EEE 107

Lecture 7
Exponential Continuous-Wave Modulation

2s1415 Revision 5 May 2015

 Exponential CW Modulation
• Recall: Linear CW Modulation
– AM and derivatives
– Spectrum of 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 translated to 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 , 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 ≤ 2𝑊𝑊
– Envelope carries information  Additive noise degrades
envelope, degrades received information
• Exponential CW Modulation
– Phase Modulation (PM) and Frequency Modulation (PM)
– Spectrum not easily related to 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 , 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 ≥ 2𝑊𝑊 usually
– Not as sensitive to additive noise

2
Exponential Continuous-Wave
Modulation
Phase and Frequency Modulation

3
 Exponential CW Modulation
• Bandpass signal with constant envelope
𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡
• Total instantaneous angle
𝜃𝜃𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡

𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 cos 𝜃𝜃𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 Re 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝜃𝜃𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡

= 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 Re 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡
– Angle modulation or exponential modulation
– 𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 and 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 relationship is non-linear

4
 Phase Modulation
• Message is used to directly vary the phase
𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡 = 𝜙𝜙Δ 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 , 𝜙𝜙Δ ≤ 180°
𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜙𝜙Δ 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡
– Phase deviation/maximum phase shift/PM index: 𝜙𝜙Δ
– 180° (𝜋𝜋) upper bound for 𝜙𝜙Δ prevents phase ambiguities
• Instantaneous frequency
1 𝑑𝑑𝜃𝜃𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 1 1
𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡 = = 𝜃𝜃𝑐𝑐̇ 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 + 𝜙𝜙̇ 𝑡𝑡
2𝜋𝜋 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋
– For PM, 𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 + 1⁄2𝜋𝜋 𝜙𝜙Δ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑⁄𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
– Rate of repetition of the instantaneous angle 𝜃𝜃𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
– How the frequency varies with time

5
Carlson. Introduction to Communication Systems. 4th ed. p. 185.
 Frequency Modulation
• Message is used to directly vary the frequency
𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 + 𝑓𝑓Δ 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 , 𝑓𝑓Δ < 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐
– Frequency deviation/maximum frequency shift: 𝑓𝑓Δ
– 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 upper bound for 𝑓𝑓Δ ensures that 𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡 > 0
– Typically, 𝑓𝑓Δ ≪ 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 to preserve bandpass nature of 𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
• From the definition of the instantaneous frequency,
1
𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 + 𝜙𝜙̇ 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 + 𝑓𝑓Δ 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡
2𝜋𝜋
𝜙𝜙̇ 𝑡𝑡 = 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓Δ 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡
𝑡𝑡
𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡 = 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓Δ � 𝑥𝑥 𝜆𝜆 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡0
𝑡𝑡0

6
 Frequency Modulation
• Setting 𝑡𝑡0 such that 𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡0 = 0,
𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡
𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡 = 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓Δ � 𝑥𝑥 𝜆𝜆 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓Δ � 𝑥𝑥 𝜆𝜆 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑡𝑡0

• FM waveform
𝑡𝑡
𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓Δ � 𝑥𝑥 𝜆𝜆 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

– 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 cannot have a DC component

7
 PM and FM
• PM signal
𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜙𝜙Δ 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡
• FM signal
𝑡𝑡
𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓Δ � 𝑥𝑥 𝜆𝜆 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

• PM and FM both have time-varying phase and

frequency
• In FM, you need to integrate 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 first
• Amplitude is constant for both

8
 Average Power
• Average transmitted power for FM and PM
1 2
𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑇 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐
2
– Power of a sinusoidal waveform
– Since the amplitude is constant for both
• Envelope 𝐴𝐴 𝑡𝑡 does not contain information
• Information is in phase and frequency
– Zero crossings of signal
– Less vulnerable to additive noise
– E.g. In FM, increase 𝑓𝑓Δ to improve received signal

9
 PM and FM Waveforms

10
Carlson. Introduction to Communication Systems. 4th ed. p. 188.
Exponential Continuous-Wave
Modulation
Narrowband PM and FM

11
 FM Bandwidth Misconception
• Recall: Exponential CW modulation, 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 ≥ 2𝑊𝑊
• For FM,
𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 + 𝑓𝑓Δ 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 , 𝑓𝑓Δ < 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐
– The bandwidth of 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 is 𝑊𝑊
– Why not set 𝑓𝑓Δ to a small value so that 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 < 2𝑊𝑊?
– FM (or PM) for bandwidth reduction?
• NOT HOW IT WORKS!
– Instantaneous frequency is not spectral frequency
• Let’s analyze this using narrowband PM and FM

12
 Narrowband PM and FM
• Recall: Quadrature-carrier description
𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡

𝜙𝜙 2 𝑡𝑡 𝜙𝜙 4 𝑡𝑡
𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 cos 𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 1 − + −⋯
2! 4!
𝜙𝜙 3 𝑡𝑡 𝜙𝜙 5 𝑡𝑡
𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐𝑞𝑞 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 sin 𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡 − + −⋯
3! 5!
– Taylor series expansion of cosine and sine

13
 Narrowband PM and FM
• Letting 𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡 ≪ 1 rad,
𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 ≈ 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐
𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 ≈ 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡
– Basically limiting the bandwidth to 𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 and 𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
• Taking the Fourier transforms,
𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 − 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
1 𝑗𝑗
𝑋𝑋𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝛿𝛿 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 + 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 Φ 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 , 𝑓𝑓 > 0
2 2
𝜙𝜙Δ 𝑋𝑋 𝑓𝑓 , PM
Φ 𝑓𝑓 = � 𝑗𝑗𝑓𝑓Δ
− 𝑋𝑋 𝑓𝑓 , FM
𝑓𝑓

14
 Narrowband PM and FM
• Spectrum of a narrowband PM or FM signal
1 𝑗𝑗
𝑋𝑋𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝛿𝛿 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 + 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 Φ 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 , 𝑓𝑓 > 0
2 2
𝜙𝜙Δ 𝑋𝑋 𝑓𝑓 , PM
Φ 𝑓𝑓 = � 𝑋𝑋 𝑓𝑓
−𝑗𝑗𝑓𝑓Δ , FM
𝑓𝑓
– Note: Message bandwidth 𝑊𝑊 ≪ 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐
• For 𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡), 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 2𝑊𝑊
– Narrowband PM or FM (NBPM or NBFM)
– Since 𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡 ≪ 1, 𝜙𝜙 2 𝑡𝑡 , 𝜙𝜙 3 𝑡𝑡 , etc. are negligible
– If 𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡 ≪ 1 is not true, 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 > 2𝑊𝑊

15
 NBPM and NBFM: Example
• Let 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 = sin𝑐𝑐 2𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 .
• Sketch 𝑋𝑋𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓 for NBPM and NBFM.

16
 NBPM and NBFM: Example
• Let 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 = sin𝑐𝑐 2𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 .
• Sketch 𝑋𝑋𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓 for NBPM and NBFM.
1 𝑓𝑓
𝑋𝑋 𝑓𝑓 = Π
2𝑊𝑊 2𝑊𝑊
1 𝑗𝑗
𝑋𝑋𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝛿𝛿 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 + 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 Φ 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 , 𝑓𝑓 > 0
2 2
𝜙𝜙Δ 𝑋𝑋 𝑓𝑓 , PM
Φ 𝑓𝑓 = � 𝑋𝑋 𝑓𝑓
−𝑗𝑗𝑓𝑓Δ , FM
𝑓𝑓

17
 NBPM and NBFM: Example

18
Carlson. Introduction to Communication Systems. 4th ed. p. 190.
Exponential Continuous-Wave
Modulation
Tone-Modulated PM and FM

19
 Tone Modulation
• Recall: PM signal
𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜙𝜙Δ 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡
• Recall: FM signal
𝑡𝑡
𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓Δ � 𝑥𝑥 𝜆𝜆 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

• We can analyze PM and FM simultaneously using,

𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚 sin 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑡 , PM
𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 = �
𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑡 , FM
𝑡𝑡
𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚
� 𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 𝜆𝜆 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = sin 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑡
2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚

20
 Tone Modulation
• We express the exponentially modulated signal as,
𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 𝛽𝛽 sin 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑡
• Modulation index, 𝛽𝛽
𝜙𝜙Δ 𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚 , PM
𝛽𝛽 = �
𝑓𝑓Δ 𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚 ⁄𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 , FM
– Maximum phase deviation
– Proportional to tone amplitude, 𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚
– For FM, inversely proportional to tone frequency 𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚

21
 Narrowband Tone Modulation
• If 𝛽𝛽 ≪ 1, we can use narrowband PM and FM
• Recall: Narrowband PM and FM
𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 − 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
• Narrowband tone-modulated PM and FM
𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 𝛽𝛽 sin 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑡

𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 ≈ 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 − 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝛽𝛽 sin 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡

𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝛽𝛽
≈ 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 − cos 2𝜋𝜋(𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 −𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 )𝑡𝑡
2
𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝛽𝛽
+ cos 2𝜋𝜋(𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 +𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 )𝑡𝑡
2
22
 Narrowband Tone Modulation
• Narrowband tone-modulated PM and FM line
spectra,

– Note: One-sided line spectra

– Similar to AM, but 180° phase for one sideband

23
Carlson. Introduction to Communication Systems. 4th ed. p. 191.
 Arbitrary Modulation Index
• Drop the narrowband approximation
• Recall: Quadrature-carrier description
𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
= 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 cos 𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 − 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 sin 𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡

= 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 cos 𝛽𝛽 sin 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 − 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 sin 𝛽𝛽 sin 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡

– Sine inside a sine (cosine) multiplied by cosine (sine)?

– Can we even apply the Fourier transform to this?

24
 Bessel Functions
• Bessel functions are solutions to Bessel’s differential
equation
𝑑𝑑 2 𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑛𝑛2 𝑦𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
• Bessel functions of the 1st kind of order 𝑛𝑛, 𝐽𝐽𝑛𝑛
1 𝜋𝜋 𝑗𝑗 𝑥𝑥 sin 𝜆𝜆 −𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
𝐽𝐽𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 = � 𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2𝜋𝜋 −𝜋𝜋
– Bessel functions that are finite at 𝑥𝑥 = 0
• This is ES 201 level stuff!

25
 Bessel Functions
• cos 𝛽𝛽 sin 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑡 and sin 𝛽𝛽 sin 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑡
– Periodic functions
• Fourier series expansion
∞

cos 𝛽𝛽 sin 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐽𝐽0 𝛽𝛽 + � 2𝐽𝐽𝑛𝑛 𝛽𝛽 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑡

even 𝑛𝑛
∞

sin 𝛽𝛽 sin 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑡 = � 2𝐽𝐽𝑛𝑛 𝛽𝛽 sin 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑡

odd 𝑛𝑛
– For positive 𝑛𝑛
– We substitute this back to 𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 then expand

26
 Arbitrary Modulation Index
• Tone-modulated PM and FM signal
𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
= 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 cos 𝛽𝛽 sin 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 − 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 sin 𝛽𝛽 sin 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡

𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝐽𝐽0 𝛽𝛽 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡

∞

+𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 � 2𝐽𝐽𝑛𝑛 𝛽𝛽 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡

even 𝑛𝑛
∞

+𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 � 2𝐽𝐽𝑛𝑛 𝛽𝛽 sin 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡

odd 𝑛𝑛

27
 Arbitrary Modulation Index
• Tone-modulated PM and FM signal
𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝐽𝐽0 𝛽𝛽 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
∞

+ � 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝐽𝐽𝑛𝑛 𝛽𝛽 cos 2𝜋𝜋 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 + 𝑛𝑛𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑡 + cos 2𝜋𝜋 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 − 𝑛𝑛𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑡
even 𝑛𝑛
∞

+ � 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝐽𝐽𝑛𝑛 𝛽𝛽 cos 2𝜋𝜋 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 + 𝑛𝑛𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑡 − cos 2𝜋𝜋 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 − 𝑛𝑛𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑡
odd 𝑛𝑛
• Considering negative 𝑛𝑛, 𝐽𝐽−𝑛𝑛 𝛽𝛽 = −1 𝑛𝑛 𝐽𝐽𝑛𝑛 𝛽𝛽 ,
∞

𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 � 𝐽𝐽𝑛𝑛 𝛽𝛽 cos 2𝜋𝜋 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 + 𝑛𝑛𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑡

𝑛𝑛=−∞

28
 Arbitrary Modulation Index
• Simplified tone-modulated PM and FM signal
∞

𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 � 𝐽𝐽𝑛𝑛 𝛽𝛽 cos 2𝜋𝜋 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 + 𝑛𝑛𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑡

𝑛𝑛=−∞
– Spectrum centered at 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐
– Infinite sideband lines at 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 + 𝑛𝑛𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 , infinite bandwidth?

One-sided line spectra

29
Carlson. Introduction to Communication Systems. 4th ed. p. 192.
 Bessel Function Plots

30
Carlson. Introduction to Communication Systems. 4th ed. p. 193.
 Bessel Function Plots

Decreases for 𝑛𝑛⁄𝛽𝛽 > 1

31
Carlson. Introduction to Communication Systems. 4th ed. p. 193.
 Spectral Components
• Simplified tone-modulated PM and FM signal
∞

𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 � 𝐽𝐽𝑛𝑛 𝛽𝛽 cos 2𝜋𝜋 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 + 𝑛𝑛𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑡

𝑛𝑛=−∞
• Carrier component, 𝐽𝐽0 𝛽𝛽 (relative amplitude)
– Dependent on modulating index, 𝛽𝛽  Unlike AM
– Cannot be simply removed
– Zero for certain values of 𝛽𝛽 (2.4, 5.5, etc.)
– Can select 𝛽𝛽 that will reduce carrier component

32
 Spectral Components
• Simplified tone-modulated PM and FM signal
∞

𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 � 𝐽𝐽𝑛𝑛 𝛽𝛽 cos 2𝜋𝜋 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 + 𝑛𝑛𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑡

𝑛𝑛=−∞
• Sideband lines, 𝐽𝐽𝑛𝑛 𝛽𝛽 (relative amplitude)
– Also functions of 𝛽𝛽
– Significant sidebands determine practical bandwidth
– If 𝛽𝛽 ≪ 1, only 𝐽𝐽0 and 𝐽𝐽1 are significant  Narrowband
– If 𝛽𝛽 ≫ 1, many sideband lines  𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 > 2𝑊𝑊

33
 Bessel Function Values

34
Carlson. Introduction to Communication Systems. 4th ed. p. 193.
 Line Spectra
𝛽𝛽 is increasing, 𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 is constant 𝛽𝛽 is increasing, 𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑓Δ is constant

35
Carlson. Introduction to Communication Systems. 4th ed. p. 195.
 Tone-Modulated FM: Example
• Narrowband FM signal
𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 100 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 + 0.05 sin 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋

• Solve for the instantaneous frequency 𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡).

• Solve for 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 , 𝑓𝑓Δ , and 𝛽𝛽

36
 Tone-Modulated FM: Example
• Solve for the instantaneous frequency 𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡).

𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 100 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 + 0.05 sin 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋

𝜃𝜃 𝑡𝑡 = 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 + 0.05 sin 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
1
𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡 = 𝜃𝜃̇ 𝑡𝑡
2𝜋𝜋
1
𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡 = 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 + 0.05 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
2𝜋𝜋
𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡 = 5000 + 10 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋

37
 Tone-Modulated FM: Example
• Solve for 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 and 𝑓𝑓Δ
𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡 = 5000 + 10 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
= 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 + 𝑓𝑓Δ 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 + 𝑓𝑓Δ 𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑡
• For normalized message, assume 𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚 = 1
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 = 5000 Hz
𝑓𝑓Δ = 10
𝛽𝛽 = 0.05
– Narrowband

38
 Tone-Modulated FM: Example 2
• Consider a tone-modulated FM with 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 = 100,
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 = 30 kHz, 𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚 = 1, 𝑓𝑓Δ = 8 kHz, and 𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 = 4 kHz.
• Solve for the BW (practical) of the FM signal.
• Sketch the line spectrum.

39
 Tone-Modulated FM: Example 2
• Solve for the BW (practical) of the FM signal.
𝛽𝛽 = 𝑓𝑓Δ 𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚 ⁄𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚
8 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 1
= =2
4 kHz
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 ≈ 2 4 𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 = 32 kHz

40
 Tone-Modulated FM: Example 2
• Sketch the one-sided line spectrum.
∞

𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 � 𝐽𝐽𝑛𝑛 𝛽𝛽 cos 2𝜋𝜋 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 + 𝑛𝑛𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑡

𝑛𝑛=−∞
𝐽𝐽−𝑛𝑛 𝛽𝛽 = −1 𝑛𝑛 𝐽𝐽𝑛𝑛 𝛽𝛽

𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝐽𝐽𝑛𝑛 𝛽𝛽 3 -13 35 -58 22 58 35 13 3

𝐽𝐽𝑛𝑛 𝛽𝛽 0.03 -0.13 0.35 -0.58 0.22 0.58 0.35 0.13 0.03
𝑓𝑓 kHz 14 18 22 26 30 34 38 42 46
𝑛𝑛 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 41
Exponential Continuous-Wave
Modulation
Multitone and Periodic Modulation

42
 Two-Tone Modulated FM
• Message is the sum of two sinusoids
𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴1 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓1 𝑡𝑡 + 𝐴𝐴2 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓2 𝑡𝑡
– 𝑓𝑓1 and 𝑓𝑓2 are not harmonically related
• FM signal
𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 𝛽𝛽1 sin 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓1 𝑡𝑡 + 𝛽𝛽2 sin 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓2 𝑡𝑡

= 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 cos 𝛽𝛽1 sin 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓1 𝑡𝑡 + 𝛽𝛽2 sin 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓2 𝑡𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
−𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 sin 𝛽𝛽1 sin 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓1 𝑡𝑡 + 𝛽𝛽2 sin 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓2 𝑡𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡

= 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 [ cos 𝛼𝛼1 cos 𝛼𝛼2 − sin 𝛼𝛼1 sin 𝛼𝛼1 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
− sin 𝛼𝛼1 cos 𝛼𝛼2 + cos 𝛼𝛼1 sin 𝛼𝛼2 sin 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 ]

43
 Two-Tone Modulated FM
• FM signal
𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
= 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 [ cos 𝛼𝛼1 cos 𝛼𝛼2 − sin 𝛼𝛼1 sin 𝛼𝛼1 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
− sin 𝛼𝛼1 cos 𝛼𝛼2 + cos 𝛼𝛼1 sin 𝛼𝛼1 sin 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 ]

– 𝛼𝛼1 = 𝛽𝛽1 sin 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓1 𝑡𝑡 , 𝛽𝛽 = 𝐴𝐴1 𝑓𝑓Δ ⁄𝑓𝑓1

• Expand cos 𝛼𝛼1 and sin 𝛼𝛼2 using the Fourier series
∞ ∞

𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 � � 𝐽𝐽𝑛𝑛 𝛽𝛽1 𝐽𝐽𝑚𝑚 𝛽𝛽2 cos 2𝜋𝜋 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 + 𝑛𝑛𝑓𝑓1 + 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓2 𝑡𝑡
𝑛𝑛=−∞ 𝑚𝑚=−∞

44
 Two-Tone Modulated FM
• FM signal
∞ ∞

𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 � � 𝐽𝐽𝑛𝑛 𝛽𝛽1 𝐽𝐽𝑚𝑚 𝛽𝛽2 cos 2𝜋𝜋 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 + 𝑛𝑛𝑓𝑓1 + 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓2 𝑡𝑡
𝑛𝑛=−∞ 𝑚𝑚=−∞

• Spectral components
– Carrier, 𝐽𝐽0 𝛽𝛽1 𝐽𝐽0 𝛽𝛽2 at 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐
– Due to 𝑓𝑓1 only, 𝐽𝐽𝑛𝑛 𝛽𝛽1 𝐽𝐽0 𝛽𝛽2 at 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 ± 𝑛𝑛𝑓𝑓1
– Due to 𝑓𝑓2 only, 𝐽𝐽0 𝛽𝛽1 𝐽𝐽𝑚𝑚 𝛽𝛽2 at 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 ± 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓2
– Beat frequency modulation at 𝐽𝐽𝑛𝑛 𝛽𝛽1 𝐽𝐽𝑚𝑚 𝛽𝛽2 at 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 ± 𝑛𝑛𝑓𝑓1 ±
𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓2  Not in linear modulation
– Can be extended for more tones

45
 Two-Tone Modulated FM
• If 𝑓𝑓1 ≪ 𝑓𝑓2 , 𝛽𝛽1 > 𝛽𝛽2

– What happens if 𝑓𝑓1 and 𝑓𝑓2 are comparable?

– What happens if there are more than 2 tones?

46
Carlson. Introduction to Communication Systems. 4th ed. p. 197.
 Periodic Message
• Tones are harmonically related
• 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 is periodic  𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑡𝑡
is periodic
• Fourier series coefficients of 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑡𝑡

1 1
𝑐𝑐𝑛𝑛 = � 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑓𝑓0 𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗 𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡 −𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑓𝑓0 𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑇𝑇0 𝑇𝑇0 𝑇𝑇0 𝑇𝑇0

• FM signal
∞

𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 Re 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑡𝑡

= 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 Re � 𝑐𝑐𝑛𝑛 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗 2𝜋𝜋 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 +𝑛𝑛𝑓𝑓0 𝑡𝑡

𝑛𝑛=−∞

47
 Periodic Message: Example
• Pulse train-modulated FM

48
Carlson. Introduction to Communication Systems. 4th ed. p. 197.
Exponential Continuous-Wave
Modulation
Transmission Bandwidth

49
 PM and FM Bandwidth
• Infinite signal bandwidth (technically)
– Even if 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 is bandlimited to 𝑊𝑊
– Tone-modulated PM or FM  Infinite spectral lines
• Transmitter bandwidth is not infinite
• Receiver bandwidth is not infinite
• What happens if some parts of the spectrum are
removed?

50
 Significant Sideband Lines
• 𝐽𝐽𝑛𝑛 𝛽𝛽 eventually approaches zero at 𝑛𝑛⁄𝛽𝛽 > 1
– Decreases faster for 𝛽𝛽 ≫ 1, e.g. 𝛽𝛽 = 10
• If 𝛽𝛽 ≪ 1, 𝐽𝐽𝑛𝑛 𝛽𝛽 only significant (more or less) for
𝑛𝑛 = 0 → 𝐽𝐽0 𝛽𝛽 ≫ 𝐽𝐽𝑛𝑛≠0 𝛽𝛽
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 ≈ 2𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 Why?
• If 𝛽𝛽 ≫ 1, 𝐽𝐽𝑛𝑛 𝛽𝛽 significant (more or less) for
𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑓Δ
𝑛𝑛 ≤ 𝛽𝛽 = → 𝑓𝑓 ≤ 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 ± 𝛽𝛽𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 = 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 ± 𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑓Δ
𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 ≈ 2𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑓Δ
– Proportional to 𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚 , 𝑓𝑓Δ , as expected

51
 Significant Sideband Lines
• Define sideband line as significant if
𝐽𝐽𝑛𝑛 𝛽𝛽 > 𝜖𝜖, 𝜖𝜖 ∈ 0.1, 1
– 𝜖𝜖 depends on application
• Find 𝑛𝑛 = 𝑀𝑀 and 𝑛𝑛 = 𝑀𝑀 + 1 such that
𝐽𝐽𝑀𝑀 𝛽𝛽 > 𝜖𝜖
𝐽𝐽𝑀𝑀+1 𝛽𝛽 < 𝜖𝜖
– 2𝑀𝑀 significant sideband pairs, 2𝑀𝑀 + 1 significant lines
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 2𝑀𝑀 𝛽𝛽 𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 , 𝑀𝑀 𝛽𝛽 ≥ 1
– 𝑀𝑀 𝛽𝛽  Function of modulation index, 𝛽𝛽
– 𝑀𝑀 𝛽𝛽 ≥ 1  Must include first sideband pair

52
 Significant Sideband Lines
• 𝑀𝑀 𝛽𝛽 plot for different 𝛽𝛽 and 𝜖𝜖

– 𝜖𝜖 = 0.01 is overly conservative, 𝜖𝜖 = 0.1 has noticeable

distortion

53
Carlson. Introduction to Communication Systems. 4th ed. p. 200.
 Transmission Bandwidth (FM)
• 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 2𝑀𝑀 𝛽𝛽 𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚
– Minimum bandwidth to transmit tone (𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚 , 𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 )
– Not transmission bandwidth
• Transmission bandwidth, 𝐵𝐵𝑇𝑇
– Maximum bandwidth required for range of tones with
𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚 ≤ 1 and 𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 ≤ 𝑊𝑊
• Taking the approximation 𝑀𝑀 𝛽𝛽 ≈ 𝛽𝛽 + 2 (see plot),
𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑓Δ
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 2𝑀𝑀 𝛽𝛽 𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 ≈ 2 𝛽𝛽 + 2 𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 = 2 + 2 𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 For FM
𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 ≈ 2 𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑓Δ + 2𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚

54
 Transmission Bandwidth (FM)
• Maximum bandwidth when
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 ≈ 2 𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑓Δ + 2𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚 = 1, 𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 = 𝑊𝑊
– Maximum-amplitude, maximum-frequency tone
– Note: Does not correspond to maximum 𝛽𝛽
• Transmission bandwidth  Worst-case bandwidth

𝐵𝐵𝑇𝑇 ≈ 2 𝑓𝑓Δ + 2𝑊𝑊 , 𝛽𝛽 > 2

– Tones with 𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚 < 1 and/or 𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 < 𝑊𝑊 will need 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 < 𝐵𝐵𝑇𝑇

55
 Arbitrary Message (FM)
• Normalized ( 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 ≤ 1) and bandlimited (𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 𝑊𝑊)
• Estimate 𝐵𝐵𝑇𝑇 from tone with 𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚 = 1, 𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 = 𝑊𝑊

𝐵𝐵𝑇𝑇 ≈ 2 𝑓𝑓Δ + 2𝑊𝑊

– All components of 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 has 𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚 ≤ 1 and 𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 ≤ 𝑊𝑊

– All components will require 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 ≤ 𝐵𝐵𝑇𝑇
• Warning: Estimate only!
– Superposition of message does not apply to PM/FM

56
 Deviation Ratio
• Define the deviation ratio, 𝐷𝐷
𝑓𝑓Δ
𝐷𝐷 =
𝑊𝑊
– Value of 𝛽𝛽 when 𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚 = 1 and 𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 = 𝑊𝑊
– Worst-case phase deviation
• Using 𝐷𝐷 in 𝐵𝐵𝑇𝑇 for tone modulation,
𝐵𝐵𝑇𝑇 = 2𝑀𝑀 𝛽𝛽 𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 → 𝐵𝐵𝑇𝑇 = 2𝑀𝑀 𝐷𝐷 𝑊𝑊
• 𝐵𝐵𝑇𝑇 approximation
2𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = 2𝑓𝑓Δ , 𝐷𝐷 ≫ 1
𝐵𝐵𝑇𝑇 = �
2𝑊𝑊, 𝐷𝐷 ≪ 1

57
 Carson’s Rule
• Combining the two cases for 𝐵𝐵𝑇𝑇 ,
𝐵𝐵𝑇𝑇 ≈ 2 𝑓𝑓Δ + 𝑊𝑊 = 2 𝐷𝐷 + 1 𝑊𝑊, 𝐷𝐷 ≫ 1, 𝐷𝐷 ≪ 1
– Carson’s rule for FM transmission bandwidth
– Underestimates 𝐵𝐵𝑇𝑇 for most FM systems (2 < 𝐷𝐷 < 10)
– But we’ll be using this often because most people use this
• Better approximation
𝐵𝐵𝑇𝑇 ≈ 2 𝑓𝑓Δ + 2𝑊𝑊 = 2 𝐷𝐷 + 2 𝑊𝑊
– Used for FM equipment design
• Warning: 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 is bandlimited to 𝑊𝑊

58
 Transmission Bandwidth (PM)
• 𝐷𝐷 is the worst-case phase deviation
– For PM, replace with 𝜙𝜙Δ
• Transmission bandwidth
𝐵𝐵𝑇𝑇 = 2𝑀𝑀 𝜙𝜙Δ 𝑊𝑊, 𝑀𝑀 𝜙𝜙Δ ≥ 1
• Carson’s Rule equivalent for PM
𝐵𝐵𝑇𝑇 ≈ 2 𝜙𝜙Δ + 1 𝑊𝑊
– Note: 𝜙𝜙Δ is independent of 𝑊𝑊, unlike 𝐷𝐷 in FM

59
Exponential Continuous-Wave
Modulation
Linear Distortion

60
 Linear Distortion
• Exponentially modulated signal, 𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
– Applied to linear system, 𝐻𝐻 𝑓𝑓
– Output, 𝑦𝑦𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
• Lowpass equivalent of input, 𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐,𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑡
1
𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐,𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
𝑡𝑡 = 𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑗𝑗𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (𝑡𝑡)
2
1
𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐,𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 cos 𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑗𝑗𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 sin 𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡
2
1
𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐,𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑡𝑡
2
– Information in 𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡 , PM or FM

61
 Linear Distortion
• Lowpass equivalent output spectrum, 𝑌𝑌𝑐𝑐,𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑓
𝑌𝑌𝑐𝑐,𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑓 = 𝐻𝐻 𝑓𝑓 + 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑢𝑢 𝑓𝑓 + 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑋𝑋𝑐𝑐,𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑓
• Lowpass-to-bandpass transformation
𝑦𝑦𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 2 Re 𝑦𝑦𝑐𝑐,𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑡𝑡
• Domain transformation
𝑋𝑋𝑐𝑐,𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑓 = ℱ 𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐,𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑡
𝑦𝑦𝑐𝑐,𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑡 = ℱ −1 𝑌𝑌𝑐𝑐,𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑓
– Usually not that simple

62
 Linear Distortion
• Sample 𝐻𝐻 𝑓𝑓 of a linear network, lowpass equivalent
𝐾𝐾1
𝐻𝐻 𝑓𝑓 + 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑢𝑢 𝑓𝑓 + 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 = 𝐾𝐾0 + 𝑓𝑓 𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑡𝑡0 +𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡1
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐
– Amplitude distortion, linear magnitude response
– Carrier delay, 𝑡𝑡0 ; group delay, 𝑡𝑡1

Distortionless?

63
Carlson. Introduction to Communication Systems. 4th ed. p. 203.
 Linear Distortion
• Applying 𝐻𝐻 𝑓𝑓 to 𝑌𝑌𝑐𝑐,𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑓 ,
𝑌𝑌𝑐𝑐,𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑓 = 𝐻𝐻 𝑓𝑓 + 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑢𝑢 𝑓𝑓 + 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑋𝑋𝑐𝑐,𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑓
𝐾𝐾1
= 𝐾𝐾0 + 𝑓𝑓 𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑡𝑡0 +𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡1 𝑋𝑋𝑐𝑐,𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑓
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐
= 𝐾𝐾0 𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑡𝑡0 𝑋𝑋𝑐𝑐,𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑓 𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑡𝑡1
𝐾𝐾1 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑡𝑡1
+ 𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒 𝑐𝑐 0 𝑋𝑋
𝑐𝑐,𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑓 𝑒𝑒
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐
= 𝐾𝐾0 𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑡𝑡0 𝑋𝑋𝑐𝑐,𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑓 𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑡𝑡1
𝐾𝐾1 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑡𝑡1
+ 𝑒𝑒 𝑐𝑐 0 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑋𝑋
𝑐𝑐,𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑓 𝑒𝑒
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐

64
 Linear Distortion
• Invoking time-delay and differentiation properties,
𝑌𝑌𝑐𝑐,𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑓
= 𝐾𝐾0 𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑡𝑡0 𝑋𝑋𝑐𝑐,𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑓 𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑡𝑡1
𝐾𝐾1 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑡𝑡1
+ 𝑒𝑒 𝑐𝑐 0 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑋𝑋
𝑐𝑐,𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑓 𝑒𝑒
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑐𝑐

𝑦𝑦𝑐𝑐,𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑡
𝐾𝐾1 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡
= 𝐾𝐾0 𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑡𝑡0 𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐,𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡1 + 𝑒𝑒 𝑐𝑐 0 𝑥𝑥̇
𝑐𝑐,𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡1
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑐𝑐
𝑑𝑑 1 𝑗𝑗
𝑥𝑥̇ 𝑐𝑐,𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡1 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡 1 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡1 𝜙𝜙̇ 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2 2

65
 Linear Distortion
• Lowpass-to-bandpass transformation of 𝑦𝑦𝑐𝑐,𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑡
𝑦𝑦𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 2 Re 𝑦𝑦𝑐𝑐,𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑡𝑡

= 2 Re �𝐾𝐾0 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡0

𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐,𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡1
𝐾𝐾1 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡0
+ 𝑒𝑒 𝑐𝑐 𝑥𝑥̇ 𝑐𝑐,𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡1 �
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑐𝑐

66
 Linear Distortion
• Substituting 𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐,𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡1 and 𝑥𝑥̇ 𝑐𝑐,𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡1 ,
1
= 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗
𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐,𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡1 𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡1
2
𝑗𝑗
𝑥𝑥̇ 𝑐𝑐,𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡1 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡1 𝜙𝜙̇ 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡1
2

𝑦𝑦𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡
1
= 2 Re �𝐾𝐾0 𝑒𝑒 𝑐𝑐 0 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡1
2
𝐾𝐾1 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡 𝑗𝑗
+ 𝑒𝑒 𝑐𝑐 0 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡1 𝜙𝜙̇ 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡1 �
𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑐𝑐 2

67
 Linear Distortion
• Continuing,
𝑦𝑦𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
1
= 2 Re � 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝐾𝐾0 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡0 +𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡1
2
1 𝐾𝐾1
+ 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝜙𝜙̇ 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡1 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡0 +𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡1 �
2 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝑐𝑐
𝐾𝐾1
= 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝐾𝐾0 + 𝜙𝜙̇ 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡1 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡0 + 𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡1
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝑐𝑐

𝑦𝑦𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴 𝑡𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡0 + 𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡1

68
 Linear Distortion
• PM or FM with linear distortion
𝑦𝑦𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴 𝑡𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡0 + 𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡1
𝐾𝐾1
𝐴𝐴 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝐾𝐾0 + 𝜙𝜙̇ 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡1
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝑐𝑐
• For FM,
𝜙𝜙̇ 𝑡𝑡 = 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓Δ 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡
𝐾𝐾1 𝑓𝑓Δ
𝐴𝐴 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝐾𝐾0 + 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡1 Constant envelope?
𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐
– More like AM, 𝐴𝐴 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 1 + 𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 𝑡𝑡
– FM-to-AM conversion

69
 FM-to-AM Conversion
• PM or FM with linear distortion
𝑦𝑦𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴 𝑡𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡0 + 𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡1
𝐾𝐾1
𝐴𝐴 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝐾𝐾0 + 𝜙𝜙̇ 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡1
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝑐𝑐
– Envelope is not constant
– Ignore the time-varying envelope, extract 𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡1 only
– Time delay will not distort the message
• If ∠𝐻𝐻 𝑓𝑓 is non-linear (slope not constant at −2𝜋𝜋𝑡𝑡1 )
– Phase distortion  Delay distortion
– Will distort the message

70
Exponential Continuous-Wave
Modulation
Non-Linear Distortion

71
 Non-Linear Distortion
• Recall: Amplitude distortion of FM produces AM
• General FM signal
𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴 𝑡𝑡 cos 𝜃𝜃𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
– 𝜃𝜃𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡 , possible AM in 𝐴𝐴 𝑡𝑡
– Not periodic with 𝑡𝑡 but periodic with 𝜃𝜃𝑐𝑐
• Feed FM signal to a non-linear element

– Assume memoryless, no energy storage

– Assume 𝑇𝑇 0 = 0

72
Carlson. Introduction to Communication Systems. 4th ed. p. 206.
 Non-Linear Distortion
• 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡 is not periodic with 𝑡𝑡
– But periodic with 𝜃𝜃𝑐𝑐
• Fourier series expansion of 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝜃𝜃𝑐𝑐
∞

𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝜃𝜃𝑐𝑐 = � 2𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 cos 𝑛𝑛𝜃𝜃𝑐𝑐 + ∠𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛

𝑛𝑛=1
1
𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 = � 𝑇𝑇 𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑒𝑒 −𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝜃𝜃𝑐𝑐 𝑑𝑑𝜃𝜃𝑐𝑐
2𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋
– Note: Time dependence

73
 Non-Linear Distortion
• For the case of undistorted FM input, 𝐴𝐴 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 , all
𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 are constant

𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡 = 2𝑎𝑎1 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡 + ∠𝑎𝑎1

+ 2𝑎𝑎2 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 2𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡 + ∠𝑎𝑎1
+⋯

– Multiple FM waveforms at 𝑛𝑛𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐

– Simply take the signal at 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 using BPF
– Just like normal FM if no spectral overlap

74
 Non-Linear Distortion
• For the case of FM input with amplitude distortion
– 𝐴𝐴 𝑡𝑡 is not constant with time
– Flatten 𝐴𝐴 𝑡𝑡 using a hard limiter or clipper
• Hard limiter transfer characteristic
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = 𝑇𝑇 𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑉𝑉0 cos 𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
+𝑉𝑉0 , 𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 > 0
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = �
−𝑉𝑉0 , 𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 < 0

75
Carlson. Introduction to Communication Systems. 4th ed. p. 207.
 Non-Linear Distortion
• Going back to the Fourier series expansion of 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 ,
4𝑉𝑉0 ⁄𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 , 𝑛𝑛 = 1,5,9 …
𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 = �−4𝑉𝑉0 ⁄𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 , 𝑛𝑛 = 3,7,11 …
0, 𝑛𝑛 = 2,4,6 …
8𝑉𝑉0
𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡 = cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡
𝜋𝜋
8𝑉𝑉0
− cos 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 3𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡
3𝜋𝜋
+⋯
– Simply take the signal at 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 using BPF
– Just like normal FM if no spectral overlap

76