';Ndfg\
jfx]s c? u}î dlw:of hftn] cfÇgf xf8df !$ k':tf ;+dddf / cfÇgL cfdfls lblb
j}lGx 7"nL ;flg cfdf kGof{ ;fIfft\ dfOHo" ef+lh ef+Hof j'xfl/ 7'ln ;flg cfdfsf 5f]l/
256
 j'xfl/ kGof{df sl0f{ uGof{ u/fpGof nf]UGof :jf:gL b'j}nfO df;L lbg' olt gftf jfx]ssf
gftfdf sl0f{ uGof{ u/fpGof nf]UGof nfO{ !% :jf:gLnfO !@ ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of
c}g jdf]lh+ s}b ug'{=
!&= cfkm'n] hGdfofsf 5f]/f / 5f]/Lsf ;fIfft\ ;f;' ;d\lwlgsf] s;}n] sl0f{ u/]5 eGof ;wjf
eof c}g jdf]lh+ ;fw'sf] if'l; hf/ gxf+Gof hftsf ;wjf / ljwjfsf] sl0f{ ul/ efTdf
jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof ift\jft\ nfUb}g sl0f{ ul/ eftdf :d]t\ jf]/]5 eGof j|fé0fnfO !))
/hk"tnfO ^) tfufwfl/ hftnfO %) gdfl;Gof dtjflnnfO @) kflg grnGof rnGof
u}î dfl;Gof hftnfO % ?k}of b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lh+ s}b ug'{ hj/ hl:t
sl0f{ u/]5 eGof hj/hl:t uGof{sf c}g jdf]lh+ b+8 ;hfo ug'{=

j]:of :jfl:gsf] ue{

!= j]:of :jf:gLl;t cfkm' klg hfbf] /x]5 cfkm' uofsf d}Gxfleqsf] ue{ /lx hfts
hGDofkl5 of] ljo{ t]/f] xf] g'jf/fg\ ul/b]p elg #% lbg sf Dofbleq Tof] :jfgL e+g cfO
eGof ue{ eofdf csf{ nf]UGof l;t sl0f{ eofsf] /xg]5 eGof g'jf/fg\ klg ul/lbg'
;os/f @.. ?k}of c+; klg lbg' k5{ ue{df 5bf csf{ nf]UGofl;t sl0f{ eofsf] nf]UGofn]
7x/fO sfo]n u¥of] eGof Tof] j]:of k'q 7x5{ cfd}n] g'jf/fg\ ug'{ nf]UGofnfO t]/f] laHo{ xf]
elg s/ nfpg kfplbg t]:tf 5f]/f 5f]l/n] c+; kfpb}gg\ cfÇg} cfdfsf] c}g jdf]lhsf]
cfn dfn dfq} kfp5g\=
@= @.$ hgf nf]UGofnfO sl0f{ u/fpGof :jf:gLn] 5]f/f 5f]l/ kfO / t]/f] ;+tfg\ xf] elg Psf
rflxnfO b]iffOlb5 p; nf]UGofn] d]/f] ljo{ xf]Og elg cbfnt\ 7fgf cdfNdf s/fpg cfof]
eGof t];\ nf]UGofn] sl0f{ u¥ofsf] lbg d}Gxf / hDGofsf jfnifsf] thljh ubf{ p;n]
sl0f{ u¥ofsf b; d}Gxfdf hGDofsf] eof t];} jfj'sf] 7x5{ b; d}gxf cl3 kl5
hGDofsf] /x]5 eGof p:sf] 7xb}{g :jf:gLn] t]/f] 5f]/f] xf] elg s/ nufpg kfplbg= P:tf
s'/fdf 5f]/f 5]fl/ hGDofsf lbg #% leq s/fpg cfof s'/f] ;'lg lg;fkm ul/ lbg' #% lbg
pk|f+t s/fpg cfof g;+g' o:tf ;+tfg\ j]:of k'q 7x5{ g'jf/g\ klg cfdfn] u/fpg' k5{ c+;
klg c}g jdf]lhd\ cfdfsf] kfp5=
#= sf]lx s+Gof jf j]:of ;';f¥of s]l6 kft/ / jw]Toflgx¿n] Psf nf]UGofl;t sl0f{ u/fO
p:sf] ue{ /èfsf] 5 t]:t}df c? c? nf]UGofnfO klg sl0f{ u/fO ;+tfg eofsf] /x]5 /
:jf:gLn] t]/f] ;Gtfg xf] egL ;dfpg cfO eGof nf]UGofn] Tof] :jf:gLn] k]6 jf]Sofdf
csf]{ rflx kf]O b]iffO sfo]n\ u/fpg ;Sof] eGof t];sf] 7xb}{g t]:tf 5f]/f 5f]l/sf] g'jf/g\
kfl:g klg u/fpg' kb}{g c+; klg lbg kb}{g nf]UGofnfO s/ nfUb}g j]:of k'q 7x5{ g'jf/g\
kf:gL klg cfdfn] ug'{ c+; klg c}g jdf]lhd cfdfsf] kfp5=
$= sf]lx ;';f¥of s]l6 kft/ j]:of jWo]Toflgx¿nfO s;}n] /flif :jf:gLn] k]6 jf]Sofls
/xl5 ue{ /èfb]lif csf{ nf]UGof s;}l;t sl0f{ u/fofls klg /lxg5 eGof t];\tf 5f]/f
5f]/L hGdbf jfj' rflxn] d]/f] ;+tfg\ klg xf]Og elg cbfnt\ 7fgf cdfndf s/fpg cfof
eGof :jf:gLl;t\ sl0f{ eofsf lbg d}Gxfb]lif b; d}Gxfdf hGDofsf] 7x¥of] eGof lt 5f]/f
5f]l/sf] jfj' t]lx 7x5{ cfÇgf ljHo]{n] hGDofsf ;+tfg\= nfO d]/f] xf]Og elg s/fpg cfof
jfjt\ hf}g;'s} hft hft eof klg t]:tf nfO !) ?k}of b+8 ul/ hft cg';f/sf] g'jf/g\
kfl:g u}î ug'{ kGof{ t];} jfj'n] ug'{ k5{ c}g jdf]lh+ c+; klg t];}sf] kfp5=
%= Ps} :jfl:gsf @.# nf]UGof 5g\ t]:t}df t];}n] 5f]/f 5f]l/ kfO / lt 5f]/f 5f]l/ d]/f x'+ t]/f
xf]Og elg @ hgf jfj' jflem cbfnt\ 7fgf cdfndf s/fpg cfof eGof :jf:gL NofO
lemsfO ;f]wk"5 ubf{ hf}g rflx nf]UGof sf ljo{n] hGDofsf x'g\= elglbG5] p;} rflxsf
;g\tfg 7x5{g\=
^= j|fé0f /hk"t Iflq j}:o z"b| u}î rf/ j0f{ 5lt;} hftsf ljjflxtf :jf:gLsf] ljjflxtf
nf]UGofsf] ue{ /èfsf] 5 t]:t}df Tof] :jf:gL c? s;}l;t ljlu| eGof ue{sf] jfnif ;B
x'b}g hf}g hftdf lju|L plx hftdf Tof] jfn hf+5 h:t} b'bsf 38fdf dbL/fsf] Ps yf]kf]
kgf{n] ;j} ljlu|+5 t]:t} ljjflxtfsf] ljo{ xf] tfklg ljU¥ofs} hftsf] ue{ 7x5{ ljxf uGof{

257
 nf]UGofsf] lj+b x'+ elg jfj' bfHo"l;t\ c+;sf] bfOof ug{ kfpb}g j]:of k'q 7x5{ g'jf/g\
kfl:g klg cfdfn] u/fpg" c+; klg c}g jdf]lhd\ cfdfs} kfp5=

emul/of :jfl:gsf] sl0f{ uGof{

!= s;}sf y'd\ if'jfdf dfl;Gof hftsf] cdfln åf¥of x'g uofsf] /x]5 / p;n] cfÇgf
sjxl/df dfl;Go} hftsf :jf:gLsf] emu/f kl/ cfof] / emu/f l5lg t];} åf¥of cdflnn]
sl0f{ /x]5 eGof t]:tf cdfln åf¥of nfO dfl;lbg'=
@= 7]sbf/ Ohf/fbf/ ifglu g7]lsofsf cdfnfx¿n] lkm/flb / jfjt\ nflu cfofsf
:jf:gLx¿sf] sl0f{ u¥of] eGof ;wjf ljwjf s+Gofsf] sl0f{ u¥of] eGof t]:tfnfO c}g
jdf]lhd\ ;hfo u/L sfdjf6 iff/]h ug'{ j]:of hft rfs/ hftx¿sf] sl0f{ u¥of] eGof
@) ?k}of b+8 ul/ p; ;fnsf] sjf]lno]]t\ jdf]lhDsf] Ohf/f j'lem ln ldlt k'Uof kl5
csf]{ ;fnfnfO iff/]h ul/lbg'=
#= cbfnt\ 7fgf cdfNdf iftjftn] y'lgofsf Kofbf nufosf Hdflg ul/ 5f]8ofsf :jf:gL
dfl;gnfO xfls+ / cbfnt\ 7fgfsf dflns l8¶f ljrfl/ cdfn u}î cdfln åf¥ofx¿n]
emu/f gl5lg s;}n] sl0f{ u¥of] eGof ;wjf ljwjf sGofsf] s/l0f uGof{nfO p;}sf
c}g jdf]lhDsf] ;hfo ul/ kfSofsf] jfln :d]t\ y'lg sfdjf6 iff/]h ug'{ j]:of hft rfs/
hftsf iftjft nflu y'lgofsf :jf:gLsf] sl0f{ uGof{ p; 7fpsf xflsd\ cdfnf åf¥of
cdflndf hf] xf] p;nfO kfSofsf] jfln :d]t\ y'lg sfdjf6 iff/]h ug'{=
$= c}g jdf]lhd\ bfdn x'Gof ifTdf s}b eofsf :jf:gLnfO rf}ls kx/f j:Gof s;}n] sl0f{
u/]5 eGof Tof] :jf:gL cIfiff]{lb hft kltt eofls /lx5 eGof hflg hflg sl0f{ uGof{sf]
hflu/ iff]l; p;} hftdf ldnfO 5f]l8lbg" kltof kfpb}gg\ cIf/ iff]lb hft kltt eofls
/lxg5 eGof sl0f{ uGof{nfO hflu/ iff]l; cfkm' e+bf 7"nf hftls :jf:gLsf] sl0f{ u¥ofsf]
/x]5 eGof !)) ?k}+of cfkm' ldNbf hftsL :jf:gL eof %) ?k}of cfkm' eGbf 36L hftsL
:jf:gL eof @% ?k}of b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhDs}b ug'{ sl0f{ uGof{ cfÇg}
hftdf /xG5 kltof kb}{g ef]df{ s/l0f u¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof b+8 klg x'b}g= ef]sf]{ kltof
lbg'=
%= c}g jdf]lh+ bfdn e} s}b eofsf :jf:gLnfO kx/f rf}ls j:Gof jfx]s c? s;}n] hflg
hflg sl0f{ u¥of{sf] /x]5 eGof :jf:gL cIf/ iff]lb hft kltt eofls eof s/l0f uGof{nfO
p;} hftdf ldnfO 5f8L lbg' kltof kfpb}g cIf/ iff]lb hft kltt eofsL :jf:gL /lxg5
eGof cfkm' eGbf 7'nf hftls :jf:gLsf] sl0f{ u¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof !)) ?k}of cfkm' ldNbf
hftls ::jf:gL eof %) ?k}of cfkm' e+bf 3l6 hftls :jf:gL eof @% ?k}of b+8 ug'{
?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhDs}b ug'{ sl0f{ uGof{ cfÇg} hftdf /x+5g\ kltof kb}{g ef]/df sl0f{
u¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof b+8 klg x'b}g ef]/sf] kltof lbg'=
^= rf}ls kx/f j:ofsfn] /= Kofbf nfUGofn] iftjftn] em]niffgfdf /èfsf / y'g'jf e} huf
hufdf /f]lsofsf Kofbf nflu Nofofsf :jf:gLsf] sl0f{ u/]5 eGof hf}gf hftn] hf}gf
hftsf ;wjf ljwjf s+Gofsf] sl0f{ u¥ofsf] 5 p;} hftnfO n]iofsf c}g jdf]lh+ b+8
;hfo s}b ul/ jfln :d]t\ y'g'jf ul/ iff]l; 5f]l8lbg' j]:of hft rfs/ hftsf] s/l0f u/]5
eGof @) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
&= iffglu 7]lsofsf / jfln gkfSofsf cbfnt\ cdfn\sf xflsd\ l8¶f ljrfl/ kul/ x'2f
l;kflx cdfln åf¥of dfxfGof u}în] em]niffgfdf /èfsf / y'g'jf e} huf hufdf /f]lsofsf]
Kofbf nflu Nofofsf :jf:gLsf] sl0f{ u/]5 eGof hf}gf hftn] hf}gf hftsf ;wjf ljwjf
s+Gofsf] sl0f{ u¥ofsf] 5 p;} hftnfO n]iofsf c}g jdf]lh+ b+8 ;hfo s}b ul/ sl0f{
u¥ofsf] 5 p;} hftnfO n]iofsf c}g jdf]lh+ b+8 ;hfo s}b ul/ sl0f{ uGof{n] b;{g\
u¥ofsf hflu/sf /}jlbsf ljuf jdf]lh+ b+8 ug'{ j]:of hft rfs/ hftsf sl0f{ u¥of @)
?k}of b+8 ug'{=
258
*= em]niffgfdf s}b eofsf s;}n] em]niffgfdfd} s}b eofsf nf]UGof :jf:gL dflg;\n] sl0f{
u/fofsf] /x]5 eGof 3l6 jl9 hftdf sl0f{ uGof{sf] c}g jdf]lh+ ;hfo ug'{ kGof{df ;hfo
ul/ nf]UGof :jf:gL b'j}nfO !).!) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=

sdfl/ :jfl:g /fifGof

!= tfufwfl/ hf/ xf+Gof hftsf s+Gof sdfl/ :jf:gL t'NofO 3df{ hfx]/ ul/ /fiofsf] kf/ :d]t \
ul/ lbofsf] /x]5 eGof hfof hGd eofsf] xj;\ geofsf] xj;\ tfklg t]:tf :jfl:gdf
;fIfft\ 5f]/f elthfsf bfHo" efOx¿ k¥of eGof klg c? s;}n] sl0f{ u¥of] eGof hf/
sf6g x'b}g hg} lemls c}g jdf]lh+ c+; ;j{:j ul/ ln+5 tfklg t];} 5f85 tfklg ;fw'sf]
if'; sdfl/ :jf:gL /fiofsf] /x]5 kf/ ul/ lbofsf] 5}g sdf{tg\ ub}{ /lx5 eGof t]:tfdf #
k':tf;Dd sf k¥of klg ift jft nfUb}g=
@= cfÇgf 3ls{ s+Gof sdfl/ cfkm}n] /flif hfof hGd eofsf] /x]5 eGof Tof] sdfl/ j]rg x'b}g
s;}n] j]Rof] eGof ls+Gofsf] y}ln j]rGofjf6 e/fO lbg' Tof] sdfl/ cfkm' ;'lif x'+5] j]rGof
nfO ljuf jdf]lh+ b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lh+ s}b ug'{=
#= cfÇgf 3ls{ s+Gof sdfl/ cfkm'n] :jf:gL t'NofO /fiofsf] /x]5 kf/ ul/ lbofsf] /x]g5
eGof t]:tf :jf:gL csf{l;t kf]On u} eGof j]lr ?k}of lng kfpb}g Tof] sdfl/ :jf:gL
cfkm' ;'lif x'+5] h;l;t kf]On hf+5] n}hfGofjf6 #)) ?k}of e/fO lng kfp5 b;f}b ln
cbfnt cdfnjf6 e/fOlbg' P:tf :jf:gLlt/ cfkm'jf6 hGDofsf 5f]/f 5f]l/ j]rg x'b}g
j]r]5 eGof ls+Gofsf] y}ln skfln u/fOlb j]rGofnfO ljuf jdf]lh+ b+8 ug'{ ls+Gofn]
kmnfgfsf 5f]/f 5f]/L x'+ elg hflg hflg lsGofsf] /x]5 eGof y}ln lnnfd ul/ lng'=
$= csf{l;t ljU¥ofls cflÇg sdfl/ :jf:gL /fiofls 5 hfof hGd klg eofsf] 5 Tof] sdfl/
cGt kf]On u} eGof j]:of x'+5] j]lr ?k}of lng kfpb}g Tof] sdfl/ cfkm' ;'lif x'+5] h;l;t
kf]On hf+5] n}hfGofjf6 @)) ?k}of e/fO lng kfp5 b;f}b ln cbfnt\ 7fgf cdfnfjf6
e/fOlbg' P:tf :jf:gLlt/ cfkm'jf6 hGDofsf 5f]/f5f]l/ j]rg x'b}g j]iofsf] /x]5 eGof
ls+Gofsf] y}ln skfln u/fO lbg j]rGofnfO ljuf jdf]lh+ b+8 ug'{ ls+Gofn] kmnfgfsf] 5f]/f]
xf] elg hflg hflg lsGofsf] /x]5 eGof y}ln lnnf ul/ lng'=
%= cfÇgf 3/ls s+Gof sdfl/ cfkm}n] :jf:gL t'NofO /fiofsf] 5 hfof hGd klg eofsf] 5}g
eGof t]:tf sdfl/ :jf:gL c? s;}l;t ljU¥of eGof Tof] sdfl/ cfÇg} 3/df /fif5 tfklg
c?nfO j]r5 tfklg if;Dsf] if';\=
^= cl3jf6 csf{l;t ljU¥ofls cflÇg sdfl/ cfkm}n] :jf:gL t'NofO /fiofls5 t];jf6 cfÇg'
hfof hGd eofsf] 5}g eGof t]:tf sdfl/nfO j]Rof p7fofsf] ;b/ x'+5 P:tf sdfl/df jfj'
5f]/f bfHo" efO d¥of eGof klg ift\jft nfUb}g=
&= j]:of sdfl/ 5 if;d] klg sl0f{ u5{ c?nfO klg sl0f{ u/fp5] eGof t]:tf sdfl/jf6
hGDofsf ;+tfg\ sdf/f sdfl/ g} x'+5g\ sdfl/n] kmnfgf sf 5f]/f 5f]l/ eGofsf] ;b/ x'b}g=
*= cfÇgf sdfl/ if;dl;t j:of kl5 csf{l;t kf]On uofls /lxg5 eGof t];jf6 if;d\sf
ljo{n] hGDofsf ;g\tfg\ hf];'s} eof klg sdf/f sdfl/ 7xb}{gg\ ;'lqm ljlqm ug{ x'b}g
s;}n] sdf/f sdfl/ elg j]Rof] eGof ls+Gof sf] y}ln j]rGof jf6 ltg{ ;sGof /x]5 eGof
wg\ lt/fO lbg' ltg{ g;Sof skfln td;'s u/fOlbg' lt sdfl/jf6 hGDofsf ;+tfg\
csl/of x'+5 j]rGof jfj' bfHo" efO 5f]/fnfO j]Rofsf y}ln jdf]]lhd\ b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of
c}g jdf]lhDs}b ug'{ c}g jdf]lhDsf] c+; :d]t\ lbnfO lbg'=
(= s;}n] !! jif{ dflysf j]:of sdfl/ :jf:gLnfO dgf]dfg u/fO hdft jflw x'n\ pl7 jn
hkm ;u sl0f{ lnof] eGof #) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of s}b ug'{=
!)= ;fx'sf shf{ jfjt\ ;fx's} 3/df j:ofls jfwf k:Gof hftsf 5f]l/nfO s;}n] shf{ ltl/=
lgiflg :jf:gL t'NofO 3/df /fiof kl5 Tof] jWo]Toflg\ csf{ nf]UGof;u u} eGof y}ln ltl/
lgiflg NofO :jf:gL t'NofpGofsf] y}ln t];}nfO h;n] ljuf¥of] p;}jf6 e/fOlbg' p;nfO
klg 5f]l8 c? l;t u} Tof] :jf:gL j]:of 7x5]{ y}ln kfpb}g=

259
!!= cfkm'n] jfwf lnofls jw]Toflg jfwf gj:t}df xj;\ jf cfkm'n] jfwf lnof kl5 xj;\ cfkm'
eGbf cl3jf6 @ hgf kf]O eofsf /èf 5g\ t]:t}df jfwfsf wlgn] cfkm' t]>f] ln+u kl/ sl0f{
u/]5 eGof wlgn] sl0f{ u¥of] eg] y}ln e"; x'b}g cfÇg' k/n y}ln lng kfp5=
!@= sGof / cfÇgf if;Dsf ;Todf /èfsf ;wjf ljwjf jw]Toflgsf] wlgn] sl0f{ u/]5 eGof
P:tf jw]Toflg cfkm'n] :jfl:g t'Nofofsf kl5 wlgn] y}ln lng kfpb}g y}ln e'; u/fO
jw]Toflgjf6 b;f}b ln td;'s km/fO cd\n]if u/fO 5'6fO lbg'=

u'lKt j]:ofsf] s/l0f uGof{

!= tfufwfl/ hftsf ;wjf / !! jif{ gf£ofsf ljwjf s+Gof cfÇgf hft ldNbfdf / cfkm' e+bf
pkNnf hftdf ljU¥ofsf ljU¥ofsf] hfx]/ ge} eftdf 5b} ;B} xf] elg @.# hgfn] sl0f{
u¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof k}NxfnfO c}g jdf]lh+ ;hfo ug'{ bf]>f] kl/ sl0f{ uGof{ k}Nxf slg{ uGof{
eGbf pkNnf hft / p;} ldNbf hftsf] /x]5 eGof !) ?k}of t]>f] kl/ sl0f{ uGof{nfO %
?k}of b+8 ug'{ k}Nxf sl0f{ uGof{ e+bf 3l6 hftsf tfufwfl/n] sl0f{ u/]5 eGof bf]>fnfO @)
t]>fnfO !) ?k}of cl3 tfufwfl/ hftl;t ljU¥ofsf] hfx]/ ge} bf]>f] kl/ sl0f{ uGof{
gdfl;Gof dtjfln hft /x]5 eGof t]:tfnfO #) t]>fnfO !% ?k}of dfl;Gof dtjflnn]
eof bf]>f nfO $) t]>fnfO @) kflg grnGofdf l56f] xfng' gkGof{ hftn] bf]>f] t]>f] kl/
sl0f{ u/]5 eGof dfl;Gof hft eof $ jif{ s}b ul/ dfl; lbg' gdfl;Gof hft eof * jif{
s}b ug'{ Dofbsf] rf}/ lbof lng' l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftn] bf]>f] t]>f] kl/ sl0f{ u/]5 eGof
c}g jdf]lhd ;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{ sdf/fn] bf]>f] t]>f] kl/ sl0f{ u/]5 eGof * d}Gxf t]>f]
kl/ sl0f{ u¥of $ d}Gxf s}b ug'{ Dofbsf ?k}of lbof ln 5fl8lbg'=
@= gdfl;Gof dtjfln hftsf ;wjf / !! jif{ gf£ofsf ljwjf s+Gof cl3 cfkm'e+bf
pkNnfhft / cfkm' ldNbf hftdf ljU¥ofsf ljU¥ofsf] hfx]/ ge} hft eftdf 5b} @.# hgfn]
sl0f{ u¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof k}Nx] sl0f{ lnGofnfO c}g jdf]lh+ ;hfo ug'{ bf]>f] t]>f] kl/ sl0f{
lnGof tfufwfl/ hftnfO iftjft nfUb}g hft ldNbf / c? gdfl;Gof dtjflndf bf]>f] kl/
sl0f{ uGof{nfO * t]>f] kl/ sl0f{ uGof{fnfO $ ?k}of b+8 ug'{ dfl;Gof dtjflnn] bf]>f] kl/
sl0f{ u¥ofsf] eof !) t]>f] kl/ sl0f{ u¥ofsf] eof % ?k}of b+8 ug'{ kflg grnGof l56f]
xfng' gkGof{ hft\n] bf]>f] t]>f] kl/ sl0f{ u/]5 eGof dfl;Gof hfteof $ jif{ s}b ul/ dfl;
lbg' gdfl;Gof hfTeof * jif{ s}b ug'{ Dofbsf] rf}jlb+of lng' l56f] xfng' kGof{ hft\n] bf]>f]
t]>f] kl/ sl0f{ u/]5 eGof c}g jdf]lh+ ;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{ sdf/fn] bf]>f] kl/ sl0f{ u¥of
@ d}Gxf t]>fnfO / ! d}Gxf s}b ug'{ Dofbsf ?k]of lbof ln 5f8g'=
#= dfl;Gof dtjfln hftsf ;wjf / !! jif{ gf£ofsf ljwjf s+Gof cl3 cfkm' e+bf pkNnf
hft /= cfkm' ldNbf hftdf ljU¥of ljU¥ofsf] hfx]/ geO{ @.# hgfn] sl0f{ u¥ofsf] /x]5
eGof k}Nx] sl0f{ uGof{nfO c}g jdf]lh+ ;hfo ug'{ bf]>f] t]>f] kl/ sl0f{ uGof{ tfufwfl/ hft /
gdfl;Gof dTjfln hft nfO iftjft nfUb}g= hft ldNbf / c? dfl;Gof dtjfln df bf]>f]
t]>f] kl/ sl0f{ uGof{nfO % t]>fnfO @.. ?k}of b+8 ug'{ kflg grnGofdf l56f] xfng gkGof{
hftn] bf]>f] t]>f] kl/ sl0f{ u/]5 eGof dfl;Gof hft eof dfl; lbg' gdfl;Gof hft eof @
jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofb sf] rf}jlb{of lng' l56f] xfng' kGof{ hft\n] bf]>f] t]>f] kl/ sl0f{ u/]5
eGof ! jif{ s}b ul/ dfl; lbg' kfgL grn\Gof hftdf sl0f{ u/fpGof :jf:gLnfO klg dfl;
lbg' sdf/fn] bf]>f] t]>f] kl/ sl0f{ u¥of ! d}Gxf t]>f nfO !% lbg s}b ug'{=
$= 5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf ;wjf / !! jif{ gf£ofsf ljwjf s+Gof :jf:gL cl3
csf{l;t ljU¥ofsf] yfxf ge} bf]>f] kl/ hft ldNbfn] sl0f{ u¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof @..= ?k}of
:jf:gL e+bf 3l6 kflg grnGof hftsfn] bf]>f] kl/ sl0f{ u/]5 eGof !) ?k}of t]>f] kl/
sl0f{ uGof % ?k]of b+8 ug'{ rf}yf] b]lifsf nfO ift nfUb}g=
%= kflg grnGof / 5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf sdf/fn] tfufwfl/ hftsf / gdfl;Gof
dtjfln hftsf c?l;t ljU¥ofsf ;wjf / !! jif{ gfWofsf ljwjf s+Gof :jf:gLdf bf]>f]
t]>f] kl/ sl0f{ u¥of bfdn ug'{= dfl;Gof hftsf :jf:gLsf] sl0f{ uGof{nfO % jif{ s}b ug'{
sl0f{ lbGof :jf:gLnfO p;} hftsf] ! cIf/ iff]lb dfl; lbg'=

260
^= kflg grnGof 5f]of l56f] xfng' gkGof{ hftsf @.# hgf :jf:gLn] tfufwfl/ nufo]t\= kflg
rnGof ;Ddsf rf}yf hftsf nf]UGof dflg;\nfO cl3Nnf]n] sl0f{ lbofsf] yfxf gkfO ;B}
xf] elg cfkm'n] sl0f{ lb nf]UGof tkm{jf6 eft kflgdf jf]/fo] 5g\= eGof k}Nx] sl0f{ lbGof
:jf:gL dfl;Gof hft eof dfl; lbg' gdfl;Gof hftls :jf:gL eof @ jif{ s}b ug'{ Dofbsf
?k}of lbof ln 5f8g'= Ho" dfl;b}g bf]>f] kl/ sl0f{ lbGofnfO @) ?k}of t]>f] kl/ sl0f{
lbGofnfO !) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of s}b ug'{=
&= 5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf @.# hgf :jf:gLn] tfufwfl/ nufo]t\ kflg rnGof;+dsf
rf]iff hftsf nf]UGofdflg;\nfO cl3lNnn] sl0f{ lbofsf] yfxf gkfO ;B} xf] elg cfkm'n]
sl0f{ lb nf]UGof tkm{jf6 eft kflgdf jf]/fofsf] 5g\ eGof k}Nx] sl0f{ lbGof :jf:gLnfO dfl;
lbg' bf]>f] kl/ sl0f{ u/fpGofnfO @) t]>f] kl/ sl0f{ bLGofnfO !) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ ?k}of
glt¥of c}g jdf]lh+ s}b ug'{ l56f] xfng' gkGof{ hft /= l56f] xfng' gkGof{ hfTdf cfkm' e+bf
7"nf hftsf nf]UGof dflg;\nfO @.# hgfn] sl0f{ lbofsf] eof k}lNxnfO @) bf]>f]nfO !)
t]>LnfO{ % ?k}of b+8 ug'{=

kf]nfxf

!= sl0f{sf] s'/f s;}n] kf]Nof] jft nfUGofnfO NofO k"k{If ubf{ nf]UGof :jf:gLdf ! hgfsfo]n
eof] ! hgf eofsf] 5}g t]:t}df sfo]ngfdf gn]ift}df sfo]n x'gof rflx d¥of] eGof sfo]n
geofsfnfO t];} jflbl;t hf]/ k'k{If ul/ jft nfUGof sfo]n eof] eGof c}g jdf]lh+ ;hfo
ug'{ Tof] sfo]n eo]g kf]nfxfn] 9fng ;s]g eGof t]:tf kf]nfxfnfO sfo]ngfdf n]iffO %)
?k}of b+8 ug'{ sfo]n gx'Gof rflx d¥of] eGof sfo]n x'Gofsf] sfo]ngfdf n]iffO c}g
jdf]lhD;hfo ug'{ sfo]n ge} dGof{nfO iftjft klg nfUb}g kltof k|folZrt klg ug'[ kb}{g
hft hfb}g=
@= kf]On uofsf s'/f / nf]UGofn] 7"nf hft ;fg' hft kflg grnGof hft :jf:gL]n] 7"nf hft
;fg' hft kflg grnGof hft ;+u ljU¥ofsf] s'/f kf]nfxfn] kf]Nof] nf]UGof :jf:gLn] xf]Og
eGb} lyof t];t} ljrdf kf]nGof d¥of] eGof lg;fkm b}jn] l5Gof] lt nf]UGof :jf:gL cfÇg}
hftdf /x+5g\ cbfnt\ 7fgf cdfn srxl/jf6 gx]g'{ 5fl8lbg'=
#= kb]{; uofsf dflg;nfO s;}n] xf8 gftf / 7'nf hft kflg grnGof hftl;t sl0f{sf]s'/f /
Ho" hfGof hft hfGof ;j{:j x'Gof rf]/L hfl/ ;+jwLsf s'/f nf]UGof :jf:gL s;}n] kf]Nof]
kb]{; uofsf] dflg;\ cfpbf Tof] jflb /x]5 eGof hf]l/ k'k{If ul/ lbg'= hf] 7x5{ c}g jdf]lh+
;hfo ug'{= kf]nfxf jflb d/]5 efUofsf] /x]5 eGof Psf]x/f s'/fdf t];nfO iftjft nfUb}g
cfÇgf hft}df /x+5=
$= sl0f{ ;+j+lwsf s'/fdf klqmofsf dfgL;\n] Ho"bf dflg:nfO kf]Nof] eGof NofO lg/f]kg ul/
x]bf{ hf] 7x5{ c}g jdflh+ ul/ l5lg lbg' d¥ofsf dflg;\nfO kf]Nof] eGof Tof] kf]Nofsf] ;b/
x'b}g d¥ofsf kflg rnGof hftsfnfO kf]Nofdf kfnGofnfO !! d}Gxf s}b ug'{ Dofbsf
?k}of d}Gxfsf !) ?k}ofsf b/n] lbof ln 5f8g' kflg grnGof d¥ofsfnfO kf]nGof
kf]nfxfnfO eftkflg iffofsf] eof c}g jdf]lhDfsf] c+; ;j{:j kl/ ln 5fl8lbg'= eft kflg
iffofsf] /x]g eGof @@ d}Gxf s}b ug'{ Dofbsf] 8jn\ lbof ln 5f8g' d¥ofsf dflg;\nfO
kf]Nofsf s'/fdf Ho" hft wg hfGof ;Ddsf] s'/f eof klg nf]UGof xj;\ :jf:gL xj;\
kf]nfO dfUGofnfO ift\ nfUb}g hft eft hfb}g k|folZrt kb}{g kf]nfxf nfO ift\ nfU5 Plx
c}g jdf]lh+ ;hfo ug'{=
%= cfkm' e+bf pkNnf hftl;t xj;\ jf tNnf hftl;t xj;\ sl0f{sf] s'/f] p7\of kl5 kqmg
hfbf efuf];\ jf klqmof kl5 d'sfljnf ge} efu]5 / jf lb d¥of kl5 Tof] cfof] / d}n]
lj/fofsf] 5}g eGof] eGof Ho"bf] 5g\Hofn hf]l/g g;ls efUGof jflb d¥of kl5 cfO lg;fkm

261
 dfUGof em'§f] 7x5{ hf}gf hftl;tsf sl0f{sf] s'/f] kf]Nofsf] 5 p;} hftsf sl0f{sf c}g
jdf]lh+ ;hfo ug'{=
^= sf]lx ljU¥ofsf :jf:gLn] b]; kb]{; ufosf dflg;\nfO xf8 gftf t:tf] hft pkNnf]
hftl;tsf] sl0f{sf] s'/f] kf]ln t];:jf:gL nfO s]/ sf/ ubf{ klg s'/f] km]l/gkb]{;
uofs}nfO elg eGof eft kflgdf kGof{ etfxfnfO t];} j]ljrflg{ :jf:gLsf gfpsf] kltof
u/fO lbg'= kb]{; hfGof cfof kl5 t];} :jf:gL l;t hf]l/ hf]7x5{ c}g jdf]lhd\ lg;fkm ug'{
P:tf :jf:gLsf] ue{/lx hfts hGDofsf] /x]5 eGof kflg rnGof grnGof u}î hf}g hftsf
nf]UGofnfO kf]ln ljUUofls cfdfsf] hf}g cfdfsf] hf}g hft eofsf] 5 5f]/f 5f]l/sf] klg
plx hft x'+5=
&= k|flZrt ug'{ kGof{ sl0f{ eft kflg ;+j+lwsf s'/f /rf]l/ Hofg ;DjlGw / c? u}î s'/fdf
sfo]n d'sfo]n ge} kf]nfO dfUGof rflx d¥of] eGof sfongfdf ge} dGof{nfO iftjft
nfUb}g k|folZrt klg ug'{ kb}{g cfÇg} hftdf /x+5=
*= d7wfl/ b;gfdf ;+Gofl; j}/flu hf]lu h+ud ;]j8f u}în] s;}nfO Ho" hfGof hft hfGof
jft nfof] ;fljt\ ug{ ;s]g l/;n] kf]Nofsf] 7x¥of] eGof t]:sf] dxf+TofO iff]l;+5 d7 ;sf{/
nfU5 d7 iff]l;of kl5 b+8 s}b s]lx kb}{g 5f]l8lbg'=
(= kf]xLn uofsf s'/f / Hofg ;+j+lwsf s'/f kf]nfxfn] kf]ln sfon d'sfon gul/ kf]nfxf
d¥of] efUof] eGof kf]nfO dfUGofsf] lht x'+5=
!)= cfiff gb]ifGof c+wfn] s;}nfO sl0f{sf] ;+sf ul/ jft nfof] kl5 /f]jsf/ ubf{ 7x/]g eGof
c+wf ;'/bf/nfO $ d}Gxf s}b ug'{ Dofbsf] ?k}of lt5{ eGof ln 5fl8lbg'=
!!= kflg grnGof hft / l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf sl0f{ ;+j+wsf s'/fdf lhtGof l;t
lhtfpl;/ ln+bf ! ?k}of lhtfpl/ lng' j9tf glng'=
!@= sl0f{sf] jft nflu cfofsf :jf:gL dflg;\ s;}n] d]/f] sl0f{uGof{ kmnfg' xf] elg kf]ln /
t];n] kf]Nofsf dflg:df sf]lx kb]{; uofsf /èf5g\ sf]lx plx /x]5 / iff/if]/ ubf{ kb]{;
uofsfnfO k}Nx] sl0f{ lnGof elg n]iffOlb p; 7fpdf /èfsf klqmofsf c?nfO bf]>f] t]>f]
elg n]iffO eGof / srxl/jf6 7x/fO lg;fkm ug{ ;s]g eGofkb]{; uofsf] cfÇgf d'n'sdf
kmnfgf hufdf5 e+Gof kQf ldNof] eGof lemsfO lg;fkm ug'{ kQf /x]g5 jf lj/fgf d'n's
uofsf] /x]5 eGof p gcfp+gHofn Tof] emu/f gl5+g' kb]{; uofsf] dflg;\ gcfp+Gofn\ t];
:jf:gLnfO s}b u/L /fifg' bf]>f] t]>f] elg kf]Nofsf sfo]n eofsf 5g\ eGof klg lhDdf
hdflg ul/ 5f8g' ef]df{dfdf kGof{nfO t];} :jf:gLsf gfpsf] kltof lbg" kb]{; hfGof cfof
kl5 hf]l/ sfo]n u/fO eGof c}g jdf]lh+ b+8 ;hfo ug'{ :jfl:g s}b eofkl5 kb]{; hfGof
k}Nxf] xf]Og `fFlx /èfsf kmnfg' rf+lx k}Nxf] xf] elg s'/f km]/ / /f]jsf/ ubf{ sfo]n u/fO
eGof k}Nxf] 7x¥ofsfnfO c}g jdf]lhd\ ug'{ bf]>f] t]>f] 7x¥ofsfnfO p;} c}g jdf]lhd\ ul/
l5lg lbg' ef]df{ kl/ iffGofnfO ef]sf]{ kltof lbg' :jf:gLn] Ho" jrfpgfsf nflu eGofsf]
7gf{n] s}b x'b}g 5fl8lbg'=
d'if kltt e} hft jfx]s eof kl5 csf{l;t s/l0f u/fpGof
:jfl:gn] d'if kltt gx'b}= cl3 kmnfgf l;t s/l0f eofsf]
5 etfxf :d]t\ eftdf jf]l/ofsf 5g\ elg kf]n\bf uGof{
s'/fsf] c}g\ –ûû–û–û –ûû–û–û –ûû–û–û –ûû–û–û –ûû–û–û –ûû–û–û
!#= :jfl:gnfO srxl/df NofO /f]jsf/ ubf{= d'if kltt dfq eO eft jfx]s\ eof kl5sf]
s/l0f txlst 7x¥of] eGof= geofsf s'/fdf cl3 d'if kltt gx'b}= kmnfgfl;t s/l0f
eofsf] 5 elg em'§f s'/fdf csf{nfO hft cg';f/ Hofg s6fpg bfdn u/fpgfsf] s}lkmot\
ul/ sfuh :d]t\ n]lif lbGof j|fé0f nufo]t\= tfufwfl/ hft u}îsf :jfl:gnfO # jif{ s}b
ug'{= Dofbsf] 8jn\ lbof lng'=
!$= d'if kltt eof kl5 ljU¥ofsf :jfl:gnfO d'if kltt gx'b}= cl3 kmnfgf l;t s/lf0f eofsf]
5 elg b] elg= c? s;}n] l;sfO egfofsf] 7x¥of= hft eft ;+j+lwsf s'/fdf csf{nfO
Hofg d/fpg bfdn u/fpgfsf] hfn;flh ul/ l;sfpGof hf] xf] p;\nfO % jif{ s}b ug'{=
Dofbsf] 8jn\ lbof lbg'=
!%= :jfl:gn] efTdf jf]¥ofsf]5 elg geofsf] s/l0f kf]Nofsf] x'gfn] etfxfn] kltof ug'{ kb}{g=
ck'tfln iffgfsf nfuL s/l0f u¥ofsf] xfldn] b]iof
hfGofsf] 5 elg nfSof{df cfpGofnfO uGof{ c}g –û–û–û

262
!^= s;}sf nf]UGof 5f]/f sf]lx g eofsf ljwjf :jfl:g dfq /èf= 5g\= ck'tfln iffGofl;t c+;
ck'tflnsf s'/fdf emu/f k¥ofsf] /x]5= t]:t}df c+; ck'tfln iffgfsf] nflu of] :jfl:g
csf{l;t ljU¥ofls 5 eGof] csf]{ jfl/; if8f u/fO egfof] s;}n] xfldn] b]iofsf 5f} elg
eGof] jf= egfof] /= j'em\bf s/l0f eofsf] 7x/]g eGof= ck'tfln iffgfsf nflu geofsf
s/l0fsf s'/f] p7fO km/]j uGof{ hlt hgf 5g\= plt hgfnfO ul/= t];} :jfl:gsf ck'tfln
Hdfsf ljuf jdf]lhd bfdf;lxsf b/n] b+8 ug'{=

hj/hl:tsf]=

!! jif{ d'lgsf ;wjf ljwjf s+Gofsf] hjh{l:t sl0f{ uGof{sf]=

!= pkfWof nufo]t\ cfkm' ldNbf / cfkm' e+bf 3l6 kflg rnGof hft;+dsf !! jif{ d'lgsf
;wjf ljwjf sGofsf] Ps} hgfn] xj;\ @.# hgf ldln nfu' if'jfO xj;\ jflw xj;\ d'if
y'lg xj;\ Pltdf of}6} s'/f] dfq ul/ sl0f{ lnGof hj/hl:t uGof{ 7x5{ k|yd sl0f{
lnGofnfO ;wjf eof hf/ xf+Gof hftsf] c}g jdf]lh+ ;fw'sf] if'l; hf/ gxf+Gof hftsf
;wjf / ljwjf s+Gof eof c}g jdflh+ c+; ;j{:j ul/ srxl/jf6 b;f}b ln pk/ t];}
:jf:gLnfO lbg' @.# hgfsf] sl0f{ u¥ofsf] eof bfdf;lxsf b/n] jfl8 lb sl0f{ uGof{nfO ^
jif{ s}b ug'{ :jf:gLsf] hft hfGof /x]g5 un+Hof x'Gof eft rnGof /x]5 eGof ;j{:j x'b}g
^ jif{dfq} s}b ug'{ Dofbsf] 8jn\ lbof lng' x'n jflw u} t];} ynfdf p;} :jf:gLsf] sl0f{
uGof{ c? hlt 5g\ bf]>f t]>fsf] ljrfg{ug'{ ltg\nfO #.# jif{ s}b ug'{ Dofbsf] 8jn\ lbof
lng' x'n ul/ ;u nflu hfGof ;dfpGof sl0f{ eGof guGof{ nfSof{ dflg;x¿nfO hglx
^).^) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{ hj/hl:t x'gfn] dfl;Gof hftsf
:jf:gL dfl;b}gg\=
@= /hk"t hft / c;n h}l;n] pkfWofsf !! jif{ d'lgsf ;wjf ljwjf s+Gofsf] Ps} hgfn]
xj;\ @.# hgf ldln nfu' if'jfO xj;\ jflw xj;\ d'if y'lg xj;\ Pltdf of}6} s'/f] dfq} ul/
sl0f{ lnGof hj/hl:t uGof{ 7x5{ k|yd sl0f{ lnGofnfO ;wjf eof c}g jdf]lhD;fw'sf]
if'l; ljwjf / s+Gof eof c}g jdf]lh+ c+z ;j{:j ul/ srxl/jf6 b;f}b ln pk/ t];}
:jf:gLnfO lbg'= @.# hgfsf] sl0f{ u¥ofsf] eof bfdf;lxsf b/n] jfl8 lb k|yd sl0f{
uGof{nfO eftdf jf]¥ofsf] eof klg geof klg & jif{ s}b ug'{ Dofbsf] 8jn\ lbof lng' x'n
jflw u} t];} ynfdf p;} :jf:gLsf] sl0f{ uGof{ c? hlt 5g\ bf]>f t]>fsf] ljrfg{ug'{
ltg\nfO ;f9] lt\g ltg\ jif{ s}b ug'{ Dofbsf] 8jn\ lbof lng' x'n ul/ ;u nflu hfGof
;dfpGof sl0f{ eGof guGof{ nfSof{ dflg;x¿ nfO hglx ^).^) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of
glt¥of c}g jdflh+ s}b ug'{=
#= tfufwfl/ hft u}în] pkfWof c;n h}l; /hk"tsf !! jif{ d'lgsf ;wjf ljwjf s+Gofsf]
Ps} hgfn] xj;\ @.# hgf ldln nfu' if'jfO xj;\ jflw xj;\ d'if y'lg xj;\ Pltdf of}6}
s'/f] dfq ul/ sl0f{ lnGof hj/hl:t uGof{ 7x5{ k|yd sl0f{ lnGofnfO ;wjf eof c}g
jdf]lh+ ;fw'sf] if'l; ljwjf / s+Gof eof c}g jdf]lh+ c+; ;j{:j u/L srxl/jf6 b;f}b ln
pk/ t];} :jf:gLnfO lbg' @.# hgfsf] sl0f{ u¥ofsf] eof bdf;lxsf bn]{ jfl8 lb k|yd
sl0f{ uGof{nfO eftdf jf]¥ofsf] eof klg geof kgL ( jif{ s}b ug'{ Dofbsf] 8jn\ lbof
lng' x'n jflw u} t];} ynfdf p;} :jfl:gsf] sl0f{ uGof{ c? hlt 5g\ bf]>f t]>fsf]
ljrfg{ug'{= tLg\nfO ;f9] rf/ rf/ jif{ s}b ug'{ Dofbsf] 8jn\ lbof lng' x'nul/ ;u nflu
hfGof ;dfpGof sl0f{ eGof guGof{ nfSof{ dflg;\x¿nfO hglx ^).^) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ ?k}of
glt¥of s}b ug'{=
$= b]jefh' t]îf}Tof e§ dx{§f gfu/ u'h|flt dfxf/fi6« t}n+tL b|flj8df]lw:of b]l; j|fé0f /
jL/fgf /fhsf c? u}î j|fé0f hft u}în] pkfWof nufo]t\ tfufwfl/ hftsf !! jif{ d'lgsf
;wjf ljwjf s+Gofsf] Ps} hgfn] xj;\ @.# hgf ldln nfu' if'jfO xj;\ jfwL xj;\ d'if
y'lg xj;\ Pltdf of}6} s'/f] dfq} ul/ sl0f{ lnGof hj/hl:t uGof{ 7x5{ k|yd sl0f{
lnGofnfO ;wjf eof c}g jdf]lh+ ;fw'sf] if'l; ljwjf / s+Gof eof c}g jdf]lh+ c+;
;j{:j ul/ srxl/jf6 b;f}b ln pk/ t];} :jf:gLnfO lbg' @.# hgfsf] sl0f{ u¥ofsf] eof
263
 bfdf;flxsf b/n] jfl8lb k|yd sl0f{ uGof{nfO eftdf jf]¥ofsf] eof klg geof klg ( jif{
s}b ug'{ dofbsf] 8jn\ lbof lng' x'n jflw u} t];} ynfdf p;} :jf:gLsf] sl0f{ uGof{ c?
hlt 5g\ bf]>f] t]>fsf] ljrf/ gug'{ ltg\nfO ;f9] rf/ rf/ jif{ s}b ug'{ Dofbsf] 8jn\ lbof
lng' x'n ul/ ;u nflu hfGof ;dfpGof sl0f{ eGof guGof{ nfSof{ dflg;x¿nfO hglx
^).^) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of s}b ug'{=
%= b; gfd hf]lu h+ud ;+Gofl; ;]j8f j}/flu sfg km§f gfgs pbfl; cf]3/ u}î e]if wfl/ #
ln+ub]lifsf h}l; 8f]6ofn\ h}l; h'd\ ln h}l; hft u}în] pkfWofo nufo]t\ tfufwfl/ hftsf
!! jif{ d'lgsf ;wjf ljwjf s+Gofsf] Ps} hgfn] xj;\ @.# hgf dLln nfu' if'jfO xj;\
jflw xj;\ d'ify'lg xj;\ Pltdf of}6} s'/f] dfq ul/ sl0f{ lnGof hjh{l:t uGof{ 7x5{ k|yd
sl0f{ lnGofnfO ;wjf eof c}g jdf]lhd\ ;fw'sf] if'l; ljwjf / s+Gof eof c}g jdf]lh+
c+; ;j{:j ul/ srxl/jf6 b;f}b ln pk/ t];} :jfl:gnfO lbg' @.# hgfsf] sl0f{ u¥of]
eof bfdf;lxsf bn]{ jfl8 lb k|yd sl0f{ uGof{nfO eftdf jf]¥ofsf] eof klg geof klg
!) jif{ s}b ug'{ Dofbsf] 8jn\ lbof lng' x'n jflw u} t];} ynfdf p;} :jf:gLsf] sl0f{
uGof{ c? hlt 5g\ bf]>f t]>fsf] jLrg{ug'{ ltg\nfO kfr kfr jif{ s}b ug'{ Dofbsf] 8jn\
lbof lng' x'n u/L ;+u nflu hfGof ;dfpGof sl0f{ eGof guGof{ nfSof{ dflg;x¿nfO
hglx ^).^) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of s}b ug'{=
^= gdfl;Gof dtjfln hftn] pkfWof nufo]t\ tfufwfl/ hftsf !! jif{ d'lgsf ;wjf ljwjf
s+Gofsf] Ps} hgfn] xj;\ @.# hgf ldln nfu' if'jfO xj;\ jflw xj;\ d'if y'lg xj;\
Pltdf of}6} s'/f] dfq ul/ sl0f{ lnGof hjh{l:t uGof{ 7x5{ k|yd s/lg lnGofnfO ;wjf
eof c}g jdf]lh+ ;fw'sf] if'l; ljwjf / s+Gof eof c}g jdf]lhd\ c+; ;j{:j ul/
srxl/jf6 b;f}b ln pk/ t];} :jf:gLnfO lbg' @.# hgfsf] sl0f{ u¥ofsf] eof
bfdf;lxssf bn]{ jfl8lb k|yd sl0f{ uGof{nfO eftdf jf]¥ofsf] eof klg geof klg !!
jif{ s}b ug'{ Dofbsf] 8jn lbof lng' x'n jflw u} t];} ynfdf p;} :jfl:gsf] sl0f{ uGof{
c? hlt 5g\ bf]>f t]>fsf] ljrf/g{ug'{ ltg\nfO ;f9] kfr kfrjif{ s}bu'g{ Dofbsf] 8jn\
lbof lng' x'n ul/ ;u nflu hfGof ;dfpGof sl0f{ eGof guGof{ nfSof{ dflg;\x¿nfO
hglx ^).^) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of s}b ug'{=
&= dfl;Gof hftn] pkfWof nufo]t\ tfufwfl/ hft u}îsf !! jif{ d'lgsf ;wjf ljwjf
s+Gofsf] Ps} hgfn] xj;\ @.# hgf ldln nfu' if'jfO xj;\ jflw xj;\ d'if y'lg xj;\
Pltdf of}6} s'/f]dfq} ul/ sl0f{ lnGof hjh{hl:t uGof{ 7x5{ k|yd sl0f{ lnGofnfO ;wjf
eof c}g jdf]lh+ ;fw'sf] if'l; ljwjf / s+Gof eof c}g jdf]lh+ c+z ;j{:j u/L srxl/jf6
b;f}g ln pk/ t];} :jf:gLnfO lbg'= @.# hgfsf] sl0f{ u¥ofsf] eof bfdf;lxsf bn]{
jfl8lbg'= k|yd sl0f{uGof{nfO efTdf jf]¥ofsf] eof klg geof klg c}g jdf]lh+sf] c+;
;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{ Plt l/t ul/ gdfl;Gof dtjfln hftsf !! jif{ d'lgsf ;wjf
ljwjf s+Gofsf] sl0f{ u¥of dfl; lbg' x'n jflw u} t];} ynfdf p;} :jf:gLsf] sl0f{ uGof{
c? hlt 5g\ bf]>f t]>fsf] ljrfg{ug'{ ltgnfO dfl; lbg' x'n ul/ ;u nflu hfGof ;dfpGof
sl0f{ eGof guGof{ nfSof{ dflg;x¿nfO hglx ^).^) ?kof b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of s}b ug'{=
*= l56f] xfng' gkGof{ kflg grnGof hft u}în]= pkfWof nufo]t\ tfufwfl/ hft /= gdfl;Gof
dt'jfln hftsf !! jif{ d'lgsf ;wjf ljwjf s+Gofsf] Ps} hgfn] xj;\ @.# hgf ldln
nfu' if'jfO xj;\ jflw xj;\= d'if y'lg xj;\= Pltdf of}6} s'/f]dfq ul/= s/l0f lnGof
hj/hl:t uGof{ 7x5{= k|yd s/l0f lnGofnfO= ;wjf eof c}g jdf]lhd hf/ xfGof xf+Gof
hftsf] ;fw'sf] ;fw'sf] if'l;= hf/ gxfGof hftsf] ;wjf /= ljwjf s+Gof eof c}g jdf]lhd
c+; ;j{:j ul/= srxl/jf6 b;f}b ln pk/ t];} :jfl:g nfO lbnfO lbg'= @.# hgfsf]
s/l0f u¥ofsf] eof bfdf;lxsf b/n] jfl8lbg'= k|yd s/l0f uGof{nfO c}g jdf]lhd c+;
;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{= Plx l/t ul/ dfl;Gof hftsf !! jif{ d'lgsf= ;wjf ljwjf
s+Gofsf] s/l0f u¥of dfl;lbg'= x'n jflw u} t];} ynfdf p;} :jfl:gsf] s/l0f uGof{ c?
hlt5g\= bf];|f t];|fsf] ljrf/ gug'{= ltgnfO dfl;lbg' x'n ul/ ;+u nflu hfGof ;dfpGof
s/l0feGofguGof{ nfSof{ dflg;x¿nfO hglx &).&) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g
jdf]lhd s}b ug'{= 5f]O l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftn] pkfWof nufo]t\= tfuf wfl/ hft /=
gdfl;Gof dtjfln hftsf !! jif{ d'lgsf ;wjf ljwjf s+Gofsf]= Ps}hgfn] xj;\ @.#
hgf ldln nfu' if'jfO xj;\= jfln xj;\ d'if y'lg xj;\ jf sf]lx gul/ p;} u/f];\ s/l0f
lnGof hjh{l:t uGof{ 7x5{ ;wjf eof hf/ xfGof hftsf]= c}g jdf]lhd ;fw'sf] if'l;=
264
 hf/gxfGof hftsf ;wjf / ljwjf s+Gof eGof= c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/=
srxl/jf6 b;f}b ln= pk/ t];} :jfl:gnfO lbnfO lbg'= @.# hgfsf] s/l0f u¥ofsf] eof=
bfdf;flxsf b/n] jfl8lb k|yd s/l0f uGof{nfO sfl6dfl/ lbg'= Plx l/t ul/ dfl;Gof
dt'jfln hftsf !! jif{ d'lgsf s+Gof ljwjf s/l0f u¥of ;j{:j :jfl:gnfO lbnfO bfdn
ug'{= kflg grnGof l56f] xfng' gkGof{ hftsf !! jif{ d'lgsf s+Gof ljwjf ;wjfsf] s/l0f
uGof{nfO dfl; lbg' x'n jflw u} t];} ynfdf p;} :jfl:gsf] s/l0f uGof{ c? hlt 5g\ bf];|f
t];|fsf] ljrf/ gug'{= tfufwfl/ / gdfl;Gof hftdfl;Gof dt'jfln hftsf] s/l0f u¥of dfl;
lbg'= kflg grNof= l56f] xfng' gkGof{ hftsf :jfl:gsf] s/l0f uGof{nfO #.# jif{ s}b ug'{=
x'n ul/ ;+unfuL hfGof ;dfpGof s/l0f egof guGof{= P:tfnfSof{x¿df tfufwfl/
nufo]t\= dfl;Gof kflg rngof hftsf :jfl:gdf x'n uGof{nfO *).*) 5f]of l56f] xfng'
gkGof{ hft;Ddsf :jfl:gdf x'n uGof{nfO &).&) l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf] :jfl:gnfO
x'nuGof{nfO hglx ^).^) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of s}b ug'{=
!)= tfufwfl/ nufo]t\ kflg rnGof;Ddsf nf]UGof dflg;n]= kflggrnGof l56f] xfng' gkGof{
hftsf !! jif{ d'lgsf ;wjf ljwjf s+Gofsf Ps} hgfn] xj;\ @.# hgf ldln nfu' if'jfO
xj;\= d'if y'lg xj;\ jflw xj;\ Pltdf Pp6} s'/f] dfq} ul/ s/l0f lnGof hj/hl:t uGof{
7x5{= k|yd s/l0f lnGofnfO s/l0f ul/ :jfl:gsf xftsf] cfkm'n] iffofsf] /x]g5 eGof c}g
jdf]lhd c+; ;j{:j ul/= srxl/jf6 b;f}b ln pk/ t];} :jfl:gnfO lbnfO lbg'= @.#
hgfsf] s/l0fu¥ofsf] eof= bfdf;flxsf b/n] jfl8 lb s/l0f uGof{nfO # jif{ s}b ug'{=
Dofbsf] 8jn\ lbof ?k}of ln ! tLy{ u/fO kltof lbg'= eft kflg rN5= ?k}of glt¥of s}b
ug'{= Dofb k'Uof kl5 kltof lbg'= s/l0f ul/ :jfl:gsf xftsf] cfkm'n] iffO c?nfO jf]/]5
eGof= ;j{:j ul/ # jif{ s}b ul/= hf}gf hftsf :jfl:gsf] s/l0f u¥ofsf] 5= p;} hftsf] !
cIf/ jf`f ufnfdf iff]l8 kflg jfx]s ul/ p;} hftdf ldnfO 5fl8 lbg'= x'n jflw u}= t];}
ynfdf p;} :jfl:gsf] s/l0f uGof{ c? hlt 5g\= bf]>f t]>fsf] ljrf/ gug'{= s/l0f ul/
:jfl:gsf xftsf] cfkm'n] iffofsf] /x]g5 eGof tfufwfl/nfO !%) gdfl;Gof nfO !))
dfl;GofnfO ^) ?k}of b+8 ul/ ! tLy{ u/fO kltof lbg'= eft kflg rN5 s/l0f ul/
:jfl:gsf xftsf] cfkm'n] iffO c?nfO jf]/]5 eGof= ;j{:j ul/= p;} hftsf] ! cIf/ jf`f
ufnfdf iff]l8= kflg jfx]s ul/ 5fl8 lbg'= x'n ul/ ;+u nfuL hfGof ;dfpGof s/l0f eGof
guGof{ nfSof{ dflg;\x¿nfO hglx $).$) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of s}b ug'{= hj/hl:t
x'gfn] dfl;gof hftsf :jfl:g dfl;Ù=
!!= tfufwfl/ nufo\t kflg grnGof l56f] xfn\g' gkGof{;+dsf nf]UGof dflg;\n] l56f] xfn\g'
kGof{ hftsf !! jif{ d'lgsf ;wjf ljwjf s+Gofsf] Ps} hgfn] xj;\= @.# hgf ldln nfu'
if'jfO xj;\ jflw xj;\= d'if y'lg xj;\= Pltdf of}t} s'/f] dfq ul/= s/l0f lnGof hj/hl:t
uGof{ 7x5{= k|yd s/l0f uGof{nfO s/l0f ul/ :jfl:gsf xftsf]= cfkm'n] iffofsf] eof klg
geof klg ;j{:j ul/ # jif{ s}b ul/= p;} hftsf] ! cIf/ jf`f ufnfdf iff]l8 kflg jfx]s
ul/ 5f]l8 lbg'= x'n jflw u}= t];} ynfdf p;} :jfl:gsf] s/l0f uGof{ c? hlt 5g\= bf]>f]
t]>f] ljrf/ gug'{= s/l0f ul/ c?nfO kflgdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]g eGof= #).#) ?k}of b+8 ul/
kflgdf jf]¥ofsf] eof ;j{:j ul/ ! jif{ s}b ul/ p;} hftsf] ! cIf/ jf`f ufnfdf iff]lb=
kflg jfx]s ul/ 5f]l8 lbg'= x'n ul/ ;u nflu hfGof ;dfpGof s/l0f eGof guGof{= nfSof{
dflg;\x¿nfO hglx @).@) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of s}b ug'{= hj/hl:t x'gfn]
:jfl:gdfl;b}gg\=
!@= kflg grnGof hftdf l56f] xfng' gkGof{ dfl;Gof hftn]= pkfWof /hk"t h}l;= tfufwfl/
gdfl;Gof dfl;Gof hftsf= !! jif{ d'lgsf s+Gof ljwjf ;wjf :jfl:gsf] s/l0f uGof{
hj/hl:t 7x5{= ;wjf eof ;fw'sf] if'l;= s+Gof / ljwjf eof t]:sf] c}g jdf]lhd\sf]=
c+; ;j{:j ul/ bfdn\ ug'{=
!#= kf]9of Rofdfifns\ :d]t\ 5f]O l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftn]= pkfWof /hk"t h}l;= tfufwfl/=
gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hftsf !! jif{ d'lgsf s+Gof ljwjf ;wjf :jfl:gsf]= s/l0f uGof{
hj{hl:t 7x5{ t];\nfO sfl6 dfl/ lbg'=

265
hj/hl:tsf]=

!! jif{ dfyLsf ;wjf ljwjf s+Gofsf] hj/ hl:t s/l0f uGof{sf]=

!= pkfWof nufo]t\ cfkm' ldNbf /= cfkm' e+bf 3l6 kflg rnGof hft;Dddf !! jif{ gf£ofsf
;wjf ljwjf s+Gofsf] Ps} hgfn] xj;\ @.# hgf ldln nfu' if'jfO xj;\ jflw xj;\=
d'ify'lg xj;\= Pltdf Pp6} s'/f]dfq ul/ s/l0f lnGof hj/hl:t uGof{ 7x5{= k|yd s/l0f
lnGofnfO{ ;wjf eof hf/ xf+Gof hftsf] c}g jdf]lhd\ ;fw'sf] if'l;= hf/ gxfGof hftsf
;wjf / ljwjf s+Gof eof= c}g jdf]lhd c+; ;j{:j ul/ srxl/jf6 b;f}b ln= pk/ t];}
:jfl:gnfO lbg' @.# hgfsf] s/l0f u¥ofsf] eof ;j{:j bfdf;lxsf b/n] jfl8 lb= s/l0f
uGof{nfO # jif{ s}b ug'{ :jfl:gsf] hft hfGof /x]g5= eft rn\Gof /x]5= eGof ;j{:j x'b}g=
# jif{ dfq} s}b ug'{= Dofbsf] 8jn\ lbof lng'= x'n jflw u} t];} ynfdf p;} :jfl:gsf]
s/l0f uGof{= c? hlt5g\= bf]>f t]>fsf] ljrf/ gug'{= ltg\nfO !..=!.. jif{ s}b ug'{ Dofbsf]
8jn\ lbof lng'= x'n ul/ ;+u nfuL hfGof ;dfpGof s/l0f eGof guGof{ nfSof{
dflg;\x¿nfO hglx ^).^) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of s}b ug'{= hj/hl:t x'gfn]
dfl;Gof hftsf :jfl:g dfl;b}gg=
@= /hk"t c;n\ h}l;n] pkfWofsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf ;wjf ljwjf s+Gofsf] Ps} hgfn] xj;\
@.# hgf ldnL nfu' if'jfO xj;\= jflw xj;\ d'if y'lg xj;\= Pltdf of}6} s'/f]dfq ul/ s/l0f
lnGof hj/ hl:t uGof{ 7x5{= k|yd s/l0f lnGofnfO{= ;wjf eof c}g jdf]lhd ;fw'sf]
if'l;= s+Gof ljwjf eof c}g jdf]lhd\sf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ srxl/jf6 b;f}b ln pk/ t];}
:jfl:gnfO lbg'= @.# hgfsf] s/l0f u¥ofsf] eof bfdf ;lxsf b/n] nfl8 lb= k|yd s/l0f
uGof{nfO eftdf jf]¥ofsf] eof klg geof klg $ jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf] 8jn\ lbof lng'=
x'njflwu}= t];} ynfdf p;} :jfl:gsf] s/l0f uGof{= c? hlt5g\= bf]>ft]>fsf] ljrf/ gug'{
ltgnfO @.@ jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf] 8jn\ lbof lng'= x'n ul/;+u nfuL hfGof ;dfpGof
s/l0f eGof guGof{ nfSof{ dflg;\x¿nfO= hglx ^).^) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g
jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=
#= tfufwfl/ hft u}în] pkfWof /hk"t c;n h}l;sf !! jif{ gf£ofsf ;wjf ljwjf s+Gofsf]
Ps} hgf xj;\= @.# hgfn] ldln nfu' if'jfO xj;\= jflw xj;\= d'if y'lg xj;\= Pltdf of}6}
s'/f] dfq ul/ s/l0f lnGof hj/hl:t uGof{ 7x5{= k|yd s/l0f lnGofnfO ;wjf eof= c}g
jdf]lhd ;fw'sf] if'l;= ljwjf / s+Gof eof c}g jdf]lhd\ c+; ;j{:j ul/ srxl/jf6
b;f}b ln= pk/ t];} :jfl:gnfO lbg' @.# hgfsf] s/l0f u¥ofsf] eof bfdf;lxsf b/n] jfl8
lb= k|yd s/l0f uGof{nfO eftdf jf]¥ofsf] eof klg geof klg % jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf]
8jn\ lbof lng'= x'n jflw u} t];} ynfdf p;} :jfl:gsf] s/l0f uGof{= c? hlt 5g\ bf]>f
t]>fsf] ljrf/ gug'{= ltg\nfO @..=@.. jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf] 8jn\ lbof lng'= x'n ul/;+u
nfuL hfGof ;dfpGof s/l0f eGof guGof{ nfSof{ dflg;\x¿nfO hglx ^).^) ?k}of b+8 ug'{
?k}of glt¥of s}b ug'{=
$= b]jefh' t]îf}Tof e§ dx{§f gfu/ u'h|f+lt dxf/fi6« t}n+uL b|flj8 dlw:of b]l; j|fé0f /=
lj/fgf/fhsf c? u}î j|fé0f hft u}în] pkfWof h}l; /hk"tsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf ;wjf
ljwjf s+Gofsf] Ps} hgfn] xj;\ @.# hgf ldln nfu' if'jfO xj;\= jflw xj;\ d'ify'lg
xj;\= Pltdf of}6} s'/f] dfq ul/ sl/0f lnGof hj/ hl:t 7x5{= k|ys sl/0f lnGofnfO=
;wjf eof c}g jdf]lhd ;fw'sf] if'l;= ljwjf / s+Gof eof c}g jdf]lhd= c+; ;j{:j ul/
srxl/jf6 b;f}b ln= pk/ t];} :jfl:gnfO lbg'= @.# hgfsf] s/l0f u¥ofsf] eof=
bfdf;lxsf b/n] jfl8 lb= k|yd s/l0f uGof{nfO= eftdf jf]¥ofsf] eof klg geof klg %
jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf] 8jn\ lbof lng'= x'n jflw u} t];} ynfdf p;} :jfl:gsf] s/l0f uGof{
c? hlt5g\= bf]>f t]>fsf] ljrf/ gug'{= ltgnfO @..= @..= jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf] 8jn\ lbof
lng'= x'nul/ ;u nflu hfGof ;dfpGof= s/l0f eGof guGof{= nfSof{ dflg;\x¿nfO hglx
^).^) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=
%= b;gfd hf]lu h+ud ;+Gofl; ;]j8f j}/flu sfgkm§f gfgs pbfl; cf]3/ u}î= e]if wfl/ #
ln+u b]lifsf h}l; bf]6ofn h}l;= h'dln h}l; hft u}î pkfWof nufo]t\= tfufwfl/ hftsf
!! jif{ gf£ofsf ;wjf ljwjf s+Gofsf] Ps} hgfn] xj;\= @.# ldln nfu' if'jfO xj;\=
jflw xj;\= d'ify'lg xj;\ Pltdf of}6} s'/f]dfq ul/ s/l0f lnGof hj/hl:t uGof{ 7x5{=
266
 k|yd s/l0f lnGofnfO ;wjf eof c}g jdf]lhd ;fw'sf] if'l;= s+Gof / ljwjf eof c}g
jdf]lhd c+; ;j{:j ul/ srxl/jf6 b;f}b ln= pk/ t];} :jfl:gnfO lbg'= @.# hgfsf]
s/l0f u¥ofsf] eof= bfdf;lxsf b/n] jfl8 lb k|yd s/l0f uGof{nfO= eftdf jf]¥ofsf]
eof= klg geof klg * jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf] 8jn lbof lng'= x'n jflw u}= t];} ynfdf
p;} :jfl:gsf] s/l0f uGof{= c? hlt5g\ bf]>f t]>fsf] ljrf/ gug'{ ltgnfO $.$ jif{ s}b
ug'{ Dofbsf] 8jn\ lbof lng'= x'n ul/;+u nfuL hfGof ;dfpgof s/l0f eGbf guGof{ nfSof{
dflg;\x¿nfO hglx ^).^) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=
^= gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hftn] pkfWof nufo]t\= tfufwfl/ hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf ;wjf
ljwjf s+Gofsf] Ps} hgfn] xj;\= @.# hgf ldln nfu' if'jfO xj;\= jflw xj;\ d'ify'lg
xj;\= oltdf of}6} s'/f] ul/ s/l0f lnGof hj/hl:t uGof{ 7x5{= k|yd sl/0f lnGofnfO
;wjf eof= c}g jdf]lhd ;fw'sf] if'l;= s+Gof / ljwjf eof c}g jdf]lhd c+; ;j{:j ul/=
srxl/jf6 b;f}b ln= pk/ t];} :jfl:gnfO lbg' @.# hgfsf] s/l0f lnofsf] eof
bfdf;flxsf b/n] jfl8 lb= k|yd s/l0f uGof{nfO= eftdf jf]¥ofsf] eof klg geof klg !)
jif{ s}b ug'{ Dofbsf] 8jn\ lbof lng'= x'n jflw u} t];} ynfdf p;} :jfl:gsf] s/l0f uGof{
c? hlt5g\= bf]>f t]>fsf] ljrf/ gug'{ ltgnfO %.% jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf] 8jn\ lbof
lng'= x'n ul/;+u nflu hfGof ;dfpGof s/l0f eGof guGof{ nfSof{ dflg;\x¿nfO hglx
^).^) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}bug'{=
&= dfl;Gof hft u}în] pkfWof nufo]t\ tfufwfl/ hft /= gdfl;Gof d'tjfln hft u}îsf !!
jif{ gf£ofsf ;wjf ljwjf s+Gofsf]= Ps} hgfn] xj;\ @.# hgf ldln nfu' if'jfO xj;\=
jflw xj;\= d'ify'lg xj;\= oltdf of}6}s'/f] dfq ul/ s/l0flnGof hj/ hl:t uGof{ 7x5{=
k|yd s/l0f lnGofnfO ;wjf eof c}g jdf]lhd ;fw'sf] if'l;= ljwjf / s+Gof eof c}g
jdf]lhd c+; ;j{:j ul/= srxl/jf6 b;f}b ln= pk/ t];} :jfl:gnfO lbg' @.# hgfsf]
s/l0f u¥ofsf] eof= bfdf;lxsf lx;fjn] jfl8 lbg'= k|yd s/l0f uGof{nfO eftdf jf]¥ofsf]
eof klg geof klg bfdn ug'{= Plxl/t ul/ dfl;Gof dt'jfln hftsf !! jif{ dflysf
;wjf ljwjf s+Gofsf] s/l0f u¥of dfl; lbg'= x'n jflw u} t];} ynfdf p;} :jfl:gsf]
s/l0f uGof{ c? hlt5g\ bf]>f t]>fsf] ljrf/ gug'{= ltg\nfO dfl; lbg'= x'n jflw;+u nfuL
hfGof ;dfpGof s/l0f eGof guGof{ nfSof{= dflg;\x¿nfO hglx ^).^) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=
*= 5f]O l56f] xfn\g' gkGof{ klg grnGof u}î hftn] pkfWof nufo]t\= tfufwfl/ hft /=
gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf ;wjf ljwjf s+Gofsf]= Ps} hgfn] xj;\ @.#
hgf ldln nfu' if'jfO xj;\= jflw xj;\ d'ify'lg xj;\= Pltdf of}6}s'/f] dfq ul/ s/l0f
lnGof hj/ hl:t uGof{ 7x5{= ;wjf eof hf/ xf+Gof hftsf] c}g jdf]lhd\ ;fw'sf] if';L
hf/ gxfGof hftsf ;wjf / ljwjf sGof eof c}g jdf]lhd c+; ;j{:j ul/ srxl/jf6
b;f}b ln= pk/ t];} :jfl:gnfO lbg'= @.# hgfsf] s/l0f u¥ofsf] eof bdf;lxsf lx;fjn]
jfl8 lbg'= k|yd s/l0f uGof{ nfO bfdn ug'{= Plxl/t ul/ dfl;Gof hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf
;wjf ljwjf s+Gofsf] s/l0f u¥of dfl; lbg'= x'n jflw u} t];} ynfdf= p;} :jfl:gsf]
s/l0f uGof{= c? hlt5g\= bf]>f t]>fsf ljrf/ gug'{= ltg\nfO dfl; lbg'= x'n ul/ ;+u nflu
hfGof ;dfpGof s/l0f eGof guGof{ nfSof{ dflg;\x¿nfO= hglx &).&) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]hd s}b ug'{=
(= 5f]O l56f] xfng' kGof{ u}î kflg grnGof hftn] pkfWof nufo]t tfufwfl/ hft /= gdfl;Gof
dt'jfln hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf ;wjf ljwjf s+Gofsf]= Ps} hgfn] xj;\= @.# hgf ldln
nfu' if'jfO xj;\= jflw xj;\ d'ify'lg xj;\= Pltdf of}6} s'/f]dfq ul/ s/l0f lnGof hj/
hl:t uGof{ 7x5{= ;wjf eof hf/ xf+Gof hftsf] c}g jdf]lhd ;fw'sf] if'l; hf/ gxf+Gof
hftsf ;wjf / ljwjf s+Gof eof c}g jdf]lhd\ c+; ;j{:j ul/= srxl/jf6 b;f}b ln=
pk/ t];} :jfl:gnfO lbnfO lbg'= @.# hgfsf] s/l0f u¥ofsf] eof bfdf;lxsf lx;fjn]
jfl8 lbg'= k|yd s/l0f uGof{nfO bfdn ug'{= dfl;Gof hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf ;wjf
ljwjf s+Gofsf] Plxl/tn] s/l0f u¥of dfl; lbg'= kflg grnGof 5f]of l56f] xfng' gkGof{
hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof ljwjfsf] s/l0f uGof{nfO $ jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf] 8jn\
lbof lng'= l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof ljwjfsf] s/l0f u¥of # jif{
s}b ug'{= Dofbsf] 8jn\ lbof lng'= x'n jflw u} t];} ynfdf p;} :jfl:gsf] s/l0f uGof{ c?
hlt5g\= bf]>f t]>fsf] ljrf/ gug'{= tfufwfl/ / gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hftsf] s/l0f u¥of
267
 dfl; lbg'= dfl;Gof hftsf] s/l0f u¥ofsf] eof= #.# jif{ s}b ug'{= kflg grnGof hftsf
:jfl:gsf] s/l0f uGof{nfO !..=!.. jif{ s}b ug'{= x'n ul/ ;+u nfuL hfGof ;dfpGof s/l0f
eGof guG{of To:tf nfSof{x¿nfO cfkm' eGbf pkNnf kfgL rnGof hftsf :jfl:gsf]= x'n
uGof{nfO hglx &).&) ?k}of cfkm' ldnbf hftsf :jfl:g /èf 5GeGof ^).^) ?k}of b+8
ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
!)= tfufwfl/ nufo]t\ kflg rnGof;Ddsf nf]UGof dflg;\n]= kflg grnGofdf 5f]of l56f] xfng'
gkGof{ hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf ;wjf ljwjf s+Gofsf]= Ps} hgfn] xj;\ @.# hgf ldln
nfu' if'jfO xj;\ jflw xj;\= d'ify'lg xj;\ Pltdf of}6} s'/f]dfq s/l0f lnGof hj/ hl:t
uGof{ x75{ k|yd s/l0f lnGofnfO :jfl:gsf] hft ghfgfn] ;j{:j x'b}g s/l0f ul/
:jfl:gsf xftsf] cfkm'n] iffofsf /x]g5 eGof tfufwfl/ hftnfO !%) dtjfln hftnfO
!)) dfl;Gof hftnfO ^) ?k}of b+8 ul/ ! tLy{ u/fO kltof lbg'= eft kflg rN5 ?k}of
glt¥of s}b ug'{ Dofb k'Uofkl5 kltof lbg'= s/l0f ul/ :jfl:gsf xftsf] cfkm'n] iffO=
c?nfO jf]/]5 eGof ;j{:j ul/ !.. jif{ s}b ul/= hf}gf hftsf :jfl:gsf] s/l0f u¥ofsf] 5
p;} hftsf] ! cIf/ jf`f ufnfdf iff]lb= kflg jfx]s ul/ p;} hftdf ldnfO 5fl8lbg'= x'n
jflw u} t];} ynfdf p;} :jfl:gsf] s/l0f uGof{= c? hlt5g\ bf]>f t]>fsf] ljrf/ gug'{=
s/l0f ul/ :jfl:gsf xftsf] cfkm'n] iffofsf]= /x]g5 eGof tfufwfl/nfO !%) gdfl;Gof
dt'jfln hftnfO !)) dfl;Gof dt'jfln hftnfO ^) ?k}of b+8 ul/ ! tLy{ u/fO kltof
lbg'= eft kflg rN5 s/l0f ul/ :jfl:gsf xftsf]= cfkm'n] iffO c?nfO jf]/]5 eGof ;j{:j
ul/ p;} hftsf] ! cIf/ jf`f ufnfdf iff]lb= kflg jfx]s ul/ 5fl8 lbg'= x'n ul/ ;+u nfuL
hfGof ;dfpGof s/l0f eGof guGof{ nfSof{ dflg;x¿nfO hglx $).$) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{= hj/ hl:t x'gfn] dfl;Gof hftsf :jfl:g dfl; b}g=
!!= tfufwfl/ nufo]t\ kflg rnGof;+dsf nf]UGof dflg;n]= l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf !! jif{
gf£ofsf ;wjf ljwjf s+Gofsf Ps} hgfn] xj;\= @.# hgf ldln nfu' if'jfO xj;\ jflw
xj;\= d'ify'lg xj;\= Pltdf of}6} s'/f]dfq ul/= s/l0f lnGof hj/ hl:t uGof{ 7x5{= k|yd
s/l0f uGof{nfO s/l0f ul/= :jfl:gsf xftsf cfkm'n] iffofsf] eof klg geof klg ;j{:j
ul/ !..= jif{ s}b ul/ p;} hftsf] ! cIf/ jfof ufnfdf iff]lb kflg jfx]s\ ul/= p;} hftdf
ldnfO 5fl8 lbg'= x'n jflw u}= t];] ynfdf= p;} :jfl:gsf] s/l0f uGof{ c? hlt5g\= bf]>f
t]>fsf] ljrf/ gug'{= s/l0f ul/ c?nfO kflgdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof #).#) ?k}of b+8 ul/
kflgdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof= ;j{:j ul/ ! jif{ s}b ul/;= p;} hftsf] ! cIf/ jf`f
ufnfdf iff]lb= kflg jfx]s\ ul/ 5f]l8 lbg'= x'n ul/;u nfuL hfGof ;dfpGof s/l0f eGof
guGof{ dflg;\x¿nfO hglx= $).$) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= glt¥of s}b ug'{ hj/ hl:t x'gfn]
:jfl:g dfl;b}gg\=
!@= pkfWof nufo]t\ kflg rnGof grnGof u}î rf/j0f{ 5lt; hftsf !! jif{ d'lgsf xpg\ !!
jif{ gf£ofsf xpg\ s+Gof ljwjfnfO= cfkm' e+bf 7'nf ;fgf cfkm' ldNbf hft s;}n]
hj{hl:t s/l0f u/]5 eGof= hj/ hl:t x'gfn] Tof] :jfl:g t];n] n}hfg kfpb}g= nf]UGofsf]
s/ nfUb}g= hj/ hl:t s/l0f lnGof nf]UGofnfO= ;hfo e} ;lsof kl5= jfj' cfdf
dfOltn] hft ldNbf] xf] t];}nfO lb+5' eGof klg= t];nfO lbÙf}+ cs}{nfO lbG5f} eGof klg
jfj' cfdfsf] if'l;= jfj'cfdf dfOltn] s;}fnfO lbofsf /x]g5 /= Tof] :jfl:g hjfg\ eof
kl5= cfÇgf if'l;n] t];}l;t hfG5' eGof hfg kfp5g\= P:tf l/tn] Nofofsf :jfl:g=
csf{l;t ljU¥of c}g jdf]lhd ;hfo ug{= hf/ sf6g kfp5= ljjflxtfsf ;/xsf] c+;
kfp5]=eft iffgf giffgfsf] etfxf] if'l;= jfj' cfdf dfOltn] s;}nfO= glb /èfsf P:tf
:jfl:gnfO= cl3 hj/ hl:t s/l0f uGof{ eGbf sld hftsf nf]UGofn] sl/0f u/]5 eGof=
tNnf hftn] cfkm' e+bf pkNnf hftsf :jfl:gsf] sl/0f uGof{sf= c}g jdf]lhd ;hfo ug'{=
pkNnf hftn] s/l0f u¥of] eGof ift nfUb}g=
!#= c}gdf ;hfo n]lifofsf xf8 gftf jfx]s\ssf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof ljwjf ;wjf
:jfl:gsf] s/l0f ubf{ :jfl:g !! jif{ d'lgls klg /x]g5= nfu' if'jfofsf] klg /x]g5
d'ify'lg jflw @.# hgf ldln s/l0f u¥ofsf] klg /x]g5= nf]UGof :jfl:g @ hgfsf]dfq} e}=
s/l0f eofsf] /x]5 eGof= kmngfn] hj/ hl:t ul/ lnof] elg= :jfl:g s/fpg cfO eGof=
hj/ hl:t 7xb}{g s/l0f lnGofnfO= if'l; /flhn] s/l0f uGof{sf= c}g jdf]lhd\ ;hfo ug'{=
s/l0f u/fO kl5jf6 hj/ hl:t ul/ s/l0f lnof] elg s/fpg cfpgof :jfl:gnfO %)
?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
268
!$= tfufwfl/ hftsf !! jif{ b]lif d'lgsf s+Gof tfufwfl/ hftn]= hj/ hl:tl;t s/l0f u/]5
eGof= t]; s+Gofsf hft e+bf pkNnf hftsfn] s/l0f u¥ofsf] eof dfOltsf hft e+Gbf
yf]/} sd hft 7x5{= s+Gofsf hft e+bf sd hftsf= tfufwfl/n] s/l0f u/]5= eGof= plx
s/l0f uGof{ tfufwfl/ eof= Tof] s+Gof gdfl;Gof dtjfln hft x'G5]= kflg grnGof / 5f]of
l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftn]= tfufwfl/ nufo]t\ kflg rnGof hft;Ddsf * jif{ b]lif dflysf
s+Gofsf] hj/hl:t s/l0f u¥of] eGof= hf}g hftsfn] s/l0f u¥ofsf] 5= plx hft x'+5]= kflg
rn\b}g=
!%= tfufwfl/ hft gdfl;Gof dt'jfln /= dfl;Gof dt'jfln kflg rn\Gof u}¥x hft sf * jif{
d'lgsf s+GofnfO= kflg grNGof / 5f]Ol56f] xfng' kGof{ hftn]= hj/hl:t ul/ hf]lgdf
ln+u 5'jfpbf= Tof] s+Gof chfg c1fg jfnif x'gfn]= OGsf] kflg rN5= tfufwfl/ nufo]t \
gdfl;gof hft u}¥xsf s+Gof gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hft x'+5g\= dfl;Gof hftsf s+Gof
dfl;Gof hft x'+5g\= cf}jn\nfO @ bf]Od\nfO !..= l;d\nfO ! rfxf/nfO ..= ?k}ofsf b/n]=
uf]bfg ln ! tLy{ u/fO wdf{lwsf/n] kfgLsf] kltof lbg'= P:tf s]l6sf] dfOltn] s+Gofbfg
ug'{ x'b}g= jfj'n] lbof]sn; k'lh lbg x'+5= lbof] sn;\ k"lh n}hfGofn] hf/ sf6g kfp5 .
!^= kflg grnGof kmngf hftn] * jif{b]lv d'lgsf jfnifnfO hf]lgdf ln+u 5'jfof jfkt\ !
tLy{ u/fO kfgL z'4 e+Gof kltof ul/lbg'= t]:sf] hft c}g jdf]lhd\ kflg rnGof z'b| hft
x'+5= tfufwfl/ nufot gdfl;Gof hftsf= gdfl;Gof z'b| hft x'+5g\= dfl;Gof hftsf
dfl;Gof z'b| hft x'+5g\= elg P;} ljxf]/fsf] kltof u/fO lbg'=
!&= ;x/ ufdn jfx]s\ dflg:sf]lx geofsf 7fpFdf /= jflx/ km]/f h+un u}¥x= Psnf;df s;}n]
csf{sf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof ljwjf ;wjf :jfl:gsf] s/l0fu/]5 /= :jfl:g s/fpg
cfOeGof hj/hl:t 7x5{= hf}g hftsf nf]UGofn] hf}g hftsf :jfl:gsf] s/l0f u¥ofsf] 5
p;} hftsf hj/ hl:t s/l0fsf c}g jdf]lhd b+8 ;hfo s}b ug'{= s/l0f x'g kfofsf]
/x]g5= xftkft dfq u¥ofsf] 7x¥of s/l0fsf cf;on] xftkft uGof{sf c}g jdf]lhd\df
bf]j/ j9fO b+8 s}b ug'{=
!*= cfkm'e+bf pkNnf hftsf xj;\= cfkm'ldNbf hftsf xj;\= cfkm'e+bf 3l6 hftsf xj;\=
cfkm'e+bf 3l6 hftsf xj;\= csf{sf ;wjf ljwjf s+Gof :jfl:gnfO= tfufwfl/ nufot\
rf/ j0f{ 5lQ;} hftsf nf]UGof dflg; s;}n] dgf]dfg gu/fO= jnhkmt hj/hl:t s/l0f
lnP5 /= s/l0f ub}{df xj;\= s/l0f ub}{dfxj; s/l0f u¥ofsf @ 3l/leqdf xj;\= t;}
:jfl:gn] s/l0f lnGof= t];}nfO xltof/ nf7f 9'Fufn] xflg le/df n8fO= iff]nfdf jufO
kf;f]nfO dfl/5 eGof= p;} j]nfdf df¥ofsf] x'gfn] iftjft nfUb}g= Hofg df¥of jfjt\ sf]
kltof u/fO 5fl8lbg'=@ 3l6 pk|f+t ! lbg ! /ft ;Dddf df¥ofls eof %) ?k}of b+8 ul/
kltof u/fO 5fl8lbg'= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{= jfxf pk|f+t df dfl¥ofls eof
bfdn ug'{= s/l0f lnGof nf]UGof :jfl:gsf e+bf pkNnf] /= p;\ ldnbf hftsf] /x]5 eGof
t]; :jfl:gsf xftsf] eft iffg' giffg' etfxfsf] if'l;= :jfl:gsf e+bf 3l6 kflg rNGof
hf;+dsf nf]UGof n] s/l0f u¥ofsf] eof c}g jdf]lhd eft jfx]s x'+5]= kflg grnGof
hftsfn] s/l0f u¥ofsf] eof eft kflg jfx]s x'+5]=
hj/hl:t kl/ s/l0f eofsf] x'gfn]= cIf/ iff]lb}g=
ck'tfln iffgfsf nflu @.$ hgf ldln hj/hl:t s/l0f
lnofdf lbg & leq s/fpg cfof= t];\n] cfÇg' c+; iffg
kfp5] lbg & kl5 s/fpg cfpGof / kl5 csf{l;t
kf]On hfGofn] c+; iffg kfplbg= ck'tfln iffGofn]
c}g jdf]lhd iffg' e+Gof c}g –––––––––––––––
!(= sf]lx ljwjf :jfl:g /èf5g\= t]:sf] ck'tfln iffgfsf nflu @.$ hgf ldln hj/ hl:t
s/l0f lngnfofsf] lnofsf] /x]5 /= t]; :jfl:gn] s/l0f lnofsf lbg & leqsf cfÇgf
glhssf cbfnt 7fgf= cdfndf s/fpg cfO /= j'embf hj/ hl:t s/l0f 7x¥of] eGof=
hj/h:tL s/l0f= uGof{nfO c}g jdf]lhd ug'{= t]; :jfl:gn] hj/hl:tdf k¥ofls x'gfn]=
cfÇg' c+; wg ;+klt iffg kfp5]= ck'tfln iffGofn] iffg kfpb}gg\ s/l0f eofsf lbg &
leqdf s/fpg cfOg eGof /= km]l/ if'l;/flhn] csf{l;t kf]On uof ls 7x¥of= c+;
ck'tfln iffg kfplbg= ck'tfln iffGofn] c}g jdf]lhd iffg'=

269
hfl/sf]=

!= tfufwfl/ dtjfln u}î hf/ xfFGof hftx¿df s;}sf] cfÇgf xf8 uf]qsf efOn] /= pkfWof j|fé0f /= @
ln+usf h}l; jfx'g= cfkm'n] hGdfofsf 5f]l/ lbofsf= h"jfl`n] hfl/ u¥of eGof oltnfO= hf/sf6g
x'b}g= s;}n] sf6Øf] eGof j|fé0fnfO / Hofg df¥ofdf c}gn] bfdn ug'{= e+Gof n]lifofsf
hftnfO c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{= c?n] sf6Øf] eGof Hofgsf] jbnf
Hofg x'+5= sfl6 dfl/ lbg'= ;fw'n] cfÇg' hf/ klqm= tfufwfl/ hft nfO hg} lemls db
;'u'/sf df;' if'jfO= c? hf/ xf+Gof hftsf dtjflnnfO= c? ceIf if'njfO hft kltt
ul/= c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+; k/ ;f/ t]:sf] c+; ;fw'n] lng'= cdflnåf¥ofx¿n] hfl/
uGof{nfO ufpdf g/fifg'= lgsfln lbg'= ;fw'sf jnn] k'u]g eGof cfÇgf uf]qsf bfHo" efO=
u'xfl/ hfl/ uGof{nfO ;f]lx jdf]lhd\ ;hfo ul/ c+; cfkm'n] lng'= cfÇgf uf]qsf efOn] df]x
dbdf nfUof d]/fjnn] k'u]g elg= cbfnt 7fgfdf s/fpg cfof] eGof t]; hf/nfO
klqmNofO c}g jdf]lhd c+; ;j{:j ul/ hg} lemls hft kltt ul/= t]:sf ;j{:j dWo] @
if+8 ;fw'nfO lb ! if+8 cbfntjf6 lng'= o:tf s'/f cdfndf k¥of eGof @ if+8 ;fw'nfO lb
! if+8 cbfntdf k'¥ofO lbg'= t];n] d]/f] hfl/ u¥of] t klg o;nfO= hft kltt klg ulb{g\=
c+; klg d ln+g= o; s'/fsf] klg s;} gfln; ulb{g= o];} 5f]l8 lbG5'= eGof= /fhift\sf
gftf jfx]s\= ;fw'sf] if'; x'+5= 5f8g kfp5 /fhifTdf kGof{ gftfnfO= ;fw' n] 5f]8Øf] eGof
klg= cbfnt 7fgf cdfnjf6 hfl/ uGof{sf] ;j{:j ul/= ;sf{/ nufO gftfsf c}g jdf]lhd\
;hfo ug'{= ;fw'n] hg} lemls 6fudlg l5/fofsf] dfqsf] eof hfl/ uGof{nfO= c}g jdf]lhd\
eftsf] klg kflgsf] klg= kltof lbg'= hg} lemls xj;\= glemls xj= 6fudlg l5/fO k}tfnf]
:d]t r6fO 5f8ofsf /= /lS; ;'u'sf]{ df;' u}î if'jfoL 5f8ofsf dflg;sf xftsf] eft
rNb}g= kflgsf] dfq} kltof lbg'= c}gn] kltof glbg'= eGofsfnfO e'nfr'sf k/L
wdf{lwsf/jf6= kltof eofsf] /x]5 eGof klg= kltofsf] sfuh lemls t];nfO hft kltt
u/fO lbg'= wdf{lwsf/n] hflg kltof ul/ lbofsf] eof cl3Nnf c}g jdf]lhd\ b+8 ug'{=
@= pkfWof h}l; j|fé0fn] pkfWof h}l;s} hfl/ u¥of eGof= ;fw'n] d'l8 hg} lemls hft kltt
ul/= p:sf] c+; ;j{:j ul/= cfkm' ln+5 tfklg d}n] dfkm ul/ 5fl8 lbof elg= s]xL gul/
5f85 tfklg ;fw'sf] if'; x'+5 hfl/ uGof{n] p:sf] xftsf] eft iffofsf] /x]g5 eGof /
c?nfO jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 ;fw'n] ;hfo gul/ hfl/sf] ift dfkm ul/ 5f8of sf dflg;sf] hft
hfb}g cfÇgf hft}df /x+5 c}gn] ;hfo x'Gof xf8gftf /x]g5 eGof /fhift\ klg nfUb}g=
#= pkfWof j|fé0f / bf]>f]ln+u ;Ddsf ;B h}l;n] pkfWof nufo]t\= s;}sf] hfl/ u¥of] eGof
;fw'n] t];nfO hf/ gsf6g'= hf/L uGof{ j|fé0fnfO ;fw'n] d'l8 hg} lemls= /S;L ;'u'sf]{
df;' if'jfO hft kltt u/L= p:sf] c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/= cfkm'n] ln j:ofsf
ufp ;x/jf6 lgsfln lbg'= ;fw'n] hf/ gsfl6 cbfnt 7fgf cdfnsf s/fpg cfof] /= hf/
nfO kqmfO Nofof] eGof= t]:sf ;j{:j dWo] srxl/jf6 b;f}b ln= pk/ ;a} ;fw'nfO
;f}lklbg'= hf/nfO ;fw'sf xftjf6 ;f]lx jdf]lhd ;hfo u/foL lgsfln lbg'= ;fw'n] P:sf]
;hfo klg ulb{g= ;j{:j klg ln+g eGof klg ;fw'sf] if';\ 5f]8g kfp5= ;hfo eGof ulb{g
;j{:jdfq} ln+5 eGof klg lng kfp5=
$= pkfWof /= @ ln+usf h}l;n] tfufwfl/ hftsf ljwjf :jfl:g hfx]/ ul/= 3/df n}lu
/fiofsf nfO km]l/ cs}{ pkfWof / @ ln+usf h}l;n] ljuf¥of] eGof Tof] hf/ 7x5{= d'l8 hf8
/S;L if'jfO= c}g jdf]lhdsf] ;j{:j ul/ ln= lgsfn\5 tfklg= p;} 5f8\5 tfklg ;fw'sf]
if';L /fhift\ nfUb}g=
%= nj+/ iff/]h eof]=
^= j|fé0f jfx]s tfufwfl/ hft u}în]= cfÇgf xf8 uf]q pkfWof @ ln+u sf h}l; /= c}gn] hf/
gxf+g' elg jGb eofsf gftf jf]xsdf hf/ xf+Gof= rf/j0f{ 5lt;} hft u}în]= dfdfsf km'k'sf
cflÇg cfdfsf ;xf]b/ lblb j}lGx 7'ln cfdf ;flg cfdfsf 5f]/fx¿df bfHo" kGof{ jf efO
kGof{n]= efO j'xfl/ kGof{ jf efpHo' kGof{sf] s/l0f u¥of] eGof o:tfdf hf/ sf6bf}g elg=
;j{:j ln hft kltt ul/= cfkm' j:ofsf ;x/ ufp b]lif lgsflnlbGof dflg;\= gfdb{ 7xb}{g
j'l4dfg\ jf]ln+5= o:tf glhssf gftfdf= hf/ sf6Gof dflg; kflh 7x5{= hf/ sf6of] eGof
cl3 b]lif rlncfofsf] s'/f] uGof{ xf] iftnfUb}g ;fw'n] 5f]8of] eGof /fhift klg nfUb}g=
&= /hk't Iflq du/ u'?+n] ;'g'jf/ u}î= hf/ xfGof hftsf ljjflxtf s+Gof Nofofsf ljwjf
Nofofsf= c}gn] hf/ xf+g x'Gof;Ddsf :jfl:g u}î=sf] xf8uf]q / j|fé0f jfx]s\ c?
270
 s;}l;t kf]On uof eGof= t]:tfsf] hf/ sf6\5' eGof klg hf/sf6ltg= c}g jdf]lhd\ hf/sf]
;j{:j ln+5' eGof klg ljxf ifr{ ln 5f85' eGof= ;fw'sf] if'; ?k}of / ;j{:j ln 5f]8bf=
cyjf= ;j{:j s]lx ln+g sf65' eGofsf s'/fdf= olx s'/fug'{ k5{= elg= cbfnt 7fgf
cdfnsf= xflsd\n] s/ nufpg' x'b}g= :jfl:gsf wlgn] if'l; cl3jf6 ljxf ifr{ ?k}of=
cyjf= c}g jdf]lhd ;j{:j ln sfuh kq eof kl5= km]l/ hf/ sf6of] eGof Hofgsf]
jbnf Hofg hfG5= sbflrt\ hfl/ uGof{n] ljxf ifr{ klg= lbÙ ;j{:j klg lbÙ ;Sof
sf6f];\ eGof= ;Sof cfkm' hf/sf6\g'= hf/n] sj'n gul/ ljxfifr{ / ;j{:j ln+5' elg
;fw'n] dfq eÙ kfpb}g= cbfnt 7fgf cdfnjf6 laxf ifr{ / ;j{:j lbg' k5{ elg s/
nufpg' x'b}g=
*= tfufwfl/ gdfl;Gof dfl;Gof 5f]of l56f] xfng' gkGof{ l56f] xfng' kGof{ u}î hf/ xf+Gof
hftsf c}gn] hf/ xfÙ x'Gof ;Ddsf :jfl:g s;}n] csf{ nf]UGofnfO= s+Gof ljwjf j]:of
xf] elg 9fl6 lbo]5 / d]l/ :jfl:g kmnfgfn] lb kmnfgfn] n} uo]5= eGof s'/f] yfxf ge}=
:jfl:g n}hfGof nfO ;fw'n] hf/ sf6of] eGof= ;fw'nfO ift nfUb}g= :jfl:g n}hfGof
sfl6of kl5= kmnfgfn] lb= n} uofsf] /x]5 e+Gof s'/f] yfxf eof] lbGof= sfo]n eof] eGof=
Ps ls :jfl:g csf{nfO ;f}kGof dfOlt xpg\= c? sf]lx xpg\= t]:tf nf]UGof dflg;\nfO ^
jif{ :jfl:g dflg;\nfO # jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf] 8jn\ lbof ln 5f8g'= gsf6t}df n}hfGofn]
kmnfgfsf] :jfl:g xf] elg dnfO yfxf lyo]g= cDsfn] s+Gof ljwjf j]:of xf] e+bf d}n] n}
uofsf] xf] elg cfkm'nfO :jfl:g lbGofnfO sfo]n u¥of] eGof csf{n] lb n} uofsf] x'gfn]
:jfl:g n}hfgGofnfO= ;fw'n] sf6g kfpb}g= sf6of] eGof= j|fé0f eof c}g jdf]lhd\ c+;
;j{:j ul/ bfdn\ ug'{= c? hftnfO{ sfl6 dfl/ lbg'= :jfl:g dflg;\n] ;f}Kofsf] /x]5 eGof=
:jfl:gnfO hf/ sf6g gx'gfn] / ;j{:j gx'gfn] # jif{ s}b ug'{ Dofbsf ?k}of 8jn\ lbof
ln 5f8g'= dfOlt xpg\ c? xpg\ nf]UGof dflg;n] lbofsf] /x]5 eGof= hf/ xfÙ x'Gof
;Ddsf cflÇg :jfl:g csf{nfO ;f}lk s/l0f r'sfO lbGof j|fé0f /x]5 eGof d'8g' ;j{:j
lng' t];} 5f8g' ;fw'sf] if'l; c? hftnfO sf6g' d'8g' ;j{:j lng' t];} 5f8g' ;fw'sf] if';L
csf{n] sGof ljwjf j]:of xf] elg ef]/kfl/ lb n}uofsf] x'gfn] :jfl:g n}hfGofnfO ift
nfUb}g=
(= tfufwfl/ hft u}î hf/ xf+Gof hftsf c}gn] hf/ xf+g x'Gof ;wjf ljwjf sGof :jfl:g
s;}l;t kf]On uof eGof hfl/ uGof{ cfÇg} b]zdf /x]5 eGof iff]lh hf/ sfl6 kltof ug'{
kGof{sf] kltof ug'{ hf/ km]nf k/]g eGof ;fw'n] kmnfgfl;t ljU¥ofls xf] eGof kQf nfO
cfof] eGof klg kltof u/fOlbg' kmnfgf l;t ljlu| e+Gof kQf kfo]geGof= t];} :jfl:gsf
gfpsf] efUof jfjt eft iffOGof :jfl:gsf] eftsf] eft gvfOGof :jfl:gsf] kflgsf]
wdf{lwsf/n]= cf}jn\nfO @..= bf]od\nfO @ l;+nfO ! rxf/nfO ..=b/n] uf]bfg ln kltof lbg'
:jfl:g csf{l;t ljU¥ofsf] hflg hflg hf/ iff]h]g kltof ug'{ kGof{df kltof u/]g eGof
t]:tfnfO ?k}of hl/jfgf ul/ ln kltof u/fOlbg'=
!)= /fhift\ nfUGof xf8gftfsf hfl/sf s'/fdf= ;fw'n] hf/sf] ;hfo u5{ eGof= c}g jdf]lhd
;hfo ug'{ ;fw'sf] if';= d ;hfo ulb{g ;j{:j klg lng elg cbfnt cdfndf /flhgfdf
n]lif 5f8of] eGof klg= cbfnt cdfnjf6= c}g jdf]lhd\ ;j{:j klg ug'{= c}g jdf]lhd\
;hfo klg ug'{=
!!= /fhift nfUGof xf8gftfdf / ;j{:j x'Gof eft kflg df kGof{df= s;}n] hfl/ u/]5 eGof
hfl/ uGof{nfO= cbfnt c8f 7fgf cdfn åf¥of yl/ d'lifof ldemfn]{ eof klg ;fw'sf bfHo"
efO Oi6ldqn] eof klg= cbfnt cdfndf n}lu jfxfdjf6 xf8 gftfdf ;j{:j x'gof
s'/fdf= eft kflg df kGof{df s/l0f uGof{sf= c}g jdf]lhd ;hfo ug'{= cbfntjf6 s'/f]
l5Gof= ;j{:j cbfnt}jf6 lng'= cdfndf s'/f k¥ofsf] eof ;j{:j cbfntdf k'¥ofOlbg'=
cbfnt cdfnjf6 s'/f] l5Gof kl5= ;fw'n] ;j{:j lng /= c? ;hfo ug{ kfpb}g=
!@= tfufwfl/ hft u}îdf s;}n] cfÇgf hf/nfO{ hg} lemls ;fw'n] 6f+u dlg l5/fofsf] dfq /x]5
eGof= t]; hfl/ uGof{nfO eft kflgsf] kltof lbg'= eft kflg rN5= 6fu dlg klg l5/fof]
hg} lemls xjf];\ g lemls xj;\= k}tfnf] klg r6fo]5= db ;'u'/sf] df;' if'jfo]5 eGof
t]:tfsf] eft rNb}g kflg rN5= kflgsf] kltof lbg'=
!#= dtjfln hft u}îdf hf/ xf+Gof hftsf s;}n] cfÇgf hf/nfO+ ;fw'n] 6f+u dlg dfq l5/fO
5f8of] eGof= t]; hfl/ uGof{nfO eft kflgsf] kltof lbg'= eftkflg rN5= 6f+u dlg l5/fO
k}tfnf] r6fO 5f8of] eGof= t]:sf] eft rnb}g kflg rN5= kflgsf] kltof lbg'=
271
!$= j|fé0f jfx]s sf ljjflxtf :jfl:g eft rnGof t]:tf :jfl:g= cfkm' e+bf 7'nf hft / cfkm'
;dfg hftdf ljU¥of eGof= t]:tf :jfl:gsf] hf/sf6Øf kl5= k|folZrt kb}{g cfkm'e+bf sd
hftdf ljlu| bfn eftdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]5= hf/ sf6Øf klg k|folZrQ ug'{ kb{5= hf/ sf6]g
eGof klg k|folZrt ug'{ sbflrt\ hf/ eflu uof] eGof klg etfxefOn] b]j lklq sfo{ ugf{
lgldQ k|folZrt ul/ z'4 x'g'= k|folZrQ ul/ ;Sof kl5= hf/ km]nf k¥of] eGof klg
hf/nfO sf6gkfp5= k|folZrt lbbf wdf{lwsf/n]= cf}jn\nfO @ bf]Od\nfO !..= l;+dnfO !
rxf/nfO =..= uf]bfg ln kltof lbg'=
!%= hf/ xf+Gof hftsf s;}n] t]l/ :jfl:g= kmnfgfl;t uofls 5 elg eGof]= ;fw'n] cflÇg
:jfl:gnfO s]/sf/ gul/= sfuh gn]iffO p;} u}= ;dfrf/} sf e/df hf/ sf6]5 sfl6Gofls
:jfl:g / jfl/; s/fpg cfof eGof /= lg/f]kg ubf{ d'io :jfl:g ljU¥ofls 7xl/g= cyjf
Ho]7L csf]{ /x]5 eGof= cflÇg :jfl:gnfO s]/sf/ gu/= :jfl:gsf] sfuh gn]iffO
;dfrf/sf e/df sf6GofnfO= j|fé0f eof c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{= c?
hftnfO Hofgsf] jbfnf Hofg sfl6 dfl/ lbg'= csf{sf :jfl:gsf] s/l0fsf] s'/f] txlst
gul/ kmnfgfl;t lju|L elg j]xSdf csf{nfO d/fpGofsf] c}g jdf]lhdsf]= c+; ;j{:j ul/
^ jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf] rf}j/ lbof ?k}of lng'= /f]jsf/ ubf{ s/l0f uGof{ p;}n] b]iffofsf]=
7x¥of] eGof= e+GofnfO iftjft nfUb}g= :jfl:gsf] sfuh gn]iffO ;dfrf/}sf e/df dfq}=
hf/ sf6of jfjt\ sf6GofnfO @) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=
!^= j|fé0f jfx]s c? hf/ xf+Gof hftsf c}gn] hf/ xfÙ x'Gof;Ddsf= cfÇgf :jfl:g csf{l;t
kf]On uofdf hfl/ uGof{ cfÇgf d'n'Sdf 5b}= c}g jdf]lhd hf/ sf6g'= c? ;hfo u/]g 5
jf= csf{l;t kf]On uof ls :jfl:gsf]= cfkm'n] hflg hflg s/l0f u/L= p;} :jfl:gsf
xftsf] cfkm'n] eft iffO etfxfnfO{ :d]t\ jf]/]5 / kltof ug'{ k¥of] eGof eftsf] dfq} kltof
ug'{ k¥of klg= :d]tsf] kltof ug'{ kGof{ eof klg P]g jdf]lhd h:tf] kltofug'{ k5{= ;fw'sf]
wgjf6 k'Uof;Dd= t};] ;fw'sf wgjf6 etfxfnfO kltof u/fO lbg'= ;fw'sf wgn] k'u]g
eGof= cfkm' cfkm'n] kltof ug'{= ;fw'nfO :jfl:gsf] hf}g hft 7x5{= p;} hftdf ldnfO
lbg'= hfl/ uGof{ kflg rnGof ;Ddsf hftnfO /fh ift nfUb}g= 5fl8 lbg'= hfl/ uGof{
lj/fgf d'n'Sdf uofsf] /x]5 egof /= ;fw'n] ljU¥ofkl5= t]; :jfl:gsf] s/l0f u¥ofsf]=
p:sf xftsf] eft iffofsf] /x]g5 eGof :jfl:gsf gfpsf] ef]/sf] kltof u/fpg' kbf{ ef]/df
kGof{n]= cfkm' cfkm} kltof ul/ z'4 x'g'= ;fw'n] kltof u/fO lbg' kb}{g=
!&= pkfWof / @ ln+u ;Ddsf h}l; hftn] xj;\ jf= xf8 gftfdf s;}n] xj;\= hfl/ u/]5 /
;fw'n] hf/ sf6]5 eGof= c}g jdf]lhd ug'{= ;fw'n] gxfGb} df hf/L uGof{n] k}Nx] xltof/
rnfO ;fw'nfO 3fp nfu]5= / hfl/ uGof{n] ;fw'nfO 3fp nufof kl5 ;fw'n] hf/ sfl6
df/]5 eGof= u'xfO t]; n] klg ;fw'nfO hf/n] k}Nx] 3fp nufof kl5= ;fw'n] sf6ofsf] xf]
eGof d''r'n\sf n]lif lbof eGof hf/sf]= k}Nx] 3f ;lx sf6Gof;fw'nfO jft nfUb}g= P:tf
ljxf]/fn]= j|éxTof jf uf]q xTof u¥of jfjt ! tLy{ u/fO eft kflgsf] kltof u/fO lbg'=
hft hfb}g=
l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftn] tfufwfl/ hft u}î kflg rnGof
rf]iff hftsf] hfl/ ubf{ ;fw'n] hf/ sf6\gf gsf6\gfsf] c}g
!*= 5f]O l56f] xfng' kGof{ hft u}î s;}n]= tfufwfl/ nufo]t\ kflg rnGof rf]iff hftsf
;wjfsf] s/l0f u¥ofdf= eft kflg df jf]¥ofsf] xj;\= jf]¥ofsf] gxj;\= c}g gx'b} cl3
cbfntjf6 Hofg sfl6GYof]= c}g eof kl5 /fhift 7xgf{n] c+; ;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{ e+Gof
n]lifofsf] 5 tfklg ;fw'n] d]/f] hf/ sf65' eGof= sf6\g kfp5= cbfnt 7fgf cdfndf
y'lgofsf] eof klg= gjflw p;} ;fw'sf ;k't{ ul/lbg'= ;fw'n] hf/ xf+bf 3fp nflu jf= 3fp
gnflu eflu u}= Ho" jrfof] eGof= km]l/ t];\nfO /fhift xf] elg km]l/ klqm cbfnt
cdfnjf6 s}b ug'{ klg x'b}g= ;f'wn] sf6g klg kfpb}g= ef]/df kflg iffGofnfO kltof u/fO
lbg'=

kb]{; hfGofsfsf] hfl/ uGof{=

272
!= sf]lx /fhsfhdf uofsf] xj;\ jf= cfÇgf sfhn] b]zkb]{; uofsf] xj;\= nf]UGof 3/ gx'Gof
dflg:sf :jfl:gnfO s;}n] s/l0fsf cf;on]= xft kft u¥of] elg :jfl:g s/fpg cfof
eGof nf]UGof 3/ 5}g elg g/fifg' xft kftsf] c}g jdf]lhd b+8 lhtfpl/ ul/ l5lglbg'=
@= sf]xL nf]UGof dflg; kb]{; uofsf] 5= pl:s :jfl:gn] csf{sf] k]6 jf]ls xj;\= gjf]ls
xj;\= s/l0fsf] s'/f] hfx]/ eof] eGof= cl3Nnf Kof/f kf]OnfO bjfO c?nfO b]iffp+bf=
glj/fpGof dflg; klg sfl6Gof ;fw' klg= glj/fpGofnfO sf6of] elg sfl6Gof x'+bf=
t:sf/0f kb]{; hfGofsf bfHo" efO etfx¿n]= t]>f] b]iffofsf nf]UGofnfO / t];} :jfl:gnfO
klqm cbfnt 7fgf cdfndf n}hfg'ptfjf6 s]/sf/ ubf{ t]lx klqm Nofof sf] h]7f] 7x¥of]
eGof nf]UGof :jfl:gsf] sfuh n]iffO h:tf] l/tn] hZn] klqm Nofofsf] 5= p:t} l/tn] lt
nf]UGof :jfl:g p;}nfO ;f}lk lbg'= s/l0f 7x/]g eGof 5fl8lbg'= 5'6ofofsf dflg;n]
j]xSdf dnfO kqmf elg s/fof] eGof= kb]{;jf6 cfO ;fw'n] kqm\ofsf] eof klg ;fw'sf
bfHo" efO etfxfn] klqm Nofofsf] eof klg kqmGofnfO jft nfUb}g= s/l0f ge} em'§f] s'/f]
kf]nGof :jfl:gnfO # jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf ?k}of lt¥of ln 5f8g'=
#= n8fl`df / ;sf{l/of c? sfh lgldQ lj/fgf /fhdf /= 6f9f uofsf dflg:sf :jfl:gsf]
hfl/ ul/= :jfl:g wg dfn :d]t\ s;}n] nu]5 /= hfl/ uGof{nfO cbfnt cdfnjf6 /
;fw'sf bfHo" efO Oi6 ldqn] klqm Nofof kl5 sfo]n eofsf] wgdfn dWo] :jfl:gn]=
cfudf nfO uofsf sk8f jfx]s hfl/ uGof{jf6 hf}p7t5= ;fw'sf jfl/;\sf lhDdf ul/
e/fO= lb t];\nfO ;fw' gcfpg\Hofn\ s}b ul/ /fifg'= ;fw' cfof kl5= p;}sf lhDdf ul/lbg'=
h]7f] sf+5f] txlst ul/ ;fw'n] c}g jdf]lhd ;hfo ug'{= hf/n] iffofsf] hlt eGof ;fw'jf6
lng'= c? kfg km'n jS;f}lg lhtfpl/ s]lx glng'=
$= hf/ xf+Gof hft u}îsf ;sf{l/of sfh jfx]s cfÇgf sfh lgldQ b];kb]{; hfGofsf :jfl:g
s;}n] hf/ ul/ n}hfbf :jfl:gn] cfudf nfofsf= sk8f jfx]s c? wg dfn sdf/ sdfl/
:d]t\ n} uo]5 eGof= p:sf bfHo" efO Oi6ldq cbfnt 7fgf cdfnjf6 t]:tfnfO klqm
n}uofsf] wg dfn sdf/f sdfl/ ;fw' nfO Oi6 ldq jfl/;sflhDdf ul/ b;f}b ln
;f}lklbg' wg :d]t\ n}hfGof hf/nfO hlt wg dfn nUofsf] 5= p;} ljuf jdf]lhddf
d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf b/n] sl6 gx'+Hofn s}b ug'{= Dofb gk'uL ;fw'cfO k'Uof] eGof ;fw'sf
lhDdf u/L 5f8L lbg' Dofb;Dddf ;fw' cfo]g egof t]:nfO 5fl8lbg'= :jfl:g hfl/
ul/n}hfbf ;fw'sf] 5f]/f 5f]l/ :d]t\= rf]l/+ nu]5 eGof= t]:tf rf]/nfO klqm ;fw'
gcfpg\Hofn\ s}b ug'{= ;fw' cfof] eGof ;fw'sf ;k't{ ul/ lbg'= c}g jdf]lhd ;hfo ug'{=
;hfo gul/ t];} 5f8g' ;fw'sf] if'l;=
%= hf/ xf+Gof hft u}î sf]lx n8fOdf / ;sf{/sf sfh lgldQ lj/fgf /fhdf klg uofsf]
/x]g5= cfÇgf if'l;n] lj/fgf /fhdf uofsf] xj;\= jf= cfÇgf ufp 3/df j:ofsf] xj;\=
p:tfsf] wg dfn Ho"= s]lx gln hfl/ ul/ :jfl:g dfq nu]5= eGof= t]:tfnfO cbfnt
7fgf cdfnL åf¥of d'lifof yl/ ldemf/= ;fw'sfbfHo" efO Oi6ldq ufpNof l5Dofs s;}n]
klg kqmg x'b}g ;fw' cfof kl5 cfÇg' hf/ iff]lh cfkm}n]= c}g jdf]lhd\ ;hfo ug'{= t]:tf
hfl/ uGof{nfO ;fw' jfx]s s;}n] kqm\of] eGof= kqmGofnfO !)) ?k}of hl/jfgf ug'{= ?k}of
glt¥of c}g jdjf]lhd s}b ug'{= P:tfdf Psfsf] hf/= c? s;}n] klqm Ho" d/fofsf] eof
c}g jdf]lhd ;hfo ug'{=
^= dxfsfln k"j{ d]lr klZrd uf]iff{ e/d'n'ssf rf/ j0f{ 5lQ; hft u}în]= j+b j]kf/ tLy{
jt{ ugf{ jfx]s= cfÇgf ;sf{/sf] d'n's lgds 5fl8 lj/fgf /fhsf] lgDsiffGof dflg:sf
:jfl:g csf{l;t kf]On uof eGof kl5 lgds 5f8L cfof eGof klg= lj/fgf /fhsf]
lgdsiiffGofn]= cfÇgf d'n'Sdf cfO hf/ sf6\g d'8g ;j{:j lng kfpb}gg\= hf/ sf6of]
eGof j|fé0fn] eof c}g jdf]lhd c+; ;j{:j ul/ bfdnug'{= c? hftn] eof Hofgsf]
jbnf Hofg\ sfl6 dfl/ lbg'= xf8 gftfdf s/l0f uGof{ / hj/ hl:t s/l0f uGof{nfO= p;}sf
c}g jdf]lhd ;hfo ug'{=
&= nf]UGof eGof kb]{; uofsf] /x]5= pl:s :jfl:g kf]Onu} cfndfn lxgf ldgf kg{ nfUofsf]
ufpdf ;xdf{ yfxf eof]= cfn dfnsf] ;+ef/ uGof{= cfk:tsf]lx /x]g5 5f]/f jfnif /x]5
eGof= lkm/flb geof klg= t]; 7fpsf xflsd l8ˆf ljrfl/= cfdln åf¥ofn] t];\ :jfl:gnfO
lemsfO sfo]n gfdf ul/ t]:sf cfn dfnsf] tfo]bft ul/= Tof] dfn nf]UGof cfof kl5
j'emfO lbg'= elg enf cfbldsf lhDdf nufO lbg'= o:df bz;f}b glng'= ;fw' cfof kl5
hf/sf] if';\ ;fw'n] ug'{= yfxf kfO iff]hguGof{ xflsd cdfln åf¥ofnfO @) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
273
*= s;}n] csf{sf] hfl/ ul//]5 hfl/ u¥ofsf] hfx]/ ge} hfl/ uGof{n] ;fw'nfO nnfO kmsfO
b]; kb]{; n} uof] /= Tof] kmls{ cfpbf hfl/ u¥ofsf] eGof hfx]/ eof]= ;fw'sf] kTtf eGof
s]lx ldn]g elg ;fw'sf jfj' 5f]/f bfHo" efO{ sf]lx cfO= cbfnt 7fgf cdfndf s/fpg
cfof eGof hfl/ uGof{nfO klqm s]/sf/ ubf{ ;fw'sf] Hofg t];}n] df¥ofsf] 7x¥of= j|fé0fn]
eof c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ bfdnug'{= c? hftn] eof Hofgsf] jbfnf Hofg
sfl6 dfl/ lbg'= Hofg df¥ofsf s'/fdf sfo]n eo]g hfl/ u¥ofsf s'/fdf sfo]n5= ;fw'sf]
d¥of] lhpbf] slx kQf nfu]g eGof t]:tfnfO em]niffgfdf s}b ul/ /fifg' ;fw' cfof] eGof=
;fw'sf bfHo" efO jfj' 5f]/fn] klqm Nofofsf] eof ;fw'sf ;k't{ ul/ 5fl8 lbg'= c?n]
klqmNofofsf] eof ;fw'sf d'if gkfl/ 5fl8lbg'= Hofg df¥ofsf s'/fdf sfo]n eofsf]
gx'gfn] @) jif{;Dd klg ;fw' cfo]g eGof= @) jif{ k'Uof kl5 5fl8lbg'=

(= s;}n] s;}sf] hfl/ ul/ :jfl:g klg nUof]= wg dfn klg n}uof]= ;fw'n] kQf kfO hf/
sf6Øf kl5= Plt wg dfn lxgf ldgf ul/ lbof]= wg kfOg elg sfl6Gofsf efO 5f]/f
kl/of/nfO klqm Ho" sfl6of kl5 wg lng kfpb}g=
!)= s;}n] cflÇg :jfl:g P;l;t ljlu|5 elg hfl/ uGof{nfO= cfkm}n] klqm cbfnt 7fgf
cdfndf ;f}kg Nofof] / ;f]wk'5 ubf{ s/l0f u¥ofsf] 7x¥of] eGof= Tof] hf/ t];} ;fw'sf
;k't{ ul/ lbg' 7x/]g eGof 5fl8lbg'= p;n] gfln; dfq u¥ofsf] 5= hf/ klqm Nofofsf] 5}g
eGof= cs}{n] Nofofsf] /x]5 / s]/sf/ ubf{ s/l0f 7x¥of] eGof hfl/ uGof{nfO ;fw'sf ;k't{
ul/ glbg'= cfÇgf hf/ iff]lhn]elg ;fw'sf d'ifgkfl/ 5f]l8lbg'= :jfl:gn] gelg c?
s;}n]klg kf]On uofsf] gb]lif ;+sfn] klqm Nofof] /f]jsf/ ubf{ s/l0f 7x/]g eGof=
geofsf] s/l0fsf s'/fdf klqm=c8f cbfnt cdfn 7fgfdf s/fpg cfj;\ jf= klqm=
Nofj;\= /f]jsf/ ubf{ s/l0f 7x/]g eGof geofsf s'/fdf ;+sfn] klqm Nofofsf] x'gfn] @%
?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{= c8f uf}8f cbfnt 7fgf cdfndf
gnlu= :jfl:gn] klg gelg= c? s;}n] klg gb]lif geofsf s/l0fdf ;+sf ul/= csf{nfO
sf65' elg= xltof/ ln jf6f] uf}8f jyflg lx8Gof tfufwfl/ nfuo]t\= gdfl;gof dtjfln
;Ddsf hf/ xf+Gof hftsf nfO # jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf] 8jn lbof ln 5f8g'=

kmnfgfl;t ljU¥of eGofsf]=

!= kf]O eofsf :jfl:g dflg;\n] kf]On hfgfsf nflu= d¥ofsf] kf]O b]iffof eGof= t]:tfsf
xftsf] eft giffg'= lhpbfdf= hf}gf rflx cl3jf6 7x5{= ;fw'n] p;}nfO c}g
jdf]lhd ;hfo ug'{ /fhift\ kGof{/x]5 eGof klg p;} nfO ug'{=
@= s;}sf kltj|tf :jfl:gx¿ csf{l;t kf]On u}= k}Nx]sf nfO bjfO csf{ nfO b]iffO lb /=
p:sf] Hofg sfl§of]= t]; :jfl:gsf] gfs sfl6of] eGof= k}Nx] cfÇg' s/l0f lnGofnfO
jrfO= bf]>fsf] Hofg d/fpGof :jfl:gnfO ^ jif{ s}b 5fl8 lbg' Dofb ?k}of glng' gfs
sf6ofsf] /x]g5 eGof hGde/ bfdn ug'{=
#= cflÇg 5f]l/ j]l6 /= ;gx] kGof{ :jfl:gn] kmnfgfl;t ljU¥of] elg= k+r /flif nf]UGofn]
sfuhn]iffO ln hf/ sf6]5= sfl6 ;Sof kl5= p;} :jfl:gn] k}Nx] of}6fnfO b]iffO lb= hf/
sf6]5 kl5jf6 Ho]7f] tf kmnfg' xf] elg= csf{nfO b]iffO / /f]jsf/ ubf{ sfl6ofs} rflx
Ho]7f] 7x¥of] eGof j]:of eofsf :jfl:gsf] s'/f] ln txlst gul/= Hofg ;+j+wsf s'/fsf]
gfln; ug{ cfof jfjt\ lt dfOlt cfk:tnfO %) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= gdfl;Gof
hftsf :jfl:gnfO # jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf ?k}of lbof ln 5fl8lbg'= dfl;Gof
hftsf :jfl:gnfO dfl;lbg'=
$= s;}sf kltj|tf :jfl:g csf{l;t kf]On u} /= s/l0f lnGof rflxnfO jrfpgfsf nflu
s/l0f geofsf csf{nfO kf]ln / s]/sf/ ubf{= p;n] s/l0f lnofsf] 7x/]g j]xSdf em'§f
kf]Nofsf] 7x¥of] eGof kf]lnGofsf]= Hofg sfl6ofsf] /x]g5 eGof j]xSdf csf{sf] Hofg
d/fpg iff]hGof gdfl;Gof hftsf :jfl:gnfO # jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf ?k}of lt¥of c}g
jdf]lhd ln 5fl8lbg'= gdfl;Gof hftsf :jfl:gnfO= dfl; lbg' Ho" s6fofls
eof :jfl:gnfO{ bfdn ug'{=

274
%= hfl/sf s'/fdf ;fw'n] hf/ sfl6 ;Sof kl5= d s;}l;t ljU¥ofls 5}g= kltj|t} wd{df
/èfls 5'= j]xSdf kmnfg' sfl6of] elg :jfl:gn] dfOlt Oi6ldq s;}l;t elg 5 /= dfOlt
Oi6ldqn] cbfnt 7fgf cdfndf s/fO /f]jsf/ ubf{ s/l0f guGof{ nfO sf6]5 eGof
Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg lng'= k}Nx] s/l0f lnGo}nfO sf6of] eGof sf6\GofnfO ift nfUb}g=
km/]j u¥of jfjt\ gdfl;Gof hftsf :jfl:gnfO # jif{ s}b ug'{= dfl;Gof hftsf :jfl:gnfO
dfl;lbg'= dfOltnfO b+8 kb}{g=
^= hf/ xf+Gof rf/ j0f{ 5lt;} hft u}îsf :jfl:gn] d]/f] k}Nxf] s/l0f lnGof t]lx xf]= elg
n]liflb /= ;fw'n] hf/ xflg ;Sof] km]l/ p;} :jfl:gn]= Tof] tf d]/f] k}Nxf] s/l0f lnGof xf]Og=
cgfxSdf t]:sf] Ho" uof] elg ;fw' nfO kqmfO / k'k{If ubf{ Ho]7f] s/l0f lnGof= p;}n] k}Nx]
n]lif lbof 7x¥of] eGof= t]:tf km/]lj gdfl;Gof hftsf :jfl:gnfO # jif{ s}b ug'{=
Dofbsf ?k}of lbof ln 5fl8lbg'= dfl;Gof hftsf :jfl:gnfO dfl; lbg'=
&= s;}sf bfHo" efO jfj' 5f]/f sf6LGofsf Oi6ldq sf]lx :jfl:gsf] sfuh n]iffO xj;\ jf
gn]iffO xj;\= hfl/ jfjt\df Hofg sfl6o]5 bfHo" efO jfj' 5f]/f Oi6ldqn]= t]; :jfl:gl;t
u} ;f]4f t];l;t ljU¥ofls 5}g= cgfxSdf ltd|f] kmnfg' sfl6of] elg5 /= plx s'/f] ln
cgfxSdf xfd|f kmnfgfsf] Ho" uof] elg= cbfnt 7fgf cdfndf s/fpg cfof] / /f]jsf/
ubf{ sfl6Gof] sfl6ofsf] /x]5 eGof= :jfl:gsf] hdfg ln s/fpg cfofsf s'/fdf s/fpg
cfpGof Oi6ldq bfHo" efOnfO jft nfUb}g s/l0f e} s/l0f xf]Og e+Gof gdfl;Gof
hftsf :jfl:gnfO jft nfU5 # jif{ s}b ug'{ dfl;Gof hftsf :jfl:gnfO dfl;lbg'=
ljU¥ofls :jfl:gnfO o;f] elgb] elg l;sfO wg lb kmNofO= csf{nfO elgb] egfofsf]
/x]5 eGof= csf]{ kf]O b]iffO b] e+Gof /= ljU¥ofls 5}g elgb] elg l;sfO= csf{sf] Hfg
hfGof s}lkmot\ u¥of jfjt\ l;sfpGof nfO % jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf ?k}of 8jn lbof ln
5f8g'=
*= s;}sf kltj|tf :jfl:gn] hfqfdf d]nfdf 5fplg ifn+ufdf kmnfgf hufdf kmnfgf ufpdf
kmnfgfl;t ljU¥of] elg /= p;n] kf]Nofsf nf]UGofnfO vf]hbf nf]UGofsf gfpsf] klg kQf
nfu]g= 3/sf] klg kQf nfu]g eGof= cfÇg' gfs jrfpgfsf nflu t]; :jfl:gn] ljU¥of
eGofsf] 7x5{= t]:tf :jfl:gnfO 5fl8lbg' iff]hbfdf gfpsf] 3/sf] kQf nfUof] egof s/l0f
lnGofnfO= jrfO csf{nfO= j]xSdf d/fpgsf nflu kf]Nofsf] 7x5{= t]:tf gdfl;Gof
hftsf :jfl:gnfO # jif{ s}b ug'{= ?k}of lt¥of c}g jdf]lhd ln 5fl8lbg'= dfl;Gof
hftsf :jfl:gnfO dfl;lbg"=
(= hf/ xf+Gof hft u}îsf ljjflxtf= / c? c}gn] hf/ xf+g x'Gof ;Ddsf :jfl:g csf{ s;}l;t
kf]On uofdf= cbfnt 7fgf cdfn /flif s]/sf/ u/]5= :jfl:gn] klg kmnfgfl;t s/l0f
eofs]f xf] elg= sfuh n]lif lb 5 /= t]lx lnift ln ;fw'n] hf/ sf6]5= hf/ sfl6 ;Sof
kl5= p;} :jfl:gn] kmngfl;tsf] s/l0f xf]Og cgfxSdf sfl6of] elg s'/f] jbln eGof /=
dGof{sf jfl/; jflx cfof] xfd|f]kmnfg' cgfxSdf sfl6o]5 elg if8f eof eGof= cbfnt
7fgf cdfndf n}lu= :jfl:gsf] sfuh n]iffO ln sf6ofsf] x'gfn]= s/l0f 7x¥of klg
g7x¥of klg sf6GofnfO iftjft nfub}g= hf/ t]lx xf] elg sfuh n]lif lb= Psfsf] Hofg
d/fO ;Sof kl5 s'/f] jbln= csf{nfO s6fpg iff]hgf :jfl:gnfO bfdnug'{= s'/f]
jbNofls dfq /xl5= Ho" sfl6ofsf] /x]5g\ eGof g dfl;Gof hftsf :jfl:gnfO # jif{ s}b
ug'{= Dofbsf ?k}of lbof lng'= dfl;Gof hftsf :jfl:gnfO dfl; lbg'=
!)= hf/ xf+Gof hft u}îsf ljjflxtf /= c? c}gn] hf/ xf+g x'Gof;Ddsf :jfl:g csf{s;} l;t
kf]On uofdf= cbfnt 7fgf cdfndf gnlu cfkm' cfkm' dfq jl; :jfl:gnfO s'6 \lk6\ ul/
sfuh n]iffo]5 /= sfl6Gofsf jfl/; s;}n]= xfd|f] kmnfg' j]xSdf sfl6of] elg s/fpg
cfof :jfl:gn] klg= dnfO s'6\lk6\ ubf{ eGofsf] dfq} xf] t];\l;tsf] s/l0f eofsf 5}g elg
eGof= cbfnt 7fgf cdfndf nlu s]/sf/ u¥ofsf] /x]g5 Ho" sfl6Gofn] s/l0f u¥ofsf]
klg 7x/]g5 s'6\lk6\ ul/= sfuh n]iffofsf] 7x¥of] eGof= s/l0f guGof{nfO hf/ elg
sf6Gofsf] Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg sfl6 dfl/ lbg'= 3/ srxl/ ul/ em'§f] sfuh
n]iffpGofx¿df df]io hf] xf]p;\ p;nfO !)) ?k}of bf]>fnfO *) ?k}of t]>fnfO ^) ?k}of
rf}yfnfO %) ?k}of b+8 ug'{+ ?k}of glt¥of= c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{= s'6\lk6\ u¥ofsf] eof
klg= geofsf] s/l0fsf] s'/f] kf]n\Gof :jfl:g nfO !..= jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf] ?k}of lt¥of
lng'=

275
t]>f kl/ s/l0f uGof{sf]

!= hf/ xf+Gof hft s;}n] cfkm' :d]t\= bf}>f] ln+u kl/= Nofofsf hf/ xf+Gof hftsf :jfl:g
NofO= 3/jf/= ;f}lk /fiofls :jfl:gnfO t]>f] lnu kl/= s;}n] hfl/ u¥of] eGof
t]:tfsf] ;fw'n] hf/ xfÙ kfp5 iftjft nfUb}g=
@= hf/ gxfGGof= gdfl;Gof= dfl;Gof hftsf ljwjf eofsf 5f]l/ cfkm' bf]>f] ln+u k/L= 3/
Nofofsf :jfl:gsf] s;}n] t]>f] kl/ hfl/ u¥of] eGof ;fw'n] Ho" gdGof{ c+ue+u gx'Gof ul/
s'6Øf iftjft nfub}g hf/ sf6g Ho" dfg{ kfpb}g= sf6of] df¥of] eGof j|fé0fn] eof c}g
jdf]lhd c+; ;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{= c? hftn] eof Hofgsf] jbfnf Hofg sfl6 dfl/ lbg'=
P:tf :jfl:g n}hfGofnfO= gs'6L cbfnt 7fgf cdfndf s/fpg cfof] eGof s/l0f
uGof{nfO :jfl:g hfof hGd eofls /lx5 eGof ^) ?k}of hfof hGd eofls
/lxg5eGof %) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
#= tfufwfl/ nufo]t\ rf/ j0f{ 5lt; hft u}î= s;}n] cfkm" t]>f] b]lif pef] kl/ 3/df NofO
/fiofsf :jfl:gsf] s;}n] s/l0f u¥ofsf] /x]5= ;fw'n] s'6\lk6\ ubf{ s/l0f uGof{n] ;fw'nfO
xft kmsf{O s'6of] /= c+ue+u u/]5 eGof= c+ue+u uGof{sf c}gsf] 8]9f] j9fO ;hfo ug'{=
c+ue+u eof sf] /x]g5 eGof ^) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ;fw'n] xft g5fl8 s/l0f uGof{ rflxn]
cl3 xft 5fl8 s'6]5= c+ue+u eofsf] /x]g5 eGof= ^) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of c}g
jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=
$= cfkm' :d]t\ t]>f] ln+u eofls :jfl:gsf] hfof hGd eofsf] eof klg 3/jf/ ;f}lk /fiofsf]
eof klg= t]:tf :jfl:gnfO rf}yf] ln+u k/ hfl/ ul/ n}uof] /= ;fw'n] hf/ sf6of] eGof
j|fé0fn] eof= c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{= c? hftn] eof Hofgsf] jbnf
Hofg\ sfl6 dfl/ lbg'=
%= cfkm'n] ljxf ifr{ ltl/ Nofofsf :jfl:gsf] csf{s;}n] s/l0f u¥of] elg s/fpg cfof
s/l0f uGof{jf6 cl3Nnfn] lt¥of jdf]lhd\sf] ljxf ifr{ e/fO= p;} ljuf jdf]lhd\sf] b+8
ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{= ljxf ifr{ ltl/ Nofofsf] :jfl:gsf] hf/sf6g
kfpb}g sf6\of j|fé0fn] eof c}g jdf]lhd\sf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{= sfl6Gof hftn]
eof= Hofgsf] jbfnf Hofg\ sfl6 dfl/ lbg'= p:nfO klg 5f]l8 csf{l;t kf]On u} eGof
rf}yf] ln+u eof kl5= Tof] :jfl:g j]:of 7x5]{= s/l0f uGof{n] jLxf ifr{ klg lbg' kb]{g= b+8
klg kb}{g=
^= cfkm' e+bf 7'nf hftsf ljwjf cfkm' bf]>f] kl/ s;}n]= :jfl:g t'NofO /fiofsf] /x]5 /=
t]lx :jfl:g csf{l;t kf]On u}5 eGof= t]:tfsf] hf/ sf6g kfpb}g= hf/ sf6]5 eGof
d'l8Gof hftn] c}g jdf]lhd\ c+; ;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{= sfl6Gof hftn] eof Hofg sfl6
dfl/ lbg'=

rf}yf] b]lv pef] kl/ /fiofsfsf]

hfl/ uGof{

!= tfufwfl/ nufo]t\= gdfl;Gof dtjflnhft ;Dd= sf nf]UGofn]= Og} hftsf rf}yf] ln+ub]lif=
pef] kl/ NofO tfnfs'lr ;f}lkjif{ lbg b]lif pef] 3/df /fiofsf :jfl:g s;}l;t= kf]Onuof
eGof hf/ sf6g x'b}g cbfnt 7fgf cdfndf s/fpg cfo]g hf/L uGof{nfO= Ho" gdGof{ xft
if'§f geflrGof c+ue+u gx'Gof ul/= nfQn] h'Qfn] xfGof s'6ofdf ift nfUb}g= ;fw'n]
s'6kL6 ul/ 5f8of kl5 km]l/ s/fpg cfof] eGof hfl/ uGof{ nfO klg jft nfUb}g cfkm'n]
s'6\lk6\ gul/ s/fpg cfof] eGof s/l0f uGof{ nf]UGofnfO= hfof hGd eofls= :jfl:g /lx5
eGof #) ?k}of hfof hGd eofsf] /x]g5 eGof @) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ s'6\kL6\ ubf{ xft uf]8f
eflrGof c+ue+u x'Gof u/L s'6]5 eGof cfkm'n] Nofofls :jfl:gsf] s/l0f uGof{nfO=
s'6ofsf] x'gfn] s'6\Gof ;fw'nfO c+ue+u ul/ s'6\Gofsf c}gsf] cflw ;hfo ug'{ Hofg d/]5
eGof j|fé0f eof c}g jdf]lhdsf c+; ;j{:j ul/= bfdnug'{ c? hftnfO= Hofgsf] jbfnf
Hofgsfl6 dlf/ lbg' tfufwfl/ hft nufot\= gdfl;Gof dt'jfln :dsf nf]UGofn]= dfl;Gof
dtjfln hftsf :jfl:g rf}yf] ln+ub]lif pef] kl/= 3/ NofO /fiofsf] /x]5 eGof= hfof hGd
276
 eoflssf] s/l0f uGof{nfO !% ?k}of hfof hGd eofls geof !) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ ?k}of
glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
@= dfl;Gof dtjfln hft u}în] rf}yf] ln+u b]lif pef] kl/ NofO= tfnf s'lr ;f}lk jif{ lbgb]lif=
pef] 3/df /fiofsf= :jfl:gsf] tfufwfl/ nufot kfgL rnGof ;Ddsf nf]Ug]n] s/l0f u¥of
eGof hf/ sf6\g x'b}g cbfnt7fgf cdfndf s/fpg cfo]g hfl/ uGof{nfO= Ho" gdGof{= xft
uf]8f geflrGof= c+ue+u gx'Gof ul/= nfQn] h'Qfn] xfGof s'6ofdf ift nfUb}g ;fw'n] cl3
s'6\lk6\ ul/= 5f8of kl5= km]l/ s/fpg cfof] eGof hfl/ uGof{nfO= jft nfUb}g= cfkm'n]
s'6\kL6\ gul/= cbfnt 7fgf cdfndf s/fpg cfof hfof hGd eofls :jfl:g /lx5= eGof
* ?k}of hfof hGd eofls geof % ?k]of 8+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b
ug'{ s'6\kL6\ ubf{ xft uf]8f eflrGof c+ue+u x'Gof ul/ s'6]5 eGof= hfl/ uGof{ nfO= s'6]sf]
x'gfn] s'6\Gof ;fw'nfO= c+ue+u ul/ s'6\Gofsf] c}gsf] cfwL ;hfo ug'{= Hofg d/]5 eGof
j|fé0f eof c}g jdf]lh+ c+; ;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{ c? hft n]= eof Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg\
sfl6 dfl/ lbg'=
#= kflg grnGof l56f] xfng' gkGof{ hft u}în] cfkm' rf}yf] ln+u b]lif pef] kl/ NofO
tfnfs'lr ;f}lk jif{ lbg= b]lif pef] 3df{ /fiofsf :jfl:gsf] Og} hfTdf s;}n] s/l0f u¥of]
eGof hf/ sf6\g x'b}g= cbfnt 7fgf cdfndf= s/fpg cfo]g= hfl/ eGofnfO= Ho"
gkGof{ xft uf]8f geflrGof c+ue+u gx'Gof ul/ nfQn]= h'Qfn] xfGof s'6ofdf ift
nfUb}g= ;fw'n] cl3= s'6lk6\ ul/ 5f8of kl5= km]l/ s/fpg cfof] eGof hfl/ uGof{nfO= jft
nfub}g= cfkm'n] s'6\lk6\ gu/L cbfnt 7fgf cdfndf s/fpg cfof hfof hGd
eofls :jfl:gsf] s/l0f uGof{nfO ^ ?k}of hfof hGd goef lssf] s/l0f uGof{nfO
$ ?k}of b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{= s'6\kL6\ ubf{= xft uf]8f eflrGof
c+ue+u x'Gof ul/= s'6]5 eGof hfl/ uGof{nfO= s'6]sf] x'gfn] s'6Gof ;fw'nfO= c+ue+u ul/
s'6Gofsf c}gsf] cflw ;hfo ug'{ Hofg d/]5 eGof Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg\= sfl6 dfl/ lbg'=
$= 5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{ hft u}în] cfkm' rf}yf] ln+u b]lif pef] kl/ NofO= tfnfs'lr ;f}lk=
jif{ lbgb]lif= pef] 3/df /fiofsf] :jfl:gsf= Og} Og} hftx¿df s;}n] s/l0f u¥of] eGof=
hf/ sf6\g' x'b}g= cbfnt 7fgf cdfndf s/fpg cfo]g hfl/uGof{nfO Ho" gdfGof{ xft uf]8f
geflrGof c+ue+u gx'Gof ul/ nfQn] h'Qfn] xfGof s'6ofdf ift nfUb}g= ;fw'n] cl3=
s'6\kL6\ ul/= 5f8of] kl5= km]l/ s/fpg cfof] eGof hfl/ uGof{ nfO klg jft nfUb}g= cfkm'n]
s'6\kl6 gu/L= s/fpg cfof] eGof :jfl:g hfof hGd eofsLsf] s/l0f uGof{nfO= ^ ?k}of
hfof hGd geoflssf] s/l0f uGof{nfO= $ ?k}of b+8 ug'{= s'6\lk6\ ubf{ xft uf}8f eflrGof
c+u e+u x'Gof ul/ s'6]5 eGof hfl/ uGof{nfO s'6]sf] x'gfn] s'6g] ;fw'nfO= c+ue+u ul/
s'6\Gofsf c}gsf] cfwL ;hfo ug'{ Hofg d/]5 eGof Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg\ sfl6 dfl/ lbg'=
%= tfufwfl/ hftn] tfufwfl/ hftsf tfufwfl/ hftl;t ljU¥ofsf :jfl:gdf cfkm' t]>f] ln+u
kl/= 3/ NofO /fiofsf :jfl:g s;}l;t kf]On uof eGof hf/ xf+g x'b}g= cbfnt 7fgf
cdfndf s/fpg cfo]g hfl/ uGof{nfO Ho" gdfGof{ xft if'§f geflrGof c+ue+u gx'Gof ul/=
nfQn] h'Qfn] xfGof s'6ofdf ift nfub}g= ;fw'n]= s'6\ ul/ 5f8of kl5= km]l/ ;fw' s/fpg
cfof] eGof hfl/ uGof{nfO= klg ift nfub}g= cfkm'n] s'6\kL6\ gu/L s/fpg cfof] eGof
s/l0f uGof{ nf]UGofnfO hfof hGd eofls :jfl:g /xl5 eGof %) ?k}Fof= hfof hGe
eofls /x]g5 eGof $) ?k}of= b+8 ug'{ s'6\lk6\ ubf{ xft uf]8f eflrGof= c+ue+u x'Gof ul/
s'6]5 eGof cfkm'n] Nofofls :jfl:gsf] s/l0f uGof{nfO= s'6]sf] x'gfn] s'6Gof ;fw'nfO=
c+ue+u ul/= s'6g]sf c}gsf] cflw ;hfo ug'{= Hofg d/]5 eGof= j|fé0f eof c}g
jdf]lhdsf] c+;= ;j{:j ul/= bfdn ug'{ c? hftnfO Hofg\sf] jbnf Hofg\ sfl6 dfl/ lbg'=
^= gdfl;Gof dtjfln hftsf t]>f] ln+u kl/ 3/df NofO /fiofsf /= tfuf wfl/ hftsf
gdfl;Gof dtjfln hftsf nf]UGofl;t ljU¥ofsf :jfl:g tfufwfl/ hft / gdfl;Gof
dtjfln hftn] = cfkm' t]>f] ln+u kl/ 3df{ NofO= /fiofsf :jfl:gsf] s;}n]= s/l0f u¥of]
eGof hf/ sf6\g x'b}g= sf6of] eGof j|fé0f /x]5 eGof c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/
bfdn ug'{ c?hft eof HofGsf] jbnf Hofg\ lng' cbfnt 7fgf cdfndf s/fpg cfo]g
hfl/ uGof{nfO= Ho" gdGof{ xft if'§f geflrGof c+ue+u gx'Gof ul/ nfQn] h'Qfn] xfGof
s'6ofdf ift nfUb}g= ;fw'n] cl3 s'6\lk6\ ul/ 5f8of kl5= km]l/ s/fpg cfof] eGof hfl/
uGof{nfO= klg ift nfUb}g cfkm'n] s'6\lk6\ gul/ cbfnt 7fgf cdfndf s/fpgcfof hfof
hGd eofls :jfl:g /lx5 eGof $) ?k}of hfof hGd geofls eof #) ?k}of b+8
277
 ug'{ s'6\kL6\ ubf{ xft uf]8f eflrGof c+ue+u x'Gof ul/ s'6]5 eGof hfl/ uGo}{nfO s'6]sf]
x'gfn]= s'6Gof ;fw'nfO= c+ue+u ul/ s'6Go}sf c}gsf] cflw ;hfo ug'{= Hofg d/]5eGof
j|fé0f /x]5 eGof c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+;= ;j{:j ul/= bfdn ug'{ c? hftn] eof= Hofgsf]
jbnf Hofg\= sfl6 dfl/ lbg'=
&= dfl;Gof dtjfln hftsf /= gdfl;Gof dtjfln= hftsf tfufwfl/= hftsf dfl;Gof
dtjfln hftl;t ljU¥ofsf :jfl:g= tfufwfl/ hft gdfl;Gof dtjfln hft= dfl;Gof
dtjfln hftn]= cfkm' t]>f] kl/= 3/ NofO /fiofsf= :jfl:gsf] s;}n] s/l0f u¥of] eGof hf/
sf6g x'b}g= sf6of] eGof j|fé0f /x]5 eGof c}g jdf]lhd\= sf] c+;= ;j{:j ul/ bfdn
ug'{ c? hft eof Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg lng'= cbfnt 7fgf cdfndf s/fpg cfo]g= hfl/
uGof{nfO Ho" gdGof{ xft uf]8f geflrGof c+ue+u gx'Gof ul/= nfQn] h'Qfn] xfGof s'6ofdf=
ift nfUb}g= ;fw'n]= cl3 s'6\lk6\ ul/ 5f8of kl5= km]l/ s/fpg cfof] eGof hfl/ uGof{nfO
klg iftjft nfUb}g= cfkm'n] s'6\lk6\ gul/ cbfnt 7fgf cdfndf s/fpg cfof hfof hGd
eofls :jfl:g /lx5 eGof !% ?k}of hfof hGd geofls eof !) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ s'6\lk6
ubf{ xft uf]8f eflrGof c+ue+u x'Gof ul/= s'6]5 eGof hfl/ uGof{nfO= s'6ofsf]
x'gfn] ;fw'nfO s'6\Gof ;fw'nfO c+ue+u ul/ s'6\Gofsf c}gsf] cflw ;hfo ug'{= Hofg\ d/]5
eGof j|fé0f eof c}g jdf]lhd\ c+; ;j{:j ul/= bfdn ug'{= c? hftn] eof Hofg\sf]
jbnf Hofg= sfl6 dfl/ lbg'=
*= kfgL grnGof 5f]of l56f] xfng' gkGof{ hftsf cfkm' ldNbf cfkm' eGbf pkNnf hftsf
ljU¥ofsf:jfl:g cfkm' t]>f] ln+u= kl/= 3/ NofO /fiof sf :jfl:gsf] Og} hftdf s;}n]
s/l0f u¥of] eGof ;fw'n] hf/ sf6of] eGof Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg lng'= cbfnt 7fgf cdfn=
df s/fpg cfo]g hfl/ uGof{nfO Ho" gdGof{ xft uf]8f geflrGof= c+ue+u gx'Gof ul/ nfQn]
h'Qfn] xfGof s'6ofdf ift= nfUb}g= ;fw'n] cl3 s'6\kL6\ ul/ 5f8of kl5 km]l/ s/fpg cfof]
eGof= hfl/ uGof{nfO= klg jft nfUb}g= :jf:gL hfof hGd eofls= xj;\= geofls=
xj;\= % ?k}of b+8 ug'{ s'6\kL6 ubf{ xft uf]8f eflrGof= c+ue+u x'Gof ul/ s'6]5 eGof hfl/
uGof{ nfO s'6ofsf] x'gfn] s'6Gof ;fw'nfO= c+ue+u ul/ s'6\Gof sf c}gsf] cflw ;hfo
ug'{= Hofg d/]5 eGof= Hofgsf] jbfnf Hofg\= sfl6 dfl/ lbg'=
(= 5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf cfkm' ldNbf /= cfkm' eGbf pkNnf hftsf lju|L cfÇgf
hftdf ldNofsf :jfl:gdf cfkm' t]>f] kl/= 3/df NofO= /fiofsf :jfl:gsf] l56f] xfng'
kGof{ hft s;}n] s/l0f u¥of] eGof= ;fw'n] hf/ sf6of] eGof= Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg\ lng'=
cbfnt 7fgf cdfndf= s/fpg cfo]g= hfl/ uGof{nfO= Ho"gdGof{ xft uf]8f geflrGof
c+ue+u gx'Gof ul/ nfQn] h'Qfn] xfGof s'6ofdf ift nfUb}g ;fw'n] cl3 s'6 \kL6\ ul/
5f8of kl5 km]l/ s/fpg cfof] eGof hfl/ uGof{nfO kgL jft nfUb}g cfkm'n] s'6 \kL6\ gul/
s/fpg cfof] eGof :jfl:g hfof hGd eofls xf];\ geofls xj;\= % ?k}of b+8 ug'{ s'6\kL6\
ubf{ xft uf]8f eflrGof c+ue+u x'Gof ul/ s'6]5 eGof hfl/ uGof{nfO s'6ofsf] x'gfn]
s'6Gof ;fw'nfO= c+ue+u ul/ s'6\gofsf c}gsf] cflw ;hfo ug'{ Hofg\ d/]5 eGof HofGsf]
jbnf Hofg\ sf6L dfl/ lbg'=

dfl;Gof hftsf] hfl/ uGof{

!= hf/ xf+Gof dfl;Gof dtjfln hftn] cfÇgf xf8gftf jfx]s= c? dfl;Go} hftsf] hfl/ u¥of]
/ ;fw'n] ljxf ifr{ iffO= xj; jf tfudlg 5L/fO= xj; p;} 5f8of] eGof hf/Lsf
iftdf ;fw'n] 5f8of kl5 /fhift nfUb}g Ho" klg dfl;b}g=
@= tfufwfl/ hft /= dtjfln gdfl;Gof hft u}în] dfl;Gof khf{ hftsf ;wjf= :jfl:gsf]
s/l0f u¥of] eGof nf]UGofnfO= hf/ xf+Gof hft jfx]s @) ?k}of ljxf ifr{ e/fO @) ?k}of
b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{ hf/ xf+Gof hftsf ljxf ifr{ lng /= c}g
jdf]lhd\ hf/ xf+g ;fw'sf] if'l;=
278
#= dfl;Gof hftn]= dfl;Gof hft u}î s;}sf] hfl/ u¥ofdf ;fw'n]hf/ sfl6 Hofgdf¥of] eGof
Tof] :jfl:g dfl;G5] cbfnt 7fgf cdfnjf6 lng' ;fw'n] hf/ xfGof kl5= 3f nflu hfl/
uGof{sf] Ho" jfRof] eGof= :jfl:g dfl;g hfl/ uGo}{ n] ljxf]g{ kfp5= ;fw'sf] rf]6\ iflk
Nofofsf P:tf :jfl:g csf{n] n}= uof] eGof hf/ xf+Gof hftn] hf/ xfÙ kfp5 hf/ gxf+Gof
hftnfO= @) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{= ljxf ifr{ kfpb}g= :jfl:g
t];}l;t j:5] eGof klg jl:tg eGof klg p;}sf] if'l; kl5 n} hfGof nf]UGofsf] s/ nfUb}g=
$= kf¥of 3lt{n]= ef]6] r]kfª bî} dflem xfo'= bgjf/ s'dfn= kxl/ u}î dfl;Gof
hftsf ;wjfsf] s/l0f u¥of] eGof t]; 3lt{jf6 ;fw'nfO @) ?k}of= ljxf ifr{ e/fO
@) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ Ho" dfl;b}g= Tof] :jfl:g t];} l;t j;\5] eGof ljxf ifr{ / b+8 ltl/ /fifg
kfp5= :jfl:gn] jl:tg eGof if'l; p;}sf] x'+5= nf]UGofsf] snf{Ub}g=
%= kf¥of 3lt{sf cfÇgf hftsf] l/t ul/ Nofofsf ;wjf :jfl:gsf] s;}n] s/l0f u¥of] eGof
nf]UGofn]= :jfl:g n} uof] :jf:gL n}uof kl5 ljxf ifr{ kfpb}g @) ?k}of b+8 dfq}
ug'{= ;fw'n] :jfl:g n}uo]g eGof= #) ?k}of ljxf ifr{ e/fO @) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= cfÇgf
hftsf] l/t gk'¥ofO= Nofofsf= tfnf s'lr ;f}lk /fiofsf :jfl:gsf] s/l0f u/]5=
eGof !) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{ t];l;t j:g'= csf{l;t
hfg'= :jfl:gsf] if'l;= nf]UGofsf] s/ nfUb}g=
^= kf¥of 3lt{sf] s;}n] hfl/ ul/ n} uofdf= kf/ eofsf # k':tf;Ddsf 3lt{n] hf/ sf6of]
eGof= HofGsf] jbnf Hofg\ hfG5= kf/ eofsf $ k':tf / % k':tfsfn] hf/ sf6of] eGof=
c}g jdf]lhd\sf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{= kf/ eofsf ^ k':tfb]lif dflysfn] hf/ sf6of]
eGof= dfl; lbg'=
&= dfl;Gof cf7 jfî lngof rfsrs'O kGof{ ljxf ifr{ lnGof= hf/ klg xf+Gof hftx¿sf
nf]UGof= :jfl:gnfO s;}n] dfl;Gof iftsf] s'/f= kf]Nof] / = k'k{If ubf{ kf]Nofsf] 7x¥of] eGof
kf]nGofnfO ! jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf ?k}of lt5{ eGof c}g jdf]lhd= ln 5fl8lbg'=
*= hf/ gxf+Gof dfl;Gof dtjfln hftsf ljjflxtf :jfl:gnfO= s;}n] kmnfgf l;t kf]On u}
elg kf]Nof] / k'k{If ubf{ kf]Nofsf] 7x¥of] eGof kf]nGofnfO= !% ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of
c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
(= df;LGof hft u}în] cfkm'n] dfl;Gof iftjft u/L= dfl;of]= gdfl;b} df ljèf
u¥ofls :jfl:g cGt kf]On u} eGof= dfl;ofsf dflg;n] hf/ xf+g x'b}g= xfGof] eGof
Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg\ lng'=
!)= kfgL grnGof /= 5f]O l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftdf hf/ xf+Gof hft n] kfgL grnGof= hftsf]
hfl/ u¥of] /= ;fw'n] hf/ xfGof] eGof :jfl:g rs'O k5]{ = dfl; lbg'= hf/ xfGbLg= ljxf
ifr{ ln+5'= elg cbfnt 7fgf cdfNdf e+g cfof] eGof #) ?k}of ljxf ifr{ e/fO= !% ?k}of
b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{= ljxf ifr{ lnof kl5 :jfl:g dfl;Ù=
!!= df;LGo} dfl;Gof hftdf= Psf hftsf ;wjf :jfl:gnfO c? hft s;}n] hfl/ ul/ n} uof]
eGof p:sf nf]UGofnfO @) ?k}of e/fO= nf]UGofnfO !@ :jfl:gnfO * ?k}of b+8 ug'{= !!
jif{b]lv pef]ls s+Gof ljwjfsf] s;}n] s/l0f u¥of]= of] xfd|f eft grnGof xf]= eftdf kfl/
lbof] elg sf]lx s/fpg cfof] eGof % ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
!@= df;LGof hftsf c}gn] hf/ xf+g x'Gof :dsf ;wjf :jfl:gsf] tfufwfl/ hft / gdfl;Gof
dtjfln hftn] s/l0f u/]5 /= ;fw'n] hf/ sf6\5' eGof cl3 p:sf lktf k'iff{b]lif hf/ xflg
cfofsf hftn] c}g jdf]lhd\ hf/ sf6g x'G5 ift nfUb}g=hf/ gxflg cfofsf hftn]= sf6\g
kfpb}g= sf6of] eGof HofGsf] jbnf Hofg sfl6 dfl/ lbg'= tNnf hftl;t uofls xj;\=
pkNnf hftl;t uofls xj;\= hf/ sfl6of kl5= s/l0f u/fpGof :jfl:gnfO dfl; lbg'=
!#= kfgL grnGof /= 5f]O l56f] xfng'= kGof{ hftsf c}gn] hf/ xf+g x'Gof ;Ddsf= :jfl:gsf]=
tfufwfl/ hft gdfl;Gof dtjfln hft= dfl;Gof kfgL rnGof= hft u}î s;}n] s/l0f u/]5
eGof c}g jdf]lhd ;hfo x'G5 ;fw'n] hf/ sf6g kfpb}g= s;}n] sf6]5 eGof= HofGsf]
jbnf Hofg\ sfl6 dfl/ lbg'=

:jfl:gsf d'ifn]dfq elg= hf/ sf6\Gofsf]

279
!= s;}sf] nf]UGof kb]{; uof /x]5= 3/df cfpbf :jfl:gn] csf{sf] k]6 jf]Sof sf]= /x]5 jf
s/l0fsf] s'/f]= p7\ofsf] /x]5 s]/sf/ u/ hf/ 7x¥ofsf] /x]g5 t]:t}df kb]{; uofsf]= nf]UGof
cfO k'Uof] eGof cfkm'n] s]/sf/ ubf{ h]7L Kof/L kf]O jrfpgf lgldQ csf{nfO b]iffp5g\=
t:sf/f0f o]:n] kf]Nofsf nf]Ug] nfO / :jfl:gnfO klqm= cbfnt 7fgf= cdfndf= n}lu=
s]bf{ h]7f] h'g 7x5{ p:sf] sfuh n]iffO= ;fw'n] klqm Nofofsf] /x]5 eGof ;fw's} ;k't{ ul/
lbg' hf/ sf6\g' c}g jdf]lhd\ ;hfo ug'{ s]lx gu/L t];} 5f8\g' ;fw'sf] if';L= cbfnt 7fgf
cdfndf gnlu= :jfl:gs} d'ifsf];lxn] hf/ sf6of] eGof cfÇg' hfl/ uGo}{nfO= sf6off]
eof klg ;fw'nfO !)) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= csf{nfO= sf6]5 eGof sf6LGof hft /x]5 eGof
Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg\ lng' j|fé0fn] /x]5 eGof c}g jdf]lhd\ c+; ;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{=
@= 3/jf6 lgl:s cg]q 8'Nofls :jfl:gsf] cbfnt 7fgf cdfndf gnuL :jfl:gsf
d'ifsf ;lxn] dfq} hf/ sf6\tf h]7f] Kof/f] kf]O{nfO jrfpgf sf nflu csf{nfO b]iffp5g\=
t:sf/0f= srxl/df n}lu s]/sf/ ubf{ h]7f] 7x¥ofsfnfO= c}g jdf]lhd\= ;fw'sf] if'l;= ift
nfUb}g= srxl/df gn}lu= :jfl:gsf d'ifsf ;xLn] dfq} hf/ sf6of] eGof s]/sf/ ubf{ h]7f]
t]lx 7x¥of] eGof klg= 3/jf6 lg:sL cg]q 8'Nofls :jfl:gsf] s/l0f u¥of] elg cbfnt
7fgf cdfndf gn}lu k'k{If gul/ hf/ sf6of jfjt\ sf6\GofnfO !)) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ ?k}of
glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{= gsfl6GofnfO sf6]5 eGof Hofg sf] jbnf Hofg\ lng'=
j|fé0f /x]5 eGof c}g jdf]lhd\ c+;= ;j{:j ul/= bfdn ug'{=
#= s;}sf k}Nx] hfl/ uGof{ k|sf; eofsf 5}g= p:t}df bf]>f] t]>f] rf}yf] rf]/n] t]lx :jfl:g=
3/jf6 l6lk efUof] /= s]/sf/ s]lx ug{ kfo]g 3/sf hxfg\ bfHo" efOnfO= cl3Nnf] o]lx
/x]5= elg k|ltt eof kl5 ;fw'n] klg k}Nxf] t]lx hflg= 3/jf6 :jfl:g eufO= n}hfGofnfO=
hf/ sf6of] eGof= cl3Nnf] t cs}{ /x]5= elg if'l6of] t klg sf6\GofnfO ift nfUb}g= 3/
jf6 lgsfln n}hfGofnfO sf6ofsf] ;b/ x'G5= p sfl6of kl5 cl3Nnf] t+ d kf] x'+ elg jf
nf]UGofn] e+g cfj;\ =jf= :jfl:gn] egf];\= Tof] cl3 s/l0f uGof{ 7x¥of] eGof= t]:sf] Ho"
hfb}g= /fhift jfx]s\ cbfnt 7fgf cdfnjf6 !)) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ /fhift kGof{nfO c}g
jdf]lhd\ ;hfo ug'{=

hfl/sf] km'6\s/

!= hf/ xf+Gof hft u}îsf jLjflxtf s+Gof hf/ xf+Gof hftsf ljwjf Nofofsf :jfl:gx¿n]
cfkm'n] giffGof= hf8 s'if'/f= ;'u'/ ufO e};Lsf] df;' u}î ceIf /= cfkm' eGbf sld hfTsf
xftsf] eft h'7f] iffO kltt eofsf= :jfl:gnfO= nf]UGofn] iffg nfpg lb= /fiofsf xjg\ jf
cfkm'n] s/l0f :d]t\= ul/ /fiofsf xjg\= P:tf :jfl:g c? s;}l;t kf]O uof eGof= ;fw'n]
hf/ xfg kfp5= iftjft nfUb}g= iffg nfpg= glbsg :jfl:g= 5f]l8= lbofsf] /x]5 eGof=
hf/ sf6g' kfpb}g sf6of] eGof Hofg\sf] jbnf Hofg\ hfG5=
@= j|fé0f= /hk"t If]lqo j}:o z'b| rf/ j0f{ 5lQ;} hftsf= ;wjf ljwjf s+Gof
j]:of :jfl:gn] d¥ofsf dflg;= d';ndfg\ Dn]5= 5f]O l56f] xfng' kGof{ hft kflg grn\Gof
hft P:tf hftsf l;t /= cfkm' eGbf sd hft xj;\= jf= pkNnf hft xj;\ hf}g hftdf
ljU¥of+ eG5]= t]:tf s+Gof ljwjf ;wjf j]:of :jfl:g hf] x'g\= pg}sf hftdf ldN5g\= s/l0f
gu/L o]s dfg'= iffg nfpg lb /fiofsf c}gn] hf/ xfGgx'Gof ;Ddsf jLwjf
s+Gof ;wjf :jfl:gsf] d¥ofsfnfO hf/ xf+Ù x'b}g hLpbf] cl3jf6sf] hf] 7x5{= p;} nfO
hf/ xfÙ kfp5= d'if kltt eofls :jfl:gnfO= iffg nfpg= s]lx= glb 5fl8lbof= eGof /
cyjf t]:tf :jfl:gsf] km]l/ cfkm'n] s/l0f u/]5 eGof t]:tf :jfl:gsf]= km]l/ hf/ xf+g
kfpb}g= xfGof] eGof j|fé0f /x]5= eGof c}g jdf]lhd\ c+; ;j{:j ul/= bfdn ug'{= c?
hftn] eof Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg\ sfl6 dfl/ lbg'= d¥ofsf dflg; /= 5f]of l56f] xfng'=
kGof{ hftl;t d'if kltt eofsf :jfl:gl;t= cfÇgf nf]UGofn]= s/l0f ul/= kfgLdf k¥of]
eGof= c}g jdf]lhd= sf] c+; ;j{:j ul/= ln= pg} hftsf] ! cIf/ iff]lb= p;} hfTdf ldnfO
lbg'= kfgLdf kf/]g eGof ;j{:j x'b}g= plx hftdf dfq}= ldN5 ldnfOlbg'= o]lt hftdf=
d¥ofsf dflg;= l;t= d'if kltt e}= nf]UGofn] iffg= nfpg glb= lgsfln lbofsf= ;wjf
280
 ljwjf s+Gof j]:of :jfl:gsf] 5f]O l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftl;t d'if kltt eofsf :jfl:gsf]
c? s;}n] ef]/df s/l0f u¥of eGof= kltof kfp5g\ hfgL hfgL s/l0f ul/ eft kflgdf
kf¥of] eGof c}g jdf]lhd\sf] c+; ;j{:j ul/= nf]UGof :jfl:g b'j}nfO= p;} hftsf] cIf/
iff]lb plx hftdf ldnfO lbg'=
#= tfufwfl/ nufo]t\ gdfl;Gof= dfl;Gof u}î hftdf cl3 lktf k'iff{b]lif hf/ xfgL cfofsf=
hftn] cfk' ldNbf hftsf eof] cfkm' eGbf 3l6 kflg rnGof ;Ddsf hftsf eof]= sGof
lbof] sn; k'lh= Nofofsf] xj;\= p;}Nofofsf] xj; 3/ Nofofsf :jf:gLsf] s;}n] hfl/
u¥of] eGof ;fw'n] c}gn] hf/ gsf6g' eGof n]lifofsf xf8 gftf= /= pkfWof / h}l;
j|fé0fnfO hf/ sf6\g x'b}g= c}g jdf]lhd\=c? ;hfo ug'{ x'+G5= c? hftn] hfl/ u¥ofsf]
eof hf/ sf6\g p:sf] c+;= ;j{:j lng' hg} x'Gofsf]= hg} lemls hg} gx'GofnfO t];}
5f8g= ;j{:j hft s]lx= gln 5f8g 6fu dlg 5L/fO k}tfnf] r6fO 5f8g= ;fw'sf] if'l;=
$= tfufwfl/ nufo]t\= gdfl;Gof= dfl;Gof hft u}îsf cl3 lktf k'iff{b]lv hf/ xflg cfofsf=
hftn]= hf/ xfGof hftsf= 5]fl/ ljwjf cfkm' bf]>f] ln+uk/L= 3/df NofO=
/fiofsf :jfl;gsf] s;}n] hfl/ u¥of] eGof= ;fw'n] hf/ gsf6g' e+Gof n]lifofsf=
xf8gftfdf c}gn] hf/ gxfg' eGofsf= pkfWof h};L j|fé0fnfO{ hf/ sf6g x'b}g=/= c}g
jdf]lhd\ c? ;hfo ug'{ x'G5= c? hftn] hfl/ u¥ofsf] eof= hf/ sf6g= p:sf] c+; ;j{:j
ul/ lng'= hg} x'Gofsf] hg} lemls= hg} g'xGofnfO= t];} 5f8\g'= ;j{:j hft s]lx gln
5f8\g= 6fu dlg l5/fO= k}tfnf] r6fO= 5f8g ;fw'sf] if'l;=
%= g]jf/ hft /= c? dfl;Gof khf{= hft u}în] cfÇgf kltj|tf :jfl:gsf] hf/ xfGbf p:sf=
lktf k'iff{b]lif= gxflg cfofsfdf hf/ xf+GofnfO= xltof/ rnfO= HofGdf¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof
Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg\ hfG5= xltof/ rnfO Hofg jfRof] eGof 3fsf c}g jdf]lhd\=
sf ;hfodf # if+8df @ if+8sf] ;hfo ug'{= nf7f /= efUbfdf 9'Fufn] xf+bf dg{ uo]5 eGof c}g
jdf]lhd c+;= ;j{:j ul/= bfdn ug'{= s'6tf if]l/ c+usf] e+u eofsf] eof= c+u
e+usf= ;hfosf] c}g jdf]lhd\= df # if+8df @ if+8= dfq} ;hfo ug'{= j]:of
Nofls :jfl:gsf] hf/ sf6of]= eGof Hofg\sf] jbnf hfg\ hfG5=
^= hf/ sf6Gof= hft u}în] kflg rnGof hft;Ddsf= s+Gof / hf/ sf6\Gof hftsf ljwjf=
cfkm' bf]>f] kl/= s/l0f u¥ofsf]= cfkm'n] 3/ klg= gNofofsf 8]/f iff]hL klg g/fiofsf iffg
nfpg klg glbofsf :jfl:gsf] s;}n] s/l0f u¥of] eGof hf/ sf6g kfpb}g= sf6of] eGof
j|fé0fn] eof c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+;= ;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{= c? hftnfO Hofg\sf] jbnf
Hofg\ sfl6 dfl/ lbg'= d}n] 3/df gNofO= jflx/ /fiof ls :jfl:g xf] kmnfgfn] s/l0f ul/
lbof] elg= cbfnt 7fgf cdfndf s/fpg cfof= s/l0f uGof{nfO= !) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ ?k}of
glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{= lkm/fb ug{ cfo]g eGof iftjft nfUb}g=
&= s;}sf ljjflxtf= s+Gof tfufwfl/ hftb]lif gdfl;Gof dtjfln hf/ xf+Gof hft;+dsf 5f]l/=
cfkm' bf]>f] ln+u kl/= ljwjf NofO= /fiofsf :jfl:gsf] s;}n] s/l0f u/]5 eGof= sf]lx
hdfdlb{n] t]:tf hf/nfO= gsfl6 t];} 5fl8 lbof]= ljxf ifr{ ln 5f8of] ;j{:j ln ;hfo
gul/= t];} 5f8of] eGof hfl/ uGof{sf] hft hfb}g= hg} lemls xj;\= k}tfnf] r6fO 6fu dlg
l5/fO= ceIf if'jfO 5f8ofsf] eof= t]:tfsf xftsf] eft rNb}g= kfgLsf] dfq} kltof lbg'=
o]:tfnfO= ;sf{/sf] hfuL/ klg glbg'= hf/ gsfl6= of] ;hfo ul/ 5f8\Gof ;fw' hf/ sf6Gof
eGbf klg Hdf db{ 7x5{= ;hfo ul/= s'6lk6\ ul/ 5f8ofsfnfO= km]l/ hf/ sf6of] eGof
j|fé0fn] eof c}g jdf]lhd\sf] c+;= ;j{:j ul/= bfdn ug'{= c? hftn] eof= Hofgsf]
jbnf Hofg sfl6 df/L lbg'= ;hfo ul/= xj;\= ;hfP gul/ hfl/sf] iftdfkm ul/
5f8]sfnfO km]l/ sf6of] eGof j|fé0fn] eof c}g jdf]lhd c+; ;j{:j ul/= bfdn ug'{ c?
hftn] eof= Hofg\sf] jbnf Hofg\ sfl6 dfl/ lbg'=
*= hf/Lsf s'/fdf= s;}n] dnfO sf6\g cfof]egL cbfnt 7fgf= cdfndf s/fpg cfof]egof=
k'k{If ubf{= sf6\5' eGofsf] 7x/]g 8/n]= p;} cfO s/fofsf /x]5 eGof t]:tfnfO % ?k}of b+8
ul/ ln 5fl8 lbg'=
(= hfl/sf s'/fdf= c8f cbfnt 7fgf cdfndf srxl/df cfO k'Uofsf nfO y'gof /fiofsf=
7fpdf xj;\= jf srxl/df xj;\= sf6]5 eGof cfÇg} hf/nfO= sf6ofsf] eof klg=
srxl/d} sf6of jfjt\ sf6\Gofsf] c}g jdf]lhd\= c+; ;j{:j ug'{= srxl/jf6 lng= kqmg
k7foL Kofbf nfuL Nofofsf= jflw= g]n l7u'/f rdf}6\ xfln NofofsfnfO jf6fdf hf/ elg
sf6]5 eGof cfÇg} hfl/ uGof{nfO sf6ofsf] eof klg= cbfnt 7fgf cdfn= df s'/f] kl/=
281
 srxl/jf6 Kofbf l;kflx= k7fO klqm= s}b ul/ NofofsfnfO= sf6ofsf] 7xgf{n]= :jfl:gsf]
sfuh n]iffO= ln= sf6ofsf] eof sf6GofnfO %) ?k}of= :jfl:gsf] sfuh gn]iffO
p;}sf6]5 eGof !)) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=
!)= s;}l;t gljU¥ofls :jfl:gnfO= kmnfgfl;t lju|L elg txlst gul/ j]xSdf hf/ sf6]5
eGof j]xSdf Hofg df¥of jfjt\= sf6g]sf] HofGsf] jbnf Hofg\= ln t]:sf] c}g jdf]lhd\= sf]
c+; ;j{:j= :d]t ul/ ln= t];} :jfl:gnfO lbnfO lbg'= Tof] :jfl:g nf]UGofsf= ;Todf
/xf]:tf klg= csf{l;t kf]On hfj:tfklg= Tof] ;j{:j iffg kfp5] t];}nfO lbnfO lbg'=
!!= tfufwfl/= nufo]t\ rf/ j0f{ 5lt;} hft u}î hfxf{Gof= hftsf xj;\ hf/ gxf+Gof hftsf
xj;\= s;}n] hf/L u¥of] /= ;fw'n] hfl/ uGof{nfO= nf7f 9'Fuf nflQ h'QLn] s'6 \kL6\ ul/
5f8ofsf /= o]s rf]6\ ;fw'n] ;hfo ul/ 5f8ofsfnfO km]l/ d]/f] hf/ elg ;hfo
ug{ s'6\lk6\ ug{ Ho" sf6g= kfpb}g= xf8 /= /fh ift nfUGof gftf /x]5 eGof /= cbfnt 7fgf
cdfndf s/fpg cfof] eGof= xf8 gftfdf s/l0f uGof{sf c}g jdf]lhd\ ;hfo ug'{= xf8
gftf= /x]g5 eGof /= ;fw'n] cfÇgf hf/nfO= o]s km]/f s'l6= 5f8\of kl5= s/fpg cfof]
eGof klg= klqm Nofofsf] eof klg= hfl/ uGof{nfO= ift nfUb}g km]l/ s'6 \lk6\ ;hfo=
ug{ kfpb}g= o]s km]/f s'6\lk6\ ul/= 5f8]sfnfO= hf/ sf6of] eGof j|fé0fn] eof= c}g
jdflhd\= ;j{:j ul/= bfdn ug'{= c? hftn] eof Hofg\sf] jbnf Hofg\= sfl6 dfl/ lbg'=
!@= pkfWof / @ ln+u=sf h}l;= j|fé0f= /hk't= tffufwfl/ hft u}în] c? hf/ xf+Gof hftsf]
hfl/ u¥of] /= hfl/ uGof{nfO= ;fw'n] s'6\tf= j|fé0fn]= ;fw'nfO s'6of] df¥of] eGof c}g
jdf]lhdsf]= c+;= ;j{:j ul/= bfdn ug'{= c? hftn] eof Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg\ sfl6 dfl/
lbg'=
!#= s;}n] csf{sf] hfl/ u¥of] ;fw'n] xltof/= grnfO= hfl/ uGof{n] ;fw's}o"df¥of] eGof
j|fé0fn] eof c}g\ jdf]lhd\= c+; ;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{ c? hftnfO= HofGsf] jbfnf Hofg\
sfl6 dfl/ lbg' c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+;= ;j{:j klg ug'{= 3f dfq}= nfu]5 Hofg= df¥ofsf
/x]g5 eGof ;fw'nfO= cf/fd eof kl5= ;fw'sf ;k't{ ul/ lbg'= sf6g' gsf6\g' ;fw'sf] if'l;=
!$= s;}n] s;}sf] hfl/ u¥ofsf] /x]5= ;fw'n] hf/nfO= xltof/n] xflg= 3f nfof] hfl/
uGof{n] ;fw'sf] 3f ;lx= ;fw'nfO= xflg sfl6 df¥of] eGof= ;fw'sf] 3f nfUof kl5= sfl6
dfGof{ hf/nfO /fhift\ nfUb}g= hf/sf] /= ;fw'sf] e]6\ eofsf j]nfdf= ;fw'n] xflg 3f
nfofsf]= /x]g5= hf/n] k}ë] xltof/ rnfO ;fw'nfO= df/]5 eGof= j|fé0fn] /x]5 eGof c}g
jdf]lhdsf] c+;= ;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{= c? hftn] eof Hofg\sf] jbnf Hofg\= sfl6 dfl/
lbg'=
!%= cl3 of}6L :jfl:g= hfl/ ul/ n}uof] /= ;fw'n] hf/ xfGof]= 3f nfuL hf/n] Ho" jrfof] km]l/=
t];}n] p;} ;fw'ls csf{ :jfl:g n}uof]= eGof= of}l6sf] hf/ k}ë] xfGof]Yof] cls{sf] hf/= km]l/
klg= xf+g kfp5 ift nfUb}g=
@^= s;}sf @.# :jfl:gsf] of}6}n] hfl/ u¥ofsf] /x]5 ;fw'n] cfÇgf @.# :jfl:g= ljuf¥ofsf]
yfxf kflo hf/ xfGof] Hofg d/]g 3f dfq} nflu= hf/n] Ho" jrfof] eGof= of}l6 :jfl:gsf]
hfl/ cl3 xfGofYof] cls{ :jfl:gsf]= km]l/ hf/ xfg\5' elg xfGg kfpb}g= km]l/ xflg=
Hofgd/]5 eGof c}g jdf]lhd\= sf] c+;= ;j{:j= ul/ bfdn ug'{ Hofg eGof d/]g5 3fp=
dfq} nfu]5= eGof= 3fpsf c+u'nf= sf c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=
!&= s;}n]= s;}sf of}6} :jfl:gsf] s/l0f u¥ofsf] /x]5= ;fw'n] hf/ xfGof] Hofg\ d/]g5 3f dfq}=
nfuL hf/n] Ho" jrfof] eGof t];nfO= km]l/ hf/ xf] egL xf+g kfpb}g= km]l/ p;}nfO hf/ elg
sfl6 df¥of] eGof j|fé0f n] /x]5 eGof c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+;= ;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{ c?
hftnfO Hofg\sf] jbnf Hofg\= sfl6 dfl/ lbg'= Hofg\ d/]g5= 3f dfq} nfu]5 eGof= 3fpsf=
c+u'nfsf c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=
!*= c;n /hk't\n] hf/ xf+Gof hftsf :jfl:g ljuf¥of] eGof ;fw'n] hf/ sf6\ofdf= /hk'tnfO=
sf6of] elg ift nfUb}g= b+8 klg x'b}g=
!(= cflÇg :jfl:g= csf{l;t ljU¥ofsf] yfxf kfO hfl/ uGof{nfO gsfl6 t];} :jfl:gsf] cfkm'n]
s/l0f u/]5 eGof= t]:tf tfufwfl/ hftnfO @) gdfl;Gof= dtjfln hftnfO !) dfl;gof
u}î hftnfO= % ?k}ofsf b/n] gfdlb{ b+8 ug'{= csf{l;t ljU¥ofsf t]:tf= :jfl:gsf] cfkm'n]
s/l0f lnof kl5 hf/ sf6of] eGof sfl6Gof hftsfnfO Hofg\sf] jbnf Hofg\= sfl6 dfl/=
lbg'= j|fé0f hftn] sf6]5 eGof c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{= hg} lems]5
jf lemsg nfo]5= egof !)) ?k}of= 6fud'lg l5/fP 5 jf= k}tfnf] r6fo]5= eGof ^) ?k}of=
282
 ufpjf6 lgsfn]5 eGof !) ?k}of ;j{:j lno]5 jf= ljxf ifr{ lno]5 eGof= lnofsf] ljuf]
lkmtf{ u/fO= lju} jdf]lhd\= b+8 ug'{ ceIf if'jfO= hft lno]5 eGof hft lnGof= sf c}g
jdf]lhd= s'6\kL6\ u/]5 eGof s'6\lk6\sf c}g jdf]lhd b+8 s}b ug'{= :jfl:g gdfl;Gof hft
ls eof j]:of 7x5{g\ dfl;Gof hftsf dfl;G5=
@)= l;Gsf] sfl6 5f]8ofsf] :jfl:g= c? l;t= ljU¥of eGof hf/ sf6g kfpb}g= hf/sf6of]
eGof= Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg\ x'G5=
@!= j|fé0f jfx]s tfufwfl/ hft u}în] cfÇgf xf8df= s/l0f u¥of] eGof o]:tfsf] ;fw'n] hf/
gsfl6= ;j{:j dfq} lnofsf sndsf :jfl:gsf] gfs sf6g kfpb}g= r'n\7f] dfq}= sfl6
5fl8 lbg'= P:tf :jfl:gsf] gfs sf6\GofnfO %) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\
s}b ug'{=
@@= ljgf lj/fpdf= ljjflxtf= /ifO= j]:of :jfl:gsf nf]UGofn] gfs sf6of] eGof Tof]
nf]UGofnfO= !@ jif{ s}b ug'{ Dofbsf ?k}of lbof glng'= s/l0fsf] jftnfO r'N7f] sf6of]
eGof () ?k}of b+8 ug'{= b+8sf ?k}of glt¥of s}b ug'{= :jfl:g cfÇg} hftdf /xG5]=
@#= nf]UGofsf klg dg kl/g5 :jfl:gn] klg ltdLl;t jl:tg egL5 / @ hgfsf /flhn]
l;g\sf] sfl6 lbofsf] /x]5 eGof Tof] :jfl:g hf] ;'s}l;t uof klg hf/sf6g kfpb}g
hf/sf6of Hofg\sf] jbnf Hofg\ x'G5 ljxf ifr{ lnGofn] ljxf ifr{ kfpb}g= /fhift nfUGof
snd jfx]s c? cfkm' eGbf 7'nf hft /= cfkm' j/f]j/sf hftl;t u} eGof= n}hfGofnfO ift
nfUb}g=
@$= :jf:gL dfgL; s;}n] j]xsdf csf{nfO s/l0fsf] s'/f] kf]Nof jfjt\ c}g jdf]lhd b+8 s}b
eofsf :jfl:gnfO p:sf nf]UGofn] ?k}of ltl/ n} hfg\5' eGof] eGof n}= hfg kfp5= c}g
jdf]lhd ?k}of ln 5fl8 lbg'=
@%= /fhift nfUGof= xf8gftf jfx]s\ kflg rnGof ;Ddsf csf{ s;}l;t ljU¥ofsf :jfl:gnfO=
p:sf nf]UGofn] :jfl:g d]l/ xf]= c+t lju|L tfklg d} n}hf+5'= eÙ cfof c}g jdf]lhd\= sf]
gfdlb{ b+8 ul/= :jfl:g hfG5] eGof n}hfg kfp5=
@^= s;}sf] nf]UGof kb]{; uofsf] /x]5 / 3/ cfpbf= c}gn] hf/ xf+g x'Gof;Ddsf cfÇgf :jfl:g
sf]lx= csf{l;t s/l0fdf ljU¥ofsf] k]6 jf]Sofsf] hfx]/ eof] eGof t]; :jfl:gnfO cbfnt
cdfndf n}lu hf/sf] txlst ul/ sfuh n]iffO ln= j|fé0f / xf8 uf]q jf]xsdf c}g
jdf]lhd hf/ sf6g' c? ;hfo ug'{= ;fw'sf] if'l;= kb]{; hfGof ls :jfl:g csf{;Lt
s/l0fdf ljU¥ofsf] p:sf jfj' 5f]/f bfHo" efO= rfs/ Oi6ldq gftfuf]qf s;}n] b]if]sf] /x]5
eGof ;fw' cfofkl5 3/}df txlst ul/ :jfl:gsf] sfuh n]iffO ln ;f]lx jdf]lhd= hf/
sf6g' c? ;hfo ug'{ ;fw'sf] if'l;= cflÇg :jfl:g csf{l;t s/l0fdf ljU¥ofsf] cfÇgf
cfiffn] b]if]5 eGof= :jfl:gsf] sfuh n]iffO= lng' kb}{g= yn}df c}g jdf]lhd hf/ sf6g'=
c? ;hfo ug'{ x'+5= ift nfUb}g=
@&= c}gn] hf/ xf+g x'Gof= ;Ddsf cfÇgL :jfl:g csf{l;t s/l0fdf ljlu| ;fw'n] c}g jdf]lhd
hf/ sf6of klg= c? ;hfo ul/ 5f]8of klg s]lx gul/= p;} 5f8of klg :jfl:gsf] gfs
gsf6\g'= p:sf] hf] eofsf] bfOhf] k]jfnL 5f]l8 lbg'= csf{l;t lju|L elg= :jfl:gsf] gfs
sf6\GofnfO @% ?k}of b+8 ug'{= gfs sf6of kl5 bfOhf] k]jf klg lng kfpb}g
t];} :jfl:gnfO lkmtf{ u/fO lbg'=
@*= hf/ xf+Gof hft u}îsf :jfl:gsf] s;}n] hfl/ u¥of] /= ;fw'n] hf/sf] ;hfo ug{ gkfpb}= df
Tof] :jfl:g dl/5 eGof :jfl:g gub}{df sfuh n]iffO lnofsf] eof= :jfl:g dl/ tfklg=
cfÇg' hf/= c}g jdf]lhd\ sf6\g kfp5= :jfl:gsf] sfuh n]iffO lnofsf] /x]g5=
eGof :jfl:g d¥ofkl5 hf/ sf6\g kfpb}g= sf6of d'l8Gof hftn] eof c}g jdf]lhd= ;j{:j
ul/= bfdn ug'{= sfl6Gof hftnfO sfl6 dfl/ lbg'=
@(= ;Gofl; j}/flu u}î e}ifwfl/ hftn] csf{sf] hfl/ u¥of] eGof= pkfWof j|fé0f h}l; jfx'g=
hf]lu eofsf jfj'sf] / dfjlnsf] kQf gnfUofsf hf]lu eofsf /= s;}l;t gljU¥ofsf
pkfWof /= h}l;sf ljwjf e]ifwfl/n] /flif pg\jf6 hGDofsf ;Gtfg\ hf]uL eofsfnfO hf/
gsf6g'= Hofg\ sf6\gf jfx]s c}g jdf]lhd= c? ;hfo ug'{ ;fw'sf] if'l;= Hofg sf6of=
d'l8Gof hftn] eof= c}g jdf]lhd\ c+; ;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{= sfl6Gof hftn] eof sfl6
dfl/ lbg'= Plt jfx]s\ c? hftsf] ;+Gofl; j}/flu= u}î e]ifwfl/= eofsfn] hfl/ u¥of] eGof=
e]if xf] hf/ sf6\ltg eg\5 tfklg= sf6\5' eG5 tfklg= sf6\g'= gsf6\g' ;fw'sf] if'l;=

283
#)= gfdlb{ b+8 k;'jg\ if/kg\ ltl/ Nofofsf :jfl:g= csf{l;t s/l0fdf ljU¥of
eGof= ;fw'n] :jfl:g n}hfg\5' eGof] eGof Tof] :jfl:g klg if'l; /flhn] hfg\5' eGof s/l0f
uGof{nfO= b+8 kb}{g= :jfl:g n}uog eGof gfdlb{= b+8= k;'jg\ sf] ljuf] ;fw'nfO= e/fO lb=
p;} ljuf jdf]lhd= b+8 ug'{=
#!= s;}n] cfÇgf xf8 uf]qdf hfl/ u¥of] / hfl/ uGof{nfO ;fw'n] xltof/ rnfO 3fp dfq} nfo]5
Hofg d¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof xf8df hf/ sfl6 3fp nfpGof ;fw'nfO= sfl6Gofsf] Ho" hifd
eofsf] eof ^) ?k}of Ho" hifd geofsf] eof @) ?k}of b+8 ul/= eft kflgsf] kltof lbg'
xf8df hfl/ uGof{nfO hg} x'Gofsf]= hg} lemls hg} gx'GofnfO= t];} hft kltt dfq} ul/
j:ofsf ufp ;x/jf6 lgsfln lbg'= ;fw'n] xfgL 3f nfofsf] x'gfn] ;j{:j klg x'b}g=
d'l8bf klg d'l8b}g= xf8df hfl/ uGof{ P;\tfsf xftsf] eft rNb}g= kfgLsf] dfq} kltof
lbg'=

cf;f /f8Lsf] s/l0f uGof{sf]

!= tfufwfl/ nufo]t\ rf/ j0f{ 5lt;} hft u}îsf nf]UGof dflg;= s;}n] bfdn x'Gof tS;L/
u¥of]= cfkm' eGbf 3l6 hftdf s/l0f u¥of] kfgL grnGof hftsf xftsf] eft kflg iffO
hft kltt eof] c? s]lx if'g ul/ hfxfg 5f]l8 eflu uof] /= t]:tfsf :jfl:g= csf{l;t
kf]On uof eGof= eft kflgdf kf¥ofsf] eof c}g jdf]lhd=sf] ;hfo ug'{= c}gn] d'l8Gof
bfdn x'Gof gftf jfx]sdf eft kfgL df gkl/= cfÇgf if'l; /flhn] s/l0f u¥ofdf s/l0f
uGof{ u/fpGof nf]UGof :jf:gL b'j}nfO= iftjft nfUb}g= P:tfdf hf/ sf6of] eGof
gsfl6Gof hftn] eof c}g jdf]lhd ;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{= sfl6Gof hftn] eof Hofgsf]
jbfnf Hofg\ sfl6 dfl/ lbg'=
@= h}l; j|fé0fn] eft ldnGof gftf s]lx gnfUGof ljwjf cf;f/fl8 nf]UGof nfO ;hfo e}
eft jfx]s= eofsf dflg:sf ;Todf /èfsf :jfl:gsf dgf]dfgl;t s/l0f ul/ cfkm'n]
klg eft iffo]5= c? etfxfnfO klg jf]/]5 eGof !)) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ eft afx]s ul/ lbg'=
cfkm'n] eft iffofsf] /x]g5= :jfl:gnfO etfxfnfO= eftdf jf]¥ofsf] eof= P:tfnfO %)
?k}of b+8 ul/= kltof u/fO lbg' hft hfb}g=
#= nf]UGof kb]{; uofsf= kQf s]lx gnfUofsf dflg;sf ;Todf /èfsf cf;f/lf9 /=
nf]UGofn] tS;L/ ul/ hft kltt x'Gofsf]= ;Todf /èfsf= :jfl:g pkfWofgL j|félf0fsf]=
c}gdf ;hfon]lifof jdf]lhd= sf xf8 gftf jfx]sdf pkfWof j|fé0fn] s/l0f ul/= p;}sf
xftsf] eft kflg iffo]5= c?nfO klg jf]/]5 eGof !)) ?k}of b+8 ul/= p;} hftdf ldnfO
lbg'= :jfl:gjf6 eftdf jf]/]sf] eof t]:tfnfO %) ?k}of= b+8 ul/ kltof u/fO lbg'= s/l0f
dfq u¥ofsf] /x]5 p:sf xftsf] eft iffofsf] /x]g5= c? etfxfnfO klg= jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5
eGof iftjft nfUb}g= P:tf cf;f/fl8sf] nf]UGof kb]{;jf6 cfO= gfln; u¥of eGof ;wjf
j|fél0f lj/fpGofsf c}g jdf]lhd ;hfo ug'{= nf]UGof cfO= gfln; u/]g eGof= eftdf
gjf]Gof{nfO= iftjft nfUb}g=
࡚

hfts\ df/fsf]=

!= hGdfofsf] Ho"bf] jfnif dfGof{ Hofg\ dfGof{ 7x5{ t]:tf jfnif dfGof{ rf/ j0f{ 5QL;}
hftsf :jfl:gnfO bfdn\ ug'{= kmfNofsf] jfnif d¥ofsf] /x]g 5 eGof :jfl:g dflg;nfO
^ jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf] ?k}of lbof ln 5f8g'=
@= tfufwfl/ hft /= dtjfln gdfl;Gof hftsf :jfl:gx¿ s;}n] d}Gxf gk'¥Uofsf] cfÇg'
k]6sf ue{ cf}iflwx¿ iffO eof] k]6 dbfpg nufO eof]= ue{ t'xfpGofnfO ! jif{ s}b ul/
s}bsf ?k}of lt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\= ?k}of ln 5fl8 lbg'= wDdf{lwsf/n] kflgsf] kltof
glbg'= P:tf :jfl:gsf] j]:of eof kl5 klg rN5= dfl;Gof hftn] ue{ t'xfof] eGof dfl;
@.. ?k}of uf]bfg u/fO kflgsf] kltof lbg'=

284
#= csf{sf] k]tsf] ue{ t'xfpgfsf nflu k]6 dfl8 lbGof ue{ iff]lnGof= cf}iflw lbGof /= ue{
t'xfpgfsf] dtnj lbGof t'xfofsf] b]lif bjfpGofnfO ! jif{ s}b ug'{= ?k}of lt¥of c} g
jdf]lhd\ ln 5fl8 lbg'= wdf{lwsf/nfO % ?k}of uf]bfg lb kltof u/fO dfUg'=
$= nf]UGof dflg;n] 5f]/f5f]/L hGDof kl5 hDofsf] Ho"bf] jfnif kmfn]5 /= Tof] jfnif d/]5
eGof sfl6Gof hftnfO Hofgsf] jbnf Hofg lng' bfdn x'Gof hftnfO c}g jdf]lhd\sf]
c+; ;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{= kmfNofsf] jfnif d¥ofsf] /x]g5= Ho"b} /x]5 eGof klg
kmfnGofnfO{ c+; ;j{:j ul/ bfdn\ ug'{=
%= s;}n] csf{sf] hfts df¥ofsf] b]if]g= kl5 yfxf kfO s;}nfO gslx bjfofsf] /x]5 eGof
t]:tfnfO #) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug{=
^= :jfl:g ;'TSofl/ x'+bf hfts\ k}bf x'g ;s]g / Tof] jfnif k}bf u/fpnf lgldQ cfÇg'
nf]UGofn] xj;\ c? ;'Bflg u}î :jfl:g dflg;n] xj;\= k]6 d8fpbf cfu lyrtf jfnif
lemSbf t];} j]yfsf lk/n] :jfl:g dl/ jf jfnif lemstf d¥o}sf] /x]5 eGof pksf/
ug{nfO iftjft nfUb}g k|folrQ klg ug'{ kb}{g=
&= csf{sf k]6sf] ue{ t'xfpgfsf nflu hflg hflg= Onfhx¿ lbGof= ue{ t'xfpgfsf] dtnj
lbGof k]6dfl8 lbGofnfO= jfnif d/]g 5 /= Ho"bf] hGDofsf] 7x¥ofsf] ! jif{ ue{
t'xfpgfsf nfuL= Onfh lbofsf] ue{ t'xfpGof dtnj u¥ofsf]= yfxf kfO bjfpGofnfO ^
d}Gxf s}b ug'{= jfnif Ho"bf] hGDofsf] x'gfn] kltof kb}{g= Dofbsf ?k}of lt¥of ln 5f8g'=
*= cfÇgf nf]UGof jfx]s= c? s;}l;t s/l0f e} ue{ /lx hGDofsf] afnif hfx]/ gxj;\=
bjfp+ elg cfkm' e+bf 3l6 kflg grnGof u}î hft s;}nfO kfng lbofsf] 7x¥of
cfdfnfO !% hGDffpGof jfj'nfO #) ?k}of b+8 ul/ Tof] jfnifNofO kflg rnGof
hftsfnfO kfnglbg'= sDd{grNbf ;Dd jfnif l56f] xfln ;'4 x'+5= kfnGofnfO jft
nfUb}g b+8sf ?k}of glt¥of d}Gxf sf % ?k}ofsf b/n] s}b ug'{=

kfr's] uGof{

!= g]jf/ hfTsf :jfl:gnfO nf]UGofn] iffg nfpg lb+bf lbb} / ;f}tf/ xfln 3/jf6 lgsfln jf
/fhsfhn] b];kb{; 6f9f hfGofsf= :jfl:gsf] jf c}gn] kfr's]gx'Gof c? s'/fdf kfr's]
u/fO b]p elg cbfnt 7fgf cdfndf eÙ cfof ;'kfl/kmsf{O= kfr's] u/fO hfg kfplbg=
s;}n] P:tfdf kfr's] u/fof eGof kfr's] ul/ lbGofnfO hf}g hftsf :jfl:gsf] kfr's] ul/
lbofsf] 5= p;} hftsfnfO n]iofsf ljxf ifr{sf # if+8sf] ! if+8 P:tfdf kfr's] u/fpg
n}hfGofnfO ^ if+8sf] ! if+8sf] b/n] b+8 ul/ nf]UGof sf ;k't{ ul/ lbg'= :jfl:gn] 5fl8
hfg kfplbg
@= g]jf/hft u]îsf ljxf u¥ofsf / ljxfsf] l/t k'¥ofO Nofofsf :jfl:gx¿df= nf]UGof cfÇgf
;sf{/sf= /fhsfhdf 6f9f uof jfx]s= cfÇgf sfhn] ef]6 dWo];\ kb]{; hfbf :jfl:gnfO
iffgf nfpgfsf] j+bf]j:t s]lx gul/ hfGofsf / :jfl:g ljxf ul/ cfÇgf 3/ gNofO
nf]UGofn] iffg' nfpg glb # jif{ ;Dd b'Mvsfl6 cg]q} j:ofsf / lj/fgf /fhdf j;}
hfGofsf :jlf:gx¿n] xfld t];\ nf]UGofl;t j:tLg\= kfr's] u/fO b]p eGg cfof eGof
cbfnt 7fgf cdfnaf6 kfr's] u/fO lbg'=
#= g]jf/ hftsf rf]l/ uGof{ bfdn x'Gof ift jft ul/= 3/ hxfg 5fl8 eflu hfGofsf
:jfl:gn] xfld t]; nf]UGofl;t j:tLg kfr's] u/fO b]p eÙ cfof cbfnt 7fgf cdfnjf6
kfr's] u/fO lbg'=
$= g]jf/ hftsf ljxf u¥ofsf / ljxfsf] l/t k'¥ofO Nofofsf :jfl:gdfly ;f}tf xfNof] iffg
nfpg glb= 3/jf6 lgsfnf ul/ lbof] jf= j]:of /flif ljxfOtfnfO= x]/]g / :jfl:g s/fpg
cfOeGof cbfnt 7fgf cdfnfjf6 kfr's] u/fOlbg'=
%= g]jf/ hftsf nf]UGof kmls/ eof] hft b]lif kltt eof] eGof kfr's] u/fpg' kb{}g= dfOltn]
cg]q ljxf ul/ lbg' x'+5= iftjft nfUb}g=
^= g]jf/ hftsf ljxf ul/ ;Sof kl5= nf]UGof dfxf/f]lu n'nf] s'hf] c+wf] nu8f] gk'+;s nf6f]
/x]5 :jfl:gn]= kfr's] ul/b]p eÙ cfof cbfnt 7fgf cfnjf6 kfr's] ul/ lbg'=
nf]UGofsf] s/ nfUb}g=
285
&= g]jf/ hftsf ljxf uGof{ / ljxfsf] l/t\ k'¥ofO n}hfGof lj/fld eO ;fîf] eof] egL :jf:gL
tkm{jf6 ;'kf/L if8sfO 5fl8 hfg kfpFb}g :jfl:gsf u|x b;fn] lk¥ofsf] /x]5 of] :jfl:g
5f85' elg nf]UGof tkm{ jf6 klg kf/ eO;\ elg kf/ lbg kfpb}g= j]/fldsf jifTdf ;'kfl/
kmsf{ofsf] jb/ x'+5 P:tf kfr's] ul/ lbGofnfO p;} hft\sf ljxf ifr{sf # if+8sf] ! if+8
kfr's] u/fpg n}hfGofnfO ljxf ifr{sf] ^ if+8sf] ! if+8 b+8 ul/= :jfl:g hl:s xf] p;}sf
lhDdf ul/ lbg'=
*= g]jf/ hftsf :jfl:gsf] c}gn] kfr's] x'Gof d'2fdf kfr's] u/L lb+bf cbfnt 7fgf
cdfnfjf6 ! ?k}of b:t'/ ln kfr's] u/L lbg'= j9tf glng'=
(= g]jf/ hftsf ld;fifTdf b+8 x'Gof s'/fdf / c}gn] kf/ kfr's] x'Gof d'2fdf lk/f e/fpbf
b;f}b lng'= lj;f}b nfUb}g= glng'=

ld;f ift\sf]=

!= iftjftdf cl3 b]lif dfl; cfofsf g]jf/ hft u}îdf kflg rnGof ;Ddsf g]jf/ hftn]
dfl;Gof= ift u¥ofdf OGx]¿nfO gdfl;Gof g]jf/ hftsf ;/x ;hfo ug'{= cj pk|fGt Ho"
gdf;g"= s;}n] df:of] eGof chf k'qdf;Gof nfO n]iofsf c}g jdf]lhd\ b+8 ;hfo ug'{=
kflg grnGof g]jf/ hftnfO dfl;Gof iftdf dfl;+5=
@= g]jf/ hftn] tfufwfl/ hftsf tfufwfl/ hft}l;t ljU¥ofsf :jlf:gnfO cfkm' t]>f] ln+u
k/L= 3/df NofO /fiofsf :jfl:gnfO hGDofsf ;+tfg\= jfj'sf hftdf ldn\5g\ ljjflxtf
;/xsf] c+; klg kfp5g\=
#= g]jf/ hftsfn] tfufwfl/ hft / gdfl;Gof dfl;Gof= dtjfln hfTsf ljU¥ofls :jfl:g
/flif hGDofsf ;+tfg\ s+dnjt g]jf/ hft x'+5=
$= g]jf/ hftn] tfufwfl/ hftsf tfufwfl/ hfte+bf 3l6 hftdf ljU¥ofsf :jfl:g /flif
hGDofsf ;+tfg\ nj6 g]jf/ hftsf x'+5g\= P:tf / tfufwfl/ hftsf tfufwfl/ hft}l;t
ljU¥ofsf= :jfl:g cfkm' rf}7f] ln+u b]lif pef] klg g]jf/ hftn] Nofofsf :jfl:gjf6
hGDofsf ;+tfg\= nj6\ x'+5g\= etfxfn] eft iffgfsf] s/ nfUb}g= etfxfn] eft iffofsf] eof
ljjflxtf ;/xsf] c+; kfp5g\ eft giffofsf] eof nj6\ ;/x kfp5g\=
%= g]jf/ hftn] g]jf/ jfx]s kj{Tdf gdfl;Gof dfl;Gof dtjfln hftsf s+Gof ljwjf :jfl:g
NofO pg\jf6 hGDofsf ;+tfg\ jfj'sf hfTdf rNb}gg\= nj6\ x'+5g\= c+; klg nj6\ ;/x
kfp5g\=
^= g]jf/ hftn] cfkm' e+bf sd g]jf/} hftsf :jfl:g NofO pg\jf6 hGDofsf ;+tfg\n] cfdfsf
hftkl§ nflu pg} sf hftsf l/tsf] ljxf ul/ efTdf ldln elh /èfsf 5g\ eGof t]:tf
;+tfg\n] iftjft u¥of cfdfs} hftsf c}g jdf]lhd\ b+8 ;hfo ug'{= cfdfsf hftdf
ldNofsf] /x]g 5 jfj'sf] hftsf] hft e+bf sd\ dfq eofsf /èf 5g\ eGof t]:tf nj6\
nfO jfj'sf hftsf] c}g jdf]lhd\ b+8 ;hfo ug'{=
&= g]jf/ hfTdf y/ 3/ / c;n >]i6 hftsf ljxf ul/ Nofofsf / ljxfsf] l/t k'¥ofO
Nofofsf ;wjf :jfl:gsf] /flh if'l;= l;t s;}n] s/l0f u¥of] eGof &) ?k}of ljxf ifr{
e/fO &) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
*= g]jf/ hfTdf c;N>]i6 b]lif dlgsf c? >]i7 / jf8f pbf;\ nufot\ Hofk' b]lif dflysf
hftn] ljxf ul/ Nofofsf /= ljxfsf] l/t k'¥ofO Nofofsf= ;wjf :jfl:gsf] /flh if'l;=
l;t s;}n] s/l0f u¥of] eGof ^) ?k}of ljxf ifr{ e/fO ^) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
(= g]jf/ hfTdf Hofk' t/ Hofk' ;/xsf c? u}î hftn] ljxf ul/ Nofofsf / ljxfsf] l/t
k'¥ofO Nofofsf ;wjf :jfl:gsf] /flh if'l;l;t s/l0f u¥of] eGof $) ?k}of ljxf ifr{
e/fO $) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
!)= g]jf/ hftdf ;flNd gsld{ l5kf dfln if';n\ d';\n b'`f rLqsfl/ u}î O & hft / Og}
;/xsf c? hft u}în] ljxf ul/ Nofofsf / ljxfsf l/t ul/ Nofofsf ;wjf :jfl:gsf]
/flh if'l; l;t s;}n] s/l0f u¥of] eGof #% ?k}of ljxf ifr{ e/fO #% ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
!!= s;flx s';\Nof s'n'8f]d u}î kflg grnGof 5f]O l56f] xfng' gkGof{ hfTsf cfÇgf hfTdf
ld;fift\= k¥of] eGof ;fw'nfO !) ?k}of ljxf ifr{ e/fO !) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=

286
!@= kf]9\of Rofdf ifnsn] cfÇgf hft ldNbfdf s/l0f ul/ ld;fift\ k¥of] eGof !% ?k}of ljxf
ifr{ e/fO % ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
!#= ld;fift\ kl/ csf{n] s/l0f u¥ofsf :jfl:g nfO ljxfOtf nf]UGofn] k;' jg\ ltl/ :jfl:g
n}hf+5 e+g cfof] eGof :jfl:g n}hfGofnfO eofsf b+8 sf $ if+8sf] ! if+8 k;'jg\ ln
:jfl:g n}hfg lbg'= ljxf ifr{ kfpb}g=
!$= g]jf/ hftsf ljxf ul/ n] uofsf :jfl:gnfO ;'kfl/ kmsf{O hlt km]/f ljxfsf] l/t k'¥ofO
ljxf ul/ n}uofsf] 5= t]l:t :jfl:gsf] s/l0f uGof{nfO ljjflxtf :jfl:gsf] s/l0f
uGof{sf c}g jdf]lhd\ ljxf ifr{ e/fO p;} ljuf jdf]lhd\= b+8 ug'{=
!%= g]jf/ hftsf hft ldNbf s+Gof / ljwjf cfkm' t]>f] ln+u kl/ 3/df NofO etfxfn] eft
iffofsf :jfl:gsf] s;}n] s/l0f u¥of] eGof ljxf ifr{ e/fpg'= kb}{g ljxf ifr{sf c}g
jdf]lhd\ b+8 dfq ug'{=
!^= g]jf/ hftsf ljxfsf] l/t gk'¥ofO cfkm'n] t]>f] ln+u kl/ 3/df NofO /fiofsf :jfl:gsf]
hfof hGd eofsf] xj;\ gxj;\= s;}n] s/l0f u¥of] eGof s/l0f uGof{nfO ljxf ifr{sf]
cflw b+8 ug'{= rf}yf] ln+u b]lif pef] kl/ 3/df NofO /fiofsf :jfl:gsf] hfof hGd eofsf]
eof klg geof klg s/l0f uGof{nfO ljxf ifr{ sf # if+bsf] ! if+8 b+8 ug'{=
!&= g]jf/ hftsf /flh if'l;l;t ;'kfl/ kmsf{O j:ofsf / ljwjf e} j:ofsf csf{l;t u}
nUof eGofsf] ue{ k}bf geofsf] @.# 7fp ljlu| efTdf lnofsf P:tf :jfl:gx¿ NofO
cfkm'n] / bfHo" efOn] eft iffO tfnf s'lr ;f}lk /fiofsf :jfl:g csf{l;t ljU¥of e+Gof
ljlwk'j{s ;u ljxf ul/ Nofofls /lx5= eGof c}g jdf]lhd\sf] ljxf ifr{ e/fO p;} ljuf
jdf]lhd b+8 ug'{= ljxf u¥ofsf] /x]g5= p;} Nofofsf] dfq /lx5= eGof ljxf ifr{ e/fpg'
kb}{g ljxf ifr{sf] cflw b+8 dfq} ug'{=
!*= ld;fift\ kGof{ g]jf/ hftsf nf]UGof :jfl:gnfO of] cDsfl;t ljU¥of ls 5 elg=
:jfl:gnfO kf]nf];\ jf= cDsLl;t ljU¥ofsf] 5 elg nf]UGofnfO kf]nf];\= cfkm'n] kf]Nofsf
dflg;\nfO ;fljt\ ug{ ;s]g l/:n] kf]Nofsf] 7x¥of] eGof t]:tf kf]nfxfnfO hf}g
hftsfnfO kf]Nofsf] 5 p;} hftnfO n]iofsf ljxf ifr{sf] cflw b+8 ug'{=
!(= ld;fifTdf kGof{ g]jf/ hft u}îsf s+Gof ljwjf ;wjf j]:of eofsf :jfl:gx¿df Psf
nf]UGofsf] ue{ /èf] ue{/è}df c? c? nf]UGofl;t klg s/l0f x'+b} /èfsf] /x]5= eGof ue{
k}bf gx'+Gofn\ un+Hof 7xb}{g= jfnif k}bf eof kl5 h:sf ljHo]{]bn] ue{ /èfsf] xf]= Tof]
jfnif p;} jfj'sf] 7x5{= cfkm' e+bf pkNnf hftsL / = cfkm' ldNbf hftsL :jfl:g /lx5
eGof kflg rnGof cfkm' e+bf 3l6 hftl;t s/l0f u/fof jfjt\ kltof u/fO h:sf] hfts\
xf] p;} nf]UGofsf hftdf :jfl:g 5f]l/ 5f]/f ldnfO lbg'= P:tf 5f]/f 5f]l/ d hftdf ln+5'
elg jfj' bfHo" efO Ho]7f sf+5f jfj' 7'ln ;flg cfdfx¿n] eGof] eGof n}hfgkfp5g\=
Og\n] xfld lnbf}g eGof] eGof s/nfUb}g j]:of k'q 7x5{g\=
@)= g]jf/ hftsf !! jif{ pef]sf s+Gof ljwjfsf] p; e+bf sd g]jf/} hftn] s/l0f ul/ eft
:d]t\ jf]/]5 eGof hf}gf hftsf :jfl:gsf] s/l0f u¥ofsf] 5= p;} hftnfO n]iofsf ljxf
ifr{sf # if+8sf] @ if+8 b+8 ug'{ s/l0f dfq u/]5 efTdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof cfkm'e+bf 7'nf
hftsf] s/l0f u¥of jfjt\ un+Hof eofsf] /x]g5= :jfl:g hfTdfcfpGof /lx5 eGof ljxf
ifr{ # if+8fsf] ! if+8 un+Hof eofsf] /x]5= hfTdf cfpGof /lxg5= eGof ljxf ifr{ jdf]lhd\
b+8 ug'{= ljU¥ofsf] hf}g hft x'+5= p;} hfTdf ldnfO lbg'= ?k}of glt¥of d}Gxfsf %
?k}ofsf b/n] s}b ug'{=
@!= g]jf/ hftn] hft ldNbf x'+ elg cfkm' e+bf 7'nf hfTsf s]l6 dflu nfiff ;'kfl/ nfof] ljxf
x'g gkfpb}gdf s]6fsf] hft ;fg' 7x¥of] / jfj' cfdf dfOltn] 3l6 hftsf] /lx+5;\ s]l6
lb+g eGof] eGof hft 9fl6 nfofsf] nfiff ;'klf/ ;b/ x'+b}g= nfiff e'; u/fO s]l6 eft
ldNbf cs}{nfO ljxf ul/ lbg'= ift nfUb}g= jfj' cfdf= dfOltn] eft\ ldNbf csf{ s]6fnfO
lb ljxf e} ;lsof kl5 of] d}n] nfiff nfof ls xf] elg= s]l6nfO ;dfof] jf cbfnt
cdfndf s/fpg cfof] eGof t]:tfnfO hf}g hftsf :jfl:g ;dfofsf] 5 p;} hftsf ljxf
ifr{sf # if+8sf] ! if+8sf] b+8 ug'{=
@@= g]jf/ hftn] hft ldNbf] x'+ elg cfkm' e+bf 7'nf hftsf s]l6 dflu ljxf u¥of] eGof= hf}g
hft ls s]l6 hft 9fl6 ljxf u¥ofsf] 5= p;} hftnfO n]iofsf ljxf ifr{sf cflwsf b/n]
b+8 ug'{ s]l6 ljxf uGof{ ls x'+5] lkmtf{ x'+g= cl3jf6 ga'lem s]l6 lbGof kl5jf6 d]l/ 5f]l/

287
 lb+g elg hj/hl:t ul/ kmsf{pGof jfj' cfdf= dfOltnfO ljxf ifr{sf # if+8sf] ! if+8 b+8
ug'{=
@#= ld;f ift\df b+8 x'Gof= g]jf/ hftsf :jfl:gnfO nf]UGof dflg;n] s/l0fsf cf;on]=
kmsfpg nfof] s/l0f x'g kfofsf] /x]5 t]:t}df :jfl:g s/fpg cfO eGof hf}g hftsf
:jfl:g kmsfpg nfofsf] 5= p;} hftsf nfO n]iofsf c}g jdf]lhd\sf] ljxf ifr{df
nf]UGof eofsf ;wjf :jfl:g kmsfpg nfofsf] eof # if+8sf] ! if+8 hft wd{df /x+5'
e+Gof ljwjf kmsfpg nfofsf] eof ^ if+8sf] ! if+8 sGof kmsfpg nfofsf] eof !@
if+8sf] ! if+8/n] b+8 ug'{= kmsfpg hf+GofnldnfO klg= plx hftnfO n]iofsf ljxf ifr{sf]
^ if+8df ! if+8 b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=
@$= g]jf/ hftsf ;wjf :jfl:g eft ldNbf hfTsfnfO s;}n] kmsfO s/l0f r'sfO lbof] eGof
t]:tf nldnfO s/l0f uGof{ nf]UGofnfO eofsf b+8sf] cflwsf b/n] b+8 ug'{=
@%= g]jf/ hft u}îsf :jfl:gnfO s;}n] xft kft u¥of] / :jfl:g e} :jfl:gsf kl/of/=
dfOltx¿n] s/fpg cfof e+Gof= csf{sf :jfl:gnfO xft kft uGof{= tfufwfl/ nufo]t\
kflg rnGof ;+dsf hft eof= hf}g hftsf :jfl:gnfO xftkft u¥ofsf] 5= plx hftnfO
n]ifofsf ljxf ifr{sf # if+8sf] ! if+8 b+8 ug'{= kflg grnGof / 5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{
hftn] xftkft u¥ofsf] eof *) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ?k}of glt¥of s}b ug'{=
@^= g]jf/ hft u}îsf ljlw;+u n}lu eft iffofsf :jfl:gnfO s;}n] s/l0fsf cf;on]
xftkft u¥of] / nf]UGofsf jfj' bfHo" efO dfOltx¿n] yfxf kfO= xft xfnGofnfO s'6\lk6\
u¥of 5g\ eGof c+u e+u u¥ofsf] eof s'6\lk6\ uGof{nfO c+u e+usf c}g jdf\lhd\ ;hfo
ug'{= c+u e+u eofsf] 5}g cfÇgL 5f]l/ j'xfl/nfO xft xfNbf xft xfnGofnfO s'6ofdf ift
nfUb}g=
@&= g]jf/ hft u}îsf :jfl:gnfO csf{ s;}n] xftkft u¥of] / p:sf nf]UGofn] yfxf kfO xft
xfnGofnfO s'6\kl6\ u¥of] / Ho" d¥ofsf] /x]g5 c+u e+u ul/= dfq s'6ofsf eof c+u
e+usf c}gsf] cflw b/n] b+8 ;hfo ug'{= c+u e+u u¥ofsf] 5}g eGof cflÇg :jfl:gnfO
xft xfnGofnfO s'6\Gof ;fw'nfO ift jf6 nfUb}g=
@*= g]jf/ hft u}îsf :jfl:g s/l0fdf ljU¥of /= p:sf nf]UGofn] s/l0f u¥ofsf] b]lif p;}
7fpdf s/l0f uGof{nfO= s'6\lk6\ u¥of] / Ho" d/]g5= c+u e+u dfq eof] 5 eGof c+u e+usf
c}gsf cflw cflw b+8 ;hfo ug'{= c+u e+u eofsf] 5}g= eGof s'6\GofnfO ift jf6 nfUb}g=
@(= g]jf/ hft u}îsf= :jfl:g s/l0f df ljU¥of / p:sf nf]UGofn] s/l0f u¥ofsf] 7x/fO s/l0f
uGof{nfO s'6\lk6\ u¥of] / Ho" d¥ofsf] /x]g5= c+u e+u dfq eo5 eGof c+u e+usf c}gsf]
cflw b+8 ug'{= c+u e+u eog eGof s'6\GofnfO iftjf6 nfUb}g=
#)= g]jf/ hft u}în] ljxf ug{ elg s]l6 dflu nfiff ;'kfl/ lbof]= kl5 s]l6sf jfj' cfdf
dfOltsf / s]6fsf ;Nnfxn] ljxf gul/ /èfosf /= /fhsfh lgldQ tf9f b]; kb]{; hfg'=
kbf{ /èfsf jfx]s\ nfiff nfofsL s]l6 jif{ lbg leqdf ljxf ug{ cfog eGof t]:sf] nfiff
lkmtf{ x'+5= Tof] s]l6 dfOl6n] if'; k¥ofsf cs}{ nfO ljxf ul/ lbg'= ift nfUb}g= jif{ lbg
gf£ofkl5 nfiff lkmtf{n]j:tf klg gn]j:tf klg s]l6df= s/ nfpg kfpb}g= jif{ lbg gf£of
kl5 d}n] nfiff nfof ls xf] elg s]l6nfO kqmof] jf lkm/fb ug{ cfof] eGof hf}g hft ls
:jfl:g xf]= p;} hftnfO n]iofsf ljxf ifr{sf] $ if+8sf] ! if+8sf b/n] b+8 ug'{= ?k}of
glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=
#!= g]jf/ hftsf nfiff nfofsf] s]6f] 5f¥of /f]u dfxf/f]lu n'nf] s'hf] nf7f] c+wf] gk'F;'s\ / eft
grnGof /x]5 / s]l6sf jfj' cfdf bfHo" efOn] s]l6 lb+g t]/f] nfiff lkmtf{ ul/ n] eGof]
eGof= nfiff lkmtf{ lnof klg glnof klg s]l6df= s/ nfUb}g= dfOltn] hft ldNbf cs}{
s]6fnfO ljxf ul/ lbg x'+5= iftjf6 nfUb}g=
#@= g]jf/ hftn] cfkm'n] nfiff ;'kfl/ nfof ls s]l6 dfly csf]{ ljxf u¥of] jf c? :jfl:g
3/df Nofof} eGof= s]l6sf jfj' cfdf= dfOltn] cs}{nfO ljxf ul/ lbg'= x'+5= nfiff lkmtf{
ug'{ kb}{g= kl5 t];}n] nfiff nfof ls xf] elg ;dfpg cfof] eGof p;} hftnfO n]iofsf]
ljxf ifr{sf $ if+8sf] ! if+8 b+8 ul/ s]6L ;dfpg kfpb}g:elg 7f]ls lbg'=
##= g]jf/ hft\sf nfiff ;'kfl/ nfof ls s]l6= ljxf x'g gkfpb} csf{n] s/l0f u/]5 eGof
t]:tfnfO= nfiff ;'kfl/sf] ljuf] e/fO= ljxf ifr{sf] cflw sf b/n] b+8 ug'{=
#$= g]jf/ hfTsf 5f]l/ hftsf l/t jdf]lhd\ ljxf ul/ lbof ls nf]UGofsf 3/ gjl; kfr's]
gul/ dfOt j:of ls s]l6= cfdf jfj' dfOlt u}în] csf{ s]6fsf] nfiff ;'kfl/ iffO 5f]l/
288
 j}lGx lbo]5 eGof= dfOltn] lbsg n}hfGof nf]UGofnfO iftjf6 nfUb}g= PsfnfO lbof ls
s]l6= kfr's] gul/ csf{sf] nfiff iffO 5f]l/ j}lGx lbGof dfOltjf6 cl3Nnfsf] c}g
jdf]lhd sf] ljxf ifr{ e/fO p;} ljuf jdf]lhd b+8 ug'{=
#%= g]jf/ hfTsf s+Gof /= ljwjf /flh if'l;l;t ;'kfl/ kmsf{O j:ofsfx¿nfO eft grnGof=
hfTsfn] jfj' cfdfn] yfxf gkfO rf]l/ s/l0f u¥ofsf] /x]5 /= ljxf ul/ glbb}df d}n]
s/l0f u¥ofsf] 5= elg eg+ cfof] eGof= efTdf jf]/fof jfjt\ p;} hfTsf ljxf ifr{sf #
if+8sf] @ if+8 b+8 ug'{= s]l6df nfUofsf] s/ nfUb}g= un+Hof eofsf] /x]g5 eGof s]l6 /=
etfxf nfO wdf{lwsf/n] efTsf kltof lbg'= s]l6sf] un+Hof eofsf] eof s]l6n] efTsf]
kltof kfpb}g= nfe|]sf hfTdf ldN5]= ljxf ul/ ;Sof kl5 e+g cfpGof eft grnGofsd\
hft\sf nfUGofnfO ljxf uGof{n] :jfl:g n} uof] eGof= efTdf jf]/fof jfjt\= hf}ghfTsf
:jfl:g xf]= p;} hftsf ljxf ifr{ jdf]lhd\ b+8 dfq ug'{= ljxf ifr{ kfpb}g= :jfl:g /fifltg
elg 5f]8of] eGof p;} c}g jdf]lhd\ ljxf ifr{ e/fO ljuf jdf]lhd\ b+8 ul/ 5f]l/ jfj'
cfdfsf ;k't{ ul/ lbg'=
#^= g]jf hfTsf s+Gof / ljwjf /flh if'l; ;+u ;'kfl/ kmsf{O j:ofsfx¿df eft ldNbf hftn]
cfdf jfj'n] yfxf gkfO rf]l/ s/l0f u¥ofsf] /x]5 jfj' cfdfn] cg]q ljxf ul/ lbg nfUbf
nf]UGofn] dl;t s/l0f eofsf] 5 elg= ljxfgpb}df eÙ cfof] /= :jfl:gn] klg of] s'/f] xf]
elg s'/f] ldNof] eGof= nfUGofnfO iftjf6 nfUb}g= s]l6 jfj' cfdfn] t]lx nfUGof nfO=
lb+5' eGof klg r]fl/ s/l0f uGof{ xf] t];\nfO lb+g eGof klg= jfj' cfdfsf] if'l; x'+5 s/l0f
gln p;} cTj nufO eGg cfofsf] /x]5 eGof To;tf em'7f nfUGofnfO hf}g hftsf
:jf:gLsf] s/l0f u¥ofsf] 5' eGg cfofsf] 5= p;} hftsfnfO n]iofsf ljxf ifr{ jdf]lhd\
b+8 ug'{=
#&= g]jf/ hfTsf s+Gof ljwjfsf] /flh= if'l; l;t ;'kfl/ kmsf{O j:ofsf :jfl:gnfO hft
ldNbfn] jfj' cfdfn] yfxf gkfO rf]l/ s/l0f u¥ofsf] /è]5 / hft ldNbf cs}{sf] nfiff ln
ljxf ul/ lbof kl5 nfUGofn] of] :jfl:gsf] t d}n] cl3 s/l0f u¥ofsf] 5 eGof jf= ljxf
ul/= n}hfGof nf]UGofsf 3/fjf6 Nofof eGof t]; :jfl:gnfO / nfUGofnfO hf]l/ j'Hbf
s/l0f 7x/]0f eGof= t]:tf em'§f nfUGofnfO ljxf ifr{ jdf]lhd\ b+8 ug'{= s/l0f 7x¥of] /=
ljxf uGof{ nf]UGofn] :jfl:g 5f8of] eGof nfUGof jf6 c}g jdf]lh\dsf] ljxf ifr{ e/fO= p;}
ljuf jdf]lhd\ b+8 ug'{= s]l6 dfOltsf ;k't{ ul/ lbg'= ljxf uGof{ nf]UGofn]= csf{l;t
ljUGof ls xf] tfklg= d n}hf+5' elg :jfl:g n} uof] eGof ljxf ifr{ e/fpg' kb}{g= p;}
hfTsf ljxf ifr{sf c}gsf] cflwsf b/n] b+8 ug'{=
#*= g]jf/ hfTsf s+Gof ljwjf / nf]UGofsf] ;'kfl/ kmsf{O dfOt j:ofsf :jfl:g cl3 c?
nfUGofl;t ljU¥of ls /lx5= ljU¥ofsf] s'/f] jfj' cfdf dfOltn] yfxf kfofsf] /x]5 jf
s/l0f lnGof nfUGofn] xj;\ t]lx s]l6n] xj;\= s/l0f eofsf] hfx]/ u¥ofsf] /x]5 /= hft
eft ldNbf csf{ s;}n] t]lx s]l6 dfUg cfpbf kmfnfgfl;t ljU¥of ls 5 elg= dfOltn]
eGofsf] /x]5 jf= ljU¥ofsf] yfxf kfO ljxf ul/ n} uo]5= eGof dfOltnfO klg cl3 s/l0f
uGof{ nfUGofnfO klg b+8 kb}{g= cl3 csf{l;t ljUGofsf] s'/f] bjfO kl5 dfUg cfpGofsf]
nfiff iffO{ ljxf ul/ lbo]5 ljxf uGof{ nf]UGofn] s]l6 n}hf+g elg 5f]8\of] eGof= dfOltjf6
c}g jdf]lhDsf] ljxf ifr{ e/fO= p:sf] cflw b+8 ug'{= s]l6 dfOltsf ;k't{ ul/ lbg'= ljxf
uGof{n] cl3 csf{l;t ljU¥of ls xf] tfklg d n}hf+5' elg s]l6 nUof] eGof= ljxf ifr{
e/fpg' kb}{g= dfOltnfO b+8 klg kb}{g=
#(= g]jf/ hftsf s+Gof ljwjf :jfl:gsf] k}ë] Psfsf] nfiff ;'kfl/ iffofsf] 5= ljxf x'g
kfpb}df p;} :jfl:gsf] csf{sf] nfiff lno]5 eGof bf]xf]/f nfiff lnGof dfOltnfO
kl5Nnfsf] nfiffsf] ljuf] lkmtf{ u/fO p;} hftsf ljxf ifr{sf # if+8sf] ! if+8 b+8 ug'{=
s]l6 cl3Nnf nfiff nfpGof ls x'+5] cl3Nnfn] nfiff nfofsf] hflg hflg kl5Nnfn]
nfiff nfofsf] 7x¥of t]ZnfO klg ljxf ifr{sf # if+8 b+8 ug'{= ljxf ul/ ;Sofsf] eof s]l6
ljxf uGof{ls x'+5] bf]xf]/f nfiff iffO ljxf ul/ lbGof dfOltnfO p;} hfTsf ljxf ifr{sf]
cflw b+8 ug'{= cl3Nnfn] nfiff nfofsf] hflg hflg ljxf uGof{ s]6fnfO klg nfiffsf]
ljuf] cl3NnfnfO lbnfO ljxf ifr{sf] cflw b+8 ug'{= cl3Nnfn] nfiff nfofsf] yfxf
kfofsf] /x]g5 eGof kl5NnfnfO b+8 kb}{g bf]xf]/f] nfiff iffGofnfO dfq b+8 x'+5=
$)= g]jf/ hftsf :jfl:gsf] cfÇgf nf]UGof tkm{jf6 hfof hGd eof kl5 un+Hof 7x5{ t]l :t
:jfl:g eft gldn\Gof hftl;t s/l0fdf ljlu| egof hft eftdf cfplbg=
289
$!= g]jf/ hfTsf jfj' cfdfn] of}6f;+u nfiff lno]5= bfHo" efOn] Psf;+u nfiff lno]5 bfHo"
efOn] nfiff lnofsf] cl3 xj:tf klg kl5 xj;\:tf klg lkmtf{ u/fO cfdf jfj'n] lnofsf]
nfiff ;b/ u/fO lbg'= jfj' cfdfn] nfiff lnofsf] rfn kfO bfHo" efOn] lnofsf] 7x¥of
p;} hfTsf ljxf ifr{sf !@ if+8sf] ! if+8 b+8 ug'{=
$@= ld;f iftdf b+8 x'Gof g]jf/ hft u}îsf :jfl:gnfO Psfn] s/l0f u¥ofsf] hfx]/ ge} t];}
:jfl:gsf] c? @.# hgfn] s/l0f u¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof k}ë] s/l0f lnGofnfO c}g jdf]lhd\
ljxf ifr{ e/fO b+8 ug'{ hf] k5{ bf]>f] t]>f] kl/ s/l0f uGof{nfO u'lKt j]:ofsf] s/l0f
uGof{nfO n]iofsf c}g jdf]lhd b+8 ug'{=
$#= iftjf6df cl3 b]lif dfl;ofsf c}g d} cj pk|fGt Ho" gdf;g' e+Gof eofsf g]jf/ hftn]
iftjf6 u¥ofdf hj/hl:t jf /flhif'l;n] s/l0f u¥ofdf Ho" df;bf jfx]s\ 3l6 jl9 hfTdf
s/l0f uGof{ dfl;Gof hftsf c}g jdf]lhd\ ug'{= c? iftjf6 u¥ofdf= klg dfl;Gof hftnfO
n]iofsf c}g jdf]lhd\= b+8 ;hfo s}b ug'{= Ho"dfl;Gof ift u¥of @ jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf
?k}of lbof lng'= c}gn] gdf;g' e+Gof eofsf x'gfn] Ho" dfl;+b}g= gdf;g'=
$$= s;flx s';Nof s''n'8f]d u}î kflg grnGofdf 5f]of l56f] xfng' gkGof{ hftsf s+Gof
ljwjf ljxf gul/ 3/df NofO eft\ :d]t\ iffofsf :jfl:g sf] l56f] xfng' gkGo}{ / Og} hft
s;}n] s/l0f u/]5 eGof= !) ?k}of b+8 dfq} ug'{= ljxf ifr{ e/fpg'= kb}{g= b+8sf ?k}of
glt¥of d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf bn]{ s}b ug'{=

36L jl9 hftsf] pkfWofsf]

/flhif'l;n] cfkm' ldNbf / cfkm'eGbf eGbf 3l6 jl9

hftdf= s/l0f uGof{sf] c}g
tkl;n\
!= pkfWof j|fé0fn]= pkfWofsf c}gdf ;hfo n]lifosf= xf8gftf jfx]sdf /= c? s'6'Djsf=
!! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof ljwjfsf]= /flhif'l;n]= s/l0f ul/= eftdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof=
ift jft nfUb}g= cfkm'n] p:sf xftsf]= eft iffofsf] /x]g5= :jfl:g tkm{jf6 eftdf
jf]¥ofsf] /x]5= eGof !)) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ hft hfb}g= s/l0f ul/= cfkm'n] eft iffO
etfxfnfO :d]t\ jf]¥of 5 eGof !)) ?k}of b+8 ul/= ljU¥of ls :jfl:gsf] hf}g hft x'+5
plx hftdf ldnfO= ef]/df kGof{nfO kltof u/fO lbg'=
@= pkfWof j|fé0fn]= /hk't c;n h}l;= tfufwfl/ If]lq hftsf c}gdf ;hfo n]lifosf
xf8gftf jfx]s\ c? ;go]df /= gftf gnfUGof s'6'Fjsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof ljwjfsf]=
/flhif'l;n]= s/l0f ul/= eftdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof iftjft nfUb}g= :jfl:g tkm{jf6
eftdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof #) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ :jfl:gsf xftsf]= ef]/df iffGofnfO= kltof
u/fO lbg'= s/l0f ul/ :jfl:gsf xftsf]= iffo]5 egof= p;} hftdf ldnfO lbg'= cfkm'n]
eft iffO= cfÇgf xftjf6 etfxfnfO= eftdf jf]¥ofsf] eof !)) ?k}of b+8 ul/= p;} hfTdf
ldnfO lbg'=
#= pkfWof j|fé0fn] b]jefh' t]îf}Tof= e§ dx§f gfu/ u'h|flt dfxf/fi6« t}n+lu b|flj0f dlw:of=
b]l; j|fé0f /= lj/f0ff /fhsf= c? u}î j|fé0f= sf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof ljwjfsf]
/flhif'l;n] s/l0f ul/= eftdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof ift jft nfUb}g= s/l0f u/L= eftdf
:d]t\= jf]¥ofsf] eof #) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ef]/df kGof{nfO= kltof u/fO lbg'=
$= pkfWof j|fé0fn] b;gfd hf]lu= h+ud ;Gofl; ;]j8f j}/flu sfgkm§f= gfgs\ pbf;L j3/=
u}î e];wfl/ hftsf /= # ln+u b]lifsf h}l;= 8f]6ofn= h}l; h'dln h}l;= hft u}îsf !!
jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof ljwjf sf] /flh if'l;n] s/l0f ul/= eftdf jf]/fofsf] geof
iftjftnfUb}g= s/l0f ul/ eftdf jf]¥of] elg= s/fpg cfof @) ?k}of b+8 ul/= ef]/df
iffGof= nfO= :jf:gLsf gfpsf kltof u/fO lbg'=
%= pkfWof j|fé0fn] gdfl;Gof= dtjfnL= hfTsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof ljwjfsf] /flhif'l;n]
s/l0f uGof{nfO iftjft nfUb}g= :jfl:gtkm{jf6 eftdf jf]/]5 eGof % ?k}of b+8 ul/=
:jfl:gsf gfpsf]= kltof lbg'=
290
^= pkfWof j|fé0fn] dfl;Gof dtjfln hfTsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof ljwjf sf] /fhLif'l;n]=
s/l0f u¥of iftjft nfUb}g=
&= pkfWof j|fé0fsf gftf gnfUGof s'6'Djsf !! jif{b]lv dflysf s+GofnfO /flhif'l;n]
s/l0f= uGof{ pkfWof Tof] s+Gof t]Zn] /fifg' k5{ P:tfsf] ;+tfg\= c;\n h}l; x'G5g\
ljjflxtf :jfl:g /= ljjflxtf kl§sf ;Gtfg\= sf ;/xsf] c+; klg kfp5g\=

36L a9L hftdf s/0fL uGof{ /hk"tsf]

!= /hk't hftn] pkfWofsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof ljwjf sf] /flh if'l;n] s/l0f ul/ eftdf
jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof @ jif{ s}b ug'{ eft :d]t\ jf]/]5 eGof $ jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf] 8jn
lbof ln= 5fl8lbg'= ef]/df kGof{nfO kltof u/fO lbg'=
@= /hk't hftn] cfkm' ldNbf /hk'tsf c}gdf ;hfo n]lifosf= xf8gftf jfx]sdf /= c?
s'6'Djsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof ljwjfsf] /flh if'l;n] s/l0f ul/= eftdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5
eGof iftjft nfUb}g= s/l0f ul/= :jfl:g tkm{jf6 eftdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof *) ?k}of
b+8 ug'{ hft hfb}= s/l0f ul/= cfkm'n] eft iffO= c? etfxfnfO :d]t\ jf/]5 eGof *)
?k}of b+8 ul/ ljU¥ofls :jfl:gsf] hf}g hft x'G5= p;} hftdf ldnfO lbg'=
#= /hk'tn] c;n h}l; hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof ljwjfsf] /flh if'l;n] s/l0f u/L
eftdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof= $) ?k}of b+8ug'{ efTdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof ^) ?k}of b+8
ug'{= ef]/df kGof{nfO kltof u/fO lbg'=
$= /hk't hftn] tfufwfl/ Iflqo hft u}îsf c}gdf ;hfo n]lifosf xf8gftf jfx]s c?
;godf / gftf gnfUGof s'6'Djsf !! jif{ gf£of sf s+Gof ljwjfsf]= /flh if'l;n] s/l0f
ul/ efTdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof iftjft nfUb}g= :jfl:gtkm{af6 eftdf jf]¥ofsf] eof #)
?k}of b+8 ug'{ :jfl:gsf xftsf] ef]/df iffGofnfO kltof u/fO lbg'= s/l0f ul/= p:sf
xftsf] eft iffo]5 eGof p;} :jfl:g= sf hftdf ldnfO lbg'=
%= /hk'tn] b]jefh'= t]îf}Tof= e§ dx§f gfu/ u'h|flt dfxf/fi6« t}n+ lu b|flj0f dlw;] b]l;
j|fé0f / lj/fgf /fhfsf c? u}î j|fé0fsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof ljwjf= sf] /flh if'l;n]
s/l0f ul/= eftdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof iftjft nfUb}g= s/l0f ul/ eft df :d]t jf]¥ofsf]
eof #) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ ef]/df iffGofnfO kltof u/fO lbg'=
^= /hk'tn] b; gfd hf]lu h+ud ;Gof;L ;]j8f j}/flu sfgkm§f= gfgs pbfl; jf]3/ u}î e];
wf./ hftsf / # ln+u b]lif sf h}l;= 8f]6ofn h}l; h'dln h}l;= hft u}îsf !! jif{
gf£ofsf s+Gof ljwjfsf] /flh if'l;=n] s/l0f ul/ eftdf jf]¥ofsf] geof ift nfUb}g=
s/l0f ul/= eftdf jf]¥of] elg s/fpg cfof @) ?k}of b+8 ul/ ef]/df iffGofnfO :jfl:gsf
gfpsf]= kltof u/fO lbg'=
&= /hk't hftn] gdfl;Gof dtjfln hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof ljwjfsf] /flh if'l;n]
s/l0f ul/ eftdf j]f¥ofsf] geof= ift jft nfUb}g= s/l0f ul/= :jfl:g tkm{jf6= eftdf
jf]¥of= % ?k}of b+8 ul/= :jfl:gsf gfpsf] kltof u/fO lbg'=
*= /hk't hftn] dfl;Gof dtjfln hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof ljwjf sf] /flh if'l;n]
s/l0f u¥of] eGof ift= jft nfUb}g=
(= h}; hftsf /= /hk't= u}îsf !! jif{ b]lif dflysf s+Gofdf= gftf s]lx gnfUGof nfO
/flhif'l; n] s/l0f uGof{= h}l; /hk't u}î= hf] xf] t];nfO= eftdf s/ nfUb}g= Tof] s]l6nfO
p;} hfTdf= ldnfOlbg'= s]l6 t];}n] /fifg' k5{ ltGaf6 hGDofsf ;Gtfg\df= /hk't= ls
s+Gof= df h}l;jf6 hGDofsf ;Gtfg\= xdfn x'G5g\= h}l;sf s+Gofdf /hk't= jfj'jf6
hGDof sf ;Gtfg\ klg= xdfn x'G5g\= uf]q jfj'sf] x'G5= eft rNb}g c+; klg= ljjflxtf
jdf]lhd\ kfp5g\=

P]hg\df s/l0f sGof{ h}l;hftsf]=

291
!= c;n h}l; hftn]= pkfWofsf c}g df ;hfo n]lifofsf xf8 gftf jfx]s c? ;gx]df /=
gftf gnfUGof s'6'Djsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf= s+Gof ljwjfsf] /flh if'l;n] s/l0f ul/= eftdf
jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof @ jif{ s}b ug'{= eftdf :d]t\ jf]/]5 eGof $ jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf]
8jn lbof ln 5fl8 lbg'= ef]/df kGof{nfO klg kltof u/fO lbg'=
@= c;n h}l; hftn]= /hk't hfTsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof ljwjfsf] /flhif'l;n] s/l0f
ul/= eftdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof $) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ :jfl:g tkm{jf6 c?nfO jf]¥ofsf] /x]5
eGof ^) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ :jfl:gsf xftsf] ef]/df iffGof nfO= kltof u/fO lbg'=
#= c;n h}l; hftn]= cfkm' ldNbf h}l; hfTsf c}gdf ;hfo] n]lifofsf xf8gftf jfx]sdf /=
c? s'6'+jsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof ljwjfsf] /flh if'l;n]= s/l0f u/L efTdf jf]¥ofsf]
/x]g5 eGof= ift jft nfUb}g= s/l0f ul/ :jfl:g tkm{jf6 eftdf jf]/]5 eGof *) ?k}of b+8
ug'{= hft hfb}g cfkm'n] eft iffO c?nfO :d]t\ jf]/]5 eGof *) ?k}of= b+8 ul/= ljU¥ofls
:jfl:gsf] hf}gf hft x'G5 p;} hfTdf ldnfO lbg'=
$= c;n h}l; hftn] tfufwfl/ Iflqo hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf sGof ljwjfsf] s/l0f /flh
if'l;n] ul/= eftdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof ift jft nfUb}g= s/l0f u/L :jfl:g tkm{jf6
eftdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof= @% ?k}of b+8 ug'{= :jf:gL sf xftsf] ef]/df iffGof nfO kltof
u/fOlbg'=
%= c;n h}l; hftn] b]jefh' t]îf}Tof e§ dx§f gfu/ u'h|flt dxf/fi6« t}ln+lu b|fljg
dlw:of= b]l; j|fé0f / lj/fgf /fhsf= c? u}î j|fé0f sf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof
ljwjfsf]= /flh if'l;n] s/l0f ul/= efTdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5= eGof ift nfUb}g s/l0f ul/=
eftdf :d]t\ jf]¥ofsf] eof #) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= ef]/df iffGofnfO= kltof u/fOlbg'=
^= c;n h}l; hftn] b; gfd hf]uL h+ud ;+gofl; ;]j8f j}/flu sfgkm§f gfgs pbf;L
c3f]/ u}î e]if wfl/sf hft /= # ln+u b]lif= sf h}l; 8f]6ofn h}l; h'd\ln h}l; hft
u}îsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf= s+Gof ljwjfsf] /flh if'l;n]= s/l0f ul/ eftdf jf]¥ofsf] geof
ift jft nfUb}g s/l0f ul/ eftdf jf]¥of] elg= s/fpg cfof @) ?k}of b+8 ul/= ef]/df
iffGof nfO= :jfl:gsf] gfpsf] kltof u/fOlbg'=
&= c;n h}l; hftn] gdfl;Gof dtjfln hfTsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof ljwjfsf] /flh
if'l;n] s/l0f uGof{nfO iftjft nfUb}g=eftdf jf]¥of 5 eGof % ?k}of b+8 ul/= :jfl:gsf
gfpsf] kltof u/fO lbg'=
*= c;n h}l; hftn]= dfl;Gof dtjfln hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof ljwjfsf] s/l0f
/flh if'l;n] u¥of iftjft nfUb}g=

3l6 al9 hftdf s/l0f uGof{ k/jTof

tfufwfl/sf]=

!= kj{Tof Iflqo hft /= c? kj{Tof tfufwfl/= hftn] pkfWof= c;n h}l;= /hk'tsf !! jif{
gf£ofsf s+Gof ljwjfsf] /flh if'l;n] s/l0f ul/= eftdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof @ jif{ s}b
ug'{= eftdf :d]t\ jf]/]5 eGof $ jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf] 8jn lbof ln 5fl8lbg'= ef]/df
kGof{nfO= kltof u/fO lbg'=
@= kj{Tof Iflqo tfufwfl/ hft u}în] b]jefh' t]îf}Tof e§ dx§f= gfu/ u'h|flt= dfxf/fi6«
t}n+lu b|flj0f dlw:of b]l; j|fé0f sf /= lj/fgf /fhsf c? u}î j|fé0fsf !! jif{
gf£ofsf s+Gof ljwjfsf] /flh if'l;= n] s/l0f ul/= eftdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof *)
?k}of b+8 ug'{ eftdf :d]t jf]¥of5 eGof !@) ?k}of b+8 u/L cfkm'n] p:sf xftsf]= eft
iffo]5 eGof ljUofls :jfl:g sf] hf}g hft x'G5 p;} hfTdf ldnfO lbg'=
#= kj{Tof Iflqo tfufwfl/ hft u}în] b; gfd hf]uL h+ud ;+Gofl; ;]j8f j}/flu sfgkm§f
gfgs pbl; j3/ u}î e]if wfl/ hftsf / # ln+ub]lv sf h}l; 8f]6Øfn h}l; h'dln h}l;=
hft u}îsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof ljwjfsf] /flh if'l;sf s/l0f u/L eftdf jf]¥ofsf]
geof iftjft nfUb}g= s/l0f ul/= eftdf jf]¥of] elg= s/fpg cfof @) ?k}of b+8 ul/
ef]/df iffGofnfO= kltof u/fO lbg'=

292
$= kj{Tof Iflqo tfufwfl/ hftn]= gdfl;Gof dtjfnL hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof
ljwjfsf] /flh if'l;n] s'/f uGof{ nfO iftjft nfUb}g= s/l0f ul/= :jfl:g tkm{jf6 eftdf
jf]/]5 eGof % ?k}of b+8 ul/= ljU¥ofsf] :jfl:gsf gfpsf] kltof u/fO lbg'=
%= kj{Tof Iflqo tfufwfl/ hft df;LGof dtjfln hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof ljwjfsf]
/flh if'l;n] s/l0f u¥of iftjft nfUb}g=
^= pkfWof j|fé0f jfx]s c?sf !! jif{ b]lif dflysf s+Gof s]l6 cfÇgf dgf]dfg\n]= hft
ldNbf= eft rNofsfdf hf]l;t ljU¥of sf 5g\ p;} l;t j:t' k5{ s/l0f lnGof nf]UGof
nfO= cbfnt 7fgf cdfnjf6 t];} sl6sf xftsf]=eft if'jfO ljjflxtfsf ;/xsf] c+;
lbnfO= t];} l;t ldnfO lbg'=
&= ef6 hftn] cfkm' eGbf pkNnf hft cfkm' ldNbf hft cfkm' eGbf 3l6 hftsf !! jif{
gf£ofsf= s+Gof ljwjfsf] s/l0f u¥of= tfufwfl/ If]lqo hftsf c}g jdf]lhd\ b+8 s}b
;hfo ug'{= Og} ef6 hftsf !! jif{ gf£of sf s+Gof ljwjfsf] c? s;}n]= s/l0f u¥of]
eGof klg s/l0f uGof{nfO= tfufwfl/ If]lqo hftsf s+Gof ljwjfsf] sl0f{ uGof{sf c}g
jdf]lhd\= b+8 ;hfo s}b ug'{=
*= kj{Tof tfufwfl/ hftn] /fhift sf] zhfo n]lifosf xf8 gftf jfx]s= c? ;gx]df / cfkm'
ldNbf tfufwfl/ hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof ljwjfsf] /flh if'l;n] s/l0f u/]5 eftdf
jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof iftjft nfUb}g= s/l0f ul/ cfkm'n] eft iffofsf] /x]g5= :jfl:g
tkm{jf6 jf]/fo]5 eGof ^) ?k}of b+8 ug'{= hft hfb}g= sl0f{ ul/ cfkm'n] eft iffO= c? nfO
:d]t\ eftdf jf]/]5 eGof ^) ?k}of b+8 ul/ ljU¥o]ls :jfl:gsf] hf}g hft x'G5 p;} hfTdf
ldnfOlbg'= ef]/df k¥o' e+lg= s/fpg cfof eGof= etfxfnfO= t];} ljU¥ofls :jfl:gsf
gfpsf]= ef]/sf] kltof= u/fOlbg'=

3l6 jl9 hftdf s/l0f uGof{ b]jefh'

u}¥xsf]

!= b]jefh' t]îf}Tof e§ dx{§f gfu/ u'h|flt dxf/fi6« t}/+lu b|flj0f dlw:of b]l; j|fé0f / lj/fgf
/fhsf= c? u}î j|fé0f hftn] pfkWof h}l;=/hk'tsf !! jif{ gfU£ofsf s+Gof ljwjfsf]
/flh if'l;n] s/l0f ul/= eftdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof @ jif{ s}b ug'{ eftdf :d]t\ jf]/]5
eGof= $ jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf] 8jn lbof ln 5fl8 lbg'= ef]/df kGof{ nfO= kltof u/fO
lbg'=
@= b]jefh' t]îf}Tof= e§ dx{§f gfu/f u'h|flt dfxf/fi6«= t}n+lu b|flj0f dlw:of b]l; j|fé0f= /
lj/fgf /fhsf c? u}î j|fé0f hftn] If]qL tfufwfl/ hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof
ljwjfsf] /flh if'l;n] s/l0f ul/= eftdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof= iftjft nfUb}g= cfkm'n]
eft iffO c? etfxfnfO :d]t\= jf]/]5 eGof %) ?k}of b+8 ul/= ljU¥ofls :jfl:gsf] hf}g
hft x'G5= p;} hftdf ldnfO lbg'=
#= b]jefh' t]îf}Tof e§ dx{§f gfu/ u'h|flt dxf/fi6« t}n+lu= b|flj0f dlw:of b]l; j|fé0f /=
lj/fgf /fhsf c? u}î j|fé0f hftn] cfkm' ldNbf hftsf] / Og} Og} hft sf !! jif{
gf£ofsf s+Gof ljwjfsf]= /flh if'l;= n] s/l0f ul/= eftdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGf] iftjft
nfUb}g cfkm'n] eft iffO c?nfO :d]t\ jf]/]5 eGof ^) ?k}of b+8 u/L= ljU¥ofls :jfl:gsf]
hf}g hft x'G5 p;} hftdf ldnfOlbg'=
$= b]jefh'= t]îfTof e§ dx{§ gu/ u'h|flt dxf/fi6« t}n+lu b|flj0f dlw:of b]l; j|fé0f= /
lj/fgf /fhsf= c? u}î j|fé0f hftn]= gdfl;Gof dtjfln hftsf !! jif{ s+Gof ljwjfsf]
s/l0f /flh if'l;n] s/l0f u¥of iftjft nfUb}g= s/l0f ul/= :jfl:g tkm{jf6 eftdf jf]/]5
eGof % ?k}of b+8 ul/= ljU¥ofls :jfl:gsf gfpsf] kltof u/fO lbg'=
%= b]jefh' t]îf}Tof e§ dx{§f gfu/ u'h|flt dfxf/fi6« t}n+lu b|flj0f dlw:of b];L j|fé0f /=
lj/fgf /fhsf c? u}î j|fé0f hftn]= dfl;Gof dtjfln hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof
ljwjfsf] /flh= if'l;n] s/l0f u¥of iftjft nfUb}g=
293
P] s/l0f uGof{ b; gfd u}¥xsf]

!= b;gfd= hf]lu h+ud ;+Gof;= ;]j8f j}/flu sfgkm§f gfgs pbfl; j3/ u}î e]if wfl/= #
lnu b]lif h}l;sf= 8f]6ofn= h}l; h'dln h}l;= hft u}în]= pkfWof= /hk't h}l; IfqL
tfufwfl/ hft u}îsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof ljwjfsf] /flh if'l;n] s/l0f ul/= eftdf
jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof @.. jif{ s}b ug'{ eftdf :d]t\ jf]/]5 eGof % jif{ s}b ug'{ Dofbsf] 8jn
lbof lng'= ef]/df kGof{nfO kltof u/fOlbg'=
@= b;gfd hf]lu h+ud ;+Gof; ;]j8f j}/flu sfgkm§f gfgs pbfl; j3/ u}î e]if wlf/= # ln+u
b]lif= sf h}l; 8f]8ofn h}l; h'dln h}l;= hft u}în] b]jefh' u}î t]îf}Tof e§ ex{§f gfu/
u'h|flt dfxf/fi6« t}n+lu= b|flj0f dlw:of b]l; j|fé0f /= lj/fgf /fhsf c? u}î j|fé0f
hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf= s+Gof ljwjfsf]= /flh if'l;n] s/l0f ul/= efTdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5
eGof= @.. jif{ s}b ug'{ eftdf :d]t jf]/]5 eGof % jif{ s}b ug'{ Dofbsf 8jn lbof lng'=
ef]/df kGof{nfO= kltof u/fO lbg'=
#= b; gfd hf]luh+ud= ;+Gof; ;]j8f j}/flu sfgkm§f gfgs= pbfl; j3/= u}î e]if wfl/ #
ln+u b]lif=sf h}l; 8f]6ofn h}l;= h'dln h}l;= hft u}în] cfkm' ldNbf hfTsf /= Og}
hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof ljwjfsf] /flh if'l;n] s/l0f ul/ eftdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5
eGof iftjft nfUb}g= cfkm'n] eft iffO c?nfO :d]t\ jf]/]5 eGof @) ?k}of b+8 ul/
ljU¥ofls :jfl:gsf] hf}g hft x'G5= plx hfTdf ldnfO bLg'= ef]/df iffGofnfO kltof
u/fOlbg'=
$= b; gfd hf]luh+ud= ;+Gof;= ;]j8f j}/flu sfgkm§f gfgs b]l; j3/ u}î e]if wfl/ # ln+u
b]lifsf h}l; 8f]6ofn h}l;= h'dln h}l;= hft u}în] gdfl;Gof dtjfnL hft u}îsf !! ji{f
gf£ofsf s+Gof ljwjfsf] /flh if'l;n] s/l0f ul/= eftdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof iftjft
nfUb}g= cfkm'n] eft iffO c? etfxfnfO :d]t\= jf]/]5 eGof @) ?k}of b+8 ul/= ljU¥ofls
:jfl:gsf] hf}g hft x'G5 plx hfTdf ldnfOlbg'= ef]/df iffGofnfO= kltof u/fO lbg'=
%= b;gfd hf]lu h+ud ;+Gofl;;]j8f j}/flu= sfgkm§f= gfgs pbfl; j3/ u}î e]if wfl/ #
ln+u b]lifsf h}l;= 8f]6ofn h}l;= h'dln h}l; hft u}în] dfl;Gof dtjfln hftsf !! jif{
gf£ofsf s+Gof ljwjfsf] /flh if'l;n] s/l0f ul/ eftdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof iftjft
nfUb}g=efTdf kfl/ lbof] elg= s/fpg cfof !) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
^= pkfWof h}l; j|fé0fn] b; gfd hf]lu= h+ud ;+Gofl; ;]j8f sfgkm§f j}/flu u}î s+Gof
ljwjf NofO= ltg}jf6 hGDofsf ;Gtfg\= hf}g e]; ls :jfl:g /flif hGdofsf x'g\= p;}
hftsf ef6 x'G5g\= hg} klg kfp5g\=

P]= s/l0f uGof{ gdfl;Gofsf]

!= gdf;LGof= dtjfln hftn]= pkfWof c;n h}l; /hk't Iflq tfufwfl/ hft u}îsf !! jif{
gf£ofsf s+Gof ljwjfsf] /flhif'l;n] s/l0f ul/= eftdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof # jif{ s}b
ug'{= eftdf :d]t jf]/]5 eGof ^ jif{ s}b ug'{ Dofbsf] 8jn lbof lng" ef]/df kGof{nfO
kltof u/fO lbg'=
@= gdfl;Gof dtjfln hftn] b]jefh' t]îf}Tof= e§ dx§f gfu/ u'h|flt dfxf/fi6« t}n+lu b|flj0f
dlw:of b]l; j|fé0f / lj/fgf /fhsf c? u}î j|fé0fsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof ljwjfsf]
s/l0f /flh if'l;n] ul/ eftdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof # jif{= efTdf :d]t\= jf]/]5 eGof ^ jif{
s}b ug'{ Dofbsf] 8jn lbof lng'= ef]/df iffGofnfO kltof u/fO lbg'=
#= gdfl;Gof dt'jfln hftn] b; gfd hf]lu h+ud ;+Gofl; ;]j8f j}/flu sfgkm§f gfgs=
pbfl; j3/ u}î e]ifwfl/= hftsf / # lnu+ b]lif sf h}l;= 8f]6ofn h}l; h'dln h}l; hft
u}îsf !! jif{ gf£iofsf s+Gof ljwjfsf] /flh if'l;n] s/l0f ul/= eftdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5
294
 eGof #) ?k}of s/l0f ul/ eftdf jf]¥ofs]f eof $) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ ef]/df eft iffGofnfO
kltof u/fO lbg'=
$= gdfl;Gof dtjfln hftn] /fhiftsf] ;hfo n]lifofsf xf8gftf jfx]s c? ;godf / cfkm'
ldNbf gdfl;Gof dtjfln hfTsf] !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof ljwjfsf] /flh if'l;n] s/l0f
u/]5= eftdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof iftjft nfUb}g= s/l0f ul/ cfkm'n]= eft iffofsf] /x]g5
:jfl:g tkm{jf6 jf]/fo]5 eGof @) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ hft hfb}g s/l0f ul/ cfkm'n] eft iffO
c?nfO :d]t\= eftdf jf]/]5 eGof !) ?k}of b+8 ul/ ljUGofls :jfl:g sf]= hf}g hft x'G5=
p;} hftdf= ldnfO lbg'= ef]/df kGof{ etfxfn] xfdL= nfO kltof b]p elg= s/fpg cfof
s]l6 sf gfpsf] ef]/sf] kltof u/fO lbg' s/fpg= g cfof kltof lbg' kb}{g hft}df /xG5g\=
%= gdfl;Gof dtjfnL hftn] dfl;Gof dtjfln hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof ljwjfsf]=
/flh if'l;n] s/l0f uGof{nfO iftjft nfUb}g= eftdf kfl/ lbof] elg s/fpg cfof !) ?k}of
b+8 ug'{=
^= hf/ xf+Gof gdfl;Gof dtjfln hfTsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof ljwjfsf] hf/ gxfGof
gdfl;Gof dtjfln hftn] /flh if'l;n] s/l0f ul/ eftdf :d]t\ jf]/fo]5 eGof $) ?k}of=
eftdf jf]/fofsf] /x]g5 eGof @) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd s}b ug'{=

P]df s/l0f uGof{ dfl;Gofsf]

!= dfl;Gof dtjfln hftn]= pkfWof c;n h}l;= /hk't Iflq tfufwfl/ hftsf !! jif{
gf£ofsf s+Gof ljwjfsf] /flh if'l;n] s/l0f ul/= eftdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof= !.. jif{ s}b
ul/ dfl; lbg'= eft df :d]t\ jf]/]5 eGof # jif{ s}b ul/ dfl; lbg'= Dofbsf] 8jn lbof
lng'= ef]/df kGof{ nfO kltof u/fO lbg'=
\@= dfl;Gof dtjfln hftn] b]jefh' t]îf}Tof e§ dx§f gfu/ u'h|flt dfxf/fi6« t}n+lu b|flj0f
dlw:of b]l; j|fé0f /= lj/fgf /fhsf c? u}î j|fé0fsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf= s+Gof ljwjfsf]
/flh if'l;n]= s/l0f ul/=eftdf jf]/fofsf] /x]g5 eGof ! jif{ s}b ul/ dfl; lbg'= eftdf
:d]t\ jf]/]5 eGof @ jif{ s}b ul/ dfl; lbg'= ef]/df iffGof nfO kltof u/fO lbg'=
#= dfl;Gof dtjfnL hftn] bz gfd hf]lu h+ud ;+Gofl; ;]j8f j}/flu sfg km§f= gfgs=
pbfl; j3/ u}î e]if wfl/ /= # ln+u b]lifsf h}l;= 8f]6Øofn h}l; h'dlnh}l; hft u}î= sf
!! jif{ gf£ofsf] s+Gof ljwjfsf] /flh if'l;n] s/l0f ul/ eftdf jf]/fofsf] eof klg geof
klg= dfl; lbg'= ef]/df iffGofnfO kltof u/fOlbg'=
$= dfl;Gof dtjfln hftn]= gdfl;Gof dtjfln hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof ljwjfsf]=
/flh if'l;n] s/l0f u¥of= eftdf kf¥of klg= gkf¥of klg= dfl; lbg'= s}b x'+b}g=
%= dfl;Gof dtjfln hftn] cfkm' ldNbf= dfl;Gof dtjfnL hftsf c}gdf ;hfon]lifofsf
xf8gftf jfx]sdf / c? s'6'Djsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf sGof ljwjfsf] /flh if'l;n] s/l0f ul/=
eftdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof iftjft nfUb}g= eftdf jf]¥of] elg= s]lx s/fpg cfof % ?k}of
b+8 ug'{=

P]= s/l0f uGof{ l56f] xfng' gkGof{ hfTsf]

!= 5f]of l56f] xfng' gkGof{ kflg grnGof hftn]= pkfWof j|fé0f h}l; /hk't tfufwfl/=
b]jefh'= t]îf}Tof e§ dx{§f gfu/= u'h|flt= dxf/fi6« tn+lu b|flj0f dlw:of b]l; j|fé0f /=
lj/fgf /fhsf c? u}î j|fé0f= b; gfd hf]lu h+ud= ;+Gofl; ;]j8f j}/flu sfgkm§f= gfgs
pbfl; j3/ u}î e]ifwfl/= / # ln+u b]lifsf h}l;= 8f]6ofn h}l;= h'dln h}l;= gdfl;Gof
dtjfln hft u}îsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof ljwjfsf] /flhif';n] s/l0f uGof{nfO= dfl;Gof
hft /x]5 eGof $ jif{ s}b ul/ dfl;lbg' gdfl;gof hft /x]5 eGof * jif{ s}b ug'{ Dofbsf]
rf}j/ lbof ?k}of lng'=

295
@= 5f]of l56f] xfng' gk{Gof kflg grnGof hftn]= /fhiftsf] ;hfo n]lifof sf xf8 gftf
jfx]s c? cfkm' dLNbf kfgL grNof hfTsf !! jif{ gf£of sf s+GofM ljwjfsf] /flh if'l;n]
s/l0f u/]5 eGof iftjft nfUb}g= l56f] xfng' gkGo}{ gGkof{hftdf= o]sf hftdf csf{ hftn]
s/l0f ul/= eftdf kf¥of $ ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
#= 5f]of l56f] xfng' gkGof{ kfgL grnGof hftn] cfkm' eGbf sd hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf
s+Gof ljwjfsf] /flh if'l;n] s/l0f ul/= eftdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof iftjft nfUb}g=
s/l0f ul/ cfkm'n] eft iffO= c? nfO :d]t\ jf]/]5 eGof $ ?k}of b+8 ul/ ljU¥ofls
:jfl:gsf] hf}g hft xf] plx hftdf ldnfOlbg'= ef]/df eft iffGofnfO= hftsf] l/t ul/ z'4
x'G5g\=
$= 5f]O l56f] xfng' gkGof{= kfgL grnGof hftn]= dfl;Gofdf kflg rnGof dtjfln hft
u}îsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof ljwjfsf] /flh if'l;n] s/l0f uGof{df= dfl;Gof= hft eof=
dfl; lbg'= gdfl;Gof hft eof @ jif{ s}b ug'{ Dofbsf] rf}jl/ lbof lng'=

3l6 al9 l56f] xfng' kGof{

!= kf]9\of Rofdf ifns nufo]t 5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftn] pkfWof / /hk't h}l; tfufwfl/==
b]jefh' t]îf}Tof e§ dx{§f gfu/ u'h|flt dxf /fi6« t}n+lu b|flj0f dlw:of b]l; j|fé0fsf /
lj/fgf /fhsf c? j|fé0f b;gfd hf]lu h+ud ;+Gof;L ;]j8f j}/fuL sfgkm§f= gfgs
pbfl; j3/ u}î e]ifwfl/ hftsf /= # ln+u b]lifsf h}l;= 8f]6ofn h}l; h'dln h}l;
gdf;LGof dtjfnL u}î kflg rnGof rf]iff hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof ljwjfsf] /flh
if'l;n] s/l0f eGof u/]5= ;wjf eof hf/ xfGof hftsf P]g jdf]lhd\= ;fw'sf if'l; hf/
gxf+Gof hftsf ;wjf /= s+Gof ljwjf eof c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+;= ;j{:j ul/ bfdn ug'{=
dfl;Gof dtjfln hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof ljwjfsf] s/l0f u¥of ! jif{ s}b ul/=
dfl; lbg'= 5f]of l56f] xfng'= gkGof{ kflg grnGof hftsf s+Gof ljwjfsf] s/l0f u¥of
klg dfl; lbg'=
@= 5f]O l56f] xfng' kGof{hftn] /fhiftsf] ;hfo n]lifosf xf8gftf jfx]sdf / c? cfkm'
ldNbf= hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof ljwjfsf] /flh if'l;n] s/l0f uGof{ nfO= iftjft
nfUb}g= l56f] xfng' kGo]{ kGof{ hfTdf kfgL rnGof eft gldn\Gof hftdf Psf hftsf] csf{
hftn] s/l0f ul/= eftdf kf¥of] elg= s/fpg cfof $ ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
#= 5f]O l56f] xfng'= kGof{ hftn] cfkm' eGbf sd hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof ljwjfsf]
/flh if'l;n] s/l0f ul/= eftdf jf]¥of /x]g5 eGof iftjft nfUb}g= s/l0f ul/ cfkm'n]
eftiffO c?nfO= :d]t\= jf]¥of 5 eGof $ ?k}of b+8 ul/ ljU¥ofls :jfl:gsf] hf}g hft xf]
pxL hftdf ldnfO lbg'= ef]/df eft iffGofnfO= hftsf l/tn] ul/= z'4 x'G5g\=

kflg grnGof hftsf] s/l0f uGof{sf]

!= pkfWof /hk't h}l; tfufwfl/ Iflq b]jefh' / gdfl;Gof dfl;Gof dtjfln hft c? uf]iff{
/fhdf 3/jlf/ hfxfg\ ul/= !.@ k':tf;Dd j:ofsf t]îf} e§ dx{§f gfu/ u'h|flt dfxf/fi6«
t}n+lu b|flj0f dlw:of b]l; j|fé0f /= lj/f0ff /fhsf c? u}î j|fé0f b; gfd hf]lu h+ud
;+Gofl; ;]j8f j}/flu sfgkm§f gfgs pfl; j3/ u}î e]if wfl/ hftn] kflg grnGof l56f]
xfng' gkGof{ hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf ;wjf ljwjf s+Gofsf] s/l0f u/]5 p:sf xftsf]
eft kflg iffofsf]/x]g 5 eGof tfufwfl/ / tfufwfl/ ;/xsf] eof !)) gdfl;Gof hft
;/xsf] eof %) dfl;Gof ;/xsf] eof @% ?k}of b+8 ul/= lt¥of ?k}of ln glt¥of Dofb
k'Uof kl5 Ps lty{ u/fO k|fo]lZrQ lbg' P:tfsf xftsf] eft kflg rn\5= s/l0f ul/
:jfl:gsf xftsf] eft cfkm'n] iffO c?nfO :d]t\ jf]/]5 eGof c}g jdf]lhd\ ;j{:j ul/ ! jif{
s}b ul/ hf}gf hftsf :jfl:gsf] s/l0f u¥ofsf] 5 p;} hftsf] ! cIf/ jf`fF ufnfdf iff]lb

296
 eft kflg jfx]s ul/ p;} hftdf ldnfO 5fl8lbg' c?nfO jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof t];} p;}
hftdf ldnfO 5fl8lbg' cIf/ iff]bg' kb}{g ef]df{ eft kflg iffGofnfO ef]/sf] kltof lbg'=
@= pkfWof= /hk't h}l; tfufwfl/ b]jefh' t]îf}Tof e§ dx{§f gfu/ u'h|flt dfxf/fi6« t}n]lu
b|flj0f dlw:of b]l; j|fé0f / lj/f0ff /fhsf c? u}î j|fé0f b;gfd hf]lu h+ud ;+Gofl;
;]j8f j}/flu sfgkm§f gfgs pbfl; j3/ u}î uf]iff{ /fhdf !.@ k':tf;Dd 3/ hfxfg\ ul/
j:ofsf e]if wfl/ / # ln+u b]lifsf h}l; 8f]6ofn h}l; h'dlnh}l; gdfl;Gof dtjfln
dfl;Gof dtjfln u}î kflg rnGof hftn] 5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf]
s+Gof ljwjf ;wjfsf] s/l0f u/]5 p:sf xftsf] eft kflg iffofsf] /x]5 eGof klg
giffofsf] eof klg c}g jdf]lhd\sf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ !.. jif{ s}b ul/ p;} hftsf] Psf cIf/
jf`fF ufnfdf iff]bL eft kflg jfx]s ul/ p;} hftdf ldnfO 5f]l8lbg'=
#= kflg grnGofdf 5f]O l56f] xfng' gkGof{ hftn] l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf
;wjf ljwjf s+Gofsf] s/l0f u/]5 eGof ;wjf eof hf/ xf+Gof hftsf] c}g jdf]lhd\
;fw'sf] if'l; hf/ gxf+Gof hftsf ;wjf / s+Gof ljwjfsf] s/l0f u/]5 eGof ;j{:j ul/
eft kflg jfx]s ul/ p;} hftsf] ! cIf/ jf`fF ufnfdf iff]lb p;} hftdf ldnfO 5f]l8lbg'=
$= 5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{ gkGof{ u}î kflg grnGof hftsf nf]UGof dflg;\ nfO /flh if'l;n]
s/l0f lbGof :jfl:gdf tfufwfl/ hft / gdfl;gof dtjfln hftsf :jfl:gn] s/l0f u/fO
eft kflgdf jf]¥ofsf] eof ! jif{ s}b ul/ hf}gf hftdf ljU¥ofls 5 p;} hftsf] ! cIf/
iff]lb kflg jfx]s\ ul/ p;} hftdf ldnfO 5fl8lbg' s}bsf ?k}of lt¥of lng' kflgdf jf]¥ofsf]
geof ! cIf/ iff]lb p;} hftdf ldnfO5f]l8 lbg' s}b x'b}g dfl;Gof dtjfln hftsf :jfl:g
eof dfl; ;f]lx jdf]lhd\ ! cIf/ iff]lb 5f]l8lbg'= sdfl/ eof ! jif{ s}b ul/ cIf/ iff]lb
ifd;\sf lhDdf ul/ lbg'= Dofbsf ?k}of lt¥of nL 5f8g' P:tfsf] kfgL rn\b}g=
%= 5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf nf]UGof dflg;nfO /flh if'l;n] s/l0f u/fpGof kflg
grnGofdf l56f] xfng' gkGof{ hftsf :jfl:gnfO dfl; lbg'=
^= d';n\dflg s';Noflg s;fOlg snjflg{ wf]ljlg s'n'lg u}î 5f]of l56f] xfng' gkGof{ kflg
grnGof hftsf :jfl:gn] cfkm' e+bf 6"nf kflg rnGof hftsf nf]UGofnfO s/l0f u/fof
eft kflgdf jf]/fofsf] /x]5 eGof Tof] cfkm' e+bf 7'nf hftnfO s/l0f u/fpGof :jfl:g
dfl;lbg'=
&= 5f]O l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf :jfl:g dflg;\n] xfld rf]iff hft x'+ elg hft 9fl6 tfufwfl/
nufot\ kflg rnGof hftnfO ef]/df kfl/ s/l0f u/fofsf] /x]5 eGof hft 9fl6 s/l0f
u/fpGof dfl;Gof hftsf :jfl:g nfO dfl; lbg' ef]/df s/l0f uGof{ nf]uGofx¿nfO eft
kflgsf] kltof lbg' ef]/df k¥ofsf] x'gfn] b+8 x'b}g=
*= tfufwfl/ hft u}în] eft kflg s/l0f ;+j+wsf s'/ful/ c}gn] chft ug'{ kGof{ ifTdf chft
u/fpbf hg} lemls chft u/fOlbg'=
(= kflg grnGof hft / 5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf s+Gof ljwjf :jfl:gn] tfufwfl/
nufot\ kflg rnGof 7'nf ;fgf hftsf nf]UGof dflg;\ s;}nfO if'l; /flhn] s/l0f u/fof
5g\ / s/l0f uGof{ nf]UGofn] kflg rnGof hftnfO eft kflgdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof s/l0f
lbGof t]:tf :jfl:gnfO iftjft nfUb}g Ho" klg dfl;b}g s/l0f uGof{ nf]UGof hg} x'Gof
hfteof hg} lemls hg} gnfpgof hft eof t];} :jfl:gsf hftdf ldnfO lbg'= ;j{:j b+8
hl/jfgf s]lx x'b}g=
!)= kflg grnGof hft / 5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf ;wjf :jfl:gnfO kflg rnGof 7'nf
;fgf hft s;}n] /flh if'l;n] s/l0f ul/ kflg rnGof hftnfO eft kflgdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5
eGof /fhift\ nfUb}g s/l0f uGof{ d'l8Gof hft eof hf}g hftsf :jfl:gsf] s/l0f u¥ofsf]
5 p;} hftsf c}g jdf]lhd\sf] ljxf ifr{ e/fO b+8 ug'{ sfl6Gof hft eof ;fw'sf] if'l;=
;fw'n] 5f8of] eGof /flh if'l;n] s/l0f ul/ hft kmfGof jfjt\ hg} x'Gof hftsf] hg} lemls
hg} gx'Gof hftnfO t];} p;} hftdf ldnfOlbg'= b+8 hl/jfgf ;j{:j s]lx x'b}g ;fw'n]
;hfo ug{ ;lsg elg s/fpg cfof ;f]lx jdf]lhd\sf ljxf ifr{ e/fO b+8 ug'{= ?k}of
glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=
!!= kf]9\of Rofdf ifns nufo]t\ 5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{ hft u}îsf :jfl:gn] cfkm' e+bf 7'nf
kflg grnGof hftsf nf]UGof dflg;nfO s/l0f u/fO eft kflgdf jf]/fofeGof cfkm' e+bf
7'nf hftnfO s/l0f u/fpGof :jfl:gnfO dfl; lbg'=

297
!@= d';ndfg\ hft jfx]s c? kflg grnGof l56f] xfn\g gkGof{ hftsf nf]UGof :jfl:g dflg;\
s;}n] 5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftdf s/l0f ul/ u/fof eGof ;wjf eof c}g jdf]lhd\
;fw'sf] if'l; ;fw'n] ;hfo u/]g5 eGof klg s+Gof ljwjf eof klg nf]UGof dflg;\ eof
klg /fhift nfUgf n] s/l0f ul/ u/fO etfxfnfO eft kflgdf jf]/fofsf] eof l56f] xfng'
kGof{ hf}g hftdf s/l0f u/] u/fofsf] 7x5{ p;} hfTsf] ! cIf/ jf`fF ufnfdf iff]lb dfl;
lbg' eft kflgdf jf]¥ofsf] geof ! cIf/ iff]lb p;} hftdf ldnfO 5fl8lbg' Ho" dfl;b}g=
!#= d';n\dfg hftsf :jfl:g dflg;\ s;}n] cfkm] e+bf 7'nf tfufwfl/ nufo]t kflg rnGof
lx+b' hftdf s/l0f u/fO nf]UGofjf6 eft kflgdf jf]/fofsf] eof @ jif{ eft kflgdf jf]/fofsf]
geof ! jif{ s}b ug'{ Dofbsf] 8jn\ lbof ln 5fl8lbg'=
!$= uf]iff{ /fhe/ d'n'Sdf 3/ hfxfg\ ul/ !.@ k':tf;Dd j:ofsf jfx]s c? lj/fgf /fhsf
t]îf}Tof e§ dx{§f gfu/ u'h|flt dfxf/fi6« t}n+lu b|flj0f dlw:of b]l; j|fé0f b; gfd hf]lu
h+ud ;+Gofl; ;]j8f j}/flu sfgkm§f gfgs pbfl; j3/ u}î e]ifwfl/ hftn]= kflg grnGof
l56f] xfng gkGof{ hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf ;wjf ljwjf s+Gofsf] s/l0f u/]5 p:sf
xftsf] eft kflg iffofsf] /x]g5 eGof tfufwfl/ / tfufwfl/ ;/x hftsf] eof !))
gdfl;Gof hft ;/xsf] eof %) dfl;Gof ;/xsf] eof @% ?k}of b+8 ul/ lt¥of ?k}of ln
glt¥of Dofb k'Uof kl5 Ps lty{ u/fO k|folZrt bLg'= P:tfsf xftsf] eft kflg rn\5
s/l0f ul/ :jfl:gsf xftsf] eft kflg iffO c?nfO :d]t\ jf]/]5 eGof ;j{:j ul/ c?nfO
jf]¥ofsf geof t];} eft kflg jfx]s, eof] elg b]; lgsfnf ul/ lbg' cIf/ iff]bg' kb}{g
ef]/df eft kflg iffGofnfO ef]/sf] kltof u/fO lbg'=
!%= uff]iff{ /fhe/ d'n'Sdf 3/ hfxfg ul/ !.@ k':tf;Dd j:ofsf jfx]s c? lj/fgf /fhsf
t]îf}Tof e§ dx{§f gfu/ u'h|flt dxf/fi6« t}n+lu b|flj0f dlw:of b]l; j|fé0f b; gfd hf]lu
h+ud ;+Gof;L ;]j8f j}/flu sfgkm§fgfgs pbfl; j3/ u}î e]ifwfl/ hftn] 5f]of l56f]
xfng' kGof{ hfTsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf ;wjf ljwjf s+Gofsf] hflg hflg s/l0f u/]5 eGof
p;\ sf xftsf] eft kflg iffofsf] eof klg geof klg c}g jdf]lhdsf] c+; ;j{:j ul/ !..
jif{ s}b ul/ eft kflg jfx]s eof] elg b]; lgsfnf ul/ lbg' cIf/ iff]bg' kb]{g ef]df{df
kGof{nfO ef]sf]{ kltof u/fO lbg'=

3l6 hftdf ldN5' elg hfGofsf]

!= tfufwfl/ nufo]t\ rf/ jf0f{ 5lt;} hft u}îsf nf]UGof dflg;\ s;}n] cfkm' e+bf 3l6 eft
grnGof hftsf xftsf] eft klg grnGof 5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf xftsf] eft kflg
iffO xj;\ s/l0f ul/ xj;\ p;} hftdf ldN5' elg hfx]/ ul/ hfGofn] csf{nfO eft kflgdf
kf¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof hfg kfp5 ift nfUb}g= jfj' cfdf bfHo" efO cfkm'n] hGdfofsf] 5f]/f
/= :jfl:gx¿l;t c+; ln j]un j:ofsf] /x]5 eGof= cfÇgf] hf] eofsf] wg dfn :d]t\ ln
hfg kfp5 c+; eofsf] /x]g5 eGof hft 5fl8 hfGofn] c+; ul/ wg dfn n}hfg kfpb}g
jfj' 5f]/f :jfl:g bfHo" efOx¿n] c}g jdf]hd\ iffg kfp5g\=
@= dfl;Gof khf{ hft / kflg grnGof 5f]O l56f] xfng' gkGof{ hftsf nf]UGof dflg;\n] 5f]O
l56f] xfng' gkGof{ hftsf nf]UGof dflg;\n] 5f]O l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf :jfl:gl;t
s/l0f ul/= d o;} hfTdf ldn\5' elg s;}nfO eft kflgdf gkfl/ hfx]/ ul/ hfGof nfO
iftjft nfUb}g= s/l0f ul/ eft kflgdf kf¥of] eGof nf]UGof :jfl:g b'j}nfO dfl; lbg'=
#= kflg grnGof hftdf hflg hflg ljèf ul/ kflg df kGof{nfO c}g jdf]lhd\sf] c+; ;j{:j
ul/ tfufwfl/ hftsf] hg} lemls c? kflg rnGof hftnfO t];} hft kltt ul/ hf}gf
hftdf ljèf u¥ofsf] xf] p;} hftdf ldnfOlbg' ef]df{ kl/ ljxf u¥ofsf] 7x¥of :jfl:g
5'6ofO k|flZrt lbg' iftjft nfUb}g=

s'n'sf]

298
!= s'n'n] gdfl;gof g]jf/ hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof ljwjf ;wjf :jfl:gsf] /flh
if'l;n] s/l0f ul/ eft kflgdf jf]/]5 eGof @ jif{ s}b ul/ dfl;lbg' eft kflgdf jf]¥ofsf]
/x]g5 eGof dfl;lbg' :jfl:gn] kflgdf jf]¥ofls eof ! jif{ s}b ul/ geof t];} jf`fF
ufnfdf ! cIf/ iff]bL eft kflg jfx]s ul/ 5f]l8lbg' Dofbsf ?k}of lng'=
@= s'n'n] dfl;Gof g]jf/ hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof ljwjf ;wjf :jfl:gsf] if'l; /flhn]
s/l0f ul/ eft kflgdf jf]/]5 eGof ! jif{ s}b ug'{ eft kflgdf jf]¥ofsf] geof t];}
:jfl:gnfO ! cIf/ iff]lb eft kflg jfx]s ul/ nf]UGof :jfl:g b'j}nfO dfl; lbg'=
#= s'n'n] g]jf/ hftsf cfÇgf hft eftdf g/èfsf j]:of :jfl:gsf /flh if'l;n] s/l0f ul/
eft kflgdf jf]/]5 eGof nf]UGofnfO dfl; lbg'= gdfl;Gof g]jf/ hftsf :jfl:gnfO ! cIf/
iff]lb eft kflg jfx]s ul/ 5f]l8lbg'= dfl;Gof hftsf :jfl:gnfO ! cIf/ iff]lb dfl; lbg'
/flh if'l;n] s/l0f ul/ eft kflgdf s;}nfO gkfl/ n} uof eGof ift nfUb}g=
$= s'n'n] tfufwfl/ hf/ xf+Gof hftsf j]:of kflgdf kfl/ n}hfj:tf klg kflgdf gkfl/
n}hfj:tf klg dfl; lbg'=

l56f] xfng' gkGof{=

!= s';Nof lg s;fOl0f s'n'gL d';Ndfg\lg Dn]5lg s/jflg{ wf]ljlg u}î 5f]of l56f] xfng'
gkGof{ kflg klg grnGof hftl;t s/l0f ul/ p:sf xftsf] kflg iffofsf] /x]g5 eGof t]:tf
s/l0f dfq uGof{ tfufwfl/ hft eof !)) ?k}of gdfl;Gof dtjfln eof %) dfl;Gof
dtjfln hftnfO @% ?k}of b+8 ul/ ! lty{ u/fO k|folZrt u/fO lbg' b+8sf ?k}of lt/]g
eGof d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf b/n] s}b ul/ Dofb k'Uof kl5 lty{ k|fo]lZrt ul/ ;'4 x'+5=
@= kflg rnGof hftsf :jfl:gx¿ kflg grnGof 5f]O l56f] xfng' gkGof{ hft s';Nof
s;flxl;t ljlu| kflg jfx]s eofsf:jfl:gx¿ l;t kflg rnGof tfufwfl/ dtjfln hft
u}în] t]lx :jfl:g /flif t];}jf6 hfof hGd klg eofsf] /x]5 eGof Tof] :jfl:g /fifGof
nf]UGofnfO kflg b]lif jfx]s u¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof kf]O /= lt 5f]/f 5f]l/ cfdf h'g\ hftdf ljlu|
kflg jfx]s eofls xf] p;} hftdf hfg\5g\ jfj'sf] ljU¥ofsf] yfxf kfO b'lgofn] kflg
sf9\ofsf] /x]g5 kflgdf rNofsf] /x]5 eGof 5f]/f 5f]l/ hg} gkfpGof z'4 hft x'+5g\ kflg
rN5 cfdfsf] xftsf] kflg iffo jfjt\ 5f]/f 5f]l/nfO kltof u/fOlbg'= cfdfsf] eGof klg
rNb}g=
#= tfufwfl/ hftn] s';Noflg s;fOlg :jf:gL t'NofO t];} lt/jf6 hGDof sf 5f]/f 5f]l/ c?
tfufwfl/ hft / du/ u'?+ u}î rf]iff hftn] ljèf u¥of eGof t]:tfsf] c}g gx'b} cl3 ljxf
ul/ kflg rnfO cfofsf] x'gfn] cl3 kflg rnfofsfsf] kflg dfq rN5 eft rNb}g hg}
kfpb}gg\= jfj'n] ltg} ;+tfg\sf xftsf] eft iffofsf] eof hg} lemls+5 kflg eGof rN5
s/l0f dfq u¥ofsf] /x]5 eft iffofsf] /x]g5 eGof kltof ul/ hg} /x+5 etfxfnfO eft
iffgfsf] s/ nfUb}g=
$= d';Ndfg\n] s;flxlg s';Noflg s'n'lg wf]ljlg u}î kflg grnGof lxGb' hftsf :jfl:gsf]
s/l0f ul/ p:sf eft kflgdf kf¥ofsf] eof !)) ?k}of eft kflg kf¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof &)
?k}of b+8 ug'{=
%= g]kfnsf jfl;+bf d';n\dfg s:d]l/ jfx]s kb]{l; d';n\dfgsf :jfl:g s+Gof ljèf ;flb
u¥oflssf sf]lx d';n\dfg\n] s/l0f u¥of] eGof t];\ nfO !)) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ !)) ?k}of
ljxf ifr{ e/fpg' ! ;+u ljlu| km]l/ ;flb u¥ofls @.#.$ ln+u ;Ddsf :jfl:g ;+u s/l0f
eof] eGof %) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ %) ?k}of ljxf ifr{ e/fpg' b+8 / ljxf ifr{ sf ?k}of ltg{
;s]g eGof d}Gxfsf % ?k}ofsf b/n] s}b ug'{ h'g\ nf]UGof;Fu a:5] p;\;+u j:g' :jfl:gsf]
if';=
^= xfd|f d'n'ssf jfl;+bf r'8f/f d'';Ndfgsf hftsf] l/t ul/ Nofofsf :jfl:gsf] c?
d';n\dfg\n] s/l0f u¥of] elg s/fpg cfof ^) ?k}of ljxf ifr{ e/fO ^) ?k}of b+8 ug'{=
:jfl:g ;fw'n] n} uof] eGof ljxf ifr{ kb]{g @) ?k}of dfq b+8 ug'{ ;fw'n] cj pk| fGt
hf/sf6g kfpb}g sf6g'=
&= kflg grnGof 5f]of l56f] xfng' gkGo]{ gkGof{ hftdf kflg grnGof hftsf nf]UGof
dflg;\n] csf{ hftsf :jfl:gsf] s/l0f u¥of] eGof eftdf kf¥ofsf] eof klg geof klg
299
 nf]UGofnfO @) :jfl:gnfO !) ?k}of b+8 ul/ p;} hftdf ldnfO lbg'= 7"nf hfTsf]
nf]UGofn] kflg grnGof hftsf :jfl:gnfO s/l0f ul/ eft kflgdf kf¥of] eGof nf]UGofnfO
@) :jfl:gnfO !) ?k}of b+8 ul/ hftsf l/t\sf] kltof u/fO lbg' c?nfO eft kflgdf
gkfl/ d P;} hftdf hf+5' elg uof] eGof ift\jft nfUb}g=
*= g]kfnsf jfl;+bf s:d]l/ d';n\dfg / c? d';n\dfgsf ljèf ;flb ul/ Nofofsf :jfl:gsf]
s:d]l/n] xj;\ c? b]l; d'n'dfgn] xj;\= s;}n] s/l0f u¥of] elg s/fpg cfof % jif{ s}b
ug'{ ;fw'n] 5f]l8 b]p eGof 5fl8 lbg' ;fw'n] 5f]8]g eGof Dofb k'Uof kl5 5f8g' Dofb gk'lu
8jn\ lbof klg glng' ljU¥ofls :jfl:g hfl/ uGof{n] kfpb}g=

kflg grnGof 3l6 jl9 hftsf]

s;flx nufo]t\ Roféf ifns ;Ddsf kflg grnGof / 5f]of l56f] :d]t\ xfng' kGof{ hftsf]
7'nf];fg' hft 5'6ofofsf] c}g=

tkl;n

!= pkNnf hftb]lif kf]9\of tssf] h'7f] iffgfn] ;a} hfte+bf ;fg' Roféf ifnssf] hft=
@= c?sf] h'7f] iffGof Roféf ifnssf xftsf] giffGof x'gfn] Roféf ifns e+bf 7"nf] kf]9\ofsf]
hft=
#= Roféf ifns /= kf]9\ofsf xftsf] giffGof l56f] xfng' kGof{ hft;Ddsf 3/3/df ufO gflr
dflu iffGof x'gfn] @ hfte+bf 7'nf] jflbsf] hft=
$= jflbsf xftsf] giffGof ufO jhfO dflu iffGof x'gfn] jflb e+bf 7'nf] ufOGofsf] hft=
% ufOGofsf] xftsf] giffGof ufOGoflg :jfl:g /flif hGDofsf 5f]/f 5f]l/ eftdf glnGof x'gfn]
ufOGof e+bf 7"nf] bdfOsf] hft=
^= ;fls{n] sDoflg sfdLn] ;Sof{lg NofO hGDofsf ;+tfg\ s8f/f hft x'+5g\ Og\sf xftsf] klg
bdfOn] iffGof bdfOsf xftsf] Ogn] iffGof x'gfn] bdfO e+bf 7'nf] s8f/fsf] hft=
&= sfldsf xftsf] kflg ;fls{ giffGof ;fls{sf xftsf] sfld giffGof c? e'6Øf kf]Nofsf]
bf]x/f] iffGof x'bf /= Og\sf ifr/ s8f/fsf hftsf] eft kflg cl3 giffO cfofsf] x'gfn]
s8f/f e+bf 7'nf] sfld / ;fls{sf] hft\= cj ifr/ 5f]/f s8f/fsf xftsf] eft rNb}g kflg
rN5 kflg iffof sfld ;fls{ b'j}n] kltof ug'{ kb}{g ;fls{sf ljwjf s+Gof sfldn]=
sfldsf ljwjf s+Gof ;fls{n] /flh if'l;n] /= dfOltn] lbsg eftdf gkfl/ NofO :jfl:g
t'Nofof eGof O b'j}sf Ho" dfl;b}g iftjft klg nfUb}g eftdf kf¥of !) ?k}of b+8 ul/;
hftsf l/tsf] kltof u/fOlbg'=
*= O ;ft} hftsf] xftdf eft kflg kfGof O ;ft hftsf 5f]l/ j]l6 NofO :jfl:g tkm{jf6 hfof
hGd eofsf] gx'gfn] /= bdfO= sfld= ;fls{l;t eft kflg sl0f{df jf]¥ofdf cl3 hftsf
l/tsf] kltof eofsf] x'gfn] 5fnfsf] Ond\ uGof{ O hftx¿ e+bf 7'nf] s'n'sf] hft=
(= Plt hftsf xftsf] giffGof O kflg grnGof 5f]O l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf n'uf klg gw'Gof
c? 7'nf hftsf j}7s d6fg\ ;Dd hfGof x'gfn] O{ hftx¿ e+bf 7'nf] lx+b' wf]ljsf] hft=
!)= lt hftsf xftsf] giffGof bjf{/ pd/fjx¿sf 3/ rf]s b]jfodf emf? j9f? uGof{ b]jtfsf
:yfg :yfgdf jfhf jhfO iffGof Ond\ uGof{ x'gfn] O hftx¿ e+bf 7'nf] s';Nofsf] hft=
!!= O c? hftsf xftsf] eft kflg giffGof s';Nofsf xftsf] klg eft giffg] pkNnf hft
;j}n] OGsf xftsf ufOe}l;+sf b+8 rnfofsf] x'gfn] s';Nof e+bf klg 7'nf] s;flxsf] hft=
!@= Roféf ifns kf]9\of jflb ufOGof bdfO s8f/f sfld ;fls{ r'8f/f x'Sof{ Plt hftnfO kflg
rnGof rf]iff hftn] 5f]ofdf l56f] xfng' l56f] xfNofgGeof ..= ?k}of b+8 ul/ rf/ k};f ln
kltof u/fO lbg'=
!#= sDoflg ;fls{n] ;Sof{lg sfldn] s/l0f ul/ sfldn] ;fls{sf ;fls{n] sfldsf eftdf
kf¥of] eGof !) ?k}of b+8ug'{ s8f/fn] sUofgL ;fSof{gLsf] s/l0f u/L efTdf kf¥of] eGof
nf]UGofnfO !@ :jfl:g nfO * ?k}of b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=

300
!$= sfld ;fls{ s8f/fsf :jfl;gx¿sf] bdfO ufOGof jflb u}î hftn] s/l0f u¥of] eGof
eftdf kf/f]:tklg gkf/]:tklg nf]UGofnfO @) :jfl:gnfO !) ?k}of b+8 ul/ ln p;} hftdf
ldnfO lbg'= O ltg hftsf nf]UGofn] bDoflg u}Goflg= e8Øflgsf] s/l0f ul/ cfÇgf
hfteft nfO kflgdf kf¥of] eGof nf]UGofnfO @) :jfl:gnfO !) ?k}of b+8 ul/ p;} hftdf
ldnfO lbg'= eft kflgdf gkfl/ rfx]/ ul/ p;} hftdf hf+5' elg hfGofnfO iftjft nfUb}g=
!%= tfufwfl/ nufo]t\ kflg rnGof hftsf sdfl/n] kflg grnGof /= 5f]of l56f] xfng'kGof{
hftsf nf]UGofl;t s/l0fdf ljlu| cfkm' ldNbf nfO eftdf / c?nfO kflgdf jf]l/5 eGof /
s/l0f u/fO5 eGof ! jif{ s}b ul/ p;} hfTsf] ! cIf/ iff]lb kflg jfx]s ul/ c?nfO
kflgdf jf]¥ofsf] s/l0f u/fofsf] /x]g5 eGof ^ d}Gxf s}b ul/ ! cIf/ iff]lb kflg jfx]s ul/
?k}of lt¥of 8jn\ ln glt¥of s}b k'Uof kl5 p;}sf if;Dsf lhDdf ul/ 5fl8lbg'=
!^= dfl;Gof hftsf jWo]TofgL :jfl:g dflg;\n] kflg grnGof 5f]of l57f] xfn\g' kGof{ hftsf
nf]UGof dflg;\ l;t s/l0fdf ljlu| / cfÇgf xftjf6 cfkm' ldNbfnfO eftdf / c?nfO
kflgdf jf]/]5 s/l0f u/fO5 eGof klg jf]/fofsf] /x]g5 eGof klg wlgsf] y}ln k/;fl/
dfl;= p;} hftsf] ! cIf/ iff]lb kflg jfx]s ul/ ;fx'sf] k/n y}ln ;fx'nfO lbnfO j9tf
lg:Sofsf ?k}of cbfnt cdfndf hfxf s'/f] k¥ofsf] 5 p;}n] rng ug'{ gdfl;Gof hftsf]
jWo]Toflg /lx5 eGof c?nfO eft kflgdf jf]¥ofsf] s/l0f u/fofsf] eof lg geof klg ^
d}Gxf s}b ul/ ?k}of lt¥of ?k}of ln glnGof Dofb k'Uof kl5 p;} hftsf] ! cIf/ jf`f
ufnfdf iff]lb eft kflg jfx]s ul/ wlgsf lhDdf ul/ 5fl8 lbg' Ho' dfl;b}g=
!&= 5f]O l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf sdfl/x¿n] lji6 hftnfO s/l0f lb xj;\ eft kflg if'jfO
xj;\ tfufwfl/ hft gdfl;Gof dfl;Gof dtjfln hft nfO eft kflgdf kf¥of eGof
t]:tfnfO # jif{ s}b ul/ p;}sf if;Dsf lhDdf ul/ 5f]l8 lbg'=
kflg grnGof 5f]of l56f] xfng' gkGof{ hft
tkl;n
!= d';Ndfg\ ! wf]lj !
dw];sf t]ln ! s'n' !
s;flx ! Dn]5 !
s';Nof ! r'¥of8f !

l56f] xfng' kGof{ hft=

tkl;n
@= ;fls{ ! bd} !
sfld ! ufOGof !
r'gf/ ! jflb efO !
r'gf/f ! kf]9\of !
x'Sof{ ! Roféf ifns\ !

sdf/fsf]

!= sdf/fn] cfÇgf if;Dsf :jfl:g 5f]l/ j'xfl/sf] s/l0f u/]5 eGof hj/hl:tn] eof klg
if'l; /flhn] eof klg t]:tf sdf/fnfO sfl6 dfl/ lbg'=
@= sdf/f sdfl/ u}îsf xf8gftfdf s/l0f ;gj+wsf s'/f kl/ cfofdf ef]6of k|hfsf ;/x
jdf]lhd\sf ;hfo lg;fkm ug'{=
#= dfl;Gof hftls 5f]l/ cfkm' e+bf 7'nf hft / cfkm' ldNbf hft;+u s/l0f u/]sf] /x]5
kl5jf6 cfkm' j/fj/sf hftdf dfOltn] l/t giffO p;} n}lu :jfl:g Nofofsf] /x]5 Tof]
kHof{lg sdf/fl;t ljlu| eGof dfl;Ù j]:of 7x5]{ kflg rn\Gof hft;+u eGof j]:of eofls
xf]tf klg dfl;G5]=
$= dfl;Gof hftls 5f]l/ cfkm' eGbf 7'nf hft /= cfkm' ldNbf hft;+u s/l0f u¥ofsf] /x]5
kl5jf6 cfkm' j/fj/sf] s6'Djn] cfÇgf hftsf] l/t ul/ ljxf ul/ n}lu bfn eft cfÇgf
hft efOn] iffofsf] /x]5 eGof Tof] :jfl:g sdf/f;+u /= kflg grnGof hft;+u ljlu| egof
t]:tf :jfl:gnfO dfl; lbg'=
301
%= dfl;Gof hftsL s+Gof ljxf gul/ dfOt 3/ j:ofls cfkm' e+bf kNnf hft / cfkm' j/fj/
hftl;t s/l0f e} kl5jf6 sdf/f l;t s/l0f eofsf] /x]5 eGof kHof{lg klg dfl;Ù
sdf/fnfO klg b+8 s}b kb}{g Tof] kTof{lg j]:of 7x5]{=
^= gdfl;Gof dtjfln hftsf ljwjf / s+GofnfO dfl;Gof hftn] s/l0f u¥of eGof t]:tfnfO
dfl; cfÇgf cdflnn] l5Gof] eGof cdfnsf] x'+5 cdflnn] l5Ù g;ls cbfnt 7fgfdf
cfof] eGof cbfnt 7fgfsf] x'g\5=
&= dfl;Gof hftls s+Gof c?;+u gljlu| sdf/fl;t lju|L eGof dlf;+5]=
*= s;}sf jfw jw]Toflgn] dfl;Gof ift ul/ dfl;of] eGof hf}gf cDjn sf jfwf jw]Toflg x'g\
p;} cDjnsf cdflnn] kfp5g\ jfwf jw]Toflgsf jfj' cfdf j:ofsf 7fpdf cdflnn]
kfpb}gg\ jfwf jw]Toflgsf] y}ln ;fx'sf] k/ ;fl/ dfl;ofsf Ho" cdflnn] lng'= \
(= dfl;Gof hftn] dfl;Gof ift\ ul/ dfl;of] gdfl;+b} cl3 ljxf u¥ofls p:sL :jfl:g /lx5
nf]UGof iftjftn] dfl;of] tfklg ljxfOt} nf]UGof xf] d t];} nf]UGofl;t} hfG5' eGof hfg
kfp5] iftjft nfUb}g t];\tf :jfl:g af6 hGDofsf ;Gtfg chfk'qx¿ 7x{5g\ p;l;t if';n]
j;\5] j:g kfp5] if'l; /flhn] csf{l;t kf]On u} eGof n}hfGofnfO iftjft nfUb}g=
!)= j|fé0f nufo]t\ rf/ j0f{ 5lQ;} hftsf sdf/fn] / 3/df sl/of e} /èfsf ifjf:ofn]
tfufwfl/ hft u}îsf !! jif{ d'lgsf s+Gof ljwjf ;wjfsf] s/l0f uGof{ hj/hl:t 7x5{
;wjfsf] s/l0f u¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ ;fw'sf] if'l; s+Gof / ljwjfsf] s/l0f uGof{ ifjf:of /
sdf/fnfO sfl6 dfl/ lbg'=
!!= sdf/fn] / 3/df sl/of e}= /èfsf ifjf:ofn] gdfl;Gof dtjfln hftsf !! jif{ d'lgsf
s+Gof ljwjf ;wjf s/l0f u/]5 eGof sdf/fn] s/l0f ubf{ :jfl:gsf hft ldNbfn]
ljxfj/L uGof{ /xg]5g\ t]:sf xftsf] eft iffhf rnGof /x]g5 un+Hof klg gx'Gof /lx5
eGof s/l0f uGof{ hj/hl:t 7x5{ ;wjf eof hf/ xf+Gof hftsf] c}g jdf]lhd\ ;fw'sf] if'l;
hf/ gxfGof hftsf ;wjf /= s+Gof ljwjfsf] s/l0f u/]5 eGof= t]:tf ifjf:of / tfufwfl/
hftsf sdf/fnfO ^ jif{ s}b ug'{ Dofbsf] rf}j/ lbof ?k}of lng'= Dofb k'Uof kl5 if;dsf
lhDdf ul/ 5f]l8 lbg' gdfl;Gof dtjfln dfl;Gof hftsf sdf/fnfO bfdn ug'{= kflg
grnGof / 5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf sdf/fnfO sfl6 dfl/ lbg'=
\!@= sdf/fn] / 3/df sl/of e} /èfsf ifjf:ofn] gdfl;Gof dtjflnhftsf !! jif{ d'lgsf
s+Gof ljwjf ;wjfsf] s/l0f u/]5 eGof sdf/fn] s/l0f ubf{ :jfl:gsf] k|folZrQ ul/
eft iffhfdf rnGof /x]5 hflt ldNbfn] ljxfj/L uGof{ /x]g5g\ un+Hofsf] k|fo]lZrt ul/
hftdf cfpGof /lx5 eGof hj/hl:t 7xgf{n] ;wjfsf] s/l0f u¥of hf/ xf+Gof hftsf] c}g
jd]flhd\ ;fw'sf] if'l; hf/ gxf+Gof hftsf ;wjf / s+Gofsf s/l0f u/]5 eGof ifjf:of /
tfufwfl/ hftsf gdfl;Gof dtjfln hftsf sdf/fnfO ^ jif{ s}b ug'{ dfl;Gof hftsf
sdf/fnfO !@ jif{ s}b ubf{ kflg grnGof / 5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf sdf/fnfO
sfl6 dfl/ lbg'=
!#= sdf/fn] / 3/df sl/of e} /èfsf ifjf:ofn] dfl;Gof khf{ hftsf !! jif{ d'lgsf s+Gof
;wjf ljwjfsf] s/l0f u/]5 eGof= hj/hl:t 7x5{ ;wjfsf] s/l0f u/]5 eGof hf/ xf+Gof
hftsf] c}g jdf]lhd\ ;fw'sf] if'l; hf/ gxf+Gof hftsf ;wjf /= s+Gof ljwjfsf] s/l0f
uGof{ ifjf:of / tfufwfl/ hft gdfl;Gof dtjfln hftsf sdf/fnfO ^ jif{ s}b ug'{
dfl;Gof hftsf sdf/fnfO & jif{ s}b ug'{= kflg grnGof / 5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf
sdf/fnfO bfdn ug'{ hj/hl:t x'gfn] :jfl:g dfl;+g=
!$= sdf/f / 3/df sl/of e} /èfsf ifjf:ofn] kflg grnGof 5f]of l56f] xfng' gkGof{ hftsf
!! jif{ d'lgsf ;wjf ljwjf s+Gofsf] s/l0f u/]5 eGof hj/hl:t 7x5{ ;wjfsf] s/l0f
u/]5 eGof hf/ xf+Gof hftsf] c}g jdf]lhd\ ;fw'sf] if'l; hf/ gxfGof hftsf ;wjf /
s+Gofsf] ljwjfsf] s/l0f u/]5 eGof ifjf:of / tfufwfl/ hft gdfl;Gof hft dfl;Gof
hftsf sdf/nfO s/l0f ul/ p:sf xftsf] eft kflg iffO cfkm' ldNbf nfO eftdf /
c?nfO kflgdf jf]/]5 eGof & jif{ s}b u/L p;} hftsf] ! cIf/ jfofF ufnfdf iff]bL kfgL
jfx]s u/L if;dsf lhDdf u/L 5f8L lb s/l0f u/L cfkm'n] To;sf xftsf] eft kfgL
vfofsf] /x]g5 eGof ^ jif{ s}b u/L Dofb k'Uofkl5 if;dsf lhDdf ul/lbg' kfgL rN5=
kltof lbg'= kflg grnGof hftdf l56f] xfng' gkGof{ hftn] s/l0f u/]5 eGof & jif{ s}b
u'g{ l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftn] eof * jif{ s}b ug'{= Dofbsf] rf}j/ lbof ?k}of lng'= Dofb
k'Uofkl5 if;dsf lhDdf u/L 5fl8lbg' hjh{l:t x'gfn] :jfl:g dfl;+g=
302
!%= sdf/fn] / 3/df sl/of e} /èfsf ifjf:ofn] 5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf !! jif{ d'lgsf
s+Gof ;wjf ljwjfsf] s/l0f u/]5 eGof hj/hl:t 7x5{ s/l0f uGof{ ifjf:of / tfufwfl/
gdfl;Gof dtjfln hft 5f]of l56f] xfng' gkGof{ hftsf sdf/fn] s/l0f ul/ c?nfO
kflgdf / cfkm' ldNbfnfO eftdf jf]/]5 eGof & jif{ eft kflgdf jf]/]sf geof ^ jif{ s}b
ul/ p;} hftsf] ! cIf/ jf`f ufnfdf iff]lb kfgL jfx]s ul/ if;Dsf lhDDff ul/ 5fl8lbg'
5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf sdf/fnfO & jif{ s}b ug'{ Dofbsf] rf}j/ lbof ?k}of lng'
glt¥of s}b ul/ Dofb k'Uof kl5 if;Dsf lhDdf ul/ 5fl8lbg' hj/hl:t x'gfn] :jfl:g
dfl;Ù=
!^= j|fé0f nufo]t\ rf/ j0f{ 5lQ; hftsf sdf/fn] 3/df sl/of e} /èfsf ifjf:ofn] tfufwfl/
hft u}îsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof ljwjf ;wjf nfO nfu' if'jfO jflw d'ify'lg @.# hgf
ldln s/l0f u¥of jf Plt s'/f ul/ Psn}n] s/l0f u¥of] eGof hj/hl:t 7x5{ ;wjf eof
c}g jdf]lhd\ ;fw'sf] if'l; ljwjf / s+Gof eof s/l0f uGof{ ifjf:of / sdf/fnfO bfdn
ug'{=
!&= sdf/fn] / 3/df sl/of e} /èfsf ifjf:ofn] gdfl;Gof dtjfln hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf
s+Gof / ;wjf ljwjfnfO nfu' if'jfO xf];\ jflw xj;\ d'if y'lg @.# hgf ldln s/l0f u¥of]
jf Plt s'/f ul/ osn}n] s/l0f u¥of] eGof hj/hl:t 7x5{ ;wjf eof hf/ xf+Gof hftsf]
c}g jdf]lhd\ ;fw'sf] if'l; ljwjf s+Gof eof hf/ gxf+Gof hftsf ;wjfsf] s/l0f u/]5
eGof t]; :jfl:gnfO ifjf:of / sdf/fn] s/l0f u¥of kl5 hft ldNbfn] ljxf uGof{ /x]g5
t]:sf xftsf] eft iffhf rnGof /x]g5 un+Hof klg x'Gof /lxg5 eGof Tof] ifjf:of /
tfufwfl/ hftsf] sdf/f eof ^ jif{ g dfl;Gof dtjlfn hftsf] sdf/f] eof * jif{
dfl;Gof hftsf] eof !@ jif{ s}b ug'{ Dofbsf] rf}j/ lbof ?k]of lng' kflg grnGof / 5f]of
l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf] sdf/f] eof bfdn\ ug'{=
!*= sdf/fn] / 3/df sl/of e} /èfsf ifjf:ofn] gdfl;Gof dtjfln hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf
s+Gof / ;wjf ljwjfnfO nfu' if'jfO jflw d'ify'lg @.# hgf ldlns/l0f u¥of] jf Plt s'/f
Psn}n] s/l0f ul/ u¥of] eGof hj/hl:t 7x5{ ;wjf eof hf/ sf6\Gof hftsf] c}g
jdf]lhd\ ;fw'sf] if'l; hf/ gxfGof hftsf ;wjf / ljwjf s+Gof eof t]; :jfl:gnfO
sdf/fn] s/l0f u¥of kl5 hft dlNbfn] ljxfjl/ uGof{ /èf 5g\ k|fo]lZrt ul/ eft iffhf
rnGof /x]5 un+Hofsf] k|fo]lZrQ ul/ hftdf cfpGof /lx5 eGof ifjf:of / tfufwlf/
hftsf] sdf/f] eof !.. jif{ s}b ug'{ gdfl;Gof dtjfln hftsf] sdf/f] eof @ jif{ dlf;Gof
hftsf] sdf/f] eof # jif{ s}b ug'{ Dofbsf] 8jn\ lbof lng' kflg grnGof / 5f]of l56f]
xfng' kGof{ hftsf] sdf/f] eof bfdn ug'{=
!(= sdf/fn] / 3/df sl/of e} /èfsf ifjf:ofn] dfl;Gof hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof /
ljwjf ;wjfnfO nfu' if'jfO jflw d'if y'lg @.# hgf ldln s/l0f u¥of jf Plt s'/f ul/
Ps}n] s/l0f u¥of] eGof hj/hl:t 7x5{ ;wjf eof hf/ xf+Gof hftsf] c}g jdf]lhd\
;fw'sf] if'l; hf/ gxf+Gof hftsf ;wjf /= ljwjf s+Gofsf] s/l0f uGof{ ifjf:of / tfufwlf/
hftsf] sdf/f] / gdfl;Gof hftsf sdf/fnfO # jif{ dfl;Gof hftsf sdf/fnfO ^ jif{ s}b
ug'{ Dofbsf] 8jn\ lbof lng' kflg grnGof / 5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf sdf/nfO
bfdn ug'{ hj/hl:t 7xgf{n] :jfl:g dfl;Ù=
@)= sdf/fn] / 3/df sl/of e} /èfsf ifjf:ofn] kflg grnGof hftdf 5f]of l56f] xfng' \=
gkGof{ hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof ljwjf ;wjf nfO nfu' if'jfP jflw d'if y'lg @.#
hgf ldln s/l0f u¥of] jf Plt s'/f ul/ Ps}n] s/l0f u¥of] eGof hj/hl:t 7x5{= ;wjf
eof hf/ xfGo hftsf] c}g jdf]lhd\ ;fw'sf] if'l; hf/ gxf+Gof hftsf ;wjf ljwjf
s+Gofsf] s/l0f uGof{ ifjf:of / tfufwfl/ gdfl;Gof dfl;Gof hftsf sdf/fn] s/l0f ul/
cfkm' ldNbfnfO eftdf / c?nfO kflgdf jf]/]5 eGof # jif{ s}b ul/ p;} hftsf] ! cIf/
jf`f ufnfdf iff]lb kflg jfx]s ul/ 5fl8lbg' s/l0f ul/ cfkm'n] p:sf xftsf] eft kflg
iffofsf] /x]g5 eGof ! jif{ s}b ul/ Dofb k'Uof kl5 if;d\sf lhDdf ul/ lbg' kflg rN5
kltof lbg' 5f]O l56f] xfng' gkGof{ hftsf sdf/fn] eof ^ jif{ s}b ug'{ l56f] xfng' kGof{
hftsf sdf/fnfO & jif{ s}b ug'{ Dofbsf] 8jn lbof lng' hj/hl:t 7xgf{n] :jfl:g
dfl;Ù=
@!= sdf/fn] / 3/df sl/of e} /èfsf ifjf:ofn]eof l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf
s+Gof ;wjf ljwjfnfO nfu' if'jfO jflw d'if y'lg @.# hgf ldln s/l0f u¥of] jf Plt s'/f
303
 ul/ Ps}n] s/l0f u¥of] eGof hj/hl:t 7x5{ hf/ xf+Gof hftsf ;wjf eof c}g jdf]lhd\
;fw'sf] if'l; hf/ gxf+Gof hftsf ;wjf / s+Gof ljwjfsf] s/l0f u¥of{ ifjf:of / tfufwfl/
gdfl;Gof dfl;Gof 5f]of l56f] xfng' gkGof{ hftsf sdf/fn] s/l0f ul/ cfÇgf hftnfO
eftdf /= c?nfO kflgdf jf]/]5 eGof # jif{ efTkflgdf jf]/]sf /x]g5 eGof ! jif{ s}b ul/
p;} hftsf] ! cIf/ jf`f ufnfdf iff]lb kflg jfx]s ul/ 5fl8 lbg' l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf
sdf/fnfO ^ jif{ s}b ug'{ Dofbsf] 8jn\ lbof lng' hj/hl:t x'gfn] :jfl:g dfl;Ù=
@@= j|fé0f nufo]t\ rf/ j0f{ 5lQ;} hftsf sdf/fn] / 3/df sl/of e} /èf sf ifjf:ofn]
tfufwfl/ hfg u}îsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof ;wjf ljwjf sf] /flh if'l;n] s/l0f u¥of
;wjf eof c}g jdf]lhd\sf] ;fw'sf] if'l; ljwjf sf] / s+Gofsf] s/l0f uGof{ ifjf:of /
sdf/fnfO bfdn ug'{=
@#= sdf/fn] / 3/df sl/of e} /èfsf ifjf:ofn] gdfl;Gof dtjfln hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf
;wjf ljwjf s+Gofsf] /flh if'l;n] s/l0f u/]5 eGof ;wjf eof hf/ xf+Gof hftsf] c}g
jdf\lhd\ ;fw'sf] if'l; hf/ gxf+Gof hftsf ;wjf ljwjf s+Gofsf] sdf/fn] s/l0f ul/
:jfl:gsfhft ldNbfn] ljxfjl/ uGof{ /x]g5g\ t]:sf xftsf] eft iffhf rnGof /x]g5
un+Hof klg gx'Gof /lx5 eGof t]:tf ifjf:of / tfufwfl/ hftsf sdf/f nfO # jif{ s}b ug'{
Dofb k'Uof kl5 if;sf lhDdf u/L 5fl8lbg' gdfl;Gof dfl;gof dtjfln hftsf
sdf/fnfO ^ jif{ s}b ug'{ Dofbsf] rf}j/ lbof lng' kflg grnGof / l56f] xfng' kGof{
hftsf sdf/fnfO bfdn ug'{=
@$= sdf/fn] / 3/df sl/of e} /èfsf ifjf:ofn] gdfl;Gof dtjfln hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf]
s+Gof ;wjf ljwjfsf] /flh if'l;n] s/l0f u/]5 eGof ;wjf eof hf/ xf+Gof hftsf] c}g
jdf]lhd\ ;fw'sf] if'l; hf/ gxf+Gof hftsf s+Gof ;wjf ljwjfsf] s/l0f u/]5 eGof Og\n]
s/l0f ul/ :jfl:gsf xftsf] eft iffhf rnGof /x]5 hft ldNbfn] ljxfjfl/ uGof{ /x]5g\
un+Hofsf] k|folZrQ ul/ hftdf cfpGof /xL5 eGof ifjf:of tfufwfl/ hft / gdfl;Gof
dtjfln hftsf sdf/fnfO # jif{ dfl;Gof hftsf sdf/fnfO ^ jif{ s}b ug'{ Dofbsf] 8jn
lbof ?k}of lng' Dofb k'Uof kl5 if;Dsf hDdf ul/ 5fl8lbg' kflg grnGofnfO / 5f]of
l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf sdf/fnfO bfdn ug'{=
@%= sdf/fn] / 3/df sl/of e} /èfsf ifjf:ofn] dfl;Gof hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf s+Gof ;wjf
ljwjfsf] /flh if'l;n] s/l0f u/]5 eGof ;wjf eof hf/ xf+Gof hftsf] c}g jdf]lhd\
;fw'sf] I'fl; hf/ gxf+Gof hftsf ;wjf ljwjf s+Gofsf] s/l0f u/]5 eGof t]:tf ifjf:of
tfufwfl/ hft / gdfl;GGof dtjfln hftsf sdf/fnfO ! jif{ s}b ug'{= dfl;Gof hftsf
sdf/fnfO ^ jif{ s}b ug'{ Dofbsf] 8jn\ lbof lng'= kflg grnGof / l56f] xfng' kGof{
hftsf sdf/fnfO bfdn ug'{ :jfl:gnfO dfl; lbg'= j]:of eofls :jfl:g /lx5 eGof
dfl;Ù= s/l0f uGof{ ifjf:of / sdf/f nfO klg jft nfUb}g=
@^= sdf/fn] / 3/df sl/of e} /èfsf ifjf:ofn] kflg grnGof df 5f]of l56f] xfng' gkGof{
l56f] xfng' gkGof{ hftsf !! uif{ gf£ofsf ;wjf ljwjf s+Gofsf] /flh if'l;n] s/l0f uGof{
ifjf:of / tfufwfl/ hft gdfl;Gof dfl;Gof hftsf sdf/fnfO s/l0f ul/ cfkm'n] p:sf
xftsf] eft kflg iffO cfkm' ldNbfnfO eftdf / c?nfO kflgdf jf]/]5 eGof !.. jif{ s}b ul/
p;} hftsf] ! cIf/ jf`f ufnfdf iff]lb kflg jfx]s ul/ if;d\sf lhDdf ul/ 5fl8lbg'
s/l0f u/L cfkm'n] p:sf xftsf] eft kflg iffofsf] /x]g5 eGof ! jif{ s}b ug'{ Dofb k'Uof
kl5 if;Dsf lhDdf ul/ 5fl8lbg' kflg rN5 kltof u/fOlbg'= kflg grnGof hftdf l56f]
xfng' gkGof{ hftn] s/l0f u¥of $ jif{ l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftn] eof ^ jif{ kflgdf kf¥of &
jif{ s}b ug'{ Dofbsf] rf}j/ lbof lng' Dofb k'Uof kl5 if;Dsf lhDdf ul/ 5fl8 lbg' :jfl:g
dfl;+5]=
@&= sdf/fn] / 3/df sl/of e} /èfsf ifjf:ofn] l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf !! jif{ gf£ofsf
s+Gof ljwjf ;wjfsf] /flh if'l;n] s/l0f u/]5 eGof ;wjf eof hf/ xf+Gof hftsf] c}g
jdf]lhd\ ;fw'sf] if'l; hf/ gxf+Gof hftsf ;wjf / ljwjf s+Gofsf] s/l0f u/]5 eGof t]:tf
ifjf:of / tfufwfl/ hft gdfl;Gof dtjfln hft dfl;Gof dtjfln hft kflg grnGof
hftsf sdf/fn] s/l0f ul/ cfkm' ldNbfnfO eftdf /= c? nfO kflgdf jf]/]5 eGof !.. jif{
s}b ug'{ eft kflgdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5 eGof ! jif{ s}b ul/ p;} hftsf ! cIf/ jf`f ufnfdf
iff]lb kflg jfx]s ul/ if;Dsf lhDdf ul/ 5fl8lbg' l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf sdf/fn] s/l0f
u¥of $ jif{ s}b ug'{ Dofb k'Uof kl5 if;Dsf lhDdf ul/ 5fl8lbg' :jfl:g dfl;+5]=
304
@*= cfÇgf 3/sf jfwf sdf/fn] cfÇg} if;d\sf :jfl:g 5f]l/ j'xfl/x¿sf] s/l0f u?+ elg
kmsfpgfsf] cf;o] u/]5 jf kmsfpg nfo]5 eGof @ jif{ 3/ jfx]ssf c? ifl:dgL kGof{sf]
s/l0f u? elg kmsfpgfsf] cf;o] u/]5 jf kmsfpg nfo]5 eGof ! jif{ s}b ug'{ Dofbsf
?k}of lbof ln 5f8g'=
@(= s;}n] sdf/f] 5bfdf= dfl;Gof hftls 5f]l/sf] s/l0f u¥ofsf] /x]5 hfx]/ eofsf] /x]g5
kl5 kf/ e} 3lt{ eof kl5 plx s/l0f hfx]/ eof] eGof ;wjfsf] s/l0f u¥ofsf] eof c}g
jdf]lhd\ ;fw'sf] if'l; s+Gof ljwjfsf] s/l0f u¥ofsf] /x]5 eGof Ho" dfl;b}g s/l0f ul/
efTdf jf]l/ lbof] elg s/fpg cfof t]; 3lt{nfO @) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ eftdf jf]¥ofsf] /x]g5
eGof iftjft nfUb}g=

jfwfsf]

!= kflg rnGof hftsf jfwfn] cfkm' jfwf j:ofsf 3/sf if:dLlg 5f]l/ j'xfl/ :jfl:gsf]
hj/hl:t s/l0f u/]5 eGof hj/hl:t s/l0f uGof{sf c}g jdf]lh\ddf 8]9f] j9fO s}b ug'{
s+Gof ljwjf ;wjf :jfl:gsf] if'l; /flhn] s/l0f u¥ofsf] eof hf}gf hftsf jfwfn] hf}gf
hftsf if:dLlg :jfl:gsf] s/l0f u¥ofsf] 5 p;} hftsfnfO n]iofsf c}g jdf]lhd\df 8]9f]
j9fO s}b ug'{ !! jif{ d'lgsf s+Gof ljwjfsf] s/l0f u/]5 eGof 8jn\sf b/n] s}b ug'{=
@= kflg rnGof hftsf jfwfn] cfkm' jfwf j:ofsf 3/sf if;Dsf 5f]l/ j'xfl/ :jfl:g jfx]s
c?sf] s/l0f u¥ofsf] eof !! jif{ d'lgsf xpg\ dfyLsf ;wjf ljwjf s+Gofsf] hj/hl:t
s/l0f u¥ofsf] eof !! jif{ dflysf :jfl:gnfO /flh if'l;n] s/l0f u¥ofsf] eof klg hf}gf
hftsf jfwfn] hf}gf hftsf :jfl:gsf] s/l0f u¥ofsf] 5 p;} hftnfO n]lifofsf c}g
jdf]lhd\ b+8 ;hfo s}b ug'{=
#= kfgL rnGof 5f]of l56f] xfng' gkGof{ hftsf jfwfn] cfÇgf if;Dsf :jfl:g 5f]l/ j'xfl/sf]
hj/hl:tn] s/l0f u¥of klg /flh if'l;n] s/l0f u¥of klg c}g jdf]lhd\sf] c+; ;j{:j
ul/ b;f}b ln pk/ t];} :jfl:gnfO lbnfO s/l0f uGof{nfO bfdn ug'{=
$= kflg rnGof 5f]of l56f] xfng' gkGof{ hftsf jfwfn] cfÇgf if;Dsf :jfl:g 5f]l/ j'xfl/
jfx]s c? hftsf :jfl:gsf] hj/hl:tn] s/l0f u¥ofsf] eof klg if'l; /flhn] eof klg
s/l0f uGof{nfO hf}gf hftsf :jfl:gsf] s/l0f u¥ofsf] 5 p;} hftsf :jfl:gsf] s/l0f
uGof{nfO n]iof sf c}g jdf]lhd\ b+8 ;hfo s}b ug'{=
%= 5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf jfwfn] cfÇgf if;Dsf :jfl:g 5f]l/ j'xfl/sf] hj/hl:tn]
s/l0f u/f];\ if'l; /flhn] s/l0f u/f];\ s/l0f uGof{nfO sfl6 dfl/ lbg'=
^= 5f]of l56f] xfng' kGof{ hftsf jfwfn] cfÇgf if;Dsf :jfl:g 5f]l/ j'xfl/ jfx]s c?
hftsf :jfl:gsf] hj/hl:t s/l0f u¥ofsf] eof klg if'l; /flhn] eof klg s/l0f
uGof{nfO hf}gf hftsf :jfl:gsf] s/l0f u¥ofsf] 5 p;} hftsf :jfl:gsf] s/l0f uGof{nfO
n]iofsf c}g jdf]lhd\ b+8 ;hfo s}b ug'{=
&= jfwfn] cfkm' jfwf j:ofsf 3/sf if:dLlg 5f]l/ j'xfl/x¿df @.# hgf :jfl:gsf] s/l0f
u¥of hf}gf hftsf jfwfn] hf}g\ hf}g hftsf :jfl:gsf] s/l0f u¥ofsf] 5 p;} hftsf
s/l0fsf c}g jdf]lhd\ ;hfo ug'{=

kz' s/l0f

!= ufO lj/fpGof tfufwfl/ hft u}înfO c}g jdf]lhd\sf] c+; ;j{:j ln hg} lemls gdfl;Gof
;'b| hftdf ldnfO lbg' gdfl;Gof dtjfln hftn] lj/fof] eGof ;j{:j ln dfl;Gof khf{
hftdf ldnfO lbg' o]:tfsf] kflg rn\5 cjn\nfO @.. bf]Od\nfO @ l;d\nfO !..= rf/xnfO !
?k}of kflgsf] kltof lbg'=
305
@= rf/ j0f{ 5lQ;} hft s;}n] ufOsf] s/l0f u?+ elg dg\;'jf ul/= tof/ x'bf s/l0f ug{
gkfpb} hfx]/ e} s/l0f u0f{ kfo]g eGof t]:tfnfO @) ?k}of b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of s}b ug'{=
#= dfl;ofsf sdf/fn] ufO lj/fof] eGof ! jif{ s}b ug'{ Dofbsf ?k}of glng' 8jn\sf
lx;fjn] lbof kflgsf] kltof lbbf ..= cfgf ln kltof lbnfO h:sf] sdf/f xf] p;}sf
lhDdf ul/ lbg' Dofb k'Uof kl5 5f]l8 lbg'=
$= dflg;n] ljuf¥ofls ufO c?sf] /x]5 eGf lj/fpGofsf ;j{:jjf6 df]n ljuf] wlgnfO e/fO
lbg' ufO cbfnt7fgf cdfnjf6 ln ;fls{ jfx]s kf}lg hftnfO ;f}lk lbg'= ;fls{ u}î ufO
iffGof hftnfO glbg' o:tf ufOsf] b'w rf]ifff hft s;}n] giffg' s;}n] iffof] eGof cjn
bf]Od\ l;d\ rfxf/sf b/n] @.. ?k}of !. ?k}of ..= ?k}of=. ?k}of b+8 nL kltof u/fO lbg'
ef]/df iffGofnfO b+8 kb}{g ! ?k}of uf]bfg ln kltof u/fO lbg'=
%= e}l;sf] s/l0f uGof{nfO cfÇg} e}l;sf] s/l0f u/]5 eGof #) ?k}of b+8 ul/kltof ubf{
cjn\nfO !.. bf]od\nfO ! l;d\nfO ..= rfxf/nfO .= ln kltof u/fOlbg' csf{sf] /x]5 eGof
s/l0f lnGofjf6 wlgnfO df]n ljuf] e/fO lbg' P:tfdflg;n] ljuf¥ofsf e}l; r'sO k5{g\
cbfnt 7fgf cdfnjf6 kf}lg hftdf lnnfd\ u/fO lbg' kflg rnGof hft u}î P:tf e}l;
kfnbf klg gkfng' b'b klg giffg'= df;' iffGof hftn] df;' klg giffg' b'b df;' iffGofnfO
cjnnfO !.=bf]Od\nfO ..= l;d\nfO .= rfx/nfO Ð Ðln kltof u/fO{ lbg' ef]/df iffGofnfO b+8
kb}{g= ..= cfgf ln kltof u/fOlbg'=
^= jfif«f e]8fsf] s/l0f uGof{nfO !) ?k}of b+8 ul/ cjn\nfO !..= bf]Od\ nfO ! l;d\nfO ..=
rfxf/nfO .= uf]bfg ln wdf{lwsf/jf6 kltof u/fOlbg' csf{sf e]8f jfif«f /èf5g\ eGof
s/l0f lnGofjf6 wlgnfO ljuf] e/fO lbg' dflg;n] ljuf¥ofsf e]8f jfif«f cbfnt 7fgf
cdfnjf6 kf}lg hftdf lnnfd\ u/fOlbg'= P:tf kflg rnGof hftn] kfnbf klg gkfng' b'b
df;' klg giffg' iffGofnfO cjnnfO !. bf]Od\nfO ..= l;d\nfO .= rfxf/nfO Ð Ðln kltof
u/fO lbg'= ef]/df iffGofnfO b+8 kb}{g ..= ln kltof u/fO{ lbg'
&= 3f]l8 / uwlx p6lgsf] s/l0f uGof{nfO @) ?k}of b+8 ul/ 5f]l8lbg' kltof k|fo]lrQ s]lx
ug'{ kb}{g=
*= s's'lg{ ;'u'lg{sf] s/l0f lnGof nf]UGof dflg;\nfO #% ?k}of b+8 ul/ cjn\ nfO !..
bf]od\nfO ! l;dnfO ..= rfxf/nfO .= uf]bfg lbnfO eft kflgsf] kltof u/fO lbg'=
(= ufO e}l; e]8f jfif«f 3f]l8 uwlx p6 s's'/ ;'u'/x¿sf] s;}n] s/l0f u¥of] u/fof] elg kf]Nof]
;fljt\ ug{ ;s]g l/;n] kf]Nofsf] 7x¥of] eGof ufOl;tsf] s/l0f kf]nGofnfO !! d}Gxf s}b
ug'{ ?k}of lbof ln 5fl8 lbg'= c? hftsf] s/l0f kf]nGof kf]nfxfnfO p;}nfO b+8 n]lifof
jdf]lhd\ b+8 ug'{ ?k}of glt¥of c}g jdf]lhd\ s}b ug'{=
!)= s's'/ ;'u'/nfO s/l0f u/fpGof :jfl:gdf= dfl;Gof hft /lx5 eGof dfl; kflgsf] kltof
u/fOlbg'= gdfl;Gof hftsf :jfl:g dflg;\nfO ! jif{ s}b ul/ hft kltt ul/ cjn\nfO !.
bf]odnfO ..= l;d\nfO .= rfxf/nfO Ð Ð sf b/n] b+8 ul/ kflgsf] kltof lbnfO 5fl8 lbg'=

kl/lzi6 -s_

:jl:t >L (dxf/fhlw/fh /fd;fxaf6 jflw jS:ofsf] lylt

k|yd lylt .. .. >LgGbfld>Ho"nfO u'? t'NofO jS;g' e} xfd|f ;+tfgn] tkfO{sf ;+tfgnfO
u'? t'Nofpg' c?nfO g t'Nofpg' eGof wd{ ul/ jS;g' eof] === === ===

bf]>f] lylt .. .. k}Nx] jfF;sf 9'+u|fn] 8fnfn] cflîn] eGof{ j:t' el/ sg lng' lbg' uYof{
P:tf t/xsf] lng' lbg' ubf{ ljlylt x'gfn] !) d'l7sf] ! dfg' * dfgfsf] ! kfly @) kflysf] !
d'l/ ul/ rng ug'{ elg dfgf kflydf 5fk nfO{ jS;g' eof] === === ===
t]>f] lylt .. .. t'nf] 9ssf] klg cl3 ljlylt x'gfn] !) nfnsf] ! df;f !) df;fsf] !
tf]nf !* nfnsf] ! kn @& tf]nfsf] jf]l8 !)* tf]nfsf] ! lj;f}nL @ lj;f}nLsf] ! wflg{ t'NofO{
rng ug'{ elg t'nfdf c+s sfl6 9s\df 5fknfO{ jS;g' eof] === === ===
rf}yf] lylt .. .. c+gsf] klxn] c;fldn] ;fx'5]p lnofsf] shf{ ltg{ g;ls hlt ;s'} jif{
306
/èf klg jif]{ k|ltsf] Jofh lx;fa ul/ lnbf 9]/} jif{df l/g ltg{ g ;sGof eof klg jif{ k|ltsf]
Jofh hdf x'gfn] slxn] klg l/g ltg{ g;sbf d'n's\df sf]lxtf slxn] klg ;fx' b]lif 5'l6 gx'Gof
e} ;j} l/gu|flx eof t:sf/0f ! jif{sf] krpbsf lx;fjn] b; jif{df # u'0f x'G5 ;fx'n] t]j/
lng' cf;fdL ;fx'Jofh s]xL klg ltg{ g;sL !) jif{ b]ifL pef] hlt ;'s} jif{ /èf klg km]l/
;sGof e} ltbf{sf a]nfdf jif]{ k|ltsf] Jofh ;fx'n] glng' t]j/dfq lng' eGof lylt jf+wL jS;g'
eof] === === ===
kfFrf} lylt .. .. bfdsf] klg klxn] c;fldn] ;fx'5]p lnofsf] shf{ ltg{ g;sL hlt ;'s}
jif{ /èf klg jif]{ k|ltsf] Jofh hdf x'gfn] slxn] klg l/g ltg{ g ;Sbf d'n'sdf sf]lxtf s}n] lg
;fx'b]ifL 5'§L g x'Gof e} ;j} l/gu|flx eof t:sf/0f ! jif{sf lx;fan] b;f}bsf !) jif{df bf]j/
x'+5 ;fx'n] bf]j/ lng' c;fldn] ;fpF klg Jofh klg ltg{ g ;ls !) jif]{ b]lif pef] hlt ;'s} jif{
/èf] eGof klg km]l/ ;sGof e} ltbf{sf a]nfdf jif{ k|ltsf] Jofh ;fx'n] g lng' bf]j/ dfq} lng'
e+Gof lylt jfFlw jS;g' eof] === === ===
5}6f] lylt .. .. kWof/fsf] yf]/f] yf]/f] emu/f g;'+g' e+Gof x's'd eof] Sof cy{n] eGof
kWof/fdf ax't l:qhflt hfGof tfxf b]ifL c? sf]xL rfs/ hfGof kflg g e} eGof s;}sf] klg
sfd grnGof t;y{ hf]cl3 kWof/fdf lng k'Uof] t];}n] cl3jf6 Nofpg' csf{n] d n}hfG5' g e+g'
t]; kl5sfn] t];} kl5 n} hfg' o:t} qmdn] kflg Nofpg' t]:df klg s;}n] clnslt s'/fdf emu/f
u¥of] eGof srxl/ hf]l/ emu/f g;'+g' e+Gof lylt jf+lw jS;g' eof] === === ===
;ftf}+ lylt .. .. sf]nsf] klg yf]/f] yf]/f] emu/f g;+'g' e+Gof x's'd eof] lsg eGof 9]/} 3/sf]
sf]n os} x'+5 cfÇgf cfÇgf kfnfn] k]ng' csf{n] d cl3af6 k]n5' g e+g' t:df klg 9]/}
l:qhflt c? sf]lx rfs/ jfs/} x'F5+ sbflrt yf]/f] emu/f eof] eGof srxl/df NofO{ emu/f
g;'+g' e+Gof lylt jflw jS;g' eof] === === ===
cf7f} lylt .. .. s'nfsf] klg emu/f g;'+g' e+Gof x's'd eof] Sof lgldQ eGof s'nfdf klg
ax'wf jfwf sdf/f rfs/} hfF5g\ t;y{ cfÇgf cfÇgf if]tsf] lx;fadf cfofsf] kflgsf] efu
kfnLkfnfl;t nfpg' cfÇgf kfnf jfx]s / cfÇgf lx;fa jfx]s csf{n] kflg g nfpg' t:df klg
yf]/f] emu/f eof] eGof srxl/df hf]l/ emu/f g;'+g' eGof o:t} l:ylt jflw aS;g' eof] === === ===
gjf}+ lylt .. .. cl3 a|fé0fnfO ljtf{ lbbfdf klg kmnfg' 8f8f] kmnfg' iff]nf] kmnfg' kx/f]
kmnfg' sf+Nxf] leqsf] huf ljtf{ lb~o' eGofsf] dfq} Plt d'l/ olt /f]klg o]lt if]t e+Gof 7]ufgf
s]xL g x'gfn] j|fé0fsf] ljtf{sf] / /}s/ hufsf ;fw lsnfsf] j+b]h g eofsf] gh/ x'bf s:tf]
x's'd eof] eGof cj pk|fGt j|fé0fnfO ljtf{ ;+sNk kl/ jS;bf >L % dxf/fhfsf] e'ld
rf}tl/ofsf] emfl/ sflhsf] lj+lt j|fé0fsf] xft bfg ugf{n] o]lt if]t o]lt /f]klg o]lt d'l/ elg
;+sNk ug'{ ;+sNk u/fpGofn] klg ;+sNk jfSo] oxL o]lt if]t o]lt /f]klg o]lt d'l/ e+Gof jfSo]
kl/ ;+sNk u/fpg' ljtf{ lng' c?nfO{ lbnfpg' klg >L % dfxf/fhfsf x's'dn] y/ 3/ kfFrx¿ u}
;fwnfO{ $ lsNnf ufl8 o]lt if]t o]lt /f]klg elg ;fwnfO{ >L % dxf/fhfsf jfx'lnaf6 ;+sNk
eofdf 3l6 jl9 slQ gkfl/ hlt ;+sNk eof]sf] 5 t]lt ;fwnfO cfpg' eGof lylt jflw jS;g'
eof] === === ===
b;f}+ lylt .. .. >L b]jtfsf] u'7 wd{;fnfsf] u'7= j|fé0fx¿nfO{ ljtf{ ;+sNk ul/ jS;bf
rf}tl/ofsf] emfl/ eGofsf] Sof lgldQ xf] eGof rf}tl/of eGofsf cfÇgf efO efO eGofsf d'if]
c+u x'g\ c+u k'g{ ul/ bfg u¥of cfkm'nfO oyf]St kmn x'F5 egL rf}tl/ofsf] emfl/ eGofsf] sf/0f
o]lt xf], sflhsf] lj+lt eGofsf] Sof cy{ eGof kgkIf] g ul/ of]Uofof]Uo ljrf/ ul/ sflhn] lj+lt
ug'{ sflhsf] lj+lt eGofsf o]lt xf]= kfFrsf] ;fw eGofsf] Sof cy{ xf] eGof 5 y/ k| e[lt c?
kfFr ;fw efO jl; o]lt if]t o]lt /f]klg o]lt d'l/ o]lt if]tsf] 38ofl/ o]lt kfiff] elg lgsf; k};f/
;+lw ;k{gsf] ljrf/ /flif rf/ lsNnf uf8L ;fwnfO lbg' kfFrsf] ;fw eGofsf] of] xf] eGof lylt
jflw jS;g' eof] === === ===
o]3f/f}+ lylt .. .. kfF8] k+y cHof{n ifgfn /fgf jf]x/f ltldx¿ 5 y/ eof} ltldx¿nfO 5
y/ eGofsf] jfWofsf] Sof cy{n] xf] eGof rf}tl/of sflh ;bf{/ O k|e[lt c? hf] sf]lx cGofo
cgl/ltdf nflu uflbsf] ljufgf{df / lg;fkm ljufgf{df k:gg\ ltgsf] slQ df]xjb df]nflxhf g
/flif hf] eofsf] lj:tf/ lj+lt ug{ cfpg' elg dlh{ e} 5 y/ e+Gof Joj:yf jflw jS;g' eof]
ltldx¿sf ;+Gtfg\, b/;GtfgnfO xfd|f ;+tfg b/;+tfgn] uflbsf] ;f]emf] u/+Hofn;Dd yfld
jS;f}nf elg x's'd e} lylt jflw jS;g' eof] === === ===

307
 jfîf} lylt .. .. uf}r/ /fifg' eGof x's'd eof] uf} j|fé0fnfO{ iffgf sg b'Mv x'G5 /
/fhfnfO k|Tojfonfu5 e+gf lgldQ ufp ufpdf lgsf; k};f/ sf] rNbf] ldNbf] kfl/ uf}r/ /fifg'
e+Gof lylt jflw aS;g' eof] === === ===
t]îf} lylt .. .. jf6fsf ?if /fifg' e+Gof x's'd eof] Sof cy{n] eGof cy{n] eGof b'ifL
u/Lj sfh sfd ul/ yfls cfpGof af]emf jf]ls lx8Gof c? hf] sf]lx jf6fdf lx8Gof dflg; klg
udL{ x'G5 elg 5fxfl/ a:g vf]h5g\ e+gf lgldQ jf6fsf ?if kfng' jf6fsf ?if hf] sf6t5 %
?k}`f b+8 ul/ lng' e+Gof dlh{ e} lylt jflw jS;g' eof] === === ===
rf}wf} lylt .. .. kWof/fdf jg kfng' ?if g eof b]ifL h}n] iff]Hof] t}n] kflg /xb}g ;'sL
hfG5 jg 9]/} kmfl8of k}/f] kgL hfG5 9]/} k}/f] uof pkwfxf rN5 pkwfn] if]t klg n}hfG5 jg g
eof u[xl:tsf] sf}g} sfd klg rNb}g t;y{ kWof/fsf] jg hf] sf6nf t];nfO{ klg % ?k}of b+8
ul/ lng' eGof lylt jflw jS;g' eof] === === ===
k+w|f} lylt .. .. rf}tl/of efO{ uf]ltof Ogx¿n] lho ;+j+lw 7"nf] lj/fp u¥of d'l8 ljb];
u/fpg' ;+Gofl; j}/flu ef6 Ogn] klg 7"nf] lj/fp u¥of eGof d'l8 ljb]; lgsfnf u/fpg' efO
rf}tl/of uf]ltofnfO ljb]; u/fpg' eGofsf] Sof cy{ eGof lhp dfl/Gof lk/fp u¥of] eGof lhp
lnGofsf] lhp lng' e+Gof ;f:qdf klg sèfsf] 5 lhpdf¥of eGof uf]qxTof nfuGof gdf¥of b]ifL
eGof /fhfnfO k|Tojfw nfuGof t;y{ b];lgsfn ug'{ klg df¥o} t'No5 elgljb]z u/fpg' eGofsf]
xf] a|fé0fnfO klg df¥of a|éxTof nfuGof g df¥of /fhfnfO k|Tojfo nfuGof t:sf/0f d'8g' klg
df¥o} t'No 5 elg d'8L ljb]; u/fpg' eGofsf] xf] j}/flu ;+Gof;L e]if lnofsf x'gfn] cjWo 5g\
ef6 klg cjWo 5g\ elg b]z lgsfnf ug'{ eGofsf] xf] t;y{ o;} ug'{ lylt jflw jS;g' eof] ===
=== ===
;f]îf} lylt .. .. if; du/ g]jf/ k|e[lt hft dWodf lho];+a+lw lj/fp u¥of eGof h;n]
lj/fofsf] 5 p;}sf] dfq lho] dfg'{ h:sf] kfk p:sf] uw{g e+Gof lylt jflw jS;g' eof] === ===
===
;qf}+ lylt .. .. ;'j0f{ sf uxgf >L kf6j+lb dfxf/flgn] dfq kfpdf k}îg' Sof cy{n] eGof
;'j0f{ eGofsf] gf/fo0fsf] c+z /fhf eGof sf klg gf/fo0fsf c+z x'g kf6j+lb dxf/flg eGofsf
nIdLsf c+z x'gfn] kf6j+lb dxf/flgn] ;'j0f{sf uxgf kfpdf k}îg' e}ofb rf}tl/ofx¿sf
rf}tflg{x¿n] tf >L % dxf/fhf >Ldfxf/fgLjf6 jS:of dfq} kfpdf g nfpg' jS;L t kfpjfx]s
dfqdf nfpg" efO{ rf}tl/ofsf /f}t]nf /f}t]nL nfO afnifsfndf dfq kfpdf nfpg' a|fég if;
du/ k|e[lt c? hfltn] t >Ldxf/fhfaf6 jS:of dfq xftdf nfpg' elg lylt jflw jS;g' eof]
=== === ===
c7f/f}+ lylt .. .. -d"n}df !* lylt 5'6g uo]sf] 5_
plg;f}+ lylt .. .. rf/ k'/f]lxt t'NofO jS;g' eof] cHof{nnfO cHof{ln xf]t' crfh{
jufNof nfO xf]t' ljxf¥of nfO cHof{ln cfrfo]{ ifgfn nfO a|fég e§/fO nfO{ u0f]z lt rf/
k'/flxtsf Joj:yfsf] lylt jflw jS;g' eof] === === ===
la;f}+ lylt .. .. uf]iff{df k|j]; x'bf k}n] tNnf sf]6df ufbL k'¥ofsf x'gfn] kf8] a|fég nfO{
k'/f]lxTofl` jS;g' eof] co]{t ko]{t - cB ko{Gt _ klg kf8] a|fégx¿ tNnf sf]6df k'/f]lxt 5b}
5g\ === === ===
osfO;f}+ lylt .. .. tNnf sf]6df >Lb]jtf :yfkgful/ alnbfg ul/ dfly bjf{/df
jlnbfg ug'{ tNnf sf]6df b]jtf :yfkgf ul/ alnbfg ul/sg dfly bjf{/df jlnbfgflb ljlw
ug'{ e+Gof lylt jflw jS;g' eof] === === ===
jfO;f}+ lylt .. .. u|fFhf yfkf nfO bbf+lu dfg jS;g' eof] t'?s Iffls cfn] u|f+hf yfkf
Uofld /fgf O tLg y/n] cfnf] kfnf] ul/ /fifg' elg skbf{l/ dfg j;Sg' eof] kf8] k+y cHof{n O
ltg\ y/nfO cfnf] kfnf] u/L /fig' elg ifhfgfsf sfd jS;g' eof] wdf{lwsf/ ;bf{l/ efG:of o]lt
dfgsf klg cHof{n} nfO{ jS;g' eof] eGof lylt jflw jS;g' eof] === === ===
t]O;f}+ lylt .. .. ljîf}6fsf] lq;fnf sdfO jfnL cfkm}n] iffg' rf}yf ;fn b]ifL wlg jf]l6
tN;L+nfO{ lbg' jlg jf]l6 sdfpGofn] iffg' e+Gof lylt jflw jS;g' eof] === === ===
rf}lj;f}+ lylt .. .. jfî y/ c7f/ y/ eGof rf}lj;f}+ lylt jflw jS;g' eof] === === ===
klr;f}+ lylt .. .. kf6gsf /fhf l;l4g/l;+xdNn l;t xfd|f ;+tfg g eof td|f ;+tfgn]
td|f ;+tfg g eof xfd|f ;+tfgn] /fHo} ug'{ eGof x's'd eO o:tf] jGbf]j:t u/L jlS; kf6gjf6
rf}lj; sf]7L lemsfO oLgnfO ;ft ift dfkm ul/ jS;g' eof] e+Gof lylt jflw jS;g' eof] === ===
===
308
 5lj;f}+ lylt .. .. >L ( dxf/fhf /fd;fxaf6 d}n] jfWofsf lyltdf 5f]6f j8f k|hf k|fl0f
rf/ j0f{ 5lt; hft hf] n+3g unf{ t;nfO d d]/f ;+tfg df hf] /fhf xf]nf p;n] 9'+uf 5'jfO ift
cg';f/sf] /fhfn] 8+8 ug'{ ug'{ eGof lylt jflw jS;g' eof] === === ===
of] 9'+uf 5'jfpg' eGofsf] s:tf] xf] eGof >LnIdLgf/fo0f b]jtf sf] kfpsf k|ltlglw 9'uf]
xf] ;f] hflg kfg km'n b|Jo t;} l;nfdf r9fO{ cGofo u¥ofsf] kfk 5'6Gof pkfo} o]\xL xf] elg
o:tf] lylt jflw jS;g' eof] === === ===

kl/lzi6 -v_

>L dGdxf/flhw/fh s:o ?Ssf – – – – – –

cfu] xfd|f d'n's\sf rf/ j0f{ 5lQ;\ hft u}î k|lt ljjflxtf ;fIfft\ efpHo";Fu jL/fp= ug{ of] s'/f
7'nf] kfk /x]5 cfh;+d hf] hlt eof] ;f] e} uof] h+unf d'n's x'gfn] hftsf] thljh ug'{ kbf{
xfn ls/ftL ln+j' nfk\Rof / h'DnLx¿ jflxs /fifL cfhb]ifL pk|fGt hfgfhfgL s;}n] ;fIfft
efpHo" lj/fp gug'{' e+Gof yLlt jGw]h jfFlw jS:of}+ of] yLlt jdf]lhd j+b]hdf hf] /xb}g t;nfO{
hft cg';f/ tk\;Ln jdf]lhdsf] ;f;gf xf]nf – – – – –
pkfWof a|fé0fx¿n] hfgf hfgL efpHo" jL/fp u¥of] eGof hft ktLt u/L d'8L
b]z lgsfnf ug'{ – – – – –
uf]tLof efO Iflqo hftx¿n] hfgf hfgL efpHo" jL/fp u¥of eGof hft ktLt
u/L b]; lgsfnf ug'{ – – – – – –
c? IfqLo /hk't hftx¿n] hfgf+ hfgL efpHo" jL/fp u¥of eGof ln+u
sf6\g' – – – – – – –
;+Gof;Lx¿n] hfgf hfgL efpHo" lj/fp u¥of hft ktLt u/L d'8L b]z lgsfnf
ug'{ – – – – – – –
if; hftx¿n] hfgf hfgL efpHo" lj/fp u¥of eGof ln+u sf6\g' – –
j}:o hftx¿h] hfgf hfgL efpHo" lj/fp u¥of eGof ln+u sf6\g' – –
du/ hftn] hfgf hfgL efpHo" lj/fp u¥of eGof ln+u sf6\g' – –
u'?+ 3n]hftn] hfgf hfgL efpHo" lj/fp u¥of eGof ln+u sf6\g' – –
g]jf/x¿ ;'b| hftn] hfgf hfgL efpHo" lj/fp u¥of eGof ;j{:j lng' –
bdfO, ;'gf/, sfdL, ;fsL{ ufyLOg\ x'Sof{ k|e[lt kfgL grNof hftn] hfgf
hfgL efpHo" lj/fp u¥of eGof df;L lbg' – –
jnfdL dfemL bg'jf/ ;'g'jf/ d'ld{ ef]6Øf r]kfª kxl/j/} s'éfn j/fg' u}/x
x¿n] hfgf hfgL efpHo" lj/fpu¥of eGof df/L lbg' – –
Olt ;Djt\ !*(# ;fn ldlt ciff8 ;'bL & /f]h $ ;'ed\ – – –

kl/lzi6 -u_
>L dGdxf/fhflw/fh s:o ?Ssf – – – – – – –
cfu] kfFr ykf}nfsf h};L afx'gk|lt !@ xhf/ ;Nofgdf ljjfx ub}{gg\ xfd|f]
dfqL cfÇgf ;fioft\ dfdfsL 5f]/Ll;t Jofxf kgL x'F5 p7fO{ klg Nofp5f}+
xfd|f] lylt eof j9Lof x'Fbf] xf] egL ltldx¿n] sKtfg g/l;+x yfkfn] xfd|f
xh"/ ljGtL ul/ k7fpFbf hfx]/ eof] t;y{ cj pk|f+t h};L jfx'gn] dfdfsL
5f]/L Jofxf gug'{ p7fO{ klg gNofpg' egL j+w]h jfFwLjS:of}+ hf] of] j+w]h gf3L
dfdfsL 5f]/L Jofxf unf{ p7fO Nofpnf t;nfO hft dflkmssf] ;f;gf xf]nf
t]:tfl;t hfgf hfg\df eft iffGofnfO{ kgL gLtL :d[tLxf]nf Olt ;+jt\ !**&
;fn ldlt kf}if j9L !! /f]h & z'ed\ – – – – – – –

kl/lzi6 -3_

:jl:t>L lul//fh rqmr"8fdl0f g/gf/fo0f]Toflb ljljw lj?bfjln lj/fh

309
dfg dfgf]Ùt >ldGdxf/fhflw/fh >L >L >L dxf/fh /fh]Gb| ljqmd zfx
axfb'/ ;D;]h{Í b]jfgfd\ ;bf ;d/ ljhlogfd\ – – – –
cfu] bne+hg kfF8] s]t]+n] b/jf/df a;L cbftnL sfd rnfpFbf uGof{ sfdsf]
;jfn u/LjS:of] iffltHdf{l;t o; sfhdf tgdg nufO{ df]nflxhf s;}sf]
g/flif nf]e df]xdf gk;L h:tfsf] t:tf] lg;fk kf/L l5g' – – – –

tk;Ln

k|yd ;jfn .. xfd|f e/ d''n'ssf >Lu'? k|f]lxt rf}tf/f sfhL ;bf{/ ;'Aaf cbfnt
bkmt/iffgfsf >Ls'df/Lrf]s ;'j]bf/ Hdfbf/ cdfnL Ohfbf/ /sdL l;kfxL
u}/xn] lyrf] ldrf] ul/ cGof u¥of lg;fkm kfo'+g egL s/fpg cfpGof rf/ j0f{
5lt;} hft 5f]8f j8f u/Lj u'?jf hf] lkm¥ofb ug{ cfpF5g\ h;sf] gfpFdf lkm/fb
ug{ cfp+5g\ t;nfO{ lemls tgsf] s'/f] h:tf]sf] t:tf] lg;fkm kfl/ l5+g' cfkm"n]
cf6\g' g;Sofsf] s'/f xfd|f xh"/df ljlGt ul/ x's'd jS:of jdf]lhd ug'{
bf];|f ;jfn .. lkm¥ofbLsf bf]xf]/f] s'/f ;'gL cfÇgf lrQn] 7x/fpg g;Sofsf s'/fdf >L
hg/nl;t a;L 7x/fO ;f] s'/f xfd|f xh'/df lj+lt kf/L x's'd aS:of adf]lhd
ug'{
t];|f ;jfn .. lkm¥ofbLsf s'/f ;'gL lg;fkm ubf{ 5f]8f j8f h;sf] a]hfl`n] km]/fb cfofsf]
5 t;\nfO lemls k'k{5] ;'gL Hofs'/f] j]hfl` u¥of] 7x5{ ;f]s'/f lbnfOlbg' t]/f
eGbf gdfgL w]ufO uGof{nfO xfd|f xh'/df lj+lt kf/L x's'd jS:of
jdf]lhd ug'{ – – – – – – – –
rf}yf ;jfn .. c+t cwf/ s]lx gx'Gof bjf{/}jf6 jS:ofsf] huf bJo{n] dfq jfrGof jS:ofsf]
huf bJo{ Joxf]/g gkfO iffgf nfpGof ljg' dg nfuGofsf] s'/f xfd|f xh'/df lj+lt
kfl/ d'gfl;j dflkms xfdLn] j:Sofsf] j]xf]/f]O{ ug'{ – – – –
kfFrf} ;jfn .. rf/} if'6sf u/Lj u'?jf kmsL8kms8f /fxbf/L gkfO{ c6\s]/ s/fpGofx¿sf]
s'/f ;'gL p;jf6 sf}gg} s'/fsf] ljuf/ g7xGof{ b]iof hf}gflb;f hfGof e+5
t;t;} lb;fsf] /fxbf/L uGof{ ef/fbf/ 5]p k7fO{ /fxbf/L u/L k7fO{ lbg' –
5}6f}+ ;jfn .. lkm¥of cfpgof / l5j/f] efu hf] 5oln/x]5 cl3 lgsf dflg;sf] gfnL; u/L
k'k{5 ubf{ kf]Nxf 7x¥of] eGof ;f] s'/f xfd|f xh"/df hfx]/ u/L ddf]gfl;j
dflkmssf] ;f;gf xfd|f x's'd jdf]lhd ug'{ – – – – – –
;ftf}+ ;jfn .. lkm¥ofb'sf s'/f ;+'bf ljl8 xfNof eGof lj8L sk{g ;dfnL kfgL s/flx gk'uL
l5Gof /x]5 eGof emul/ofsf] sfongfdf ln rf/bfd /iofO 8+8 lhtfp/L u/L
l5+Gg' emul/ofn] efsg' esfesfpgfdf /fhL 5f} eGof esfO bLg' kfgL s/fxL
gbLo emu/f l5+Gof /x]g5 eGof cfÇgf dflg; ;fy cbfnt\ k'¥ofObLg' – – –
– – –
cf7f}+ ;jfn .. ;j{:j x'Gof gftf ;flgdf k¥ofsf iftfxf/ :jf:gL kfr'sL uGof{ emu/f cfof]
eGof cfkmgf dflg; ;fynfO{ O6frknL l8ˆf ch{j]uL 5]p k'¥ofOlbg" – – –
–
gf}df ;jfn .. c? srx/Ldf xfd|f] emu/f ;'gL l5lg lbo]g w]/} eof]
k'k{5] kf~o'g xfdL uNo'+ egL s/fpg cfof eGof p;\sf\ emul/of NofO{ k'k{5]
u/L h:tfsf] t:tf] lg;fk kf/L rfF8} l5gL lbg" – – – – – –
b;df ;jfn .. ;jfn jdf]lhdsf] sfh\ sfd ubf{ ! k§L rk|f;LnfO{
?h' /fifL cîfpg' iftfpg' t]/fdfkm{t eofsf] df]x/sf
b:t'/ jf h] cfDbfgL if;f]iff; bjf{/ bflifn u/L /;Lb nLg"
ouf/f}+ ;jfn .. o]; sfhdf rflxGof dflg; ljrf/L @ jlxbf/ @ txljn\bf/ @ 6xn'jf hgf !
Hdf hjfg & s] iff+uL jif{ ! sf] ?k}of !#@$ tfxLsf cfdbfgLdf nL tK;Ln
jdf]lhd iffg' ljrf/L hgf @ s] &)) jxLbf/ hgf @ s] ?k}of @**
txjLNbf/ hgf @ s] #)) 6xn'jf hgf ! s] ?k}of #^ – –
vflGh jfx]s cfkm'n] u¥ofsf] sfdsf] cfDbfgLsf b;f}+w /
dfd"nL h8fj/ b:t'/ jf >L s'df/Lrf]ssf] ;bf{/ ljrf/L
gf}l;+bf txljNbf/ 6xn'jfsf ;/x jdf]lhd ltldx¿n]
310
 klg tflxsf cfDbfgLdf lng' df]h/f knf{ – – – – – –
Olt ;+jt\ !**# ;fn ldlt kmfu'g ;'bL & /f]h % z'ed\ – – – – – –

kl/lzi6 -ª_
>L b'uf{Ho"
>L % Ho" Ho" afHofHo" >L % afhfHo" >L % a'afHo"
! @ #
:jl:t >L lul//fh rqmr"8fdl0f g/gf/fo0f]Toflb ljljw lj?bfjnL lj/fh
dfg dgf]Ùt >LdGdxf/fhflw/fh >L >L >L k[YjL jL/ ljqmd zfxb]j hÍ
axfb'/ ;fx axfb'/ b]jfgfd\ ;bf ;d/ ljhlogfd\ – – – – – –

cfu] xfd|f e/ d'n's ;b/ df]km;ndf /xGof ef/fbf/ sfdbf/ uf}8f uf}8f cbfnt 7fgf,
sf}zLs'df/L rf]s wdf{lwsf/ d'n'sLvfgf ;b/ bkmb/ sDk" kN6g s+DkgLsf bkmb/= u}î
srxl/ srxl/df /xGof xflsd= sfdbf/ cdfnL åf¥of= Ohf/fbf/= ;jf{ªu= dflkm hufsf
u'7Lof/= ljtf{jf/ d7bf/L ;Gt dxGt d'ifLof lhDfjfn rf}w/L y/L dxtf] ldemf¥of /}ot= u}î k|lt
cfh ;Dd d/dfldnf ubf{= Ps} j]xf]/fdf= s;}nfO sld s;}nfO j9tf ;hfo x'g hfg] x'+bf=
t;y{ cj pk|fGt 5f]6f j8f k|hf k|f0fL ;a} nfO ifthft dflkms os} ;hfo xjf];\= 36L j8L
gkf/f];\ eÙfsf lgldQ tkl;n jdf]lhdsf ef/fbf/ ;d]t /fvL sf};n u/L sf];ndf 7x¥of
jdf]lhdsf c}g tof/ ug{ egL >L # dxf/fh hÍ jxfb"/ /f0ff hL=;L= jL+ cf07 l; Pn cfO
yf]ª lnª lkDdf sf] sfª jfª :ofg\ k|fOd ldgLi6/ of08 sDof8/ Og rLkm nfO x's'd jS;L
jGofsf] c}g xfdL ltg k':tfjf6 kgL d+h'/ u/L= ;Djt\ !(!) ;fn iff}if ;'bL & /f]h % sf lbg
n]lifofsf lstfjdf xfd|f] /f]xj/df= sf};nsf thljhdf ;Rofpg iff/]h uGof{ 7x¥ofsf ;RofO
iff/]h u/L g`f eofsf c}g ykL ;a}n] o;} c}gdf n]ifLof jdf]lhd sfh sfd lg;fkm ug'{ o;}
lstfjdf n]lifof jdf]lhd sfh sfd lg;fkm gul/= 3l6 j8L kfl/ sfd sfh lg;fkm uGof{ nfO
p;} s'/fsf= c}gdf n]ifLof jdf]lhd b+8 ;hfo ug'{= lstfjdf n]lifofsf] c}g ;Rofpg' ykg' kbf{
xfd|f k|fOd ldgLi6/ sf};n j;L c}g iffgfsf= xflsdn] ykg' d]6g' ;Rofpg' x'G5= O jfx]s c?
;b/ d'km;n srx/Ldf lbofsf lstfjdf s;}n] ykL d]6L snd 36Lj8L kf¥of sf] 7x¥of
hfuL¥of /x]5 eGof hfuL/ iff];L cf7 jif{ 9fqm\of /x]5 eGof t];} cf7 jif{ s}b ug'{ Dofbsf ?k}of
glng'= cf} xfd|f j]xt/ x'Gof k|hf k|fl0f nfO ;'lj:tf /Iff x'Gof sfd s'/fsf P]g c? kgL ldgLi6/
sf};n j;L ef/fbf/n] thljh u/L j8fpg'= ykg' u/L lstfj n]iffpb} ug'{ g`f eofsf c}g jif{
jif{ lbgsf] hDdf ul/ Ps} km]/f >L k|fOd ldgLi6/sf] 5fk nufO huf hufdf k7fpg' egL xfdL #
k':tf a;L xfdL b]ifL /}otn] o;} c}gjdf]lhddf /xg'kGof{ x's'd jS;f} >L k|fOd ldlgi6/ nufo]t\=
sfh sfd uGof{ sfl/+bfn] o;} P]g jdf]lhd sfh sfd ug'{ e+Gof e} rnL cfof dflkms ;Djt\
!(## ;fn r}q ;bL ! /f]h b]ifL pk|fGt kgL ltld >L # dxf/fh /0ff]bLk l;+x /f0ff jxfb"/ s] l;
on\ cfO yf]ª lnª lkDdf sf] sfª jfª :ofg\ k|fOd ldlgi6/ of08 sDof8/ Og rLkmn] kgL=
;fljsdf lj/f]w gk/L= g`f rflxGof :d\]t\= 36fpg' j8fpg' x'G5= eGof x's'd jS:of}+ eGof eof
d'tfljs !=@=#= :ju]{ e} jS;g'x'bf #* ;fn h]i7 jbL $ /f]h # b]ifL pk|fGt= xfdLjf6 kgL= ;f]xL
jdf]lhd ug'{ eGof x's'd jS:of}+ eGof eof df]tfljs e} rln cfof dflkms ;Djt\ !($@ ;fn
dfu jbL ! /f]h # pk|fGt kgL ltld >L # dfxf/fh jL/ zD;]/ hÍ axfb"/ k|fOd ldlgli6/ of08
sDof8/ Og–rLkmn] kgL= ;fljsdf lj/f]b gkGof{ /= g`f rflxGof :d]t\ 36fpg' j8fpg' x'+5 eGof
x's'd jS:of}+ =

kl/lzi6 -r_
>L b'uf{Ho"

>L % Ho" Ho" afHofHo" >L % afHofHo" >L % a'afHo"

! @ #
࡚
:jl:t >L= lul//fh rqmr"8fdl0f g/gfo0f]Toflb ljljw lj?bfjnL la/fhdfg dfgf]+gt\
311
>LdGdxf/fhlw/fh >L >L >L= dxf/fh= k[YjL aL/ laqmd ;D;]/ hÍ axfb"/ zfx axfb"/
b]jfgfd\= ;bf ;d/ lahlogfd\ –– –û– ––

zf:qaf6 dfq sfnsf k|efjn]= ;a} j]jxf/ rln g;sbf / ;j} k|hfdf klg a'l4 ltI0f gx'bf
os} d'2fdf sflx s]lx sflx s]lx OG;fkm eofsf] b]lifbf= cj pk|fGt 5f]6f j8f k|hf k|fl0f ;a}nfO
ift hft dflkms= os} ;hfo xj;\= 3l6 jl9 gk/f]; eÙf lgldQ != @= #= x¿af6 >L= #
dfxf/fh hÍ axfb"/= /f0ffhL ;L jL cf08 hL ;L o]; cfO yf]ª lnª lkDdf sf] sfª jfª:ofg\=
k|fOd ldgLi6/ of08 sDof8/ Og lrkm nfO{ x's'd\ jS;bf ;f]xL jdf]lhd=c}g t}of/ ul/= #
x¿af6 :d]t\= d+h'/ u/fO{= ;Djt\ !(!) ;fn= kf}if jlb & /f]h % sf lbg b]lif rln cfofsf
lyof= ;f] c}g 9]/} sfn b]ifL= jgfO cfofsf]= ;fî} nDjfodfg e} ;demg :d]t\= d';sLn kGof{=
eofsf] /= km]l/ k"jf{k/= x]l/ g;f]lw bf]e/f t]e/f :d]t x'g uofsf] 5 ;f] c}gdf= k"jf{k/= x]l/ bf]e/f
s6fO= b]; sfn rng ljrf/ ul/= ljjxf/ ;u ldnfO{= 5f]6\sl/ tj/= ;u= b]lifof ;Ddsf] s'/f
k'¥ofO{= agfpg kfof= ljjxf/ :d]t\= rnGof ul/= c}g t}of/= u/fp5' elg= ltld xfn= $@ ;fn
dfu{ jlb= ! /f]h @ sf lbg= xfdLaf6 >L # dfxf/fhL liftfj jS;ofsf == >L d2lt= k|r08
e'hb08]Toflb= >L >L >L dxf/fh= jL/ ;D;]/ hÍ /f0ff axfb"/ k|fOd ldgLi6/ of08 sDof8/=
Og rLkmn] xfd|f xh'/df lj+lt ubf{= ;f] s'/f xfd|f lrQn] klg= dgfl;j= 7x/fO{= ;a} ljrf/ ul/
sf]lx b'if gkfpg O{G;fkm k'uL= j]jxf/= rnf];\= k|hfn] b]; sfn rng jdf]lhdsf= c}g e}
OG;fkm kfpg\ e+Gof= bofn] ltldn]= cfÇgf a'l4n]= 7x/fO{ tof/ ug'{ egL= xfdLaf6 x's'd\ aS;bf
;f] adf]lhd ;Djt !($# ;fn= ldlt= kf}if alb ! /f]h ! df tof/ u¥ofsf] c}g xfdL af6 kgL=
d+h'/ ul/= jS:of adf]lhd xfdL+ nufo]t\== xfd|f e/ d'n'ssf= /}ot\ tns= u}în]= o];} c}gdf
n]lifof jdf]hLd= sfh sfd O{G;fkm ug'{= o]; lstfadf n]lifof jdf]hLd gul/= 3l6 jl9 kfl/
uGof{nfO p;} s'/f=c}gdf n]lifof jdf]lhd= b+8 ;hfo xf]nf== cf} lstfjdf n]lifofsf= c}g
;Rofpg' ykg' kbf{= >L k|fO{d ldgLi6/= sf}znjl; rng j]jxf/ j'emL= ;b/ eof jdf]lh
c}giffgfsf xfsLdn] ykg'= d]6g'= ;Rofpg' x'+5= o]; /Ltn] afx]s= s;}n] ykGof d]6\Gof u/L
snd\= 3l6 jl9 kf/]sf] 7x¥of] eGof hfuL¥of /x]5 eGof= hfuL/ iff]l; * jif{ 9fqm\of /x]5 eGof
t];} * jif{ s}b xf]nf= cf} xfd|f j]xt/ x'Gof= k|hf k|fl0fnfO ;'lj:tf /Iff x'Gof= sfd s'/fsf c}g
c? kgL= >L k|fOd ldgLi6/= sf}znal; rng j]jxf/ larf/ ul/= a9fpg'= ykg' x'+5= g`f
eofsf= c}g jif{ jif{ bLgsf]= Hdf ul/= os} km]/f= >L k|fO{d ldgLi6/sf]= 5fk nufO{ huf hufdf
k7fpg'= ;f] jdf]lhd= xfld b]ifL= /}ot\= tnsn]= o]lx c}g jdf]lhd /xg' e+Gof= lylt a+b]h= sf]
x's'd jS:of}+= :jl:t >L= d2lt k|r08 e'hb08]Toflb= >L >L >L= dxf/fh jL/ ;D;]/=hÍ /f0ff
axfb"/ yf]ª lnª lkDdf sf] sfª jfª :ofg\= k|fOd ldgLi6/ of08 sDof8/= Og rLkm ––––––

kl/lzi6 -5_
>L b'uf{Ho"

>L % Ho" Ho" jfHofHo" >L % afHofHo" >L % a'afHo"

! @ #
:jl:t >L= lul//fh rqmr"8fdl0f g/gf/fo0f]Toflb ljljw lj?bfjnL lj/fhdfg dfgf]+gt\=
>LdGdxf/fhflw/fh >L >L >L= dxf/fh= k[YjL jL/ ljqmd ;D;]/ hÍ axfb"/ ;fx axfb"/
b]jfgfd\= ;bf ;d/ ljhlogfd\

zf:qaf6 dfq sfnsf k|efjn]= ;a} j]jxf/ rln g;sbf / ;a} k|hfdf klg a'l4 ltI0f gx'bf
os} d'2fdf sflx s]lx sflx s]lx OG;fkm eofsf] b]lifbf= cj pk|fGt 5f]6f j8f k|hf k|fl0f ;a}nfO
ift hft dflkms= os} ;hfo xj;\= 3l6 jl9 gk/f]; eÙf lgldQ ! @ # x¿af6 >L= #
dfxf/fh hÍ afxfb"/= /f0ffhL ;L jL cf08 hL ;L o]; cfO yf]ª lnª lkDdf sf] sfª jfª
:ofg\= k|fOd ldgLi6/ of08 sDof8/ Og lrkm nfO{ x's'd\ jS;bf ;f]xL jdf]lhd= c}g t}of/ ul/=
# x¿af6 :d]t\= d+h'/ u/fO{= ;Djt\ !(!) ;fn= kf}if alb & /f]h % sf lbg b]lif rln cfofsf
lyof= ;f] c}g 9]/} sfn b]ifL= agfO cfofsf]= ;fî} nDjfodfg e} ;demg :d]t\= d';sLn kGof{=
eofsf] /= km]l/ k"jf{k/ x]l/ g;f]lw bf]e/f t]e/f :d]t x'g uofsf] 5 ;f] c}gdf= k"jf{k/= x]l/ bf]e/f
s6fO= b]lifof ;Ddsf] b]; sfn rng ljrf/ ul/= Jojxf/ ;u ldnfO{= 5f]6\sl/ tj/= ;u=
b]lifof ;Ddsf] s'/f k'¥ofO{= jgfpg kfof= Jojxf/ :d]t\= rnGof ul/= c}g t}of/= u/fp5' elg=
312
ltld xfn= $@ ;fn dfu{ jlb= ! /f]h @ sf lbg= xfdLaf6 >L # dfxf/fhL liftfj jS:ofsf == >L
d2lt= k|r08 e'hb08]Toflb= >L >L >L dxf/fh= jL/ ;D;]/ hÍ /f0ff jxfb"/ k|fOd ldgLi6/
of08 sDof8/= Og rLkmn] xfd|f xh'/df lj+lt ubf{= ;f] s'/f xfd|f lrQn] klg dgfl;j= 7x/fO{=
;a} larf/ ul/ sf]lx b'if gkfpg O{G;fkm k'uL= j]jxf/= rnf];\= k|hfn] b]; sfn jdf]lhdsf= c}g
e} OG;fkm kfpg\ e+Gof= bofn] ltldn]= cfÇgf a'l4n]= 7x/fO{ tof/ ug'{ egL= xfdLaf6 x's'd \
jS;bf ;f] adf]lhd ;Djt\ !($# ;fn= ldlt kf}if jlb= ! /f]h ! df tof/ u¥ofsf] c}g xfdL af6
kgL= d+h'/ ul/= aS:of adf]lhdxfdL+ nufo]t\== xfd|f e/ d'n'ssf /}ot\ tns= u}în]= o];} c}gdf
n]lifof jdf]hLd= sfh sfd O{G;fkm ug'{= o]; lstfadf n]lifof jdf]hLd gul/= 3l6 jl9 kfl/
uGof{nfO{ p;} s'/f= c}gdf n]lifof adf]lhd= b+8 ;hfo xf]nf== cf} lstfadf n]lifofsf= c}g
;Rofpg' ykg' kbf{= >L k|fO{d ldgLi6/= sf}znjl; rng Jojxf/ a'emL= ;b/ eof adf]lhd
c}giffgfsf xfsLdn] ykg'= d]6g'= ;Rofpg' x'+5= o];/Ltn] afx]s= s;}n] ykGof d]6\Gof u/L
snd\= 3l6 jl9 kf¥of= sf] 7x¥of] eGof hfuL¥of /x]5 eGof= hfuL/ iff]l; * jif{ 9fqm\of /x]5
eGof t];} * jif{ s}b xf]nf= cf} xfd|f j]xt/ x'Gof= k|hf k|fl0fnfO ;'lj:tf /Iff x'Gof= sfd s'/fsf
c}g c? kgL= >L k|fOd ldgLi6/= sf}znjl; rng Jojxf/= ljrf/ ul/= j9fpg'= ykg' x'+5= g`f
eofsf= c}g jif{ jif{ bLgsf]= Hdf ul/= os} km]/f= >L k|fO{d ldgLi6/sf]= 5fk nufO{ huf hufdf
k7fpg'= ;f] jdf]lhd= xfld b]ifL= /}ot\= tnsn]= o]lx c}g jdf]lhd /xg' e+Gof= lylt j+b]h= sf]
x's'd jS:of}+= e+Gof eof d'tfljs e} rln cfofdflkms ;Djt\ !(%* ;fn k|yd cfiff9 ;'lb !)
/f]h $ pk|fGt klg ltld >L d2lt k|r08 e'hb08]Toflb >L >L >L dxf/fh rGb|;D;]/ hÍ axfb"/
/f0ff yf]ª ln lkDdf sf] sfª jfª :ofg\ k|fOd\ ldgLi6/ c}08dfz]{n d'n's\ g]kfnn] klg
;fljSdf lj/f]w kGof{ / g`f rflxGof :d]t\ 36fpg j9fpg x'G5 e+Gof x's'd jS:of}+=
:jl:t >L d2lt k|r08 e'hb08]Toflb >L >L >L dxf/fh d]h/ hg/n ;/ rGb|;Dz]/
hÍ axfb"/ /f0ffhL ;L=jL= hL= ;L= o;\= cfO= c}08 8L=;L= on\= cfg/]/L s0f]{n kmf]y{ uf]iff{h\
yf]ª lng\ lkDdf sf] sfª jfª :ofg\ k|fOd\ ldgLi6/ c}08 df:o]{n\=

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