Designation: D 412 06a

Standard Test Methods for

Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic Elastomers
Tension1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 412; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

1. Scope D 4483 Practice for Evaluating Precision for Test Method

1.1 These test methods cover procedures used to evaluate Standards in the Rubber and Carbon Black Manufacturing
the tensile (tension) properties of vulcanized thermoset rubbers Industries
and thermoplastic elastomers. These methods are not appli- E 4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
cable to ebonite and similar hard, low elongation materials. 2.2 ASTM Adjunct:
The methods appear as follows: Cut Ring Specimens, Method B (D 412)3
Test Method ADumbbell and Straight Section Specimens
2.3 ISO Standards:
Test Method BCut Ring Specimens ISO 37 Rubber, Vulcanized and Thermoplastic Determina-
NOTE 1These two different methods do not produce identical results.
tion of Tensile Stress-Strain Properties4
1.2 The values stated in either SI or non-SI units shall be 3. Terminology
regarded separately as normative for this standard. The values 3.1 Definitions:
in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore each 3.1.1 tensile setthe extension remaining after a specimen
system must be used independently, without combining values. has been stretched and allowed to retract in a specified manner,
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the expressed as a percentage of the original length. (D 1566)
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 3.1.2 tensile set-after-breakthe tensile set measured by
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- fitting the two broken dumbbell pieces together at the point of
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- rupture.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. 3.1.3 tensile strengththe maximum tensile stress applied
2. Referenced Documents in stretching a specimen to rupture. (D 1566)
3.1.4 tensile stressa stress applied to stretch a test piece
2.1 ASTM Standards: 2 (specimen). (D 1566)
D 1349 Practice for RubberStandard Temperatures for 3.1.5 tensile stress at-given-elongationthe stress required
Testing to stretch the uniform cross section of a test specimen to a
D 1566 Terminology Relating to Rubber given elongation. (D 1566)
D 3182 Practice for RubberMaterials, Equipment, and 3.1.6 thermoplastic elastomersa diverse family of rubber-
Procedures for Mixing Standard Compounds and Prepar- like materials that unlike conventional vulcanized rubbers can
ing Standard Vulcanized Sheets be processed and recycled like thermoplastic materials.
D 3183 Practice for RubberPreparation of Pieces for Test 3.1.7 ultimate elongationthe elongation at which rupture
Purposes from Products occurs in the application of continued tensile stress.
D 3767 Practice for RubberMeasurement of Dimensions 3.1.8 yield pointthat point on the stress-strain curve, short
of ultimate failure, where the rate of stress with respect to
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D11 on
strain, goes through a zero value and may become negative.
Rubber and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D11.10 on Physical (D 1566)
Testing.
Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2006. Published January 2007. Originally
approved in 1935. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D 412 06.
2 3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Detailed drawings are available from ASTM Headquarters, 100 Barr Harbor
contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM Drive, Conshohocken, PA 19428. Order Adjunct No. ADJD0412.
4
Standards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
the ASTM website. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.

Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

1
 D 412 06a
3.1.9 yield strainthe level of strain at the yield point. adjust for the cross-sectional area of the specimen. The
(D 1566) response of the recorder shall be sufficiently rapid that the
3.1.10 yield stressthe level of stress at the yield point. applied force is measured with the requisite accuracy during
(D 1566) the extension of the specimen to rupture. If the testing machine
is not equipped with a recorder, a device shall be provided that
4. Summary of Test Method indicates, after rupture, the maximum force applied during
4.1 The determination of tensile properties starts with test extension. Testing machine systems shall be capable of mea-
pieces taken from the sample material and includes the suring elongation of the test specimen in minimum increments
preparation of the specimens and the testing of the specimens. of 10 %.
Specimens may be in the shape of dumbbells, rings or straight NOTE 2A rate of elongation of 1000 6 100 mm/min (40 6 4 in./min)
pieces of uniform cross-sectional area. may be used and notation of the speed made in the report. In case of
4.2 Measurements for tensile stress, tensile stress at a given dispute, the test shall be repeated and the rate of elongation shall be at 500
elongation, tensile strength, yield point, and ultimate elonga- 6 50 mm/min (20 6 2 in./min).
tion are made on specimens that have not been prestressed. 6.2 Test Chamber for Elevated and Low TemperaturesThe
Tensile stress, yield point, and tensile strength are based on the test chamber shall conform with the following requirements:
original cross-sectional area of a uniform cross-section of the 6.2.1 Air shall be circulated through the chamber at a
specimen. velocity of 1 to 2 m/s (3.3 to 6.6 ft/s) at the location of the grips
4.3 Measurement of tensile set is made after a previously or spindles and specimens maintained within 2C (3.6F) of the
unstressed specimen has been extended and allowed to retract specified temperature.
by a prescribed procedure. Measurement of set after break is 6.2.2 A calibrated sensing device shall be located near the
also described. grips or spindles for measuring the actual temperature.
6.2.3 The chamber shall be vented to an exhaust system or
5. Significance and Use to the outside atmosphere to remove fumes liberated at high
5.1 All materials and products covered by these test meth- temperatures.
ods must withstand tensile forces for adequate performance in 6.2.4 Provisions shall be made for suspending specimens
certain applications. These test methods allow for the measure- vertically near the grips or spindles for conditioning prior to
ment of such tensile properties. However, tensile properties test. The specimens shall not touch each other or the sides of
alone may not directly relate to the total end use performance the chamber except for momentary contact when agitated by
of the product because of the wide range of potential perfor- the circulating air.
mance requirements in actual use. 6.2.5 Fast acting grips suitable for manipulation at high or
5.2 Tensile properties depend both on the material and the low temperatures may be provided to permit placing dumbbells
conditions of test (extension rate, temperature, humidity, speci- or straight specimens in the grips in the shortest time possible
men geometry, pretest conditioning, etc.); therefore materials to minimize any change in temperature of the chamber.
should be compared only when tested under the same condi- 6.2.6 The dynamometer shall be suitable for use at the
tions. temperature of test or it shall be thermally insulated from the
5.3 Temperature and rate of extension may have substantial chamber.
effects on tensile properties and therefore should be controlled. 6.2.7 Provision shall be made for measuring the elongation
These effects will vary depending on the type of material being of specimens in the chamber. If a scale is used to measure the
tested. extension between the bench-marks, the scale shall be located
5.4 Tensile set represents residual deformation which is parallel and close to the grip path during specimen extension
partly permanent and partly recoverable after stretching and and shall be controlled from outside the chamber.
retraction. For this reason, the periods of extension and 6.3 Dial MicrometerThe dial micrometer shall conform to
recovery (and other conditions of test) must be controlled to the requirements of Practice D 3767 (Method A). For ring
obtain comparable results. specimens, see 14.10 of these test methods.
6.4 Apparatus for Tensile Set TestThe testing machine
6. Apparatus described in 6.1 or an apparatus similar to that shown in Fig. 1
6.1 Testing MachineTension tests shall be made on a may be used. A stop watch or other suitable timing device
power driven machine equipped to produce a uniform rate of measuring in minute intervals for at least 30 min, shall be
grip separation of 500 6 50 mm/min (20 6 2 in./min) for a provided. A scale or other device shall be provided for
distance of at least 750 mm (30 in.) (see Note 2). The testing measuring tensile set to within 1 %.
machine shall have both a suitable dynamometer and an
indicating or recording system for measuring the applied force 7. Selection of Test Specimens
within 62 %. If the capacity range cannot be changed for a test 7.1 Consider the following information in making selec-
(as in the case of pendulum dynamometers) the applied force at tions:
break shall be measured within 62 % of the full scale value, 7.1.1 Since anisotropy or grain directionality due to flow
and the smallest tensile force measured shall be accurate to introduced during processing and preparation may have an
within 10 %. If the dynamometer is of the compensating type influence on tensile properties, dumbbell or straight specimens
for measuring tensile stress directly, means shall be provided to should be cut so the lengthwise direction of the specimen is

2
 D 412 06a

FIG. 1 Apparatus for Tensile Set Test

parallel to the grain direction when this direction is known. 7.1.4 Straight specimens tend to break in the grips if normal
Ring specimens normally give an average of with and across extension-to-break testing is conducted and should be used
the grain properties. only when it is not feasible to prepare another type of
7.1.2 Unless otherwise noted, thermoplastic rubber or ther- specimen. For obtaining non-rupture stress-strain or material
moplastic elastomer specimens, or both, are to be cut from modulus properties, straight specimens are quite useful.
injection molded sheets or plaques with a thickness of 3.0 6 7.1.5 The size of specimen type used will be determined by
0.3 mm. Specimens of other thickness will not necessarily give the material, test equipment and the sample or piece available
comparable results. Specimens are to be tested in directions for test. A longer specimen may be used for rubbers having low
both parallel and perpendicular to the direction of flow in the ultimate elongation to improve precision of elongation mea-
mold. Sheet or plaque dimensions must be sufficient to do this. surement.
7.1.3 Ring specimens enable elongations to be measured by
grip separation, but the elongation across the radial width of 8. Calibration of the Testing Machine
the ring specimens is not uniform. To minimize this effect the 8.1 Calibrate the testing machine in accordance with Proce-
width of the ring specimens must be small compared to the dure A of Practices E 4. If the dynamometer is of the
diameter. strain-gauge type, calibrate the tester at one or more forces in

3
 D 412 06a
addition to the requirements in Sections 7 and 18 of Practices TEST METHOD ADUMBBELL AND STRAIGHT
E 4. Testers having pendulum dynamometers may be calibrated SPECIMENS
as follows:
8.1.1 Place one end of a dumbbell specimen in the upper 10. Apparatus
grip of the testing machine. 10.1 DieThe shape and dimensions of the die for prepar-
8.1.2 Remove the lower grip from the machine and attach it, ing dumbbell specimens shall conform with those shown in
by means of the gripping mechanism to the dumbbell specimen Fig. 2. The inside faces in the reduced section shall be
in the upper grip. perpendicular to the plane formed by the cutting edges and
8.1.3 Attach a hook to the lower end of the lower specimen polished for a distance of at least 5 mm (0.2 in.) from the
grip mechanism. cutting edge. The die shall at all times be sharp and free of
8.1.4 Suspend a known mass from the hook of the lower nicks (see 9.2).
specimen grip mechanism in such a way as to permit the mass
NOTE 4The condition of the die may be determined by investigating
assembly to temporarily rest on the lower testing machine grip the rupture point on any series of broken (ruptured) specimens. Remove
framework or holder (see Note 3). such specimens from the grips of the testing machine, stack the joined-
8.1.5 Start the grip separation motor or mechanism, as in together specimens on top of each other, and note if there is any tendency
normal testing, and allow it to run until the mass is freely for tensile breaks to occur at the same position on each of the specimens.
suspended by the specimen in the upper grip. Rupture consistently at the same place indicates that the die may be dull,
nicked, or bent at that location.
8.1.6 If the dial or scale does not indicate the force applied
(or its equivalent in stress for a compensating type tester) 10.2 Bench MarkerThe two marks placed on the speci-
within specified tolerance, thoroughly inspect the testing ma- men and used to measure elongation or strain are called bench
chine for malfunction (for example, excess friction in bearings marks (see Note 5). The bench marker shall consist of a base
and other moving parts). Ensure that the mass of the lower grip plate containing two raised parallel projections. The surfaces of
mechanism and the hook are included as part of the known the raised projections (parallel to the plane of the base plate)
mass. are ground smooth in the same plane. The raised projection
8.1.7 After machine friction or other malfunction has been marking surfaces shall be between 0.05 and 0.08 mm (0.002
removed, recalibrate the testing machine at a minimum of three and 0.003 in.) wide and at least 15 mm (0.6 in.) long. The
points using known masses to produce forces of approximately angles between the parallel marking surfaces and the sides of
10, 20 and 50 % of capacity. If pawls or rachets are used during the projections shall be at least 75. The distance between the
routine testing, use them for calibration. Check for friction in centers of the two parallel projections or marking surfaces shall
the head by calibrating with the pawls up. be within 1 % of the required or target bench mark distance. A
handle attached to the back or top of the bench marker base
NOTE 3It is advisable to provide a means for preventing the known
mass from falling to the floor in case the dumbbell should break.
plate is normally a part of the bench marker.

8.2 A rapid approximate calibration of the testing machine NOTE 5If a contact extensometer is used to measure elongation,
bench marks are not necessary.
may be obtained by using a spring calibration device.
10.3 Ink ApplicatorA flat unyielding surface (hardwood,
9. Test Temperature metal, or plastic) shall be used to apply either ink or powder to
9.1 Unless otherwise specified, the standard temperature for the bench marker. The ink or powder shall adhere to the
testing shall be 23 6 2C (73.4 6 3.6F). Specimens shall be specimen, have no deteriorating effect on the specimen and be
conditioned for at least 3 h when the test temperature is 23C of contrasting color to that of the specimen.
(73.4F). If the material is affected by moisture, maintain the 10.4 GripsThe testing machine shall have two grips, one
relative humidity at 50 6 5 % and condition the specimens for of which shall be connected to the dynamometer.
at least 24 h prior to testing. When testing at any other 10.4.1 Grips for testing dumbbell specimens shall tighten
temperature is required use one of the temperatures listed in automatically and exert a uniform pressure across the gripping
Practice D 1349. surfaces, increasing as the tension increases in order to prevent
9.2 For testing at temperatures above 23C (73.4F) preheat slippage and to favor failure of the specimen in the straight
specimens for 10 6 2 min for Method A and for 6 6 2 min for reduced section. Constant pressure pneumatic type grips also
Method B. Place each specimen in the test chamber at intervals are satisfactory. At the end of each grip a positioning device is
ahead of testing so that all specimens of a series will be in the recommended for inserting specimens to the same depth in the
chamber the same length of time. The preheat time at elevated grip and for alignment with the direction of pull.
temperatures must be limited to avoid additional vulcanization 10.4.2 Grips for testing straight specimens shall be constant
or thermal aging. pressure pneumatic, wedged, or toggle type designed to trans-
9.3 For testing at temperatures below 23C (73.4F) condi- mit the applied gripping force over the entire width of the
tion the specimens at least 10 min prior to testing. gripped specimen.

4
 D 412 06a

FIG. 2 Standard Dies for Cutting Dumbbell Specimens

Dimensions of Standard Dumbbell DiesA (Metric Units)

Dimension Units Tolerance Die A Die B Die C Die D Die E Die F
A mm 61 25 25 25 16 16 16
B mm max 40 40 40 30 30 30
C mm min 140 140 115 100 125 125
D mm 66B 32 32 32 32 32 32
D-E mm 61 13 13 13 13 13 13
F mm 62 38 38 19 19 38 38
G mm 61 14 14 14 14 14 14
H mm 62 25 25 25 16 16 16
L mm 62 59 59 33 33 59 59
W mm 60.05, 0.00 12 6 6 3 3 6
Z mm 61 13 13 13 13 13 13
A
Dies whose dimensions are expressed in metric units are not exactly the same as dies whose dimensions are expressed in U.S. customary units. Dies dimensioned
in metric units are intended for use with apparatus calibrated in metric units.
B
For dies used in clicking machines it is preferable that this tolerance be 60.5 mm.
FIG. 2 (continued)

5
 D 412 06a
Dimensions of Standard Dumbbell DiesA (U.S. Customary Units)
Dimension Units Tolerance Die A Die B Die C Die D Die E Die F
A in. 60.04 1 1 1 0.62 0.62 0.62
B in. max 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.2 1.2 1.2
C in. min 5.5 5.5 4.5 4 5 5
D in. 60.25B 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25
D-E in. 60.04 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
F in. 60.08 1.5 1.5 0.75 0.75 1.5 1.5
G in. 60.04 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56
H in. 60.08 1 1 1 0.63 0.63 0.63
L in. 60.08 2.32 2.32 1.31 1.31 2.32 2.32
W in. 60.002, 0.000 0.500 0.250 0.250 0.125 0.125 0.250
Z in. 60.04 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
A
Dies whose dimensions are expressed in metric units are not exactly the same as dies whose dimensions are expressed in U.S. customary units.
B
For dies used in clicking machines it is preferable that this tolerance by 60.02 in.
FIG. 2 (continued)

11. Specimens the mass, length, and density of the specimen may be required.
11.1 Dumbbell SpecimensPrepare five specimens for test- The cross sectional area shall be calculated from these mea-
ing. Whenever possible, the test specimens shall be injection surements as follows:
molded or cut from a flat sheet not less than 1.3 mm (0.05 in.) A 5 M/DL (1)
nor more than 3.3 mm (0.13 in.) thick and of a size which will
permit cutting a specimen by one of the standard methods (see where:
Practice D 3182). Sheets may be prepared directly by process- A = cross-sectional area, cm2,
M = mass, g,
ing or from finished articles by cutting and buffing. If obtained
D = density, g/cm3, and
from a manufactured article, the specimen shall be free of L = length, cm.
surface roughness, fabric layers, etc. in accordance with the
procedure described in Practice D 3183. All specimens shall be NOTE 6A in square inches = A (cm2) 3 0.155.
cut so that the lengthwise portion of the specimens is parallel
to the grain unless otherwise specified. In the case of sheets 12. Procedure
prepared in accordance with Practice D 3182, the specimen 12.1 Determination of Tensile Stress, Tensile Strength and
shall be 2.0 6 0.2 mm (0.08 6 0.008 in.) thick died out in the Yield PointPlace the dumbbell or straight specimen in the
direction of the grain. Use Die C, Fig. 2 (unless otherwise grips of the testing machine, using care to adjust the specimen
noted) to cut the specimens from the sheet with a single impact symmetrically to distribute tension uniformly over the cross
stroke (hand or machine) to ensure smooth cut surfaces. section. This avoids complications that prevent the maximum
11.1.1 Marking Dumbbell SpecimensDumbbell speci- strength of the material from being evaluated. Unless otherwise
mens shall be marked with the bench marker described in 10.2, specified, the rate of grip separation shall be 500 6 50 mm/min
with no tension on the specimens at the time of marking. Marks (20 6 2 in./min) (see Note 7). Start the machine and note the
shall be placed on the reduced section, equidistant from its distance between the bench marks, taking care to avoid
center and perpendicular to the longitudinal axis. The between parallax. Record the force at the elongation(s) specified for the
bench mark distance shall be as follows: for Die C or Die D of test and at the time of rupture. The elongation measurement is
Fig. 2, 25.00 6 0.25 mm (1.00 6 0.01 in.); for any other Die made preferably through the use of an extensometer, an
of Fig. 2, 50.00 6 0.5 mm (2.00 6 0.02 in.). autographic mechanism or a spark mechanism. At rupture,
11.1.2 Measuring Thickness of Dumbbell Specimens measure and record the elongation to the nearest 10 %. See
Three measurements shall be made for the thickness, one at the Section 13 for calculations.
center and one at each end of the reduced section. The median NOTE 7For materials having a yield point (yield strain) under 20 %
of the three measurements shall be used as the thickness in elongation when tested at 500 6 50 mm/min (20 6 2 in./min), the rate of
calculating the cross sectional area. Specimens with a differ- elongation shall be reduced to 50 6 5 mm/min (2.0 6 0.2 in./min). If the
ence between the maximum and the minimum thickness material still has a yield point (strain) under 20 % elongation, the rate shall
exceeding 0.08 mm (0.003 in.), shall be discarded. The width be reduced to 5 6 0.5 mm/min (0.2 6 0.002 in./min). The actual rate of
separation shall be reported.
of the specimen shall be taken as the distance between the
cutting edges of the die in the restricted section. 12.2 Determination of Tensile SetPlace the specimen in
11.2 Straight SpecimensStraight specimens may be pre- the grips of the testing machine described in 6.1 or the
pared if it is not practical to cut either a dumbbell or a ring apparatus shown in Fig. 1, and adjust symmetrically so as to
specimen as in the case of a narrow strip, small tubing or distribute the tension uniformly over the cross section. Sepa-
narrow electrical insulation material. These specimens shall be rate the grips at a rate of speed as uniformly as possible, that
of sufficient length to permit their insertion in the grips used for requires 15 s to reach the specified elongation. Hold the
the test. Bench marks shall be placed on the specimens as specimen at the specified elongation for 10 min, release
described for dumbbell specimens in 11.1.1. To determine the quickly without allowing it to snap back and allow the
cross sectional area of straight specimens in the form of tubes, specimen to rest for 10 min. At the end of the 10 min rest

6
 D 412 06a
period, measure the distance between the bench marks to the 13.8 Test ResultA test result is the median of three
nearest 1 % of the original between bench mark distance. Use individual test measurement values for any of the measured
a stop watch for the timing operations. See Section 13 for properties as described above, for routine testing. There are
calculations. two exceptions to this and for these exceptions a total of five
12.3 Determination of Set-After-BreakTen minutes after a specimens (measurements) shall be tested and the test result
specimen is broken in a normal tensile strength test, carefully reported as the median of five.
fit the two pieces together so that they are in good contact over 13.8.1 Exception 1If one or two of the three measured
the full area of the break. Measure the distance between the values do not meet specified requirement values when testing
bench marks. See Section 13 for calculations. for compliance with specifications.
13.8.2 Exception 2If referee tests are being conducted.
13. Calculation
13.1 Calculate the tensile stress at any specified elongation TEST METHOD BCUT RING SPECIMENS
as follows:
14. Apparatus
T~xxx! 5 F~xxx!/A (2)
14.1 CutterA typical ring cutter assembly is illustrated in
where: Fig. 3. This is used for cutting rings from flat sheets by
T(xxx) = tensile stress at (xxx) % elongation, MPa (lbf/ mounting the upper shaft portion of the cutter in a rotating
in.2), housing that can be lowered onto a sheet held by the rubber
F(xxx) = force at specified elongation, MN or (lbf), and holding plate as shown in Fig. 4.
A = cross-sectional area of unstrained specimen, m2 14.1.1 Blade Depth GaugeThis gauge consists of a cylin-
(in.2). drical disk having a thickness of at least 0.5 mm (0.02 in.)
13.2 Calculate the yield stress as follows: greater than the thickness of the rubber to be cut and a diameter
Y~stress! 5 F~y!/A (3) less than the inside diameter of the specimen used for adjusting
the protrusion of the blades from the body of the cutter. See
where: Fig. 3.
Y(stress) = yield stress, that stress level where the yield 14.2 Rubber Holding PlateThe apparatus for holding the
point occurs, MPa (lbf/in.2), sheet during cutting shall have plane parallel upper and lower
F(y) = magnitude of force at the yield point, MN (lbf), surfaces and shall be a rigid polymeric material (hard rubber,
and polyurethane, polymethylmethacrylate) with holes approxi-
A = cross-sectional area of unstrained specimen, m2
mately 1.5 mm (0.06 in.) in diameter spaced 6 or 7 mm (0.24
(in.2).
or 0.32 in.) apart across the central region of the plate. All the
13.3 Evaluate the yield strain as that strain or elongation
holes shall connect to a central internal cavity which can be
magnitude, where the rate of change of stress with respect to
maintained at a reduced pressure for holding the sheet in place
strain, goes through a zero value.
due to atmospheric pressure. Fig. 4 illustrates the design of an
13.4 Calculate the tensile strength as follows:
apparatus for holding standard sheets (approximately 150 3
TS 5 F~BE!/A (4) 150 3 2 mm) during cutting.
14.3 Source of Reduced PressureAny device such as a
where:
TS = tensile strength, the stress at rupture, MPa (lbf/ vacuum pump that can maintain an absolute pressure below
in.2), 10 kPa (0.1 atm) in the holding plate central cavity.
F(BE) = the force magnitude at rupture, MN (lbf), and 14.4 Soap SolutionA mild soap solution shall be used on
A = cross-sectional area of unstrained specimen, m2 the specimen sheet to lubricate the cutting blades.
(in.2). 14.5 Cutter RotatorA precision drill press or other suit-
13.5 Calculate the elongation (at any degree of extension) as able machine capable of rotating the cutter at an angular speed
follows: of at least 30 rad/s (approximately 300 r/min) during cutting
shall be used. The cutter rotator device shall be mounted on a
E 5 100[L L~o!#/L~o! (5)
horizontal base and have a vertical support orientation for the
where: shaft that rotates the spindle and cutter. The run-out of the
E = the elongation in percent (of original bench mark rotating spindle shall not exceed 0.01 mm (0.004 in.).
distance), 14.6 Indexing TableA milling table or other device with
L = observed distance between bench marks on the typical x-y motions shall be provided for positioning the sheet
extended specimen, and and holder with respect to the spindle of the cutter rotating
L(o) = original distance between bench marks (use same device.
units for L and L(o)). 14.7 Tensile Testing MachineA machine as specified in
13.6 The breaking or ultimate elongation is evaluated when 6.1 shall be provided.
L is equal to the distance between bench marks at the point of 14.8 Test FixtureA test fixture as shown in Fig. 5 shall be
specimen rupture. provided for testing the ring specimens. The testing machine
13.7 Calculate the tensile set, by using Eq 5, where L is shall be calibrated as outlined in Section 8.
equal to the distance between bench marks after the 10 min 14.9 Test ChamberA chamber for testing at high and low
retraction period. temperatures shall be provided as specified in 6.2.

7
 D 412 06a

NOTEDimension C to be 2 mm (0.08 in.) less than the inside diameter of the ring.
FIG. 3 Typical Ring Cutter Assembly

14.9.1 The fixtures specified in 14.8 are satisfactory for mm (0.61 in.) diameter of the base and to avoid any ring
testing at other than room temperature. However at extreme extension in placing the ring on the base, the bottom half of the
temperatures, a suitable lubricant shall be used to lubricate the cylindrical surface may be truncated at the cylinder centerline,
spindle bearings. that is, a half cylinder shape. This permits placing small rings
14.9.2 The dynamometer shall be suitable for use at the on the upper cylindrical surface without interference fit prob-
temperature of test or thermally insulated from the chamber. lems. Curved feet on the end of the dial micrometer shaft to fit
14.10 Dial MicrometerA dial micrometer shall be pro- the curvature of the ring(s), may be used.
vided that conforms to the requirements of Practice D 3767.
14.10.1 The base of the micrometer used to measure the 15. Ring Specimen
radial width shall consist of an upper cylindrical surface (with
its axis oriented in a horizontal direction) at least 12 mm 15.1 ASTM Cut RingsTwo types of cut ring specimens
(0.5 in.) long and 15.56 0.5 mm (0.61 6 0.02 in.) in diameter. may be used. Unless otherwise specified, the Type 1 ring
To accommodate small diameter rings that approach the 15.5 specimen shall be used.

8
 D 412 06a

Dimension mm in. Dimension mm in.

A 178 7.0 F 19 0.75
B 152 6.0 G 23 0.90
C 89 3.5 H 1.5 0.062
D 229 9.0
E 6 0.25

FIG. 4 Rubber Holding Plate

FIG. 5 Assembly, Ring Tensile Test Fixture

15.1.1 Ring Dimensions: Thickness, minimum 1.0 0.04

mm in. maximum 3.3 0.13
Type 1
Circumference (inside) 50.0 6 0.01 2.0 6 0.004
15.2 ISO Cut RingsThe normal size and the small size
Diameter (inside) 15.92 6 0.003 0.637 6 0.001 ring specimens in ISO 37 have the following dimensions given
Radial width 1.0 6 0.01 0.040 6 0.0004 in mm. See ISO 37 for specific testing procedures for these
Thickness, minimum 1.0 0.040
maximum 3.3 0.13
rings.
Type 2 Normal Small
Circumference mean 100.0 6 0.2 4.0 6 0.0004 Diameter, inside 44.6 6 0.2 mm 8.0 6 0.1 mm
Diameter (inside) 29.8 6 0.06 1.19 6 0.0001 Diameter, outside 52.6 6 0.2 mm 10.0 6 0.1 mm
Radial width 2.0 6 0.02 0.08 6 0.0008 Thickness 4.0 6 0.2 mm 1.0 6 0.1 mm

9
 D 412 06a
15.3 Rings Cut from TubingThe dimensions of the ring C(SP) = circumference of either (one) spindle, mm (in.).
specimen(s) depend on the diameter and wall thickness of the Unless otherwise specified the rate of spindle separation shall
tubing and should be specified in the product specification. be 500 6 50 mm/min (20 6 2 in./min) (see Note 8). Start the
15.4 Preparation of Cut Ring SpecimensPlace the blades test machine and record the force and corresponding distance
in the slots of the cutter and adjust the blade depth using the between the spindles. At rupture, measure and record the
blade depth gauge. Place the cutter in the drill press and adjust ultimate (breaking) elongation and the tensile (force) strength.
the spindle or table so that the bottom of the blade holder is See Section 17 for calculations.
about 13 mm (0.5 in.) above the surface of the holding plate.
Set the stop on the vertical travel of the spindle so that the tips NOTE 8When using the small ISO ring, the rate of spindle separation
shall be 100 6 10 mm/min (4 6 0.4 in./min).
of the cutting blades just penetrate the surface of the plate.
Place the sheet on the holding plate and reduce the pressure in 16.2 Tests at Temperatures Other than StandardUse the
the cavity to 10 kPa (0.1 atm) or less. Lubricate the sheet with test chamber described in 6.2. For tests at temperatures above
mild soap solution. Lower the cutter at a steady rate until it 23C (73.4F), preheat the specimens 6 6 2 min at the test
reaches the stop. Be sure that the blade holder does not contact temperature. For below room temperature tests cool the speci-
the sheet. If necessary, readjust the blade depth. Return the mens at the test temperature for at least 10 min prior to test.
spindle to its original position and repeat the operation on Use test temperatures prescribed in Practice D 1349. Place
another sheet. each specimen in the test chamber at intervals such that the
15.5 Preparation of Ring Specimens from TubingPlace recommendations of 9.2 are followed.
the tubing on a mandrel preferably slightly larger than the inner
diameter of the tubing. Rotate the mandrel and tubing in a 17. Calculation
lathe. Cut ring specimens to the desired axial length by means
17.1 Stress-strain properties for ring specimens are in gen-
of a knife or razor blade held in the tool post of the lathe. Lay
eral calculated in the same manner as for dumbbell and straight
thin wall tubing flat and cut ring specimens with a die or
specimens with one important exception. Extending a ring
cutting mechanism having two parallel blades.
specimen generates a nonuniform stress (or strain) field across
15.6 Ring Dimension Measurements:
the width (as viewed from left to right) of each leg of the ring.
15.6.1 CircumferenceThe inside circumference can be The initial inside dimension (circumference) is less than the
determined by a stepped cone or by go-no go gauges. Do not outside dimension (circumference), therefore for any extension
use any stress in excess of that needed to overcome any of the grips, the inside strain (or stress) is greater than the
ellipticity of the ring specimen. The mean circumference is outside strain (or stress) because of the differences in the initial
obtained by adding to the value for the inside circumference, (unstrained) dimensions.
the product of the radial width and p (3.14).
17.2 The following options are used to calculate stress at a
15.6.2 Radial WidthThe radial width is measured at three
specified elongation (strain) and breaking or ultimate elonga-
locations distributed around the circumference using the mi-
tion.
crometer described in 14.10.
15.6.3 ThicknessFor cut rings, the thickness of the disk 17.2.1 Stress at a Specified ElongationThe mean circum-
cut from the inside of the ring is measured with a micrometer ference of the ring is used for determining the elongation. The
described in Practice D 3767. rationale for this choice is that the mean circumference best
represents the average strain in each leg of the ring.
15.6.4 Cross-Sectional AreaThe cross-sectional area is
calculated from the median of three measurements of radial 17.2.2 Ultimate (Breaking) ElongationThis is calculated
width and thickness. For thin wall tubing, the area is calculated on the basis of the inside circumference since this represents
from the axial length of the cut section and wall thickness. the maximum strain (stress) in each leg of the ring. This
location is the most probable site for the initiation of the
16. Procedure rupture process that occurs at break.
17.3 Calculate the tensile stress at any specified elongation
16.1 Determination of Tensile Stress, Tensile Strength,
by using Eq 2 in 13.1.
Breaking (Ultimate) Elongation and Yield PointIn testing
ring specimens, lubricate the surface of the spindle with a 17.3.1 The elongation to be used to evaluate the force as
suitable lubricant, such a mineral oil or silicone oil. Select one specified in Eq 2 (13.1), is calculated as follows:
with documented assurance that it does not interact or affect the E 5 200[L/MC~TS!# (7)
material being tested. The initial setting of the distance
where:
between the spindle centers may be calculated and adjusted
E = elongation (specified), percent,
according to the following equation: L = increase in grip separation at specified elonga-
IS 5 [C~TS! C~SP!#/2 (6) tion, mm (in.), and
MC(TS) = mean circumference of test specimen, mm (in.).
where:
IS = initial separation of spindle centers, mm (in.), 17.3.2 The grip separation for any specified elongation can
C(TS) = circumference of test specimen, inside circumfer- be found by rearranging Eq 7, as given below:
ence for Type 1 rings, mean circumference for L 5 E 3 MC~TS!/200 (8)
Type 2 rings, mm (in.), and
17.4 Calculate the yield stress by using Eq 3 in 13.2.

10
 D 412 06a
17.5 Evaluate the yield strain as given in 13.3. Since yield specified by this test method, obtained on three determina-
strain may be considered to be an average bulk property of any tion(s) or measurement(s) of the property or parameter in
material, use the mean circumference for this evaluation. question.
17.6 Calculate the tensile strength by using Eq 4 in 13.4. 19.3.2 Three different materials were used in this interlabo-
17.7 Calculate the breaking or ultimate elongation as fol- ratory program, these were tested in ten laboratories on two
lows (see Notes 8 and 9): different days.
E 5 200/[L/IC~TS!# (9) 19.3.3 For the main interlaboratory program cured sheets of
each of the three compounds were circulated to each laboratory
where: and stress-strain (dumbbell) specimens were cut, gauged, and
E = breaking or ultimate elongation, percent,
tested. A secondary interlaboratory test was conducted for one
L = increase in grip separation at break, mm (in.), and
IC(TS) = inside circumference of ring test specimen, mm of the compounds (R19160). For this testing, uncured com-
(in.). pound was circulated and sheets were cured at a specified time
and temperature (10 min at 157C) in each laboratory. From
17.8 The inside circumference is used for both types of
these individually cured sheets, test specimens were cut and
rings, see 15.1.1 for dimensions. Use the inside diameter to
tested on each of two days one week apart as in the main
calculate the inside circumference for Type 2 rings.
program. The main program results are referred to as Test
NOTE 9Eq 7, Eq 8, and Eq 9 are applicable only if the initial setting Only and the secondary program results are referred to as
of the spindle centers is adjusted in accordance with Eq 6. Cure and Test.
NOTE 10The user of these test method should be aware that because 19.3.4 The results of the precision calculations for repeat-
of the different dimensions used in calculating (1) stress at a specified
elongation (less than the ultimate elongation) and (2) the ultimate
ability and reproducibility are given in Tables 1 and 2, in
(breaking) elongation (see 17.1 and 17.2), it is possible that a stress at a ascending order of material average or level, for each of the
specified elongation, slightly less (4 to 5 %) than the ultimate elongation materials evaluated and for each of the three properties
cannot be measured (calculated). evaluated.
19.3.5 The precision of this test method may be expressed in
18. Report the format of the following statements that use what is called
18.1 Report the following information: an appropriate value of r, R, (r), or (R), that is, that value to
18.1.1 Results calculated in accordance with Section 13 or be used in decisions about test results (obtained with the test
17, whichever is applicable, method). The appropriate value is that value of r or R
18.1.2 Type or description of test specimen and with Section associated with a mean level in Tables 1-4 closest to the mean
13 which type of die, either U.S. Customary Units or Metric level under consideration at any given time, for any given
Units, was used. material in routine testing operations.
18.1.3 Date of test, 19.3.6 RepeatabilityThe repeatability, r, of this test
18.1.4 Rate of extension if not as specified, method has been established as the appropriate value tabulated
18.1.5 Temperature and humidity of test room if not as in Tables 1 and 2. Two single test results, obtained under
specified, normal test method procedures, that differ by more than this
18.1.6 Temperature of test if at other than 23 6 2C (73.4 6 tabulated r (for any given level) must be considered as derived
3.6F) and from different or nonidentical sample populations.
18.1.7 Date of vulcanization, preparation of the rubber, or 19.3.7 ReproducibilityThe reproducibility, R, of this test
both, if known. method has been established as the appropriate value tabulated
in Tables 1 and 2. Two single test results obtained in two
19. Precision and Bias different laboratories, under normal test method procedures,
19.1 This precision and bias section has been prepared in that differ by more than the tabulated R (for any given level)
accordance with Practice D 4483. Refer to Practice D 4483 for must be considered to have come from different or nonidentical
terminology and other statistical details. sample populations.
19.2 The precision results in this precision and bias section 19.3.8 Repeatability and reproducibility expressed as a
give an estimate of the precision of these test methods with the percentage of the mean level, (r) and (R), have equivalent
materials used in the particular interlaboratory program as application statements as above for r and R. For the (r) and (R)
described below. The precision parameters should not be used statements, the difference in the two single test results is
for acceptance/rejection testing of any group of materials expressed as a percentage of the arithmetic mean of the two test
without documentation that the parameters are applicable to results.
those particular materials and the specific testing protocols that 19.3.9 BiasIn test method terminology, bias is the differ-
include these test methods. ence between an average test value and the reference (or true)
19.3 Test Method A (Dumbbells): test property value. Reference values do not exist for this test
19.3.1 For the main interlaboratory program a Type 1 method since the value (of the test property) is exclusively
precision was evaluated in 1986. Both repeatability and repro- defined by the test method. Bias, therefore, cannot be deter-
ducibility are short term, a period of a few days separates mined.
replicate test results. A test result is the median value, as 19.4 Test Method B (Rings):

11
 D 412 06a
TABLE 1 Type 1 (Test Only) Precision on Method A Die C Dumbbell Test Specimens

Note:
Sr = repeatability standard deviation.
r = repeatability = 2.83 times the square root of the repeatability variance.
(r) = repeatability (as percentage of material average).
SR = reproducibility standard deviation.
R = reproducibility = 2.83 times the square root of the reproducibility variance.
(R) = reproducibility (as percentage of material average).
Part 1 Tensile Strength, MPa:
Material Average Within Laboratories Between Laboratories
Sr r (r) SR R (R)
1. N18081 9.88 0.200 0.568 5.75 0.293 0.829 8.40
3. E17074 15.38 0.467 1.323 8.60 0.482 1.366 8.88
2. R19160 25.70 0.436 1.235 4.80 1.890 5.351 20.82
Pooled ValuesA 16.99 0.385 1.090 6.42 1.102 3.120 18.37

Part 2 Percent Elongation:

Material Average Within Laboratories Between Laboratories
Sr r (r) SR R (R)
3. E17074 156.3 6.304 17.842 11.41 11.481 32.492 20.78
2. R19160 510.4 11.471 32.464 6.36 21.243 60.120 11.77
1. N18081 591.6 17.810 50.402 8.52 27.198 76.972 13.01
Pooled ValuesA 419.4 12.761 36.114 8.61 20.999 59.427 14.16

Part 3 Stress at 100 % Elongation, MPa:

Material Average Within Laboratories Between Laboratories
Sr r (r) SR R (R)
1. N18081 1.17 0.053 0.151 12.96 0.061 0.1744 14.92
2. R19160 2.01 0.050 0.142 7.10 0.274 0.7755 38.62
3. E17074 9.08 0.489 1.385 15.25 0.738 2.0910 23.02
Pooled ValuesA 4.09 0.285 0.808 19.79 0.456 1.2915 31.60
A
No values omitted.

TABLE 2 Type 1 (Cure and Test) Precision on Method A Die C Dumbbell Test SpecimensA

Note 1:
Sr = repeatability standard deviation.
r = repeatability = 2.83 times the square root of the repeatability variance.
(r) = repeatability (as percentage of material average).
SR = reproducibility standard deviation.
R = reproducibility = 2.83 times the square root of the reproducibility variance.
(R) = reproducibility (as percentage of material average).
Note 2:
N18081highly extended, low durometer CR (Neoprene).
R19160high tensile NR.
E17047moderately filled EPDM.
Part 1 Tensile Strength, MPa:
Material Average Within Laboratories Between Laboratories
Sr r (r) SR R (R)
1. R19160 26.0 0.613 1.73 6.66 1.74 4.95 19.0

Part 2 Percent Elongation:

Material Average Within Laboratories Between Laboratories
Sr r (r) SR R (R)
1. R19160 526.9 13.32 37.7 7.15 19.6 55.70 10.5

Part 3 Stress at 100 % Elongation, MPa:

Material Average Within Laboratories Between Laboratories
Sr r (r) SR R (R)
1. R19160 1.83 0.072 0.205 11.21 0.226 0.641 34.5
A
Seven laboratories participated in this cure and test program.

19.4.1 A Type 1 precision was evaluated in 1985. Both mean value, as specified by this test method, obtained on three
repeatability and reproducibility are short term, a period of a determinations or measurements of the property or parameter
few days separates replicate test results. A test result is the in question.

12
 D 412 06a
TABLE 3 Type 1 PrecisionTest Method B (Rings)

Note:
Sr = repeatability standard deviation.
r = repeatability = 2.83 times the square root of the repeatability variance.
(r) = repeatability (as percentage of material average).
SR = reproducibility standard deviation.
R = reproducibility = 2.83 times the square root of the reproducibility variance.
(R) = reproducibility (as percentage of material average).
Tensile Strength (MPa)
Material Average Within Laboratories Between Laboratories
Sr r (r) SR R (R)
5. MATL 5 11.5 0.666 1.885 16.3 1.43 4.06 35.3
6. MATL 6 12.7 0.274 0.775 6.0 0.83 2.35 18.5
1. MATL 1 14.6 0.367 1.040 7.1 0.40 1.15 7.9
4. MATL 4 15.0 0.553 1.565 10.4 3.03 8.59 57.2
2. MATL 2 20.3 1.293 3.660 18.0 2.47 6.99 34.4
3. MATL 3 22.3 1.556 4.405 19.6 1.55 4.40 19.6
Pooled ValuesA 15.9 0.942 2.666 16.7 1.87 5.31 33.3
A
No values omitted.

TABLE 4 Type 1 PrecisionTest Method B (Rings)

Note:
Sr = repeatability standard deviation.
r = repeatability = 2.83 times the square root of the repeatability variance.
(r) = repeatability (as percentage of material average).
SR = reproducibility standard deviation.
R = reproducibility = 2.83 times the square root of the reproducibility variance.
(R) = reproducibility (as percentage of material average).
Ultimate Elongation, %
Material Average Within Laboratories Between Laboratories
Sr r (r) SR R (R)
1. MATL 1 322.1 15.25 43.18 13.40 33.4 94.7 29.4
2. MATL 2 445.4 11.35 32.12 7.21 34.1 96.6 21.7
4. MATL 4 509.4 27.44 77.65 15.24 51.1 144.8 28.4
5. MATL 5 545.0 2.91 8.25 1.51 56.3 159.5 29.2
6. MATL 6 599.7 12.91 36.55 6.09 14.0 39.6 6.60
3. MATL 3 815.8 16.25 45.99 5.63 90.6 256.5 31.4
Pooled ValuesA 539.6 16.54 46.82 8.67 48.2 136.4 25.2
A
No values omitted.

19.4.2 Six different materials were used in the interlabora- tabulated r (for any given level) must be considered as derived
tory program, these were tested in four laboratories on two from different or nonidentical sample populations.
different days. 19.4.7 ReproducibilityThe reproducibility, R, of this test
19.4.3 The results of the precision calculations for repeat- method has been established as the appropriate value tabulated
ability and reproducibility are given in Tables 3 and 4, in in Tables 3 and 4. Two single test results obtained in two
ascending order of material average or level, for each of the different laboratories, under normal test method procedures,
materials evaluated. that differ by more than the tabulated R (for any given level)
19.4.4 Repeatability, r, varies over the range of material must be considered to have come from different or nonidentical
levels as evaluated. Reproducibility, R, varies over the range of sample populations.
material levels as evaluated.
19.4.5 The precision of this test method may be expressed in 19.4.8 Repeatability and reproducibility expressed as a
the format of the following statements that use what is called percentage of the mean level, (r) and (R), have equivalent
an appropriate value of r, R, (r), or (R), that is, that value to application statements as 19.3.6 and 19.3.7 for r and R. For the
be used in decisions about test results (obtained with the test (r) and (R) statements, the difference in the two single test
method). The appropriate value is that value of r or R results is expressed as a percentage of the arithmetic mean of
associated with a mean level in Tables 1-4 closest to the mean the two test results.
level under consideration at any given time, for any given 19.4.9 BiasIn test method terminology, bias is the differ-
material in routine testing operations. ence between an average test value and the reference (or true)
19.4.6 RepeatabilityThe repeatability, r, of this test test property value. Reference values do not exist for this test
method has been established as the appropriate value tabulated method since the value (of the test property) is exclusively
in Tables 3 and 4. Two single test results, obtained under defined by the test method. Bias, therefore, cannot be deter-
normal test method procedures, that differ by more than this mined.

13
 D 412 06a
20. Keywords
20.1 elongation; set after break; tensile properties; tensile
set; tensile strength; tensile stress; yield point

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14