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    Exam 2 Equation Sheet (7697)

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    ZHENGUO LIU
    This document provides equations and concepts for water chemistry and water treatment plant design. It includes equations for molarity, normality, mass fraction, pH, alkalinity, coagulation and flocculation design, sedimentation, reactor analysis, and reaction kinetics. Key equations given are for molarity, pH, alkalinity calculations, coagulation design parameters like detention time and velocity gradient, Stokes' law for sedimentation, and reactor models like CSTR and PFR. Unit conversions are also provided.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Exam 2 Equation Sheet (7697)

    Uploaded by

    ZHENGUO LIU
    45 views4 pages
    This document provides equations and concepts for water chemistry and water treatment plant design. It includes equations for molarity, normality, mass fraction, pH, alkalinity, coagulation and flocculation design, sedimentation, reactor analysis, and reaction kinetics. Key equations given are for molarity, pH, alkalinity calculations, coagulation design parameters like detention time and velocity gradient, Stokes' law for sedimentation, and reactor models like CSTR and PFR. Unit conversions are also provided.

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    Exam 2 Equation Sheet[7697]

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    This document provides equations and concepts for water chemistry and water treatment plant design. It includes equations for molarity, normality, mass fraction, pH, alkalinity, coagulation and flocculation design, sedimentation, reactor analysis, and reaction kinetics. Key equations given are for molarity, pH, alkalinity calculations, coagulation design parameters like detention time and velocity gradient, Stokes' law for sedimentation, and reactor models like CSTR and PFR. Unit conversions are also provided.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    45 views4 pages

    Exam 2 Equation Sheet (7697)

    Uploaded by

    ZHENGUO LIU
    This document provides equations and concepts for water chemistry and water treatment plant design. It includes equations for molarity, normality, mass fraction, pH, alkalinity, coagulation and flocculation design, sedimentation, reactor analysis, and reaction kinetics. Key equations given are for molarity, pH, alkalinity calculations, coagulation design parameters like detention time and velocity gradient, Stokes' law for sedimentation, and reactor models like CSTR and PFR. Unit conversions are also provided.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 4

    1

    Water Chemistry Concepts and Equations


    Molarity = Molar Concentration (M) = moles of solute/L of solution
    Normality = Normal concentration (N) = eq/L = molarity × (# of equivalence) = mg/L  Eq.Wt
    Mass fraction = (#of moles)  (total # of moles)
    Equivalent Weight (Eq.Wt, g/eq) = Molecular weight (g/mol)  Equivalence (eq/mol)
    pH= -log [H+]
    Kw =[H+][OH-] = 10-14
    Molecular weight of Alum = MW of (Al2(SO4)314H2O) = 594 g/L

    Ionic strength =

    Exact Alkalinity (mg/L as CaCO3) = [HCO3- ] + 2[CO32-] + [OH-] – [H+] (when using equivalents do NOT multiply with 2 for CO32-)

    Approximate Alkalinity (mg/L as CaCO3) = [HCO3- ] + 2[CO32-] (when using equivalents do NOT multiply with 2 for CO32-)

    Converting mg/L species to mg/L as CaCO3

    How much alkalinity will be consumed? Use the following equation:

    How much precipitate will form? How much will pH change when no alkalinity is present? Use the following equation:

    How much base is needed to neutralize acid? Use the following equation:
    2 NaOH + H2SO4 -> Na2SO4 + 2 H2O

    Coagulation and Flocculation Design equations


    Flowrate (m3/s) = Q = vol/time=V/t  t = detention time = residence time = V/Q where V = volume of fluid in reactor, m3

    Np = 5.7 for radial, Np = 0.31 for axial impeller

    G = (P/ μ V)1/2 unit:1/sec, P = μVG2


    where G = velocity gradient(s-1), μ = absolute viscosity, V = volume of fluid in a tank, P = power in kW

    In general if they ask you for the motor power, take the power provided by the impeller, assume 80 % efficiency and divide the power of the
    impeller by 0.8 to find the power of the motor.

    To calculate the tip speed of an impeller multiple the rotational speed (n) by the circumference of the impeller: tip speed = n×(D)

    2
    Sedimentation

    Stokes’ law:

    Where sgp: Specific gravity of particle (Dimensionless) = ρp/ ρ


    ρp: density of particle, ρ: density of water, dp: particle diameter, υ: kinematic viscosity
    Equation is valid when Re ≤ 1 (laminar flow)

    Re = dPρV/ μ = VdP/ υ

    Sedimentation Design Equations


    Overflow rate Vo = Q/As
    Q =VA
    Percentage of particle removal, P (%) = Vs/Vo × 100

    3
    Reactor Analysis

    [Accumulation] = [Input] - [Output] [Reaction]


    VdC/dt = Q C0 - Q C - V rA
    Where
    dC = change of Component A in the vessel, mass/volume
    V = Vessel volume
    Q = flowrate, volume/time
    C0 = Initial concentration, mass/volume
    C = final concentration, mass/volume
    rA = rate at which component A reacts, mass/volume-time (i.e. rate of change in the concentration of A with time, e.g. mg/L-hr)

    Reaction Kinetics
    Zero order C = Co -kt
    First order lnC = ln Co-kt C = Co e -k t
    Second order 1/C= 1/ Co - kt

    Residence time (retention time)


    Residence time Θ= V/Q

    CSTR Reactor
    Cf = Co/ (1+ k Θ) Θ= (Co - Cf)/ k Cf

    PFR Reactor
    Cf = Coe -k Θ Θ= -1/k ln(Cf / Co)

    Batch Reactor
    Cf = Coe -k t t= -1/k ln(Cf / Co)

    CSTR Reactor in Series


    Cf = Co/ [(1+ k Θ1) (1+ k Θ2)…….(1+ k Θn)]
    Cf = Co/ (1+ k Θ)n when Θ1= Θ2

    Unit Conversion
    1 µm = 10-6 m
    1 ft3 = 7.48 gal
    1mile =5280 ft
    1 N = kg·m/s2
    1 Pa = 1N/m2

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