Designation: D695 − 15

Standard Test Method for

Compressive Properties of Rigid Plastics1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D695; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.

1. Scope* D5947 Test Methods for Physical Dimensions of Solid

1.1 This test method covers the determination of the me- Plastics Specimens
chanical properties of unreinforced and reinforced rigid D6641/D6641M Test Method for Compressive Properties of
plastics, including high-modulus composites, when loaded in Polymer Matrix Composite Materials Using a Combined
compression at relatively low uniform rates of straining or Loading Compression (CLC) Test Fixture
loading. Test specimens of standard shape are employed. This E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
procedure is applicable for a composite modulus up to and E83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten-
including 41,370 MPa (6,000,000 psi). someter Systems
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the Determine the Precision of a Test Method
standard. The values in parentheses are for information only. 2.2 ISO Standard:3
NOTE 1—For compressive properties of resin-matrix composites rein- ISO 604 Plastics—Determination of Compressive Properties
forced with oriented continuous, discontinuous, or cross-ply
reinforcements, tests may be made in accordance with Test Method 3. Terminology
D3410/D3410M or D6641/D6641M.
3.1 General—The definitions of plastics used in this test
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the method are in accordance with Terminology D883 unless
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the otherwise indicated.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 3.2 Definitions:
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific precau- 3.2.1 compressive deformation—the decrease in length pro-
tionary statement is given in 13.1. duced in the gage length of the test specimen by a compressive
load. It is expressed in units of length.
NOTE 2—This standard is equivalent to ISO 604.
3.2.2 compressive strain—the ratio of compressive defor-
2. Referenced Documents mation to the gage length of the test specimen, that is, the
change in length per unit of original length along the longitu-
2.1 ASTM Standards:2 dinal axis. It is expressed as a dimensionless ratio.
D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
D638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics 3.2.3 compressive strength—the maximum compressive
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics stress (nominal) carried by a test specimen during a compres-
D3410/D3410M Test Method for Compressive Properties of sion test. It may or may not be the compressive stress
Polymer Matrix Composite Materials with Unsupported (nominal) carried by the specimen at the moment of rupture.
Gage Section by Shear Loading 3.2.4 compressive strength at failure (nominal)—the com-
D4000 Classification System for Specifying Plastic Materi- pressive stress (nominal) sustained at the moment of failure of
als the test specimen if shattering occurs.
3.2.5 compressive stress (nominal)—the compressive load
per unit area of minimum original cross section within the gage
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics boundaries, carried by the test specimen at any given moment.
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.10 on Mechanical Properties. It is expressed in force per unit area.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2015. Published September 2015. Originally 3.2.5.1 Discussion—The expression of compressive proper-
approved in 1942. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D695 - 10. DOI:
10.1520/D0695-15. ties in terms of the minimum original cross section is almost
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
the ASTM website. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

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 D695 − 15
universally used. Under some circumstances the compressive fail in compression by a shattering fracture, the compressive
properties have been expressed per unit of prevailing cross strength is an arbitrary one depending upon the degree of
section. These properties are called “true” compressive prop- distortion that is regarded as indicating complete failure of the
erties. material. Many plastic materials will continue to deform in
3.2.6 compressive stress-strain diagram—a diagram in compression until a flat disk is produced, the compressive
which values of compressive stress are plotted as ordinates stress (nominal) rising steadily in the process, without any
against corresponding values of compressive strain as abscis- well-defined fracture occurring. Compressive strength can
sas. have no real meaning in such cases.
3.2.7 compressive yield point—the first point on the stress- 4.3 Compression tests provide a standard method of obtain-
strain diagram at which an increase in strain occurs without an ing data for research and development, quality control, accep-
increase in stress. tance or rejection under specifications, and special purposes.
3.2.8 compressive yield strength—normally the stress at the The tests cannot be considered significant for engineering
yield point (see also section 3.2.11). design in applications differing widely from the load-time scale
of the standard test. Such applications require additional tests
3.2.9 crushing load—the maximum compressive force ap- such as impact, creep, and fatigue.
plied to the specimen, under the conditions of testing, that
produces a designated degree of failure. 4.4 Before proceeding with this test method, reference
3.2.10 modulus of elasticity—the ratio of stress (nominal) to should be made to the ASTM specification for the material
corresponding strain below the proportional limit of a material. being tested. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning,
It is expressed in force per unit area based on the average initial dimensions, and testing parameters covered in the materials
cross-sectional area. specification shall take precedence over those mentioned in this
test method. If there is no material specification, then the
3.2.11 offset compressive yield strength—the stress at which default conditions apply. Table 1 in Classification D4000 lists
the stress-strain curve departs from linearity by a specified the ASTM materials standards that currently exist.
percent of deformation (offset).
3.2.12 percent compressive strain—the compressive defor- 5. Apparatus
mation of a test specimen expressed as a percent of the original
gage length. 5.1 Testing Machine—Any suitable testing machine capable
of control of constant-rate-of-crosshead movement and com-
3.2.13 proportional limit—the greatest stress that a material prising essentially the following:
is capable of sustaining without any deviation from propor-
5.1.1 Drive Mechanism—A drive mechanism for imparting
tionality of stress to strain (Hooke’s law). It is expressed in
to the movable cross-head member, a uniform, controlled
force per unit area.
velocity with respect to the base (fixed member), with this
3.2.14 slenderness ratio—the ratio of the length of a column velocity to be regulated as specified in Section 9.
of uniform cross section to its least radius of gyration. For 5.1.2 Load Indicator—A load-indicating mechanism ca-
specimens of uniform rectangular cross section, the radius of pable of showing the total compressive load carried by the test
gyration is 0.289 times the smaller cross-sectional dimension. specimen. The mechanism shall be essentially free from
For specimens of uniform circular cross section, the radius of inertia-lag at the specified rate of testing and shall indicate the
gyration is 0.250 times the diameter. For specimens of tubular load with an accuracy of 61 % of the maximum indicated
cross section, the radius of gyration is calculated as follows: value of the test (load). The accuracy of the testing machine
=D 2 1d 2 shall be verified at least once a year in accordance with
Rg 5 (1) Practices E4.
4

where: 5.2 Compressometer—A suitable instrument for determin-

ing the distance between two fixed points on the test specimen
Rg = radius of gyration,
at any time during the test. It is desirable that this instrument
D = outside diameter, and
d = inside diameter. automatically record this distance (or any change in it) as a
function of the load on the test specimen. The instrument shall
4. Significance and Use be essentially free of inertia-lag at the specified rate of loading
4.1 Compression tests provide information about the com- and shall conform to the requirements for a Class B-2
pressive properties of plastics when employed under conditions extensometer as defined in Practice E83.
approximating those under which the tests are made. NOTE 3—The requirements for extensometers cited herein apply to
compressometers as well.
4.2 Compressive properties include modulus of elasticity,
yield stress, deformation beyond yield point, and compressive 5.3 Compression Tool—A compression tool for applying the
strength (unless the material merely flattens but does not load to the test specimen. This tool shall be so constructed that
fracture). Materials possessing a low order of ductility may not loading is axial within 1:1000 and applied through surfaces that
exhibit a yield point. In the case of a material that fails in are flat within 0.025 mm (0.001 in.) and parallel to each other
compression by a shattering fracture, the compressive strength in a plane normal to the vertical loading axis. Examples of
has a very definite value. In the case of a material that does not suitable compression tools are shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.

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 D695 − 15

FIG. 3 Support Jig for Thin Specimen

be used. These specimens may be prepared by machining

operations from materials in sheet, plate, rod, tube, or similar
form, or they may be prepared by compression or injection
molding of the material to be tested. All machining operations
shall be done carefully so that smooth surfaces result. Great
care shall be taken in machining the ends so that smooth, flat
NOTE 1—Devices similar to the one illustrated have been successfully parallel surfaces and sharp, clean edges, to within 0.025 mm
used in a number of different laboratories. Details of the device developed
at the National Institute for Standards and Technology are given in the (0.001 in.) perpendicular to the long axis of the specimen,
paper by Aitchinson, C. S., and Miller, J. A., “A Subpress for Compressive result.
Tests,” National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, Technical Note No.
6.2 The standard test specimen for strength measurements,
912, 1943.
FIG. 1 Subpress for Compression Tests except as indicated in 6.3 – 6.8, shall be in the form of a right
cylinder or prism whose length is twice its principal width or
diameter. Preferred specimen sizes are 12.7 by 12.7 by 25.4
mm (0.50 by 0.50 by 1 in.) (prism), or 12.7 mm in diameter by
25.4 mm (cylinder). The standard test specimen for modulus or
offset yield measurements shall be of such dimensions that the
slenderness ratio is in the range from 11 to 16:1. In this case,
preferred specimen sizes are 12.7 by 12.7 by 50.8 mm (0.50 by
0.50 by 2 in.) (prism), or 12.7 mm in diameter by 50.8 mm
(cylinder).
6.2.1 When the standard specimens (right cylinders or
prisms) cannot be obtained due to the thinness of the material
(typically less than 6.4 mm (0.25 in.)), alternative specimens
outlined in 6.7.1 and 6.7.2 shall be used.
6.3 For rod, the test specimen for strength measurements
shall have a diameter equal to the diameter of the rod and a
length twice the diameter of the rod. The test specimen for
modulus or offset yield measurements shall have a diameter
equal to the diameter of the rod and a length such that
slenderness ratio is in the range from 11 to 16:1. If the diameter
FIG. 2 Compression Tool of the rod is too large to obtain failure due to limitations of the
test equipment, specimens outlined in 6.2 shall be machined
from the center of the rod.
5.4 Supporting Jig—A supporting jig for thin specimens is
6.4 For tubes, the test specimen for strength measurements
shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4.
shall have a diameter equal to the diameter of the tube and a
5.5 Micrometers—Suitable micrometers, reading to 0.01 length of 25.4 mm (1 in.). This specimen shall be used for tubes
mm or 0.001 in. for measuring the width, thickness, diameter, with a wall thickness of 1 mm (0.039 in.) or over, to inside
and length of the specimens. diameters of 6.4 mm (0.25 in.) or over, and to outside
diameters of 50.8 mm (2.0 in.) or less. If the diameter of the
6. Test Specimens tube is too large to obtain failure due to limitations of the test
6.1 Unless otherwise specified in the materials equipment, specimens outlined in 6.2 shall be machined from
specifications, the specimens described in 6.2 through 6.8 shall the wall of the tube. For crushing-load determinations (at right

3
 D695 − 15

NOTE 1—Cold rolled steel.

NOTE 2—Furnished four steel machine screws and nuts, round head, slotted, length 31.75 mm (11⁄4 in.).
NOTE 3—Grind surfaces denoted “Gr.”
FIG. 4 Support Jig, Details

angles to the longitudinal axis), the specimen size shall be the compressometer or similar device, a specimen conforming to
same, with the diameter becoming the height. The test speci- that shown in Fig. 5 shall be used. The supporting jig shown in
men for modulus or offset yield measurements shall have a Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 shall be used to support the specimen during
diameter equal to the diameter of the tube and a length such testing (Note 5).
that the slenderness ratio is in the range from 11 to 16:1. NOTE 4—If failure for specimens utilized in 6.7.1 is by delamination
6.5 Where it is desired to test conventional high-pressure rather than by the desirable shear plane fracture, the material may be
laminates in the form of sheets, the thickness of which is less tested in accordance with 6.7.2.
NOTE 5—Round-robin tests have established that relatively satisfactory
than 25.4 mm (1 in.), a pile-up of sheets 12.7 mm square, with measurements of modulus of elasticity may be obtained by applying a
a sufficient number of layers to produce a height of approxi- compressometer to the edges of the jig-supported specimen.
mately 25.4 mm (actual height achievable will be dependent
6.8 When testing syntactic foam, the standard test specimen
upon individual layer thickness), shall be used for strength
shall be in the form of a right cylinder 25.4 mm (1 in.) in
measurements. The test specimen for modulus or offset yield
diameter by 50.8 mm (2 in.) in length. This specimen is
measurements shall consist of a pile-up of 12.7 mm square
appropriate for both strength and modulus determinations.
sheets to produce a height such that slenderness ratio is in the
range from 11 to 16:1. 7. Conditioning
6.6 When testing material that may be suspected of 7.1 Conditioning—Condition the test specimens in accor-
anisotropy, duplicate sets of test specimens shall be prepared dance with Procedure A of Practice D618 unless otherwise
having their long axis respectively parallel with and normal to specified by contract or relevant ASTM material specification.
the suspected direction of anisotropy. Conditioning time is specified as a minimum. Temperature and
6.7 Reinforced Plastics, including High-Strength Compos- humidity tolerances shall be in accordance with Section 7 of
ites and Highly Orthotropic Laminates—The following speci- Practice D618 unless specified differently by contract or
mens shall be used for reinforced materials. material specification.
6.7.1 For materials 3.2 mm to 6.4 mm (0.125 in. to 0.25 in.), 7.2 Test Conditions—Conduct the tests at the same tempera-
the specimen used for strength measurements shall consist of a ture and humidity used for conditioning with tolerances in
prism having a cross section of 12.7 mm (0.5 in.) by the accordance with Section 7 of Practice D618 unless otherwise
thickness of the material and a length of 12.7 mm (0.5 in). specified by contract or the relevant ASTM material specifica-
(Specimen length may be shortened if buckling is observed). tion.
For material greater than 6.4 mm (0.25 in.) in thickness,
specimens outlined in 6.2 shall be used. The test specimen for 8. Number of Test Specimens
modulus or offset yield measurements shall be of such dimen-
sions that slenderness ratio is in the range from 11 to 16:1 8.1 At least five specimens shall be tested for each sample in
(Note 4). the case of isotropic materials.
6.7.2 For materials under 3.2 mm (0.125 in.) thick, or where 8.2 Ten specimens, five normal to and five parallel with the
elastic modulus testing is required and the slenderness ratio principal axis of anisotropy, shall be tested for each sample in
does not provide for enough length for attachment of a the case of anisotropic materials.

4
 D695 − 15

FIG. 5 Compression Test Specimen for Materials Less than 3.2 mm Thick

8.3 Specimens that break at some obvious flaw shall be supporting jig has established that reproducible data can be obtained with
discarded and retests made, unless such flaws constitute a the tightness of the jig controlled as indicated.
variable, the effect of which it is desired to study. 10.4 If only compressive strength or compressive yield
strength, or both, are desired, proceed as follows:
9. Speed of Testing 10.4.1 Set the speed control at 1.3 mm/min (0.050 in./min)
9.1 Speed of testing shall be the relative rate of motion of and start the machine.
the grips or test fixtures during the test. Rate of motion of the 10.4.2 Record the maximum load carried by the specimen
driven grip or fixture when the machine is running idle may be during the test (usually this will be the load at the moment of
used if it can be shown that the resulting speed of testing is rupture).
within the limits of variation allowed. 10.5 If stress-strain data are desired, proceed as follows:
9.2 The standard speed of testing shall be 1.3 6 0.3 mm 10.5.1 Prepare the compressive strain indicator to directly
(0.050 6 0.010 in.)/min, except as noted in 10.5.4. read strain on the specimen.
10.5.2 Set the speed control at 1.3 mm/min (0.050 in./min)
10. Procedure and start the machine.
10.1 Measure the width and thickness (or diameter) of the 10.5.3 Record loads and corresponding compressive strain
specimen to the nearest 0.025 mm (0.001 in.) at several points at appropriate intervals of strain or, if the test machine is
along its length. Calculate and record the minimum value of equipped with an automatic recording device, record the
the cross-sectional area. Measure the length of the specimen complete load-deformation curve.
and record the value. 10.5.4 After the yield point has been reached, it is allowable
to increase the speed from 5 to 6 mm/min (0.20 to 0.25 in./min)
10.2 Place the test specimen between the surfaces of the
and allow the machine to run at this speed until the specimen
compression tool, taking care to align the center line of its long
breaks. This may be done only with relatively ductile materials
axis with the center line of the plunger and to ensure that the
and on a machine with a weighing system with response rapid
ends of the specimen are parallel with the surface of the
enough to produce accurate results.
compression tool. Adjust the crosshead of the testing machine
until it just contacts the top of the compression tool plunger.
11. Calculation
NOTE 6—The compression tool may not be necessary for testing of
lower modulus (for example, 700 MPa to 3500 MPa (100,000 psi to 11.1 Compressive Strength—Calculate the compressive
500,000 psi)) material if the loading surfaces are maintained smooth, flat, strength by dividing the maximum compressive load carried by
and parallel to the extent that buckling is not incurred. the specimen during the test by the original minimum cross-
10.3 Place thin specimens in the jig (Fig. 3 and Fig. 4) so sectional area of the specimen. Express the result in megapas-
that they are flush with the base and centered (Note 7). The nuts cals or pounds-force per square inch and report to three
or screws on the jig shall be finger tight (Note 8). Place the significant figures.
assembly in the compression tool as described in 5.3. 11.2 Compressive Yield Strength—Calculate the compres-
NOTE 7—A round-robin test, designed to assess the influence of sive yield strength by dividing the load carried by the specimen
specimen positioning in the supporting jig (that is, flush versus centered at the yield point by the original minimum cross-sectional area
mounting), showed no significant effect on compressive strength due to of the specimen. Express the result in megapascals or pounds-
this variable. However, flush mounting of the specimen with the base of force per square inch and report to three significant figures.
the jig is specified for convenience and ease of mounting.4
NOTE 8—A round-robin test on the effect of lateral pressure at the 11.3 Offset Yield Strength—Calculate the offset yield
strength by the method referred to in 3.2.11.
4
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may 11.4 Modulus of Elasticity—Calculate the modulus of elas-
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D20-1061. ticity by drawing a tangent to the initial linear portion of the

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 D695 − 15
TABLE 1 Precision, Compressive Strength TABLE 2 Precision, Compressive Modulus
(Values in Units of Megapascals) (Values in Units of Gigapascals)
Material Average SrA SRB rC RD Material Average SrA SRB rC RD
Acetal 100 1.1 2.1 3.1 5.9 Acetal 3.28 0.14 0.25 0.39 0.70
Polystyrene 106 1.4 3.5 3.9 9.8 Polystyrene 3.88 0.07 0.74 0.20 2.07
Linen-filled phenolic 158 3.7 7.5 10.4 21.0 Linen-filled phenolic 6.82 0.23 0.90 0.64 2.52
A A
Sr is the within-laboratory standard deviation for the indicated material. It is Sr is the within-laboratory standard deviation for the indicated material. It is
obtained by pooling the within-laboratory standard deviations of the test results obtained by pooling the within-laboratory standard deviations of the test results
from all of the participating laboratories: from all of the participating laboratories:
Sr = [[(S1)2 + (S2)2 + . . . + (Sn)2]/n]1/2. Sr = [[(S1)2 + (S2)2 + . . . + (Sn)2]/n]1/2.
B B
SR is the between-laboratories reproducibility, expressed as a standard SR is the between-laboratories reproducibility, expressed as a standard
deviation, for the indicated material. deviation, for the indicated material.
C C
r is the within-laboratory repeatability limit, r = 2.8 × Sr. r is the within-laboratory repeatability limit, r = 2.8 × Sr.
D D
R is the between-laboratory reproducibility limit, R = 2.8 × SR. R is the between-laboratory reproducibility limit, R = 2.8 × SR.

conducted in 1987 in accordance with Practice E691, involving

load deformation curve, selecting any point on this straight line three materials tested by six laboratories for Test Method
portion, and dividing the compressive stress represented by this D695M. Since the test parameters overlap within tolerances
point by the corresponding strain, measure from the point and the test values are normalized, the same data are used for
where the extended tangent line intersects the strain-axis. both test methods. For each material, all of the samples were
Express the result in gigapascals or pounds-force per square prepared at one source. Each test result was the average of five
inch and report to three significant figures (see Annex A1). individual determinations. Each laboratory obtained two test
11.5 For each series of tests, calculate to three significant results for each material. (Warning—The following explana-
figures the arithmetic mean of all values obtained and report as tions of r and R (13.2 – 13.2.3) are only intended to present a
the “average value” for the particular property in question. meaningful way of considering the approximate precision of
11.6 Calculate the standard deviation (estimated) as follows this test method. The data in Table 1 and Table 2 should not be
and report to two significant figures: rigorously applied to acceptance or rejection of material, as
these data apply only to the materials tested in the round robin
s5 =~ ( X 2
2 nX̄ 2 ! / ~ n 2 1 ! (2) and are unlikely to be rigorously representative of other lots,
formulations, conditions, materials, or laboratories. Users of
where: this test method should apply the principles outlined in Practice
s = estimated standard deviation, E691 to generate data specific to their laboratory and materials
X = value of single observation, or between specific laboratories. The principles of 13.2 –
n = number of observations, and 13.2.3 would then be valid for such data.)
X̄ = arithmetic mean of the set of observations.
NOTE 9—The method for determining the offset compressive yield 13.2 Concept of r and R in Table 1 and Table 2—If S (r) and
strength is similar to that described in the Annex of Test Method D638. S (R) have been calculated from a large enough body of data,
and for test results that were averages from testing of five
12. Report specimens for each test result, then:
12.1 Report the following information: 13.2.1 Repeatability—Two test results obtained within one
12.1.1 Complete identification of the material tested, includ- laboratory shall be judged not equivalent if they differ by more
ing type, source, manufacturer’s code number, form, principal than the “r” for that the material. “r” is the interval represent-
dimensions, previous history, etc., ing the critical difference between two test results for the same
12.1.2 Method of preparing test specimens, material, obtained by the same operator using the same
12.1.3 Type of test specimen and dimensions, equipment on the same day in the same laboratory.
12.1.4 Conditioning procedure used, 13.2.2 Reproducibility, R—Two test results obtained by
12.1.5 Atmospheric conditions in test room, different laboratories shall be judged not equivalent if they
12.1.6 Number of specimens tested, differ by more than the “R” value for that material. “R” is the
12.1.7 Speed of testing, interval representing the critical difference between the two test
12.1.8 Compressive strength, average value, and standard results for the same material, obtained by different operators
deviation, using different equipment in different laboratories.
12.1.9 Compressive yield strength and offset yield strength 13.2.3 Any judgement in accordance with 13.2.1 and 13.2.2
average value, and standard deviation, when of interest, would have an approximate 95 % (0.95) probability of being
12.1.10 Modulus of elasticity in compression (if required), correct.
average value, standard deviation, 13.3 There are no recognized standards by which to esti-
12.1.11 Date of test, and mate the bias of this test method.
12.1.12 Date of test method.
14. Keywords
13. Precision and Bias 14.1 compressive properties; compressive strength; modu-
13.1 Table 1 and Table 2 are based on a round-robin test lus of elasticity; plastics

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 D695 − 15

ANNEX

(Mandatory Information)

A1. TOE COMPENSATION

NOTE 1—Some chart recorders plot the mirror image of this graph.
NOTE 1—Some chart recorders plot the mirror image of this graph. FIG. A1.2 Material with No Hookean Region
FIG. A1.1 Material with Hookean Region
elastic modulus can be determined by dividing the stress at any
A1.1 In a typical stress-strain curve (Fig. A1.1) there is a toe point along the line CD (or its extension) by the strain at the
region, AC, that does not represent a property of the material. same point (measured from Point B, defined as zero-strain).
It is an artifact caused by a takeup of slack, and alignment or
seating of the specimen. In order to obtain correct values of A1.3 In the case of a material that does not exhibit any
such parameters as modulus, strain, and offset yield point, this linear region (Fig. A1.2), the same kind of toe correction of the
artifact must be compensated for to give the corrected zero zero-strain point can be made by constructing a tangent to the
point on the strain or extension axis. maximum slope at the inflection point (H'). This is extended to
intersect the strain axis at Point B', the corrected zero-strain
A1.2 In the case of a material exhibiting a region of point. Using Point B' as zero strain, the stress at any point (G')
Hookean (linear) behavior (Fig. A1.1), a continuation of the on the curve can be divided by the strain at that point to obtain
linear (CD ) region of the curve is constructed through the a secant modulus (slope of line B' G'). For those materials with
zero-stress axis. This intersection (B) is the corrected zero- no linear region, any attempt to use the tangent through the
strain point from which all extensions or strains must be inflection point as a basis for determination of an offset yield
measured, including the yield offset (BE), if applicable. The point may result in unacceptable error.

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 D695 − 15
SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee D20 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (D695 - 10)
that may impact the use of this standard. (September 1, 2015)

(1) Added Test Method D6641/D6641M to Note 1 and 2.1. (9) Renumbered subsequent notes since Note 4 was removed.
(2) Subsection 3.2.14—Added calculation for radius of gyra- (10) Subsection 10.1—Added diameter as a dimension that can
tion for tubes to determine slenderness ratio. be measured and corrected the unit conversion from mm to
(3) Subsection 5.5—Added “diameter” to one of the dimen- inch.
sions that can be measured. (11) Subsection 10.5.1—Revised the wording so the interpre-
(4) Subsection 6.1—Only referred to 6.2 – 6.7. This was tation of “attach compressometer” was not misconstrued as
updated to include 6.2 – 6.8. only being able to use a contact extensometer. The wording
(5) Subsection 6.2—Clarified specimens to be used for strength now implies any type of compressometer (contact or noncon-
and modulus, and changed 6.3 - 6.7 to 6.3 - 6.8. tact) can be used.
(6) Added subsection 6.2.1. (12) Subsection 10.5.4—Revised the wording “may be desir-
(7) Added wording to clarify specimen dimension selection for able” to “is allowable.”
strength and modulus to 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.7, 6.7.1, and 6.8. (13) Subsection 11.6—The standard deviation calculation ref-
(8) Removed Note 4 and placed it in the body of 6.4 as it was erenced number “(1)”; this was changed to “(2)” since the
not appropriate as a note. Radius of Gyration calculation for tubes is now “(1).”

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in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
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