Relay Co Ordination User Manual

User Manual
RELAY
CO-ORDINATION
(RCD)
MiP-PSCT RCD
Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 1
2. How to solve Relay Co-ordination ............................................................................. 3
3. INPUT FILE FORMAT ................................................................................................. 22
Stream 1 : System Description .......................................................................22
Stream 2 : System Specification ....................................................................22
Stream 3 : Bus data .........................................................................................28
Stream 4 : Transformer data ...........................................................................29
Stream 5: Transmission line data ...................................................................35
Stream 6: Series reactor and capacitor data .................................................37
Stream 7 : Circuit breaker data .......................................................................38
Stream 8 : Shunt connection (admittance) data ...........................................40
Stream 9: Shunt connection (impedance) data .............................................41
Stream 10: Generator data ..............................................................................42
Stream 11: Load data.......................................................................................43
Stream 12: Filter data ......................................................................................44
Stream 13: HVDC converter data ....................................................................45
Stream 14: Generator data for minimum generation condition ................... 46
Stream 15: Co-ordination Type .......................................................................47
Stream 16: Number of Overcurrent relays .....................................................47
Stream 17: Simulation type .............................................................................47
Stream 18: Overcurrent Relay data ................................................................48
Stream 19: Co-ordination details ....................................................................53
Stream 20: Number of faults to be Simulated ...............................................54
Stream 21: Partial Bus Bar Relay Data ..........................................................54
Stream 22: Simulation data .............................................................................55
File format for RCDBASE .................................................................................................................................. 56
Stream 1: RCDBASE Data ...............................................................................56
Stream 2: Relay type number .........................................................................57
Stream 3: Manufacturer name ........................................................................57
Stream 4: Relay name......................................................................................57
Stream 5: Number of Current Settings ..........................................................57
Stream 6: Current Settings Data .....................................................................57
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Stream 7: Number of plug Setting ..................................................................58
Stream 8: Plug Setting Data ............................................................................58
Stream 9: Time Dial Setting Data ....................................................................58
Stream 10: Characteristic Specification ........................................................59
Stream 11: Curve Table ...................................................................................62
Stream 12: Instantaneous Data ......................................................................64
Stream 13: Instantaneous Setting Data .........................................................65
Stream 14: Overload capacity data ................................................................67
Fuse Data .......................................................................................................................................................... 68
File format for RCDPAIR.PHS and RCDPAIR.EAR........................................................................................... 68
Stream 1: Number of Relay pairs ...................................................................68
Stream 2: Relay pairs ......................................................................................69
Interactive execution .......................................................................................................................................... 69
Select Settings .................................................................................................70
Base kV .............................................................................................................70
Option for graph generation ...........................................................................71
Stream 16: Number of Distance relays ..........................................................71
Stream 17: Simulation type .............................................................................71
Stream 18: Distance Relay data ......................................................................72
Stream 19: Discrimination time ......................................................................74
Stream 20: Number of faults to be simulated ................................................74
Stream 21: Simulation data .............................................................................74
Error Messages ................................................................................................77
Case 1 : 6 Bus Radial System Overcurrent Relay co-ordination ................. 79
Case 2 : 6 Bus Ring System Overcurrent Relay co-ordination ................... 91
Case 3 : 5 Bus Ring System Distance Relay Co-ordination ...................... 112
MiP-PSCT RCD
1. INTRODUCTION
POWERRCD is designed to perform the overcurrent and distance relay co-ordination for the
given system. Sparse storage and matrix ordering techniques are used in the program to reduce
the memory requirements. Fast computational methods are employed to speed up the
execution. The Overcurrent relay co-ordination program input data is through two ASCII files.
One for the transmission/distribution system for which the relay co-ordination is to be carried out
and the other for the relay characteristics as specified by the manufacturer. Chapter 2 describes
how to solve the RCD example. Chapter 3 describes the format for input file RCDIN for
overcurrent relay co-ordination and for overcurrent relay database file RCDBASE. Chapter 4
describes the format for input file RCDIN for distance relay co-ordination. Significance and
contents of the input output files are explained in chapter 5. In Chapter 6 case studies are given,
wherein the data file preparation for typical overcurrent and distance relay co-ordination are
discussed along with the results.
MiP-PSCT RCD
2. How to solve Relay Co-ordination

1. Perform relay co -ordination study for the radial system shown below.
1 R1 2 R2 3 R3 4 R4 5
G1
The relay make is as follows
Relay rated current = 5 Amps
Plug setting = 50% to 250% in steps of 25%
Time setting multiplier = 0.05 to 1.0 in steps of 0.01
Relay details
Relay Name R1 R2 R3 R4
Primary Rating (1,2,3,4) 800 400 200 100
Secondary Rating 5 5 5 5
Load Current 800 400 200 100
Relay type 3sec 3sec 3sec 3sec
Transmission line details on 100 MVA base:
Bus - code Impedance Zpq Line charging

p-q Zpq Y'pq/2
1-2 0.00 + j0.1 0
2-3 0.00 + j0.1 0
3-4 0.00 + j0.1 0
4-5 0.00 + j0.1 0
Power Research and Development Consultants Pvt. Ltd Page 3

MiP-PSCT RCD
Generator Details:
G1 = 100 MVA, 11kV
Maximum fault level = 1000 MVA.
Interpretation according to MiP-PSCT:
 Observe transmission line details. You find that all lines have similar parameters. Therefore
no. of transmission line libraries = 1
 No of generator libraries = 1
As all the relays are of 3 sec type, no of relay libraries = 1
Procedure to enter the data for performing studies using MiP-PSCT.
Following are the two methods.
1. Drawing single line diagram and entering corresponding data in database

manager separately.
2. Drawing single line diagram and entering the data simultaneously.
Method 2 follows:
MiP-PSCT - Database Configuration

Open power system network editor. Select
menu option Database → Configure. Configure
Database dialog is popped up as shown below.
Click Browse button.
Click here to specify the name of the database

MiP-PSCT RCD
Open dialog box is popped up as shown below, where you are going to browse the desired
directory and specify the name of the database to be associated with the single line diagram.
Click Open button after entering the desired database name. Configure Database dialog will
appear with path chosen.
Select the folder and

give database name.
And click open
Click OK To clear the
database path name
Click OK button on the Configure database dialog, the dialog shown below appears.

MiP-PSCT RCD
Uncheck the Power System Libraries and Check Standard Relay Libraries. If libraries are
selected, standard libraries will be loaded along with the database. Click Electrical Information
tab. Since the impedances are given on 100 MVA base check the pu status as shown below.
Enter the Base MVA and Base frequency as shown below. Click OK button to create the
database to return to Network Editor.
Bus Base Voltage Configuration
In the network editor, configure the base voltages for the single line diagram. Select menu
option Configure→Base voltage. The dialog shown below appears. If necessary change the
Base-voltages, colour, Bus width and click OK.

MiP-PSCT RCD
Procedure to Draw First Element - Bus
Click on Bus icon provided on power system tool bar. Draw a bus and a dialog appears
prompting to give the Bus ID number and Bus Name. Click OK. Database manager with
corresponding Bus Data form will appear.
Modify the Area number, Zone number and Contingency Weightage data if it is other than the
default values. If this data is not furnished, keep the default values. Usually the minimum and
maximum voltage ratings are ± 5% of the rated voltage. If these ratings are other than this,
modify these fields. Otherwise keep the default values.
Bus description field can be effectively used if the bus name is more than 8 characters. If bus
name is more than 8 characters, then a short name is given in the bus name field and the bus
description field can be used to abbreviate the bus name. For example let us say the bus name
is Northeast, then bus name can be given as NE and the bus description field can be North
East.

MiP-PSCT RCD
After entering data click Save , which invokes Network Editor. Follow the same procedure for
remaining buses. Following table gives the data for other buses.
Calculation of Xd, Xd', Xd" :
For maximum fault level, Xd = Xd' = Xd" = 100 / 1000 = 0.1 pu = Xn = X0
Bus Data
Bus Number 1 2 3 4 5
Bus Name Bus-1 Bus-2 Bus-3 Bus-4 Bus-5
Nominal voltage 11 11 11 11 11
Area number 1 1 1 1 1
Zone number 1 1 1 1 1
Contingency weightage 1 1 1 1 1
Procedure to Draw Transmission Line
Click on Transmission Line icon provided on power system tool bar. Draw the line by double
clicking LMB (Left Mouse Button) first on the From Bus and join it to another bus by double
clicking the mouse button on the To Bus. The Element ID dialog will appear.
Enter Element ID number and click OK. Database manager with corresponding Line\Cable
Data form will be open.
Enter the details of that line as shown. Enter Structure Ref No. as 1 and click on
Transmission Line Library >> button. Line & Cable Library form will appear.

MiP-PSCT RCD
Enter transmission line library data in the form as shown below for Line1-2.
Element Details
Line Number 1 2 3 4
Line Name Line1-2 Line2-3 Line3-4 Line4-5
De-Rated MVA 100 100 100 100
No. Of Circuits 1 1 1 1
From Bus No. 1 2 3 4
To Bus No. 2 3 4 5
Line Length 1 1 1 1
From Breaker Rating 5000 5000 5000 5000
To Breaker Rating 5000 5000 5000 5000
Structure Reference No. 1 1 1 1
Procedure to Draw Generator
Click on Generator icon provided on power system tool bar.

Connect it to Bus 1 by clicking the LMB on Bus 1. Element
ID dialog will appear. Enter ID number and click OK.
Database with corresponding Generator Data form will
appear. Enter details as shown below.

MiP-PSCT RCD
Enter Manufacturer Ref. No. as 30 and click on Generator Library button. Generator library
form will appear. Click compute button to enter the 3 phase and SLG fault level as 1000 MVA.
After entering data Save  and close. In Generator Data form, click Save . Network Editor
Screen will be invoked.

MiP-PSCT RCD
Procedure to Draw Relay
Select current transformer from power system tool bar and place it on from side of the line as
shown in the following diagram. Select relay element from power system tool bar or from the
main menu select Power system->Relay and click on GUI. Relay type dialog appears
Select IDMT Over Current (51) and click OK. Terminate the
relay on current transformer which invokes Relay Database
form.
Select menu option Libraries  Protection  Relay Database.
Enter relay number as 100 and other details as shown below

MiP-PSCT RCD
1. click
here for
Phase
2. Select t = C1 / log (M)

5. Click here to Select TDS Type 3 here here (3 sec relay
characteristics)
4. After entering all data click Next compulsory to save. A dialog as below is
displayed

MiP-PSCT RCD
When Next button on relay database form is clicked, record add dialog box appears.
If you have one more setting click Yes to add next setting.
If not, say No first setting will be saved
Relay rated current = 5 Amps
Current setting Max = 250 % of % 5 amps = 2.5 x 5 = 12.5

Min = 50 % of % 5 amps = 0.5 x 5 = 2.5
Uniform variation step = 0.25
Enter time dial setting as below

MiP-PSCT RCD
Click Next, a dialog

displayed as above, to
Add record. If No button
is clicked first setting will
be Saved.
Time setting multiplier = 0.05 to 1.0 in steps of 0.01
After entering the details save it and close it Over current Relay Data form appears. Enter the
IDMT1 relay data as shown below. Select relay database library number 100 from the drop
down list.
After entering the details click save button which invokes Network editor. Enter
other three relays details.
Executing Over Current Relay Co - ordination

Select the menu option Solve → Over Current Relay Co-ordination

MiP-PSCT RCD
Click here for study

information. Dialog as below
appears.

MiP-PSCT RCD

MiP-PSCT RCD
1 Execute after giving the

information in the study
information dialog.
3 Click here to plot relay co-

ordination curves.
2 Click here to view

report.
Then click on execute button. While executing, following dialogs will be displayed.
2. For Phase
Relay Pairs
Click here 1. Deselect & go
for Phase Relay
Pairs 2. Click OK
1. Select all

MiP-PSCT RCD
The relay co - ordination will be executed. Go to graph and plot Current in X - axis and Time in
Y - Axis.
Results of Relay Co - ordination: (For maximum fault condition)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---
RELAY SETTINGS FOR PHASE FAULTS
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---
RELAY CLOSE IN FAULT PLUG SETTING RATIO RELAY REMARKS
NAME CURRENT (Amps) (Amps) CAPACITY
-------- --------------- ------------ -------- -------- -------------
R1 52486.3750 800.0000 65.608 100.00 Within Limit
R2 26243.1875 400.0000 65.608 100.00 Within Limit
R3 17495.4609 200.0000 87.477 100.00 Within Limit
R4 13121.5918 100.0000 131.216 100.00 Exceeds Limit
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---
RELAY CT PRIM PLUG T.D.S CLOSE IN OP. TIME REMOTE OP.TIME INSTANT
NAME CHOSEN SETTING FAULT FOR CLOSE BUS FALT REMOTE SETTING
(Amps) (%) CURRENT IN FAULT CURRENT BUS FALT
(Amps) (Secs) (Amps) (Secs) (%)
-------- ------- ------- ----- --------- --------- --------- -------- ---------
---
R1 800 100.00 0.600 52486.38 0.990668 26243.19 1.1874 ***** Relay1 3.000
0.000
R2 400 100.00 0.470 26243.19 0.776023 17495.46 0.8593 ***** Relay1 3.000
0.000
R3 200 100.00 0.290 17495.46 0.448016 13121.59 0.4788 ***** Relay1 3.000
0.000
R4 100 100.00 0.050 13121.59 0.070822 DOES NOT BACK-UP ** Relay1 3.000
0.000
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
To plot relay co-ordination curves click on Graph as shown in Over-Current Relay Co-
ordination dialog.

MiP-PSCT RCD

MiP-PSCT RCD
Now double click on row

C2 for Y-axis selection
Now click
here to get
i d d t
Now by default
Y-axis is
highlighted
After you get the plot,

click on the screen

MiP-PSCT RCD

MiP-PSCT RCD
3. INPUT FILE FORMAT

Input data to POWERRCD is through two ASCII files. The file names are "RCDIN" and
"RCDBASE". Result is written to file "RCDOUT". Significance and contents of the output file is
explained in chapter 4. If POWERRCD is run in the integrated environment, "RCDIN" file is
automatically generated using the centralised database, whenever execution of POWERRCD is
selected.
Input File Format For Over Current Relay Co-ordination
The input data is read in free format. Input data is divided into different heads
called streams for explanation purposes. `int' is used to indicate that the data
type is an integer. `float' is used to reference the floating point (real) variable.
Character streams (string) are indicated by `char' type.
Stream 1 : System Description
This consists of 3 lines of data for the description of the power system for which the study is
done. Each line data is of char type, and maximum number of alphanumeric characters
(including blanks) in a line should not exceed 179. Any useful information, which has to appear
in the report file ("RCDOUT") can be given in this stream.
After the three lines of system description (stream 1), comment lines can be given in the data
file by entering % in the first column. Comment line is not written in the output file. These lines
are simply read and skipped. If the comment line has to appear in the output file, then % should
be given in the second column also.
Stream 2 : System Specification
This consists of 5 lines of data that specifies the system. Data types/specifications are
separated by blanks. Since the data is read in free format, data appearing in a line can be given
in successive lines also. In line 1, system size specifications are given. Table 3.1 gives the data
appearing under different columns of line 1. Explanations for the entries in table 3.1 are as
follows –

MiP-PSCT RCD
• In POWERRCD bus numbers need not be assigned continuously and there can be cases
wherein some buses are deleted. Total number of buses (nbt) in column 1 is equal to the
bus number of the last bus (having maximum bus number).
• Actual number of buses refers to total buses that are physically present in the system.
• Two winding transformers, three winding transformers, lines, series reactors (inductor),
series capacitors and bus couplers are together referred as series elements (branches).
Maximum number of series elements should not exceed 2500. Each three winding
transformer results in three series elements, since equivalent Star connection data is
considered. Sum of total number of two winding transformers and 3 times the number of 3
winding transformers should not exceed 2000. Even though the terminology bus coupler is
used in column 8 of table 3.1, it can refer to switches, isolators and disconnecting switches,
and are modelled as low impedance paths.
• Shunt reactors (inductor), shunt capacitors and shunt impedances are together referred as
shunt elements. Maximum number of shunt elements should not exceed 2000.
• An unique feature of specifying the user defined filter is provided in POWERRCD. Total
number of filters should not exceed 20.
• Number of Wind turbine generators present in the system
Table 3.1 - System Specification - Line 1 : Size Definition

Col Description Type Min Max
no.
1. Maximum bus number Int 1 9999
2. Actual number of buses Int 1 9999
3. Number of 2 winding transformers Int 0 2000
4. Number of 3 winding transformers int 0 2000
5. Number of transmission lines int 0 500
6. Number of series reactors (inductors) int 0 2000
7. Number of series capacitors int 0 500
8. Number of bus couplers int 0 100
9. Number of shunt reactors (inductors) int 0 2000
10. Number of shunt capacitors int 0 2000
11. Number of shunt impedances int 0 2000
12. Number of generators int 0 2000
13. Number of motors int 0 2000

MiP-PSCT RCD
14. Number of loads int 0 2000

15. Number of filters int 0 20
16 Number of HVDC converters int 0 16
17 Number of wind turbine generators int 0 2000
Different control inputs are read by POWERRCD to control the program flow, results printing
and model selection. These inputs are specified in line 2. In table 3.2, the data appearing in
different columns of line 2 are given.
Table 3.2 - System Specification - Line 2 : Control Option

no.
1. Number of zones int 0 20
2. Print option int 0 4
3. Graph option int 0 12
4. Base MVA float 0.1 10000.0
5. Nominal system frequency float 0.1 100.0
6. Prefault voltage option int 0 1
Explanation to entries given in table 3.2 are as follows.
• In power system, the equipments are owned by different utilities, and in a same utility,
equipments belong to different zones. Hence each bus is associated with a number called
zone. All the equipments (shunt elements) connected to the bus are attributed to the zone
of the bus. In case of series elements, the line belongs to the zone of the from bus (sending
bus). Number of zones in the given power system data are given in column 1.
• Print option in table 3.2 is interpreted as -

− 0 : No printing of data or results.
− 1 : Data printing only.
− 2 : Results printing only.
− 3 : Both data and results printing.
− 4 : Detailed printing of data and results.
• Graph option is interpreted as -

− 0 : No graph file is generated.
− 1 : Graph file for all the relays is generated. Graph file format is compatible to graphic user
interface, so that the graphs of relay co-ordination can be plotted.
• When the fault occurs in a system, the fault current depends on the location of the fault and
also the pre-fault voltages in the system. Pre-fault voltages are computed by performing the
load flow analysis for the system under consideration. Pre-fault volt option in table 3.2 is
interpreted as -
MiP-PSCT RCD
− 0 : Pre-fault voltage of 1.0 PU is assumed at all the buses.

− 1 : Pre-fault voltage is read from the file.
Data for pre-fault voltage and operating condition of the system are given in bus data
stream.
In line 3, fault impedance data are given. Table 3.3 gives the entries appearing in different
columns of line 3. Fault impedance values are in PU on a common MVA base and voltage base.
Table 3.3 - System Specification - Line 3 : Fault Impedance

no.
1. Resistance (Zf.re) in PU float 0.0 1.0e5
2. Reactance (Zf.im) in PU float 0.0 1.0e5
3. Ground fault resistance (Zg.re) float 0.0 1.0e5
4. Ground fault reactance (Zg.im) float 0.0 1.0e5
POWERRCD is designed such that even if exact values of certain parameters are not known,
some approximate values can be considered. In line 4 of this stream, multiplication factor values
and default values are given. Entries appearing in different columns of this line are given in table
3.4. Explanations to entries given in table 3.4 are as follows -
• Two techniques are used to model the circuit breaker or switches in closed position. One
technique is to merge buses connected between the circuit breakers and treat the buses as
single bus for all computation purposes. Other technique is to consider the circuit breaker
as a low impedance path. Latter is used in the modelling of circuit breakers in
POWERRCD. In this model the resistance value of circuit breaker is zero and reactance
value is 0.0001 p.u. But if the impedances of other elements are relatively large, then the
circuit breaker impedance can also be of higher value. Resistance and reactance values of
circuit breaker in PU. are given in columns 1 and 2 of table 3.4, respectively. In some
applications (especially for distribution systems), higher values have to be used. Typical
values are 0.0 and 0.0001 respectively for resistance and reactance of the circuit breaker.
Table 3.4 - System Specification - Line 4 : Multiplication factors

Col
Description Type Min Max
no.
1. Circuit breaker resistance in pu float 0.0 1.0
2. Circuit breaker reactance in pu float 1.0e-5 1.0
3. Transformer R/X ratio float 0.0 1.0

MiP-PSCT RCD
4. Transformer zero sequence impedance multiplication factor float 0.5 1.0

5. Number of transmission voltage levels int 1 20
6. Transmission line voltage in kV float 0.001 1.0e4
7. Transmission line zero sequence resistance multiplication float 0.0 10.0
factor
8. Transmission line zero sequence reactance multiplication factor float 1.0 10.0
9. Transmission line zero sequence admittance multiplication float 0.5 1.0
factor
10. Generator negative sequence resistance multiplication factor float 0.0 2.0
11. Generator negative sequence reactance multiplication factor float 0.5 2.0
12. Generator zero sequence resistance multiplication factor float 0.0 2.0
13. Generator zero sequence reactance multiplication factor float 0.5 2.0
14. Load negative sequence impedance multiplication factor float 0.1 2.0
15. Load zero sequence impedance multiplication factor float 0.1 2.0
16. Series reactor zero sequence impedance multiplication factor float 0.5 2.0
17. Shunt reactor zero sequence impedance multiplication factor float 0.5 2.0
• Transformer R/X ratio (ratio of resistance to reactance) is usually 0.05. In certain cases the
resistance value is unknown and hence R/X ratio is used to compute the resistance value,
when the reactance value is given. If the transformer resistance is 0.0 then the resistance is
computed as the product of R/X ratio and the transformer reactance. R/X ratio should be
given as zero to neglect the transformer resistance in the computation. Entry in column 3 of
table 3.4 corresponds to transformer R/X ratio. 0.05 is the typical value.
• Transformer negative sequence impedance is same as positive sequence impedance. Zero

sequence impedance of the transformer is approximately 90 % of the transformer positive
sequence impedance. If the transformer zero sequence resistance and reactance values
are 0.0, then zero sequence values are computed by multiplying the positive sequence
values by the factor given in column 4 of table 3.4. Transformer zero sequence value
between the connected buses exists only if the transformer is star grounded on either side.
Hence this computation is valid when both the transformer windings are solidly grounded
(Star Grounded). Typical value for this multiplication factor is 0.9.
• In case of transmission lines, zero sequence multiplication factors depend on the

transmission line voltage level. Hence for each voltage level, separate multiplication factors
are given. In column 5 of table 3.4, numbers of voltage levels are given.
• In column 6, transmission line voltage level in kV is given.
• Transmission line negative sequence impedance is same as positive sequence impedance.

Zero sequence impedance of the transmission line depends on the ground wires, and earth
resistivity. Normally the zero sequence impedance is 2.5 to 3 times the positive sequence
impedance. If the zero sequence resistance and reactance of the transmission lines are

MiP-PSCT RCD
0.0, then the values are computed by multiplying the positive sequence values by the factor
given in column 7 of table 3.4. Typical value for this multiplication factor is 1.5.
• Zero sequence susceptance of the transmission line is much lesser compared to positive
sequence susceptance. It is normally 0.6 to 0.8 times the positive sequence susceptance. If
the zero sequence susceptance entry is 0.0, then the value is computed by multiplying the
positive sequence susceptance by the factor given in column 8 of table 3.4. Typical value
for this multiplication factor is 0.75.
• Column 6, 7 and 8 are repeated for number of voltage levels specified. If the voltage levels
are more than 1, then the column numbers referred below gets shifted.
• For rotating machines, negative sequence reactance differs from the positive sequence
reactance. In case of generators, negative sequence reactance is approximately equal to
the sub-transient reactance. Negative sequence resistance is same as positive sequence
resistance. The multiplication factors to compute the negative sequence resistance and
reactance from the positive sequence values are given in columns 9 and 10 respectively.
Typical value for the multiplication factors is 1.0.
• Multiplication factors to compute the zero sequence resistance and reactance of the
generator from the positive sequence values are given in columns 11 and 12 respectively.
Typical value for the multiplication factors is 1.0.
• Loads are normally neglected in short circuit study. But facility is provided in POWERRCD
to consider the loads for short circuit study. Multiplication factors for negative and zero
sequence load values are given in columns 13 and 14 respectively. Typical value for the
multiplication factors is 1.0.
• Negative sequence impedance of the series reactor (inductor or capacitor) is same as

positive sequence impedance. In most of the studies, zero sequence impedance value is
taken same as positive sequence impedance value. Multiplication factor given in column 15
is used to compute the zero sequence impedance from the positive sequence impedance.
Typical value for the multiplication factor is 1.0.
• Negative sequence impedance of the shunt reactor (inductor or capacitor) is same as

positive sequence impedance. In most of he studies, zero sequence impedance value is
taken same as positive sequence impedance value. Multiplication factor given in column 16
is used to compute the zero sequence impedance from the positive sequence impedance.
Typical value for the multiplication factor is 1.0.

MiP-PSCT RCD
Stream 3 : Bus data

In this stream of data, bus details are given. Total number of lines of data is equal to actual
number of buses as given at system specification. The data in columns of each line is given in
table 3.5.
Table 3.5 - Bus Data

Col
no.
1. Bus number int 1 9999
2. Bus status int 0 1
3. Zone number int 1 20
4. Bus voltage in kV float 0.001 1.0e5
5. Bus name char 1 8
6. Voltage magnitude in pu float 0.5 2.0
7. Voltage angle in degrees float -360.0 360.0
8. Real power generation at bus in MW float -1.0e6 1.0e6
9. Reactive power generation at bus in Mvar float -1.0e6 1.0e6
10. Real power load at bus in MW float -1.0e6 1.0e6
11. Reactive power load at bus in Mvar float -1.0e6 1.0e6
12. Reactive compensation provided at bus in Mvar float -1.0e6 1.0e6
Explanations to entries given in table 3.5 are as follows -
• Bus number refers to the number by which the buses are identified. Bus numbers need not
be contiguous and buses belonging to different zones can be referenced by having different
starting numbers (i.e., buses in zone 1 can have the bus numbers from 1 to 200, buses in
zone2 can have the numbers from 201 to 300 and so on. When "RCDIN" file is created
through integrated environment, the buses are numbered automatically and the numbers
are transparent to the user.
• Status field is interpreted as -
− 0 : Bus doesn't exist.

− 1 : Bus exists.
• As explained earlier, zone field refers to the zone number to which the bus belongs.
• Bus voltage entry given in column 4 of table 3.5 is in Kilovolts and it is also the base voltage
for the bus.
• Names rather than numbers more commonly refer buses. Bus name is a string of maximum
8 characters. Any alphanumeric characters can constitute the bus name. Bus name should
be unique.
MiP-PSCT RCD
• Columns 6 to 12 in table 3.5 are of significant only if the pre-fault voltage option is selected
as one. Even though the fields are to be present for pre-fault voltage option equal to zero,
numerical values are ignored. If the pre-fault voltage option is zero, voltage magnitude at all
the buses are initialised to 1.0 PU and voltage angles are initialised to 0.0.
• Pre-fault bus voltage magnitude, voltage angle, power generation at the bus, load at the
bus are obtained from the initial load flow run on the system under consideration. When
POWERRCD is executed from MiP-PSCT's integrated environment with prefault voltage
option as 1 after executing the POWERLFA program (program for load flow analysis),
columns 6 to 12 are automatically generated.
Stream 4 : Transformer data
In this stream of data, transformer details are given. Figure 3.1 shows the modeling of the
transformer with off nominal turns ratio. Figure 3.2 shows the modeling of phase shifting
transformer. Three winding transformers are modeled using equivalent star connection between
the windings. Figure 3.3 shows the modeling of 3 winding transformer.
Total number of lines of data in this stream is equal to sum of number of 2 winding transformers
and three times the number of three winding transformers. The data in columns of each line is
given in table 3.6.
Ypq
p a q
a:1
p q
(1-(1/a)) Ypq
(1/a) ((1/a) - 1) Ypq
Two winding transformer with

off-nominal turns ratio Equivalent Πcircuit
Figure 3.1 - Two winding transformer representation

MiP-PSCT RCD
(as + jbs ) : 1
(as + Jbs ) : 1 Ypq
p q
p q
Phase shifting transformer Equivalent circuit
Figure 3.2 - Phase shifting transformer representation

Zq
q
q Zp
p p
o Zr
r
r
Three winding transformer Equivalent circuit
Figure 3.3 - Three winding transformer representation
Table 3.6 - Transformer Data

Col
no.
1. Connection status int 0 3
2. Numbers in parallel int 1 10
3. From bus number int 1 9999
4. To bus number int 1 9999
5. Positive sequence resistance in pu float 0.0 1.0e2
6. Positive sequence reactance in pu float 1.0e-4 1.0e2
7. Zero sequence resistance in pu float 0.0 1.0e2
8. Zero sequence reactance in pu float 0.0 1.0e2
9. Nominal tap setting in pu float 0.5 1.5
10. Phase shift float 0.0 360.0
11. From side breaker MVA rating float 1.0 1.0e6
12. To side breaker MVA rating float 1.0 1.0e6
13. Primary winding connection char 1 1
14. Secondary winding connection char 1 1

MiP-PSCT RCD
• Connection status is interpreted as

− 0 : Transformer is open on either ends.
− 1 : Transformer is open on from end.
− 2 : Transformer is open on to end.
− 3 : Transformer is closed on either ends.
• Values 0 and 3 are significant. If the status value is 3, then only the transformer is modeled
in the analysis.
• Numbers in parallel is used to determine whether the fault level exceeds the breaker MVA
rating.
• From bus number and to bus number are the buses on either side to which the transformer
is connected. The numbers must be present in the bus data stream.
• Transformer impedance values are in PU on a common base. If n number of transformers

exists between same nodes, then a transformer can be represented as a single equivalent
transformer, or individual transformer data can be specified between the same nodes n
times. For the equivalent circuit i.e., the impedance value per transformer on its own rating
is divided by n and then converted to a common base. If the resistance value is zero,
effective resistance is computed by multiplying the transformer reactance by the r/x ratio.
• Nominal tap setting is the tap setting at which the study is to be carried out. It is assumed
that the transformer tap is provided on the from bus side. Hence, since the transformer taps
are usually provided on the high voltage winding, it is always preferred to specify the from
bus side as the high voltage bus number. In case of three winding transformer, tap is
specified from the HT winding to additional node arising because of the equivalent star
connection representation. For branches from other two windings, the nominal tap is unity.
At unity tap setting, one pu voltage applied at the from bus produces one pu voltage at the
to bus on no load. In case of phase shifting transformers, the phase shift is represented in
polar form. The phase shift magnitude is entered in the nominal tap position, while phase
shift angle is provided in the phase shift position. Phase shift angle is in degrees.
• If the transformer is grounded through any impedance, 3 times the ground impedance value
should be added to the zero sequence impedance. Figures 3.4, 3.5 and 3.6 show the
transformer positive and zero sequence network connections. If the entries for zero
sequence values are 0.0, then zero sequence values are computed from the positive
sequence values using the multiplication factors given above.
• Primary and secondary winding connections are interpreted as -

MiP-PSCT RCD
D/d : Delta connection.

S/s : Star ungrounded connection.
G/g : Star grounded connection.
Ztp Ztz
p q p q p p` q` q
Delta / Delta Positive / negative Zero sequence

Connection sequence equivalent equivalent
Ztp Ztz
p p q p p` q` q
q
Delta / Star Positive / negative zero sequence

Connection Sequence equivalent equivalent
Ztp Ztz + 3Zg

p q p q p p` q` q
Delta / Star-ground Positive / negative zero sequence

Figure 3.4 - Positive, negative and zero sequence representation of two

winding transformer.

MiP-PSCT RCD
Ztp Ztz
p q p q p p` q` q
Star / Star Positive / negative Zero sequence

Ztp Ztz+3Zg
p q p q p p` q` q
Star / Star-ground Positive / negative zero sequence

Connection Sequence equivalent equivalent
Ztp Ztz +3Zpg+3Zqg

p q p q p p` q` q
Star-ground / Star-ground Positive / negative zero sequence

Figure 3.5 : Positive, negative and Zero sequence representation

of two winding transformer for different connections

MiP-PSCT RCD
Zpq Zqz
q q` q
q Zpp p p` Zpz
p
p Zzp Zrz
r r` r
r
Delta / Delta / Delta
Zpq Zqz
q q` q
q p Zpp p p` Zpz+3Zpg
p Zzp Zrz
r r` r
r
Star-ground / star /delta
Zpq Zqz+3Zqg q`
q q
q p Zpp p p` Zpz+3Zpg
p Zzp
r r` r
r
Star-ground / Star-ground / Delta
Figure 3.6 positive, negative and zero sequence representation of three phase
transformer

MiP-PSCT RCD
Stream 5: Transmission line data
In this stream of data, transmission line details are given. Lines/Cables are modelled using
equivalent Pi circuit as shown in figure 3.7.
q Rlp Xlp q Rlz Xlz q

p p p
Blp/2 Blz/2
Blp/2 Blz/2
Three phase Positive an Negative Zero sequence

overhead line sequence Π equivalent Π equivalent
Figure 3.7 - Three phase overhead line modeling
Total number of lines of data in this stream is equal to number of transmission lines as given in
specification stream. The data that appears in different columns of each line is given in table
3.7.

− 0 : Line is open on either ends.
− 1 : Line is open on from end.
− 2 : Line is open on to end.
− 3 : Line is closed on either ends.
Values 0 and 3 are significant. If the status value is 3, then only the line is modeled in the
analysis.
• Number of circuits is used to find whether the fault level exceeds the circuit breaker MVA
rating.

MiP-PSCT RCD
• From bus number and to bus number are the buses on either side to which the line is
connected. The numbers must be present in the bus data stream.
• Line impedance values are in PU on a common base for the equivalent circuit. i.e., if there
are n lines in parallel, then impedance value per line is divided by n and then converted to a
common base.
Table 3.7 - Transmission Line Data

Col
no.
2. Numbers of circuits int 1 10
5. Positive sequence resistance in pu float -1.0e3 1.0e3
6. Positive sequence reactance in pu float -1.0e3 1.0e3
7. Positive sequence susceptance (B/2) in pu float 0.0 1.0e3
8. Zero sequence resistance in pu float -1.0e3 1.0e3
9. Zero sequence reactance in pu float -1.0e3 1.0e3
10. Zero sequence susceptance (B/2) in pu float 0.0 1.0e3
13. Maximum transmittable power float 0 1.0e4
14. Minimum power factor float 0 1
15. Maximum power factor float 0 1
16. Minimum arc current float 0 100000
17. Arc Length float 0 100
18. Safety Margin float 0 100000
19. Ratio of earth fault current local to remote float 0 100000
20. Effective tower footing resistance float 0 100
21. Mutual coupling factor float 0 1
22. Frequency of oscillation, initial maximum float 0 100000
Frequency of oscillation, consecutive
23. float 0 100000
maximum
• If the zero sequence impedance entries are 0.0, then the value is computed from the
positive sequence impedance value using the multiplication factors discussed in
multiplication factor stream.
• Data in column number 13 to 23 are read only for distance relay coordination
• Maximum transmittable power, maximum and minimum power factor is used while
calculating the reach impedance of distance relay.
• Minimum arc current and arc length are used to compute the arc resistance. This along with
Effective tower footing resistance is used to compute the earth reach
MiP-PSCT RCD
Stream 6: Series reactor and capacitor data
In this stream, data for series reactor and capacitor are given. Series reactor and capacitor are
modeled as series element consisting of resistance (usually zero or negligible value) in series
with the reactance. Reactance value is positive for inductor and negative for capacitor. Figure
3.8 and 2.9 show the modelling of series inductor and capacitor respectively.
p q p R1 X1 q
Series reactor Equivalent circuit
Figure 3.8: Series reactor (inductor) representation
Rc Xc
p q
Series capacitor Equivalent circuit
Figure 3.9: Series capacitor representation
Total numbers of lines of data in this stream are equal to the sum of number of series reactors
and capacitors as given in specification stream. The data that appears in different columns of
each line is given in table 3.8.

MiP-PSCT RCD
Table 3.8 - Series Reactor/Capacitor Data

Col
no.
4. Positive sequence resistance in pu float 0.0 1.0e3
5. Positive sequence reactance in pu float -1.0e3 1.0e3
6. Zero sequence resistance in pu float 0.0 1.0e3
7. Zero sequence reactance in pu float 0.0 1.0e3

− 0 : Series reactor/capacitor is open on either ends.
− 1 : Series reactor/capacitor is open on from end.
− 2 : Series reactor/capacitor is open on to end.
− 3 : Series reactor/capacitor is closed on either ends.
Values 0 and 3 are significant. If the status value is 3, then only the reactor/capacitor is modeled
in the analysis.
• From bus number and to bus number are the buses on either side to which the
reactor/capacitor is connected. The numbers must be present in the bus data stream.
• Reactor/capacitor impedance values are in p.u on a common base. (Negative for
capacitance) Resistance value of the reactor/capacitor is usually zero or of negligible value.
• If the zero sequence impedance entries are 0.0, then the values are computed from the
positive sequence values using the multiplication factors.
Stream 7 : Circuit breaker data
In this stream, data for circuit breakers and isolating switches are given. Switches are modeled
as series element consisting of resistance (usually zero or of negligible value) and reactance
(small non zero value) whose values are given in system specifications. Figure 3.10 shows the
circuit breaker in closed position.

MiP-PSCT RCD
Rcbr Xcbr
p q p q
Circuit breaker (isolator) Equivalent circuit
Figure 3.10: Circuit breaker representation in closed position
Total numbers of lines of data in this stream are equal to the number of circuit breakers. The
data that appears in different columns of each line is given in table 3.9.
Table 3.9 - Circuit Breaker Data

Col
no.
4. Breaker MVA rating float 1 1.0e6
Explanations to entries given in Table 3.9 are as follows -

− 0 : Circuit breaker is opened.
− 3 : Circuit breaker is closed.
• From Bus Number

The breaker from bus number
• To Bus Number
The bus to which the breaker is connected
• Breaker MVA rating

MVA rating of the breaker

MiP-PSCT RCD
Stream 8 : Shunt connection (admittance) data
In this stream, data for shunt reactors and capacitors in admittance form is given. Admittance
value in PU consists of conductance and susceptance. For shunt inductive reactor, susceptance
is negative and for shunt capacitor, susceptance value is positive. Conductance value is zero or
of negligible value.
Total numbers of lines of data in this stream are equal to the sum of shunt reactors and
capacitors, whose values are given in admittance form. The data that appears in different
columns of each line is given in table 3.10.
Table 3.10 - Shunt Reactor/Capacitor (Admittance form) Data

Col
no.
2. Positive sequence conductance in p.u. float -1.0e-4 1.0e4
3. Positive sequence susceptance in p.u. float -1.0e4 1.0e4
4. Zero sequence conductance in p.u. float -1.0e-4 1.0e4
5. Zero sequence susceptance in p.u. float -1.0e4 1.0e4
6 Breaker MVA rating float 1 1.0e6
7 Shunt status int 0 3
8 Shunt location int 0 2
• From bus number is the bus number to which the shunt inductor/capacitor is connected.
• Usually the reactor value will be specified in MVAR at the rated voltage. If the rated voltage
is the base voltage at the bus, then the magnitude of susceptance value in p.u is equal to
the specified MVAR value in p.u. The sign is positive for capacitive reactor and negative for
inductive reactor. Thus the susceptance value of 63 MVAR inductor at 420 kV is -0.57143
p.u on 100 MVA base at 400 kV. Similarly susceptance value of 50 MVAR capacitor at 420
kV is 0.45351 p.u on 100 MVA base at 400 kV.
• If the zero sequence entries are 0.0, then the zero sequence values are obtained from the
positive sequence values using the multiplication factor.
• Shunt status is interpreted as -

0 : Reactor does not exist.
3 : Reactor exists.

MiP-PSCT RCD
• Shunt location is interpreted as

0 : Reactor is connected to bus.
1 : Line reactor connected to the From side of the series element.
2 : Line reactor connected to the To side of the series element.
Stream 9: Shunt connection (impedance) data
In this stream, data for shunt reactors and capacitors in impedance form is given. Impedance
value in PU consists of resistance and reactance. For shunt inductive reactor, reactance is
positive and for shunt capacitor, reactance value is negative. Resistance is zero or of negligible
value. In some particular system studies, shunt element data is readily available in impedance
form. Also, in some studies loads are represented in impedance form. When a network is
reduced, all the loads can be lumped at a bus as impedance load. In these cases this stream of
data is used.
Total numbers of lines of data in this stream are equal to the shunt impedance number as given
in specification stream. The data that appears in different columns of each line is given in table
3.11.
Table 3.11 - Shunt Impedance Data

Col
no.
2. Positive sequence resistance in p.u. float 0.00 1.0e3
3. Positive sequence reactance in p.u. float -1.0e3 1.0e4
4. Zero sequence resistance in p.u. float 0.00 1.0e3
5. Zero sequence reactance in p.u. float -1.0e3 1.0e4
6. Shunt status int 0 3
7. Shunt location int 0 2
• From bus number is the bus number to which the shunt impedance is connected.
• If the load power at the nominal voltage (base voltage) is known, then the impedance value
in p.u is computed as the reciprocal of the conjugate of the complex power in p.u. Thus the
p.u resistance and reactance values of 80 MW and 60 MVAR load are 0.8 and 0.6
respectively on 100 MVA base.

MiP-PSCT RCD

0 : Shunt impedance does not exist.
3 : Shunt impedance exists.
• Shunt location is interpreted as

0 : Shunt impedance is connected to the bus.
1 : Shunt impedance is connected to the from side of the series element.
2 : Shunt impedance is connected to the to side of the series element.
Stream 10: Generator data

In this stream of data, generator impedances are given. Usually generator sub-transient
reactance is considered for the fault study. While preparing the data file, either transient or sub-
transient reactance value can be given. Even though negative sequence reactance values are
close to sub-transient reactance value, negative sequence network is modeled separately to
cater to greater flexibility. Total numbers of lines of data in this stream are equal to number of
generators as given in specification stream. The data that appears in different columns of each
line is given in table 3.12.
Table 3.12 - Generator Data

Col
no.
1. Generator bus number int 1 1000
2. Positive sequence resistance in pu float 0.0 9999.9
3. Positive sequence reactance in pu float 0.0001 9999.9
4. Negative sequence resistance in pu float 0.00 9999.9
5. Negative sequence reactance in pu float 0.00 9999.9
6. Zero sequence resistance in pu float 0.00 9999.9
7. Zero sequence reactance in pu float 0.00 9999.9
8. Breaker MVA rating float 1.0 1.0e6
10 Classification code int 0 3
• Generator bus number is the bus number to which the generator is connected. This number
should exist in the bus details stream.
• If the negative and zero sequence entries are 0.0, then the values are computed from the
positive sequence values using the multiplication factors.
• For asynchronous motors, the initial ac short circuit current is obtained from the locked rotor
current of the motor at the rated voltage. For motors, the impedance Z m is computed as -

MiP-PSCT RCD
Un m  1   U2 
Zm = R m + j Xm = =     (2.1)
3 Ia n  Ia n I n m   Sn m 
U nm = rated voltage of motor

I an = locked rotor current of motor
I nm = rated motor current
S nm = rated apparent power of motor
Hence for induction motors, Z m as above is computed in p.u. and the values are given along with
the generator data.

0 : Generator does not exist.
3 : Generator exists.
Stream 11: Load data
In this stream of data, load details are given. Total numbers of lines of data in this stream are
equal to number of loads as given in specification stream. The data appearing in different
columns of each line are given in table 3.13.
Table 3.13 - Load Data

Col No. Description Type Min Max
1. Load bus number int 0 2000
Explanation to entries given in table 3.13 are as follows.

The load bus number is given in this column. The load given in the bus data stream is taken as
the load value. At the specified bus voltage, load values are converted to equivalent
impedances to model in the short circuit study. Negative and zero sequence values are obtained
from the multiplication factors specified in system specification stream.
0 : Load does not exist.
3 : Load exists.

MiP-PSCT RCD
Stream 12: Filter data
In this stream of data filter details are given. For each filter, the bus number to which the filter is
connected and the numbers of branch elements (Resistor, Inductor, and Capacitor) that
constitute the filter are given followed by the actual filter data. Hence total numbers of lines of
data in this stream are equal to sum of number of filters as given in the specification stream and
sum of number of filter branches of each filter. The data that appears in different columns of
each line for a filter branch is given in Table 3.14.
Table 3.14 - Filter data

Col
no.
1. Filter branch number int 0 20
2. From node int 0 10
3. To node int 0 10
4. Filter element type int 1 3
5. Element value float 0.0 1.0e4
Explanations to entries in the Table 3.14 are as follows -
• Branch number is the serial number of the filter branch. Total number of branches per filter
should be less than 20.
• Filter nodes are numbered in order considering the reference node (ground) as 0 and the
bus to which the filter is connected as 1. From and to filter nodes refer to the node numbers
of the filter, between which the basic filter element is connected.
• Filter element type is interpreted as -
− 1 : Resistor, element value unit is in Ohm.
− 2 : Inductor, element value unit is in Henry.
− 3 : Capacitor, element value unit is in Farad.
• In the short circuit study, the equivalent shunt admittance in p.u., from the filter bus to the
ground is computed at the specified system frequency, bus voltage and base MVA. If a
filter at bus say 8, consists of resistor, inductor and capacitor connected as shown if figure
3.11, then the data appearing for the filter is as follows

MiP-PSCT RCD
Figure 3.1: Example of a filter data
us = 8 Filter Branch Elements = 15

To node
Branch From node Branch element type Actual value
1 1 2 3 000.417e-6
2 2 3 2 000.974
3 3 0 1 037.000
4 1 4 3 000.417e-6
5 4 5 2 000.497
6 5 0 1 026.600
7 1 6 3 000.417e-6
8 6 7 2 000.201
9 7 0 1 016.900
10 1 8 3 000.417e-6
11 8 9 2 000.145
12 9 0 1 014.400
13 1 10 3 000.417e-6
14 10 0 2 0.085
15 10 0 1 452.000
Stream 13: HVDC converter data

One of the advantages of using HVDC system is that HVDC system will not contribute to AC
system faults. If the AC system is relatively weak, i.e., low Short Circuit Ratio (SCR), then the
AC fault level is comparable to HVDC rating. Because of the Voltage Dependent Current Order

MiP-PSCT RCD
Limiter (VDCOL), even the power is also reduced. A provision is provided to consider DC
system in fault study. For each HVDC converting station, corresponding AC bus number, real
power in MW and reactive power in Mvar are specified in this stream. At the specified bus
voltage, load values are converted to equivalent impedances to model in the short circuit study.

0 : HVDC converter does not exist.
3 : HVDC converter exists.
Stream 14: Generator data for minimum generation condition

In this stream of data, generator impedances for minimum generation condition is given. Total
numbers of lines of data in this stream are equal to number of generators as given in
specification stream. The data that appears in different columns of each line is given in Table
3.15.
Table 3.15 - Generator Data For Minimum Generation Condition

Col
no.
1. Generator bus number int 1 1000
2. Positive sequence resistance in p.u.. float 0.0 9999.9
3. Positive sequence reactance in p.u.. float 0.0001 9999.9
4. Negative sequence resistance in p.u. float 0.00 9999.9
5. Negative sequence reactance in p.u.. float 0.00 9999.9
6. Zero sequence resistance in p.u.. float 0.00 9999.9
7. Zero sequence reactance in p.u.. float 0.00 9999.9
8. Breaker MVA rating float 1.0 1.0e6
Explanations to entries given in Table 3.15 are same as give in Table 3.12. Relay should
operate and co-ordination should be ensured for faults during minimum generation condition.
Relay pickup currents should be greater than the maximum load current but less than minimum
fault current. Hence the minimum generation impedance is used to compute the minimum fault
current seen by the relay. If at the infeed point of a distribution system, maximum generation 3
phase fault MVA is 2000 and minimum generation 3 phase fault MVA is 1600 then the
equivalent generator impedance value on 100 MVA base is 0.05 p.u and 0.0625 p.u respectively
for maximum and minimum generation condition.

MiP-PSCT RCD
Stream 15: Co-ordination Type

This stream of data consists of one line of data having an int field. The entry in this field is
interpreted as -
− 1 : Overcurrent relay co-ordination.

− 0 : Distance relay co-ordination.
If overcurrent relay co-ordination is selected the following data is read.
Stream 16: Number of Overcurrent relays

This stream of data consists of one line of data having an int field. This field corresponds to
number of overcurrent relays in the system.
Stream 17: Simulation type

interpreted as -
0-Only co-ordination and relay setting (Computed): Where fault is created at all the buses
one at a time, the time dial setting and plug setting of each relay is determined.
1-Setting Verification (User given settings): Where the user defined plug setting and time
dial setting is used to determine the operating time of all the relays.
2-Co-ordination and simulation (Computed): Where initially co-ordination of all the relays is
done. Fault is created at the user-defined location. The operating time of each relay is
determined.
3-Setting verification with simulation (User given settings): Where fault is created at user
defined location. Operating time of each relay is determined. The time dial setting and
the plug setting are to be given by the user.
4-Co-ordination, simulation with tripping (Computed): Where co-ordination of all the relays
is done to determine the time dial setting and the plug setting. For each selected fault
at the user defined location, the operating time of each relay is calculated and the
sequence of relay operation is displayed until the fault is completely isolated.
5-Setting Verification, Simulation with tripping (user given settings): Where for each
selected fault at the user defined location, the operating time of all the relays is
calculated, where the plug setting and time dial setting are user specified. The
sequence of relay operation is displayed until the fault is completely isolated.

MiP-PSCT RCD
6-Co-ordination verification (Existing settings): The coordination, verification is with

“Existing settings” provided in the database
7-Setting verification with simulation (Existing settings): The coordination, verification and
simulation of fault is with “Existing settings” provided in the database
Stream 18: Overcurrent Relay data

In this stream of data, overcurrent relay details are given. Total numbers of lines of data in this
stream are equal to number of overcurrent relays.
The data that appears in different columns of each line is given in Table 3.16.
Table 3.16 - Overcurrent Relay Data

Col
no.
1. Relay name. char 1 8
2. Element number. int 1 2000
3. Element type. int 0 1
4. Relay type. char 1 1
5. Relay location. char 1 1
6. Connection sense of relay. char 1 1
7. Maximum load current. float 0.0 10000.0
8. Current transformer primary rating 1 in amps. int 1 5000
12. Current transformer secondary rating in amps. int 1 5000
13. Relay choice. int 1 3000
14. Phase time dial setting. float 0.05 10.0
15. Earth time dial setting. float 0.05 10.0
16. Phase plug setting in amps (referred to primary). float 1 12500
17. Earth plug setting in amps (referred to primary). float 1 2500
18. Intact flag. int 0 41
19. Discrimination time. float 0.1 1
20. Phase Instantaneous setting factor float 1.0 10000.0
21. Earth Instantaneous setting factor float 1.0 10000.0
• Relay name is a string of maximum 8 characters. Any alphanumeric characters can

constitute the relay name. Relay name should be unique.
• Element number is the series/shunt element number to which the relay is connected. Series
element number corresponds to the number counted starting from the first line in the series

MiP-PSCT RCD
element data. Transformers, transmission lines, series reactors, series capacitors, bus
couplers and circuit breakers together are referred as series elements. Shunt element
number corresponds to the number counted starting from the first line in the shunt element
data. Shunt reactors, shunt capacitors, and shunt impedance, generator, load, filter and
HVDC converters together are referred as shunt elements. Relay data for the series
element is given in the beginning followed by the relay data for shunt elements.
• The element type is interpreted as -

− 0: Relay corresponds to a series element.
− 1: Relay corresponds to a shunt element.
• The relay type is interpreted as -

− d/D: Directional relay.
− n/N : Non directional relay.
• Relay location is interpreted as -
− 1: Relay is located on from side of the series element.
− 2: Relay is located on to side of the series element.
The from side and to side is decided by the way in which data is given for the series
elements.
For example, consider a transmission line, whose from node is specified as 1 and to node
as 2. If a relay is connected to node 1, the entry in this column should be 1. If in the
transmission line data the from node is given as 2 and to node as 1 then for the same
connection of the relay the entry in this column is 2.
• The entry in column 6 is significant only for a directional relay. If the relay is non-directional,
data is read, but it is ignored.
Connection sense of relay is interpreted as -
a/A: Relay is looking away from the bus to which it is connected.
t/T : Relay is looking towards the bus to which it is connected.
This is applicable only in case of directional relay.
Consider the following examples,

MiP-PSCT RCD
R1
1 2
Figure 3.12 : Example 1

R2 R3
1 2
R4 R5
1 R6 R7 2

The entries made in columns 1, 3, 4, 5 and 6 for the relay in figure 3.12 are as shown in the
table -
Relay name Element type Relay type Relay location Connection sense
R1 0 n 1 a
The entries in columns 1, 3, 4, 5 and 6 for the relays in figure 3.13 are as shown in the table
R2 0 d 1 a
R3 0 d 2 t
The entries in columns 1, 3, 4, 5 and 6 for the relays in figure 3.14 are as shown in the table

MiP-PSCT RCD
R4 0 d 1 a
R5 0 d 2 a
R6 0 d 1 a
R7 0 d 2 a
All entries are made assuming that the from node in the series element data is given as 1 and
the to node as 2.
• The entry in column 7 specifies the maximum load current in amperes that will be carried by
the element on which the relay is located. The CT primary rating is selected such that it is
greater than the maximum load current multiplied by a factor (overload factor), which is
usually in the range 1.0 to 1.3.
• The entries in column 8 to column 11 are different ratings for Current transformer primary.
The CT primary rating is selected based upon
1. Maximum load current
2. Instantaneous setting
The instantaneous setting decides the final selection of the CT primary rating. CT primary
rating is selected such that it is capable of measuring the instantaneous setting. In case of
dual rating CT ratio say 400/200/5 amps, the data should be given as 400, 200, 200, 200 in
columns 8, 9, 10 and 11 respectively. The entries in columns 8 to 11 are significant only if
relay type number is less than or equal to 1000 (relay). If relay type number is greater than
1000 (fuse), data is read, but it is ignored.
• The entry in column 13 refers to the relay type number. According to the number the relay
is selected from the relay database. A relay type number identifies each relay in the
database, which is unique. The relay type number is less than or equal to 1000 for an
overcurrent relay and greater than 1000 for a fuse.
• Columns 14 to 17 are significant only if the intact flag option is greater the zero. If intact flag
is selected as zero, though the fields are to be present the values are ignored. Phase time
dial setting and earth time dial setting should be initialised to the minimum value. Though
the user is allowed to specify TDS upto 10, usually the range is in between 0.05 to 1.0.
• Column 18 corresponds to intact flag. Intact flag is interpreted as -
0: CT primary rating selection, plug setting and the time dial setting (TDS) are computed by
the program.
01: User defined TDS is selected, plug setting is computed by the program.
10: User defined plug setting is selected with CT primary rating 1 and the TDS is computed

MiP-PSCT RCD
by the program.
11: User defined plug setting is selected with CT primary rating 1, and the TDS should be
given by the user.
by the program.
given by the user.
by the program.
given by the user.
by the program.
given by the user.
If the user wants to specify phase plug setting, earth plug setting, phase time dial setting
and earth time dial setting which should not be altered during co-ordination, intact flag is
selected suitably and required entries are made in columns 14 to 17
02: User defined close in operating time. The required operating time should be given in
column 14 for phase relay and in column 15 for earth relay. Program computes the time dial
setting
• Discrimination time in seconds is the time interval between the operation of this relay and
the relay for which this provides backup protection.
• The entry in column 20 corresponds to phase instantaneous setting factor. This value is
multiplied by the remote bus fault current to obtain phase instantaneous setting above,
which the phase relay should operate instantaneously.
For transformer protection relay the entry in this column is magnetising inrush current in
amperes. The instantaneous setting is set such that the relay will not operate
instantaneously for the magnetising inrush current.
For motor protection relay the entry in this column is the starting current of the motor. The
instantaneous setting is made such that the relay does not operate during motor starting.
• The entries in column 21 correspond to earth instantaneous setting factor. This value is
multiplied by the remote bus earth fault current to obtain the earth instantaneous setting
above, which the earth relay should operate instantaneously.
For motor protection relay the entry in this column is the motor starting time in
seconds.
Even if phase and earth instantaneous settings are not present in the relays these fields
has to be present. When the data file is created through integrated environment these
values are 1.3 by default. To give user defined values the user has to change the relevant
field in the data file and execute relay co-ordination with option 2.
MiP-PSCT RCD
Stream 19: Co-ordination details

In this stream of data the co-ordination details are given. This consists of one line of data. This
has four fields of float type. The data that appears in different columns are
Table 3.17 - Co-ordination Details

Col
no.
1. Instantaneous setting factor float 1.3
2. Time discrimination float 0.0
3. Unbalance factor for earth fault float 1.0 5.0
4. Over load factor float

• The instantaneous setting is that value of current for which the overcurrent relay should
operate instantaneously. The instantaneous setting is obtained by multiplying the remote
bus fault current by the factor given in column 1. The typical value for instantaneous factor
is 1.3
• Time discrimination is in seconds, which determines the time interval between the operating
time of primary and back up relays. For example, consider a relay pair R1 (primary) and R2
(back up). If, for a close in fault R1 operates in tp seconds then according to the
discrimination interval the operating time of the relay R2 is determined. If t is discrimination
time interval operating time for back up relay = (tp + t) seconds.
The usual time discrimination provided is 0.4 seconds. If the primary is a fuse, co-ordination
interval between the fuse and the backup relay (t b in seconds) is given by the formula,
t b = 0.4t + 0.15 (2.2)
where t is the operating time of the fuse. The reduction in the time interval is due to the
absence of circuit breaker operating time.
• The entry in column 3 corresponds to the unbalance factor for earth fault. The relay should
not operate for slight unbalance. Hence certain percentage of tolerance is provided. The
typical value for this unbalance factor for earth fault is 0.1
• The entry in column 4 is the over load factor. The relay should not operate for currents just
above the maximum load current. Usually 30 percent of overload is permitted beyond which
the relay should operate. The typical value of over load factor is 1.3
If the entry in stream 17 is greater than 1, the following data is read.

MiP-PSCT RCD
Stream 20: Number of faults to be Simulated

This stream consists of one line of data having an int field. Total number of faults to be
simulated is given in this field.
Stream 21: Partial Bus Bar Relay Data

In this Stream, the data for Partial bus bar relay is given. Total numbers of lines of data in this
stream are equal to number of partial bus bar relays.
The data that appears in each column of each line is given in table 3.18
Table 3.18– Partial Bus Bar Relay Data

Col no. Description Type Min Max
1. Bus Number int 1 1E+009
2. Incomer relay name char 1 8
3. Phase Instantaneous setting float 0 10000
4. Phase Instantaneous time delay float 0 10
5. Earth instantaneous setting float 0 10000
6. Earth instantaneous time delay float 0 10
7. Incomer relay name char 1 8
8. Series Element Id 1 Int 0 2500
9. Series Element Id 2 Int 0 2500
10. No. of outgoing feeders Int
Explanations to entries given in Table 3.19are as follows –
• Bus Number is the element number to which the relay is connected.

• Incomer relay name, this is the name of the relay which is placed on incomer of the bus
• Phase instantaneous setting is the instantaneous pickup setting of the incomer relay in
ampere.
• Phase instantaneous time delay is the instantaneous relay operating time.
• Earth instantaneous setting is the instantaneous pickup setting of the incomer relay in
ampere.
• Earth instantaneous time delay is the instantaneous relay operating time.
• Two winding transformers, three winding transformers, lines, series reactors (inductor),
series capacitors and bus couplers are together referred as series elements (branches).
Note: If partial Bus Bar relay is not present, Stream 21 refers to Simulation data

MiP-PSCT RCD
Stream 22: Simulation data

In this stream of data, simulation details are given. The number of lines of data is equal to total
number of faults. The data that appears in different columns of each line is given in Table 3.19.
Table 3.19 - Simulation data

Col
no.
1. Element number int 1 2000
2. Percent line float 1.0 99.0
3. Fault type int 1 4
• Element number in column 1 of Table 3.18 is the transmission line number (serial number
counted starting from the first line in the transmission line data) on which fault is to be
created. If fault is to be created on a bus, the entry in this column is bus number.
• Percent line is distance in percentage from the sending end of the element where the fault
is simulated. For a fault on bus the entry in this column should be zero.
• Fault type is interpreted as -

− 1 : Three phase fault.
− 2 : Single line to ground fault at R phase.
− 3 : Line to line fault between Y and B phases.
− 4 : Double line (Y and B phases) to ground fault.

MiP-PSCT RCD
Zf
Zf Zf
Three-Phase
Zg
Line-to-Ground
Three-phase-to Line-to-Line
-ground to- Ground
Zf Zf
Line-to-Line
Figure 3.15 : Representation of various types of faults
File format for RCDBASE

The data present in this file depends upon the different types of relays available. If a relay is to
be introduced with the characteristic, which does not exist in the database, this RCDBASE file
should be updated.
Stream 1: RCDBASE Data
This consists of one line of data having two int fields. First field tells the total number of relay
types present in the database. If new relays are to be included in the database this number has
to be changed accordingly.
Power
The Research
second and
field tells Development
whether Consultants
data should be written to the output file or not. If thePage
entry56
in this
MiP-PSCT RCD
field is selected as one the over current relays used for the study is written to the output file.
Each time while executing the relay co-ordination program the user may not want to print the
relay database, in which case the user should select this field as zero.
Following this statement, for each relay, the details as per the manufacturer's technical
specifications are entered. The data for each relay is as follows.
Stream 2: Relay type number

This consists of one line of data of int field indicating the relay type number. Relay type number
refers to the number by which the relays are identified. Relay type numbers need not be
continuous. Relay type number is unique. This number is
1. Less than or equal to 1000 for overcurrent relay
2. Greater than 1000 and less than 2000 for a fuse.
3. Greater than 2000 for a Voltage controlled relay
Stream 3: Manufacturer name
This consists of one line of data of char field indicating the relay make. Total number of
characters should not exceed 30.
Stream 4: Relay name

This consists of one line of data of char field indicating the relay name. Total number of
characters should not exceed 15. If it is a fuse, the name of the fuse is to be given in this field.
Stream 5: Number of Current Settings
This consists of one line of data of int field indicating the number of available current settings.
For example, consider a case wherein the available ratings are 1 amps and 5 amps for phase
fault relay, 0.03 amps, 0.2 amps, 1.0 amps and 5.0 amps for earth fault relay, then the total
number of current settings is 6.
Stream 6: Current Settings Data
This stream of data consists of current setting details. Numbers of lines under this stream are
equal to number of current settings as specified in the previous stream. The data that appears in
different columns of each line are given in Table 3.20.
Table 3.20 - Current Settings

1. Maximum current float 0.075 12.5
2. Minimum current float 0.003 0.5
3. Rated current float 0.03 5.0
4. Flag float 0 1

MiP-PSCT RCD
• The procedure for entering the values in different columns can be better understood with
the help of an example. Consider the current rating of 5 amps. For phase plug setting
selection, let the specified range be 50 to 250 percent of the rated current in steps of 25
percent.
• Maximum current in amps is the maximum available setting. In the example considered it is
12.5 amps (2.5 x 5.0).
• Minimum current in amps is the minimum available setting. In the example it is 2.5 amps
(0.5 x 5.0)
• Flag is interpreted as -
⇒ 0: The entries in the columns 1 to 3 correspond to earth plug setting range.
⇒ 1: The entries in the columns 1 to 3 correspond to phase plug setting range.
⇒ 2: The entries in the columns 1 to 3 correspond to phase fault plug setting range
Stream 7: Number of plug Setting
This consists of one line of data of int field indicating the number of available steps of plug
setting. The entry in this field depends on the type of plug setting data i.e., whether it is
continuous, uniform or discrete variation. The number of plug setting data is significant only if
the variation is in discrete steps. The number of discrete steps should not exceed 15. In case of
plug setting having uniform step or which can be varied continuously this field should be zero.
Stream 8: Plug Setting Data
This stream of data consists of plug setting details. Number of lines in this stream is equal to the
number of current settings for the relay. The type of variation of plug setting data is identified by
the entry in the first column.
The character "D" in the first column indicates the variation is in discrete steps. This character is
followed by a blank character and the plug setting values. This line consists as many fields as
specified in the previous stream. The fields are all of float type separated by blanks.
Available plug settings are given in amps, from minimum to maximum value. Again considering
the previous example, the plug setting data is given as follows. The plug setting should be given
from minimum to maximum. Since 25 percent is step, the number of steps is 9 and the step
value is 1.25. The entries in different columns of the line corresponding to CT secondary rating
of 5 amps is
2.5 3.75 5.0 6.25 7.5 8.75 10.0 11.25 12.5
• The character "C" in the first column indicates the plug setting is continuously variable value
between two limits.
• The character "U" in the first column indicates the plug setting data varies continuously
between two limits with a uniform step. This character is followed by the uniform step value.
Power Research
Stream and Dial
9: Time Development
Setting Consultants
Data Page 58
MiP-PSCT RCD
This stream of data gives the time dial setting details. This consists of one line of data having
three fields. The data that appears in different columns are given in Table 3.21.
Table 3.21 - Time Dial Setting Data
1. Minimum time dial setting float 0.05 1.0
2. Time dial setting step value float 0.0005 1.0
3. Maximum time dial setting float 1.0 100.0
Time Dial Setting (TDS) is also referred as Time Multiplier Setting (TMS).
If minimum time dial setting is greater or equal to 100 then the step values and the setting is in
seconds (Ex. Motor protection release (SR21)). Following this field the
Data that appears in different columns are
1. Minimum time in seconds
2. Number of steps
3. Maximum time setting in seconds
4. Step Values in seconds
Stream 10: Characteristic Specification

This stream gives the relay time current characteristic specification details. This consists of one
line of data, having four fields. Relay's time current characteristic is stored using a look up table,
taking intermediate x and y co-ordinates or curve fitting formula. The data that appears in
different columns are given in Table 3.22.
Table 3.22 - Characteristic Specification

Col
no.
1. Characteristic type number int 1 11
2. Number of points int 0 50
3. Constant C 1 float
4. Constant C 2 float
• Characteristic type number is interpreted as follows -

1. The characteristic is represented by the formula,

MiP-PSCT RCD
C1
t=
Log( M )
at unity time dial setting, where t is the operating in seconds and M is the multiple of plug
setting. Multiple of plug setting is computed as
fault current in amps

M =
relay plug setting in amps
The relay characteristic is determined by the value of the constant. For example, if the constant
is 3.0 the relay is a 3 seconds relay. For a plug setting multiplier of 10 the operating time is 3
seconds at unity TDS hence it is known as 3 seconds relay, 1.3 seconds relay can also be
simulated by making the constant C 1 as 1.3.
Different types of relay characteristic can be simulated with a standard formula just by changing
the constants. The empirical formula is given by
C1
t c2
(2.3)
M - 1
At unity time dial setting, where t is operating time in seconds and M is the multiple of plug
setting.
The characteristics which can be simulated with this formula is
− Normal inverse characteristic i.e.,
0.14
t = 0.02
(2.4)
M - 1
where C 1 = 0.14, C 2 = 0.02

− Very inverse characteristic i.e.,
13.5
t = (2.5)
M - 1
MiP-PSCT RCD
where C 1 = 13.5, C 2 = 1.0

− Extremely inverse characteristic i.e.,
80
t= (2.6)
M 2 -1
where C 1 = 80, C 2 = 2.0
− Long time standby earth fault relay i.e.,
120
t = (2.7)
M - 1
where C 1 = 120, C 2 = 1.0
− RI-Curve characteristic relay i.e.,
1
t = C2
(2.8)
C1 - M
where C 1 = 0.339, C 2 = 0.236

at unity time dial setting, where t is operating time in seconds and M is the multiple of plug
setting.
This curve type indicates the characteristics where the value I2 is constant. This type of
characteristic is best suited for fuses.
C1
t = (2.9)
I2
where C 1 is the constant I2t.
Curve types 5, 6 and 7 are not used at present.

8. This curve type indicates that the relay characteristic is plotted, taking multiples of plug
setting along X-axis and time in seconds along Y-axis.
9. This curve type indicates that the relay characteristic is plotted, taking multiples of plug
setting (to the base 10) along X-axis and time in seconds (to the base 10) along Y-axis.

MiP-PSCT RCD
10. This curve type indicates that the relay characteristic is plotted, taking current in amps along
X-axis and time in seconds along Y-axis.
11. This curve type indicates that the relay characteristic is plotted, taking current in amps (to
the base 10) along X-axis and time in seconds (to the base 10) along Y-axis.
• Number of points given in field two refers to total number of discrete points given to
construct the relay characteristic.
This field is zero for characteristic curve types 1 to 4.
C 1 and C 2 should always be present, the values are interpreted depending upon the curve type.
Stream 11: Curve Table

This stream gives the curve details. This consists one line of data followed by the curve table.
The data that appears in different columns of the first line are -
1. Number of Characteristic curves to be stored. In some of the relays the characteristic
curves at different time dial settings are not parallel to unity time dial setting. Hence, option
is provided to store the characteristic curves at different time dial settings. The number of
characteristic curves should not exceed 15.
2. The entry in the subsequent columns specifies the time dial setting (or time in seconds for
motor protection releases) values at which the characteristic curves are stored. The time
dial setting (time) should be given from minimum to maximum.
The numbers of lines of data following this are equal to the number of curve points as given in
the previous stream.
Each line consists as many numbers of fields as in the first line. If n number of curves is to be
stored then each line consists (n+1) number of float fields separated by blanks. The data that
appears in different columns are given in Table 3.23.
Table 3.23 - Curve table

Col
no.
1 Plug setting multiplier float 1.0 100
2. Operating time at tds 1 float 1.0 1000
**
**
**
n+1 Operating time at tds n float 1.0 1000
**
: Time in seconds for motor protection releases (normally this is the time specified for 6 times
the rated current). For these curves, no interpolation is done hence for each time setting the
curve details must be given.
MiP-PSCT RCD
• Plug setting multiplier should be according to the selected scale.
• Operating time should be according to the selected scale. The entries in column 2 to (n+1)
are the operating times at different time dial settings. The co-ordinates of the characteristics
are stored at pre-selected intervals. The intervals need not be equal. The program selects
data points adjacent to the required value of the plug setting multiple. If the plug setting
and time curves have relatively small curvature, the intervals between adjacent points may
be made relatively large. Otherwise, the intervals between the adjacent points must be
decreased. If the time dial setting does not correspond to the time dial setting at which the
curve is stored, linear interpolation is used to determine the operating times corresponding
to that time dial setting. If tds 1 and tds 2 are the two time dial settings between which the
required time dial setting tds 0 lies, for each plug setting multiplier the operating time is
determined as follows -
Let Y 1 and Y 2 be the operating times at tds 1 and tds 2 , the operating time corresponding to time
dial setting tds 0 is -
(Y1 − Y2 )(tds2 − tds n )
Y0 = Y1-
(tds2 − tds1 )
The operating time corresponding to all the plug setting multiplier is determined. If the plug
setting multiple does not correspond to a value stored, linear interpolation is used to determine
the corresponding time.
If X 1 and X 2 are the two plug setting multipliers between which the required plug setting
multiplier (X 0 ) lies, t 1 and t 2 are the corresponding times, then to determine the time for X 0 (t 0 ) ,
linear interpolation is used.
Therefore,
(t 1 - t 2 ) (X 2 - X 0 )
t 0 = t1 -
(X 2 - X 1 )
If the curve is stored, only at unity time dial setting suitable scaling should be done according to
the TDS. The operating time for TDS other than unity is obtained by multiplying the TDS with the
operating time at unity TDS.
For motor protection releases the earth relay characteristics is definite time. Hence, for such
relays following the curve table the earth relay characteristics should be given if earth element
exists. The data appearing in different columns are
Table 3.24 - Earth Characteristic Table

MiP-PSCT RCD
Col
no.
1 Minimum time float 1.0 100
2. Maximum time float 1.0 1000
3 Type of variation float 1.0 1000
4 Step Values Float 1.0 1000
• The minimum and maximum time correspond to the available definite time setting.
• The type of variation of time setting is identified by the entry in column 3.
• The character "D" in this column indicates the variation is in discrete steps. A blank
character, number of discrete points and the discrete step values follow this character in
seconds. The fields are all of float type separated by blanks.
• The character "C" in this column indicates the time setting is continuously variable value
between two limits.
• The character "U" in this column indicates that the time varies continuously between two
limits with a uniform step.
Stream 12: Instantaneous Data

This stream consists of one line of data. The line consists of two int. The data that appears in
different columns are-
1. Phase instantaneous setting flag.

2. Earth instantaneous setting flag.
The phase instantaneous setting flag is interpreted as -
0 : Phase instantaneous setting does not exist.

1 : Phase instantaneous setting exists.
2 : Phase instantaneous setting with time delay
3 : Phase instantaneous setting with time delay and short circuit setting with time delay
4 : Different instantaneous setting for each CT rating
The earth instantaneous setting flag is interpreted as -
0 : Earth instantaneous setting does not exist.

1 : Earth instantaneous setting exists.
2 : Earth instantaneous setting with time delay
The possible options of phase and earth instantaneous setting flags are tabulated

MiP-PSCT RCD
Phase and Earth Instantaneous setting element flags

Phase
Earth Inst
Inst Remarks
Setting
Setting
No phase instantaneous setting
0 0
No earth instantaneous setting
0 1
Earth instantaneous setting without time delay
0 2
Earth instantaneous setting with time delay
Phase instantaneous setting without time delay
1 0
1 1
1 2
Phase instantaneous setting with time delay
2 0
2 1
2 2
Phase instantaneous setting with time delay and short circuit setting
3 0 with time delay
3 1 with time delay
3 2 with time delay
Different instantaneous setting for each CT rating
4 0
4 1
4 2
Stream 13: Instantaneous Setting Data
In the previous stream, if either of the flag is set or both the flags are set this stream is

MiP-PSCT RCD
applicable (if both the flags are 0 data need not be given in this stream). If the phase
instantaneous and earth instantaneous setting flags are set the number of lines depends on the
flags set.
The data appearing in different columns of each line are -
1. Minimum instantaneous setting

2. Maximum instantaneous setting
3. Type of variation.
4. Step value.
• The minimum and maximum setting correspond to the available setting at which the relay
should operate instantaneously. The values are in multiples of the relay rated current.
This is usually in the range of 2 to 30.
The first line corresponds to phase instantaneous setting data. The data in the subsequent lines
depends on the flags.
If only phase or earth instantaneous setting is available the only one line correspond to that
setting.
• The type of variation of instantaneous setting is identified by the entry in column 3.
◊ The character "D" in this column indicates the variation is in discrete steps. This character
is followed by a blank character, number of discrete points and the discrete step values in
multiples of relay rated current. The fields are all of float type separated by blanks.
◊ The character "C" in this column indicates the instantaneous setting is continuously variable
value between two limits.
◊ The character "U" in this column indicates the instantaneous setting data varies
continuously between two limits with a uniform step.
If time delay is present, the data appearing in different columns of next line are
1. Minimum time delay in seconds
2. Maximum time delay in seconds
3. Type of variation of time.
4. Step value.
• The minimum and maximum time delay corresponds to the available time setting.
• The type of variation of time setting is identified by the entry in column 3.
∗ The character "D" in this column indicates the variation is in discrete steps. This character
is followed by a blank character, number of discrete points and the discrete step values in
seconds. The fields are all of float type separated by blanks.
∗ The character "C" in this column indicates the time setting is continuously variable value
∗
between two limits.
∗ The character "U" in this column indicates that the time varies continuously between two
limits with a uniform step. This character is followed by the uniform step value (in seconds).
MiP-PSCT RCD
If short circuit setting is available then the data for the short circuit setting is given similar to
instantaneous setting data with time delay.
For each CT tap if instantaneous setting are available then the data for each CT tap is given
similar to instantaneous setting data with time delay.
Example for different cases of phase instantaneous flag
Phase Description for

Col 1 Col 2 Col3 Description for Col 1 Description for Col 2
Flag Col 3
Case 0 0 0 No Ph Iinst No Earth Inst
Case 1 1 0 Phase Inst without time No Earth Inst
4 20 C Min Inst Factor Max Inst Factor Type of variation
Case 2 2 0 Phase Inst with time delay No Earth Inst
4 20 C Min Inst Factor Max Inst Factor
0.01 0.2 C Min Time in seconds Max Time in sec Type of variation
Phase Inst, Short Circuit
Case 3 3 0 No Earth Inst
setting with time delay
4 20 C Phase Inst Min factor Phase Inst Max factor Type of variation
0.01 0.2 C Phase min time in sec Phase max time in sec Type of variation
2 10 C Short Circuit Min set Short Circuit Max set Type of variation
0.02 0.4 C Short Circuit Min time Short Circuit Max time Type of variation
Case 4 4 0 Phase inst for each CT tap No Earth Inst
** Phase Inst Min factor for CT Phase Inst Max factor
5.5 6.75 C Type of variation
Tap 1 for CT Tap 1
Phase Inst Min time for CT Phase Inst Max time
Tap 1 for CT Tap 1
** Phase Inst Min factor for CT Phase Inst Max factor
5.7 7 C Type of variation
Tap 2 for CT Tap 1
Phase Inst Min time for CT Phase Inst Max time
Tap 2 for CT Tap 2
*
: If two CT taps are available
Stream 14: Overload capacity data
This consists of one line of data of float field indicating the maximum overload
capacity of the relay.

MiP-PSCT RCD
Fuse Data
The fuse data streams differ from that of relay data i.e.,
• Stream 5 consists of one data of int field indicating the current rating of the fuse.
• Stream 6 consists of curve specification and number of points, and it is as explained for
relay.
• Stream 7 consists of curve table as explained for relay.
File format for RCDPAIR.PHS and RCDPAIR.EAR

The relay pair is generated by the program and if the user desires it is written to the file
RCDPAIR.PHS or RCDPAIR.EAR. If the file already exists the relay pairs can be directly read
from the file for relay co-ordination.
If the user wants to co-ordinate for relay pairs of his choice the file RCDPAIR.PHS and
RCDPAIR.EAR is to be modified accordingly. User can put comments as explained in RCDIN.
The file format for RCDPAIR.PHS and RCDPAIR.EAR is as follows –
Stream 1: Number of Relay pairs

Power
This Research
consists of oneand
lineDevelopment
of data having Consultants Pageof68relay
an int field. This field corresponds to number
MiP-PSCT RCD
pairs to be considered for relay co-ordination.

Stream 2: Relay pairs
This stream of data consists of relay pairs. Total number of lines of data in this stream is equal
to number of relay pairs. Each line consists two columns of data, the primary and the backup
relay array.
Interactive execution
When POWERRCD is invoked, following dialog box appears and the user is requested
to provide some data during execution process -
The significance of each button and option is as follows -
Relay Pair Selection

POWERRCD program has 3 ways to select the primary backup relay pairs -
• Manual selection wherein user specifies the relay pairs

in RCDPAIR.PHS and RCDPAIR.EAR files.
• Selection of primary backup relay pair from the
automatically generated relay pairs
• Automatic generation of primary backup relay pairs.
The preferred steps to select the relay pairs are -
1. Automatic generation
2. Generate the relay pair files.
3. Manually edit the relay pair files to add/delete
the relay pairs
Phase Relay Pair Selection
When the user clicks on this button the following dialog
appears -
If the RCDPAIR.PHS file exists in the working directory, the
following option is enabled.
Phase relay pairs exists do you want to read from the

file rcdpair.phs?
The default option is NO. If relay pairs are to be used from the file, then option yes must be
selected.
If the relay pairs are not to be read from the RCDPAIR.PHS file the relay pairs are generated by

MiP-PSCT RCD
the program. The generated relay pairs are displayed in the Relay Pairs list box. The relay pairs
can be added to the Selected relay pairs by clicking on Select or Select All. Deselection of the
selected pairs can be done by clicking Remove or Remove All
If the relay pairs considered for relay co-ordination is to be

generated modify the below option.
Do you want to generate RCDPAIR.PHS?
The default option is NO. If RCDPAIR.PHS is to be generated

select "yes", the phase relay pairs generated are written to the
file. This is for phase relay pair generation.
On pressing OK the selections are updated and the previous

screen appears. On cancel the selections are not updated.
Earth Relay Pair Selection
When this button is selected, the following dialog box appears
If the RCDPAIR.EAR file exists in the working directory, the
following option is enabled
Earth relay pairs exists do you want to read from the file rcdpair.ear?
The default option is NO. If relay pairs are to be used from the file, then option "yes" must be
selected.
If the relay pairs are not to be read from the RCDPAIR.EAR file the relay pairs are generated by
the program. The generated relay pairs are displayed in the Relay Pairs list box. The relay pairs
can be added to the selected relay pairs by clicking on Select or Select All. Clicking Remove or
Remove All can do deselection of the selected pairs
If the relay pairs considered for relay co-ordination is to be generated, modify the below option -
Do you want to generate RCDPAIR.EAR ?
The default option is NO. If RCDPAIR.EAR is to be generated select "yes", the earth relay pairs
generated is written to the file.
On pressing OK the selections are updated and the previous screen appears. On cancel the
selections are not updated.
Select Settings
Selection of type of settings to be done,
By default both phase and earth relay co-ordination is done. If phase and earth relay co-
ordination is to be done individually then appropriate option must be selected.
Base kV
For graph files generation enter base kV for graph file generation:
MiP-PSCT RCD
The voltage kV base on which the relay graphs should be generated must be specified.
Option for graph generation
The relay co-ordination curves drop at the instantaneous setting. The user may want to view the
graph beyond the instantaneous setting, in that case modify the below option
Do you want to drop the phase relay curves at inst. setting ?
The default option is YES. If the curve is to be viewed beyond phase instantaneous setting
select "no", the curves will not drop at the instantaneous setting.
The following option should be modified to set whether to drop earth relay curves at
instantaneous setting
Do you want to drop the earth relay curves at inst. setting y/n ? (y) :
The default option is YES. If the curve is to be viewed beyond earth instantaneous setting select
"n", the curves will not drop at the instantaneous setting.
4. Input format for Distance Relay Co-ordination
Input data to POWERRCD for distance relay co-ordination is through an ASCII file. The file
name is "RCDIN". Results are written to files "RCDOUT" and "RCDTOETC". If POWERRCD is
run in the integrated environment of MiP-PSCT, "RCDIN" file is automatically generated.
The system specification data is read as explained in the previous chapter (upto co-ordination
type).
Stream 16: Number of Distance relays
This stream of data consists of one line of data having an int field. This field corresponds to
number of distance relays in the system.
Stream 17: Simulation type
interpreted as-
The various simulation options provided are -

MiP-PSCT RCD
0-Zone1 zone2 zone3 settings by length : Short line for zone2 is selected on
length of the line and setting is considered by length
1-Fault creation and impedance determination (zone2 zone3) : Impedance
determination and fault simulation by considering length of the lines
2-Zone1 zone2 zone3 settings by impedance : short line for zone2 is considered
on impedance of the line and settings calculated by the program on
considering impedance of the lines
3-Fault creation and impedance determination(Zone2 Zone3): Impedance
determination and fault simulation by considering impedance of the lines
4-Zone2 zone3 settings(User selected element): Zone2 zone3 settings by
considering the lines selected by the user
5-Zone2 zone3 user given element and fault simulation: Zone2 zone3 settings and
fault simulation by considering the user selected element.
Stream 18: Distance Relay data

In this stream of data, distance relay details are given. Total number of lines of data in this
stream is equal to number of distance relays.
The data that appears in different columns of each line is given in table 4.1.
Table 4.1 - Distance Relay Data

no.
1. Relay name char 1 8
2. Series element number int 1 2000
3. Line length int 1 1000
4. Relay location char 1 1
5. Current transformer primary rating int 1 5000
6. Current transformer secondary rating int 1 10
7. Potential transformer primary rating int 0.0 10000.0
8. Potential transformer secondary rating int 1 5000
9. Load impedance (real) float 0 1000
Table 4.1 - Distance Relay Data (cont.)

10. Load impedance (imaginary) float 1 1000
Power Research and Development Consultants
11. Zone1 reach int 50 Page 90
72
MiP-PSCT RCD
12. Zone2 reach int 10 50

13. Zone3 reach int 50 100
14. Zone 4 reach Int 50 100
15. Zone2 time discrimination float 0.05 10.0
16. Zone3 time discrimination float 0.05 10.0
17. Zone 4 time discrimination float 0.05 10.0
18. Relay library number Int 0 7
• Relay name is a string of maximum 8 characters. Any alphanumeric characters can

constitute the relay name. Relay name should be unique.
• The series element number indicates the element to which the distance relay is connected.
This should always be a transmission line. Series element number corresponds to the
number counted starting from the first line in the series element data. Transformers,
transmission lines, series reactors, series capacitors, bus couplers and circuit breakers
together are referred as series elements.
• Line length is the length of the line on which the distance relay is present.
• Relay location is interpreted as -
− 1: Relay is located on from side of the series element.
− 2: Relay is located on to side of the series element.
The from side and to side is decided by the way in which data is given for the series
elements which is as explained for overcurrent relay data.
• The entry in column 9 corresponds to the real part (in pu) of the minimum apparent load
impedance. The minimum apparent load impedance is determined by conducting load flow
study with maximum generation condition with different contingencies.
• The entry in column 10 corresponds to the imaginary part (in pu) of the minimum apparent
load impedance.
• Zone1 reach corresponds to certain percentage of the primary line impedance for which the
relay should operate instantaneously.(Primary line is that line for which the relay provides
primary protection). In case of two terminal lines, zone1 reach for both phase to phase and
phase to ground faults are done to cover a fraction (usually 80 percent to 85 percent) of the
primary line. In case of multi-terminal lines, a fraction times (usually 80 percent) the
minimum apparent impedance for the fault on one of the remote relaying bus is considered.
• Zone2 reach corresponds to certain percentage (usually 40 to 50 percent) of the impedance
of shortest line in the adjacent section for which the relay provides backup protection.

MiP-PSCT RCD
• Zone3 reach corresponds to certain percentage of the impedance of longest line connected
to the remote bus of the shortest adjacent section.
• Zone4 reach corresponds to certain percentage of the primary line impedance measured in
reverse direction for which the relay should operate with certain time delay.
• Zone2 discrimination time corresponds to the co-ordination interval between zone1 and
zone2 operating times.
• Zone3 discrimination time is the co-ordination interval between zone2 and zone3 operating
time.
• Zone 4 discrimination time is the zone 4 operating time.

• Relay library number refers to the standard available relay library types. The zone settings
in the output file are given in the format of the selected relay library. The following libraries
are available.
0 – RED 670
1 – Micom P543
2 – REL 521
3 – REL 561
4 – Micom P441
5 – REL 511
6 – 7SD5
7 – RAZOA
Stream 19: Discrimination time

This stream of data consists of one line of data having a float field. Discrimination time in
seconds is co-ordination interval between two distance relays.
If the entry in stream 17 is 1, the following data is read.

Stream 20: Number of faults to be simulated
This stream consists of one line of data having an int field. Total number of faults to be
simulated is given in this field.
Stream 21: Simulation data
In this stream of data, simulation details are given. The number of lines of data is equal to total
number of faults. The data that appears in different columns of each line is given in table 4.2.
Table 4.2 - Simulation data

Col
Power Researchno.
and Development Consultants Page 74
MiP-PSCT RCD
1. Element number int 1 2000

2. Percent line float 1.0 99.0
3. Fault type int 1 4
• Element number corresponds to the series/shunt element number on which the fault is to
be simulated. If fault is to be created on a bus, the entry in this column is bus number.
• Percent line is distance in percentage from the sending end of the element where the fault
is simulated. For a fault on bus the entry in this column should be zero.
• Fault type is interpreted as -

1 : Three phase to ground fault.
2 : Single line to ground fault at R phase.
3 : Line to line fault between Y and B phases.
4 : Double line (Y and B phases) to ground fault
Distance Relay Library

MiP-PSCT RCD
5. INPUT/OUTPUT FILES
Table 5.1 gives names of different input and output files used by POWERRCD for overcurrent
relay co-ordination.
Table 5.1 - Input and Output Files of POWERRCD

Sl. No. File Name Mode Description
1. "RCDIN" input Program input file
2. "RCDOUT" output Program output (general report) file
Overcurrent relay database file consisting of relay
3. "RCDBASE" input
characteristics
"RCDPAIR.PHS"
4. and input/output File containing primary backup relay pairs
“RCDPAIR.EAR”
"Rcdph.bin" and Binary files compatible to Migraph, for plotting
5 Output file
"rcder.bin" phase and earth relay co-ordination curves
Table 5.2 gives names of different input and output files used by POWERRCD for distance relay
co-ordination.
Table 5.2 - Input and Output Files of POWERRCD

Sl.
File Name Mode Description
No.
1. "RCDIN" input Program input file
2. "RCDOUT" output Program output (general report) file
"RCDPAIR.PHS" and
3. input/output File containing primary backup relay pairs
“RCDPAIR.EAR”
"RCDOUT" file for overcurrent relay co-ordination contains -
• Input data to the program, in the order the data is read.

• Relay database contents of the relays used in the system, if rdbflag option is 1.
• New order for the buses, if the report option is 4.
• Ybus element values for the system, if the report option is 4.
• Zbus element values if the report option is 4.
• Current transformer primary rating selected.
• Relay settings for phase faults.
• Instantaneous setting for phase faults.
• Relay settings for earth faults.
• Operating time of all the relays for a fault at user defined location if simulation option is
greater than 1.

MiP-PSCT RCD
• Sequence of operation of the relays for a fault at user defined location if simulation option is
4 or 5.
"RCDOUT" file for distance relay co-ordination contains -
• Input data to the program, in the order the data is read.

• New order for the buses, if the report option is 4.
• Ybus element values for the system, if the report option is 4.
• Zbus element values if the report option is 4.
• Impedance setting of all the three zones. Time settings for zone 2 and zone 3.
• Impedance sensed by the relay for a fault at the user-defined location if the simulation
option is 1.
Error Messages
If any error is traced by the program while execution, an error message is written to the report
file and further execution of the program is terminated. The error messages, which are traced by
the program, are printed in the following format -
Error Number Error Message Error Description
Error number is a number by which the error is identified. The nature of error is given in the error
message. An error description specific to user/application is also given. The errors identified by
the program are -
• [Error no 0] Parameter passing error: If there is an error in passing parameters to the

program, then an error is reported. In the description, the missing parameter is named.
{\bf[Error no 1] Input file opening error : If the input data file name specified by the user is
not found or if an error occurs while the input file is opened, this message is generated. If
there is more than one input file for the program then, the description specifies missing
input file.
• [Error no 2] Output file opening error: If an error occurs while opening the output file, this
message is generated.
• [Error no 3] Too less parameters to read: If the data provided is insufficient then, this error
is displayed. The input data 'stream' for which data is insufficient is also described in the
error message.
• [Error no 4] Memory allocation error: If memory is not allocated for a variable for which
dynamic memory allocation is done, this error message is given. The variable for which
memory allocation is not successfully done is mentioned in the error description.

MiP-PSCT RCD
• [Error no 5] Invalid character: If an invalid character data is present in the input data file
then this message is generated. The data item for which invalid character is entered is also
mentioned in the error message.
• [Error no 6] Invalid number: If an invalid integer data is present in the input data file then
this message is displayed. The data item for which invalid integer data is given is also
mentioned in the error message.
• [Error no 7] Invalid value: If the data given exceeds the limits mentioned for each item
mentioned under different streams, an error message is given along with a description of
the data item.
• [Error no 8] Division by zero: During a mathematical operation, if division by zero occurs,

then this error is generated. The variable which may have caused this condition is
mentioned in the error description.
• [Error no 9] Diverging error: This message is generated if no convergence is observed

after a specified number of iterations.
• [Error no 10] Error in data, Results not okay : If an erroneous input data is present which
doesn't come under any of the above mentioned categories as a result of which wrong
results are obtained, then this message is generated.
These errors are displayed in the output file mentioned by the user. Some of the common error
messages and their probable reasons for occurrence are -
For example, the command line arguments passed to the program are - myin as input file and
myout as output (report) file. If input file myin is not found in the current working directory, or
error while opening the file, message -
ERROR [1]: Input file opening error - Input file not opened for reading. is written to the report
file. If the program expects data to be read from input file, but has not provided data and end of
file is reached, then this error message.
ERROR [3]: Too less parameters to read - Insufficient data provided for Stream is written to the
report file. If the from/to bus of a transformer specified by the user doesn't exist in the bus data
stream, then an error message
ERROR [6]: Invalid number - Invalid bus id specified is written to the report file.

MiP-PSCT RCD
6. Case Study
In this section, three sample power systems are considered with most of the data and element types
to explain the execution of POWERRCD and analysis of results. Different cases are studied with the
help of the network. The single line diagram of the test system is shown in figure 6.1, 6.2 and 6.3.
Listing of files "rcdin" are given in tables 6.1, 6.3 and 6.5, and listing of files "rcdout" are given in
tables 6.2, 6.4 and 6.6 for the three sample systems and "rcdtoetc" in table 6.7 for case 3.
Case 1 : 6 Bus Radial System Overcurrent Relay co-ordination
The system considered is a six bus radial system. The one line diagram of the system considered is
as shown in Fig 6.1. Listing of files "rcdin" and "rcdout" are given in tables 6.1 and 6.2 respectively.
OCREL1 OCREL2 OCREL3 OCREL4 FUSE1
BUS1 BUS2 BUS5 BUS6

132.0 132.0 BUS3 BUS4 132.0 132.0
FUSE2
132.0 132.0
Figure 6.1 : Radial Distribution Sample System
Table 6.1 : "rcdin" file listing for Case 1.
CASE NO : 1 CONTINGENCY : 0 SCHEDULE NO : 0

CONTINGENCY NAME : Base Case
VERSION 7
%% First Power System Network
%Release Notes
%Phase and Earth Intact flag
%Phase and Earth Instantaneous time delay setting
%Phase and Earth Instantaneous factor(remote or on the CT Rating
% COMMON SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS
% (1)Maximum Bus Id (2) No of Buses (3) No of 2WdgTr

% (4)No of 3WdgTr (5) No of Lines (6) No of SerReac
% (7)No of SerCap (8) No of CBs (9) No of ShReac
% (10)No of ShCap (11) No of Sh Imp (12) No of Gen
% (13)No of Loads (14) No of Filters (15) No of HVDC
6 6 2 0 3 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 0
% Number of Partial Bus Bar relays
0
% CONTROL INPUTS

MiP-PSCT RCD
% NoOfZones PrintOpt GraphOpt BaseMVA NomFreq PreFaultVoltOpt

1 3 1 10.000 50.000 0
% FAULT IMPEDANCE
% FaultR FaultX GndFaultR GndFaultX
0.000e+000 0.000e+000 0.000e+000 0.000e+000
% MULTIPLICATION FACTORS
% CB R CB X Trans R/X
0.000000e+000 1.000000e-004 0.050000
% TranZeroSeqZFactor No of TLine levels
0.90000 3
% LineVolt ZeroSeqZFact ZeroSeqAFact

132.0000 2.5000 0.8000
11.0000 2.5000 0.0250
3.3000 2.5000 0.0250
% Gen-veSeqRFact Gen-veSeqXFact GenZerSeqRFact GenZerSeqXFact
0.1750 0.1750 0.0375 0.0375
% Load-veSeqZFact LoadZerSeqZFact SerZerSeqZFact ShZerSeqZFact

0.8100 1.6000 1.0000 0.6250
% BUS DATA
% BusId Status Area No Base Volt BusName
% VMag VAng PGen QGen PLd QLd QComp
1 1 1 132.000 Bus1
1.000000000000e+000 0.000000000000e+000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2 1 1 132.000 Bus2
1.000000000000e+000 0.000000000000e+000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
3 1 1 11.000 Bus3
1.000000000000e+000 0.000000000000e+000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
4 1 1 11.000 Bus4
1.000000000000e+000 0.000000000000e+000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
5 1 1 11.000 Bus5
1.000000000000e+000 0.000000000000e+000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
6 1 1 3.300 Bus6
1.000000000000e+000 0.000000000000e+000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
% 2 WDG TRANSFORMER DATA

% Status Units FromBus ToBus +veR +veX ZeroR ZeroX
% NomTap PhShift FromCBMVA ToCBMVA FromWdg ToWdg
3 1 2 3 7.500751e-006 7.500000e-002 6.750675e-006 6.750000e-002

1.00000 0.0 50.00000 50.00000 G G
3 1 5 6 1.750175e-005 1.750000e-001 1.574157e-005 1.574000e-001
1.00000 0.0 50.00000 50.00000 G G
% TRANSMISSION LINE DATA

% Status Units FromBus ToBus +veR +veX +ve B ZeroR ZeroX ZeroB
% FromCBMVA ToCBMVA

MiP-PSCT RCD
3 1 1 2 0.000000e+000 3.600000e-003 0.000000e+000 0.000000e+000 1.080000e-002 0.000000e+000
100.000 100.000
3 1 3 4 0.000000e+000 1.980000e-002 0.000000e+000 0.000000e+000 4.950000e-002 0.000000e+000
50.000 50.000
3 1 4 5 0.000000e+000 3.300000e-003 0.000000e+000 0.000000e+000 8.250000e-003 0.000000e+000
50.000 50.000
% GENERATOR DATA
%FromBus +veR +veX -veR -veX ZeroR ZeroX CBMVA
1 0.000000e+000 2.900000e-003 0.000000e+000 2.900000e-003 0.000000e+000 2.900000e-003 100.000

3
% LOAD DATA
% FromBus
6 3
% GENERATOR DATA FOR MINIMUM GENERATION CONDITION

1 0.000000e+000 2.900000e-003 0.000000e+000 2.900000e-003 0.000000e+000 2.900000e-003 100.000

3
% CO-ORDINATION TYPE (1-Overcurrent 0-Distance)
% NO of OVERCURRENT RELAYS
6
% SIMULATION TYPE
% 0 - Only co-ordination
% 1 - Co-ordination Checking
% 2 - Co-ordination and Simulation
% 3 - Simulation Checking
% 4 - Co-ordination and Simulation with Tripping
% 5 - Simulation and Trip Checking
% 6 - Co-ordination Checking (Existing Settings)
% 7 - Co-ordination, Simulation verification (Existing Settings)
% 8 - Co-ordination, Simulation and Trip verification (Existing Settings)
% OVERCURRENT RELAY DATA
% RelayName EleNo EleType RelayType RelayLoc ConnSense MaxLdCurrent

% CT Primary Ratings in amps (4 ratings)
% CT Secondary rating in amps
% Relay/Fuse Data Base Number

MiP-PSCT RCD
% Id <1000 - Relay
% Id > 1000 and < 2000 - Fuse
% Id > 2000 - CDV relays% PhaseTDS EarthTDS PlugSet( amps ) EarthPlugSet( amps )
% Intact flag DiscriminationTime PhaseInstSetFactor EarthInstSetFactor
R1 3 0 D 1 A 450.000 500.000 500.000 500.000 500.000 1.000

104 0.290 0.430 500.000 175.000
0 0.400 1.300 1.300 1.000 0.100
11 11 1 0 0 0.000000 0.000000 0 1 1
R2 1 0 D 1 A 150.000 150.000 150.000 150.000 150.000 1.000
104 0.210 0.300 112.500 52.500
0 0.400 1.300 1.300 1.000 0.100
11 01 1 0 0 0.000000 0.000000 0 1 1
R3 4 0 D 1 A 450.000 500.000 500.000 500.000 500.000 1.000
104 0.180 0.320 500.000 75.000
0 0.400 1.300 1.300 1.000 0.100
11 11 1 0 0 0.000000 0.000000 0 1 1
R4 5 0 D 1 A 250.000 250.000 250.000 250.000 250.000 1.000
104 0.050 0.080 250.000 50.000
0 0.400 1.300 1.300 1.000 0.100
11 11 1 0 0 0.000000 0.000000 0 1 1
R5 2 1 D 1 A 250.000 200.000 200.000 200.000 200.000 1.000
1001 0.210 0.000 2.500 2.500
0 0.400 1.300 1.300 1.300 0.100
00 00 1 0 0 0.000000 0.000000 0 1 1
R6 2 1 D 1 A 250.000 200.000 200.000 200.000 200.000 1.000
1001 0.210 0.000 2.500 2.500
0 0.400 1.300 1.300 1.300 0.100
00 00 1 0 0 0.000000 0.000000 0 1 1
% CO-ORDINATION DETAILS
% InstSetFactor TimeDisc UnbalanceFact OverloadFact
% for earth flt
1.300 0.400 0.100 1.300

% NO OF FAULTS TO BE SIMULATED
1
% SIMULATION DATA
4 0.0 1
Table 6.2 : " rcdout " file listing for Case 1.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RESULTS OF IDMT RELAY COORDINATION
Contingency : BASE CASE
Schedule : SCHEDULE 0
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
OVER CURRENT RELAY CO-ORDINATION
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MiP-PSCT RCD
VERSION NUMBER : 7.0
LARGEST BUS NUMBER USED : 6 ACTUAL NUMBER OF BUSES : 6
NUMBER OF 2 WIND. TRANSFORMERS : 2 NUMBER OF 3 WIND. TRANSFORMERS : 0
NUMBER OF TRANSMISSION LINES : 3
NUMBER OF SERIES REACTORS : 0 NUMBER OF SERIES CAPACITORS : 0
NUMBER OF BUS COUPLERS : 0
NUMBER OF SHUNT REACTORS : 0 NUMBER OF SHUNT CAPACITORS : 0
NUMBER OF SHUNT IMPEDANCES : 0 NUMBER OF GENERATORS : 1
NUMBER OF MOTORS : 0 NUMBER OF LOADS : 1
NUMBER OF FILTERS : 0
NUMBER OF HVDC CONVERTORS : 0
NUMBER OF PARTIAL BUS BAR DIFFERENTIAL RELAYS : 0
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NUMBER OF ZONES : 1
PRINT OPTION : 3 (BOTH DATA AND RESULTS PRINT)
GRAPH OPTION : 1 (GRAPH FILE FOR ALL THE RELAYS
IS GENERATED)
BASE MVA : 10.000
NOMINAL SYSTEM FREQUENCY : 50.000
PREFAULT VOLTAGE OPTION : 0 (VOLTAGE OF 1.0 PU IS ASSUMED)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FAULT RESISTANCE - PHASE : 0.000000 (PU)
FAULT REACTANCE - PHASE : 0.000000 (PU)
FAULT RESISTANCE - GROUND : 0.000000 (PU)
FAULT REACTANCE - GROUND : 0.000000 (PU)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CIRCUIT BREAKER RESISTANCE (PU) : 0.000000e+000
CIRCUIT BREAKER REACTANCE (PU) : 1.000000e-004
TRANSFORMER R/X RATIO : 0.050000
TRANSFORMER ZERO SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE MULT FACTOR : 0.900000
NUMBER OF TRANSMISSION VOLTAGE LEVELS : 3

TRANSMISSION LINE VOLTAGE - KV : 132.000000
TRANSMISSION LINE ZERO SEQUENCE IMP. MULT. FACTOR : 2.500000
TRANSMISSION LINE ZERO SEQUENCE ADM. MULT. FACTOR : 0.800000
GENERATOR NEGATIVE SEQUENCE RESISTANCE MULT. FACTOR : 0.175000

GENERATOR NEGATIVE SEQUENCE REACTANCE MULT. FACTOR : 0.175000
GENERATOR ZERO SEQUENCE RESISTANCE MULT. FACTOR : 0.037500
GENERATOR ZERO SEQUENCE REACTANCE MULT. FACTOR : 0.037500
LOAD NEGATIVE SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE MULT. FACTOR : 0.810000
LOAD ZERO SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE MULT. FACTOR : 1.600000
SERIES REACTOR ZERO SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE MULT. FACTOR : 1.000000
SHUNT REACTOR ZERO SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE MULT. FACTOR : 0.625000
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MiP-PSCT RCD
BUS DATA
NODE STAT ZONE BUS-KV NAME VMAG-PU
VANG-DEG PGEN-MW QGEN-MR
PLOAD-MW QLOAD-MR QCOMP-MR
---- ---- ---- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------
1 1 1 132.000 Bus1 1.0000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
2 1 1 132.000 Bus2 1.0000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
3 1 1 11.000 Bus3 1.0000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
4 1 1 11.000 Bus4 1.0000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
5 1 1 11.000 Bus5 1.0000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
6 1 1 3.300 Bus6 1.0000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TRANSFORMER DATA
STAT CKTS FROM FROM TO TO POSITIVE ZERO

NODE NAME NODE NAME R(P.U) X(P.U.) R(P.U.) X(P.U.)
TAP PHASE RATED MVA PRI SEC
---- ---- ---- -------- ---- -------- -------- -------- --------- --------
3 1 2 Bus2 3 Bus3 0.00001 0.07500 0.00001 0.06750
1.00000 0.000 50.00 G G
3 1 5 Bus5 6 Bus6 0.00002 0.17500 0.00002 0.15740
1.00000 0.000 50.00 G G
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TRANSMISSION LINE DATA
STAT CKTS FROM FROM TO TO

NODE NAME NODE NAME RP(P.U) XP(P.U) BP/2(PU) THERMAL
RZ(P.U) XZ(P.U) BZ/2(PU) RATING
---- ---- ---- -------- ---- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------
3 1 1 Bus1 2 Bus2 0.00000 0.00360 0.00000
0.00000 0.01080 0.00000 100.00
3 1 3 Bus3 4 Bus4 0.00000 0.01980 0.00000
0.00000 0.04950 0.00000 50.00
3 1 4 Bus4 5 Bus5 0.00000 0.00330 0.00000
0.00000 0.00825 0.00000 50.00
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GENERATOR DATA
FROM FROM POSITIVE NEGATIVE ZERO MVA

NODE NAME R(P.U) X(P.U.) R(P.U.) X(P.U.) R(P.U.) X(P.U.) RATING STAT
---- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------ ----
1 Bus1 0.00000 0.00290 0.00000 0.00290 0.00000 0.00290 100 3
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LOAD DATA
NODE NAME STATUS
---- -------- ------
MiP-PSCT RCD
6 Bus6 3
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GENERATOR DATA FOR MINIMUM GENERATION
---- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------ ----
1 Bus1 0.00000 0.00290 0.00000 0.00290 0.00000 0.00290 100 3
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CO-ORDINATION TYPE : 1 (OVER CURRENT RELAY CO-ORDIN)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NUMBER OF OVERCURRENT RELAYS : 6
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SIMULATION STATUS : 3 (SIMULATION CHECKING WITH USER
DEFINED SETTINGS)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The entries in different columns of Overcurrent relay data
are as follows -
RELAY NAME : Name of the relay, the size should not exceed 8 characters.
EL-NO : Series/Shunt element number on which the relay is located.
EL-TYP : 0 if relay is on series element.
1 if relay is on shunt element.
DR ST : d/D for a directional relay.
n/N for a nondirectional relay.
FOR/REV : 1 if relay is located on from side of the series element.
2 if relay is located on to side of the series element.
CON SEN : a/A if it is looking away from the bus to which it is connected.
t/T if it is looking towards the bus to which it is connected.
MAXI LOAD : Maximum load current in amperes.
CTPR1 : Current transformer primary rating 1 in amperes.
CTSEC : Current transformer secondary rating in amperes.
RELAY DBASE : The relay type number (less than or equal to 1000 if
it is relay, than 1000 and less than 2000 for fuse).
greater than 2000 for a Voltage Controlled relay).
PHTD SET : Phase fault time dial setting.
ERTD SET : Earth fault time dial setting.
PHPS : Phase fault plug setting in amperes.
ERPS : Earth fault plug setting in amperes.
INT FLG
0 : CT selection, plug setting and the time dial setting (TDS) are
computed by the program.
01 : User defined TDS is selected and the plug setting is computed by the
program.
10 : User defined plug setting is selected with CT primary 1, and the TDS
is computed by the program.
is given by the user.

MiP-PSCT RCD
2 : User defined Close in operating time, TDS

DISC TIME : Discrimination time in seconds.
PH INS FCT : Phase fault Instantaneous setting factor.
ER INS FCT : Earth fault Instantaneous setting factor.

OVLD FACT : Overload factor.
UNBL FACT : Unbalance factor.
PHAS INTCT : PHASE INTACT FLAG.
EARTH INTCT : EARTH INTACT FLAG.
CT SEL : SELECTED CT.
PH INS FLAG : PHASE INSTANTANEOUS SETTING FLAG.
ER INS FLAG : EARTH INSTANTANEOUS SETTING FLAG.
PH INST TIME : SET PHASE INSTANTANEOUS TIME.
ER INST TIME : SET EARTH INSTANTANEOUS TIME
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
OVERCURRENT\SBEF RELAY DATA
RELAY EL ELM DIR FOR/ CON MAXIM CTPR1 CTPR2 CTPR3 CTPR4
CTSEC RELAY
NAME NUM TYP SEN REV SEN LOAD AMPS AMPS AMPS AMPS
AMPS DBASE
PHTD ERTD PHPS ERPS INTCT DISC PH
INS ER INS OVERLOAD UNBALANCE
SET SET FLAG TIME FCT
FCT FACT FACT
PHAS EARTH CT PH INS ER INS PH INST
ERTH INST
INTCT INTCT SEL FLAG FLAG TIME
TIME
-------------------- --- --- --- ---- ----- ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ -----
- ------- ------- --------
R1 3 0 D 1 A 450.0 500.0 500.0 500.0 500.0
1.000 104
0.29 0.43 500.0 175.0 0 0.400
1.30 1.30 1.00 0.100
11 11 1 0 0
0.00 0.000
0 1 1

MiP-PSCT RCD
R2 1 0 D 1 A 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0 150.0
1.000 104
0.21 0.30 112.5 52.5 0 0.400
1.30 1.30 1.00 0.100
11 1 1 0 0
0.00 0.000
0 1 1
R3 4 0 D 1 A 450.0 500.0 500.0 500.0 500.0
1.000 104
0.18 0.32 500.0 75.0 0 0.400
1.30 1.30 1.00 0.100
11 11 1 0 0
0.00 0.000
0 1 1
R4 5 0 D 1 A 250.0 250.0 250.0 250.0 250.0
1.000 104
0.05 0.08 250.0 50.0 0 0.400
1.30 1.30 1.00 0.100
11 11 1 0 0
0.00 0.000
0 1 1
R5 2 1 D 1 A 250.0 *** *** *** ***
*** 1001
*** *** *** *** *** ***
1.30 0.10
0 0 1 0 0
0.00 0.000
0 1 1
R6 2 1 D 1 A 250.0 *** *** *** ***
*** 1001
*** *** *** *** *** ***
1.30 0.10
0 0 1 0 0
0.00 0.000
0 1 1
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------
STAND BY EARTH FAULT RELAY DATA
CTSEC RELAY STAGE 1 STAGE 2
NAME NUM TYP SEN REV SEN LOAD
DBASE CURRENT TIME CURRENT TIME
(A) (A) (A) (A) (A) (A)
(A) (s) (A) (s)
-------------------- --- --- --- ---- ----- ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ---
NUMBER OF FAULTS SIMULATED : 1
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BUS NUMBER FAULTTYPE
---------- ---------
4 1 (3 PHASE TO GROUND FAULT)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MiP-PSCT RCD
Number of phase relays 6 Number of earth relays 6

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RELAY ELMT ELEMNT FROM FROM TO TO RELAY PHASE EARTH
NAME NMBR TYPE BUS NAME BUS NAME LOCATION
-------------------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- -------- -------- ----- -----
R1 3 Series 1 Bus1 2 Bus2 Bus1 YES YES
R5 2 Shunt 6 Bus6 Bus6 YES YES
R6 2 Shunt 6 Bus6 Bus6 YES YES
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*****************************************************
Thermal Curves will not be generated
Check and rerun to obtain Thermal Curves
*****************************************************
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
User Given Discrimination Time
Phase Relay Co-ordination Checking
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Primary Backup Pri. Current Pri Psm Pri Tds Pri time
BackCurrnt Back Psm Back Tds Backtime Disc time Remarks
-------------------- -------------------- ------------ ------- -------- -------- ---
------- -------- -------- -------- --------- --------
R2 R1 6729.0241 112.500 0.2100 0.4842
6729.0241 500.000 0.2900 0.7706 0.2864 << NA
R3 R2 6440.0476 500.000 0.1800 0.4865
536.6706 112.500 0.2100 0.9284 0.4419 >> OK
R4 R3 5181.2821 250.000 0.0500 0.1153
5181.2821 500.000 0.1800 0.5318 0.4165 >> OK
R5 R4 6257.3185 200.000 1.0000 No Opert.
1877.1956 250.000 0.0500 0.1713 0.1713 >> OK!!
R6 R4 6257.3185 200.000 1.0000 No Opert.
1877.1956 250.000 0.0500 0.1713 0.1713 >> OK!!
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Earth Relay Co-ordination Checking
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------- -------------------- ------------ ------- -------- --------
R2 R1 4914.4558 52.500 0.3000 0.6918 4914.4558 175.000
0.4300 0.9915 0.2998 << NA
R3 R2 6447.9592 75.000 0.3200 0.7379
537.3299 52.500 0.3000 0.8910 0.1531 << NA
R4 R3 4724.2473 50.000 0.0800 0.1845
4724.2473 75.000 0.3200 0.7379 0.5534 >> OK
R5 R4 6134.8125 200.000 1.0000 No Opert.
1840.4437 50.000 0.0800 0.1845 0.1845 >> OK!!
R6 R4 6134.8125 200.000 1.0000 No Opert.
1840.4437 50.000 0.0800 0.1845 0.1845 >> OK!!
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MiP-PSCT RCD
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------- --------------- ------------ -------- -------- -------------
R1 15082.2954 500.0000 30.165 100.00 Within Limit
R2 6729.0241 112.5000 59.814 100.00 Within Limit
R3 6440.0476 500.0000 12.880 100.00 Within Limit
R4 5181.2821 250.0000 20.725 100.00 Within Limit
R5 6257.3185 200.0000 31.287 0.00 Exceeds Limit
R6 6257.3185 200.0000 31.287 0.00 Exceeds Limit
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SL. RELAY From Bus To Bus CT PRIM CT SEC PLUG PLUG PLUG
T.D.S CLOSE IN OP. TIME REMOTE OP.TIME PRIMARY INSTANT RELAY
DB CURVE NAME
NO. NAME CHOSEN SETTING SETTING SETTING
FAULT FOR CLOSE BUS FAULT REMOTE RELAY SETTING NAME
(Amps) (%) (PRIM) (SEC)
CURRENT IN FAULT CURRENT BUS FAULT
(A) (A)
(Amps) Secs) (Amps) (Secs) (%)
--- -------------------- --------- --------- ------- ------ ------- ------- ------
1 R1 1 2 500 1 100.00 500.00 1.00
0.29 15082.30 0.6687 6729.02 0.7706 R2 ***** CDG-
11P(3) 3S-RELAY
2 R2 2 3 150 1 75.00 112.50 0.75
0.21 6729.02 0.4842 536.67 0.9284 R3 ***** CDG-
11P(3) 3S-RELAY
3 R3 3 4 500 1 100.00 500.00 1.00
0.18 6440.05 0.4865 5181.28 0.5318 R4 ***** CDG-
11P(3) 3S-RELAY
4 R4 4 5 250 1 100.00 250.00 1.00
0.05 5181.28 0.1153 1877.20 0.1713 R5
1877.20 0.1713 R6 ***** CDG-11P(3) 3S-RELAY

5 R5 6 0 **** **** **** 6257.32 -1.#INF
DOES NOT BACK-UP **** ***** Fs1 User Points
6 R6 6 0 **** **** **** 6257.32 -1.#INF
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PHASE RELAY SETTINGS
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RELAY NAME PLUG SETTING PLUG SETTING TIME MULTIPLIER SETTING INST. SETTING
(PRIM) (SEC) (A)
(A) (A)
-------------------- ------------ ------------ ----------------------- -------------
R1 500.000 0.290 ******
R2 112.500 0.210 ******
R3 500.000 0.180 ******
R4 250.000 0.050 ******
R5 200.000 1.000 ******

MiP-PSCT RCD
R6 200.000 1.000 ******

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NOTE : For motor relays, TDS refers to time in seconds. If the manufacturer
specification is say t seconds at 'X' times Ith, then TDS refer to t seconds
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RELAY SETTINGS FOR EARTH FAULTS
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------- --------------- ------------ -------- -------- -------------
R1 15082.2954 175.0000 86.185 100.00 Within Limit
R2 4914.4558 52.5000 93.609 100.00 Within Limit
R3 6447.9592 75.0000 85.973 100.00 Within Limit
R4 4724.2473 50.0000 94.485 100.00 Within Limit
R5 6134.8125 200.0000 30.674 0.00 Exceeds Limit
R6 6134.8125 200.0000 30.674 0.00 Exceeds Limit
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DB CURVE NAME
(A) (A)
--- -------------------- --------- --------- ------- ------ ------- ------- ------
1 R1 1 2 500 1 35.00 175.00 0.35
0.43 15082.30 0.9915 4914.46 0.9915 R2 ***** CDG-
11P(3) 3S-RELAY
2 R2 2 3 150 1 35.00 52.50 0.35
0.30 4914.46 0.6918 537.33 0.8910 R3 ***** CDG-
11P(3) 3S-RELAY
3 R3 3 4 500 1 15.00 75.00 0.15
0.32 6447.96 0.7379 4724.25 0.7379 R4 ***** CDG-
11P(3) 3S-RELAY
4 R4 4 5 250 1 20.00 50.00 0.20
0.08 4724.25 0.1845 1840.44 0.1845 R5
1840.44 0.1845 R6 ***** CDG-11P(3) 3S-RELAY

5 R5 6 0 **** **** **** 6134.81 -1.#INF
6 R6 6 0 **** **** **** 6134.81 -1.#INF
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EARTH RELAY SETTINGS
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(PRIM) (SEC) (A)
(A) (A)
-------------------- ------------ ------------ ----------------------- -----------

MiP-PSCT RCD
R1 175.000 0.430 ******
R2 52.500 0.300 ******
R3 75.000 0.320 ******
R4 50.000 0.080 ******
R5 200.000 1.000 ******
R6 200.000 1.000 ******
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RELAY PH INSTANT OPER TIME SHORT CIRCUIT OPER TIME ER INSTANT OPER
TIME
NAME SETTING SETTING SETTING
(Amps) (Secs) (Amps) (Secs) (Amps)
(Secs)
-------------------- ---------- --------- ------------- --------- ---------- -----
R1 No Inst **** No SC **** No Er Inst
****
****
****
****
****
****
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 Phase to ground fault is created at bus Bus4 (4).
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RELAY PH A FAULT OPERT TIME FOR ZER SEQ FAULT OPERATING TIME
NAME CURRENT PH A CURRENT CURRENT (3*I0) FOR ZS FALTCUR
(Amps) (Secs) (Amps) (Secs)
-------------------- ---------- -------------- -------------- --------------
R1 431.77 No pickup 0.00 No pickup
R2 431.77 1.0786 0.00 No pickup
R3 5181.28 0.5318 0.00 No pickup
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date and Time : Wed Apr 23 10:28:23 2014
Case 2 : 6 Bus Ring System Overcurrent Relay co-ordination

The system considered is a six bus ring main distribution system. The one line
diagram of the system considered is as shown in Fig 6.2. Listing of files "rcdin"
and "rcdout" are given in tables 6.3 and 6.4 respectively.

MiP-PSCT RCD
INFEED
RMU-MAIN
LR5 RMU-5 LR1

11.0 RMU-1
11.0 11.0
R10 R11 R12 R1

R2 R3
LR3
RMU-3
RMU-4 RMU-2 R4
11.0 11.0 11.0
LR4 R8 R7 R6 R5 LR2
Figure 6.2 : Ring

Main Distribution
Sample System
Table 6.3 : "rcdin" file listing for Case 2.

VERSION 7
%Release Notes
%Phase and Earth Intact flag
%Phase and Earth Instantaneous time delay setting
%Phase and Earth Instantaneous factor(remote or on the CT Rating
6 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 5 0 0
0
% CONTROL INPUTS
1 3 1 10.000 50.000 0
% FAULT IMPEDANCE
0.000e+000 0.000e+000 0.000e+000 0.000e+000
0.000000e+000 1.000000e-004 0.050000
0.90000 1

MiP-PSCT RCD
11.0000 2.5000 0.0250
0.1750 0.1750 0.0375 0.0375
0.8100 1.6000 1.0000 0.6250
% BUS DATA
1 1 1 11.000 RMUMAIN
1.000000000000e+000 0.000000000000e+000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00
2 1 1 11.000 RMU-1
1.000000000000e+000 0.000000000000e+000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00
3 1 1 11.000 RMU-2
1.000000000000e+000 0.000000000000e+000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00
4 1 1 11.000 RMU-3
1.000000000000e+000 0.000000000000e+000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00
5 1 1 11.000 RMU-4
1.000000000000e+000 0.000000000000e+000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00
6 1 1 11.000 RMU-5
1.000000000000e+000 0.000000000000e+000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00
% FromCBMVA ToCBMVA
3 1 1 2 3.579000e-002 6.450000e-003 0.000000e+000 8.947500e-002 1.612500e-
002 0.000000e+000 10.000 10.000
3 1 2 3 7.157000e-002 1.289000e-002 0.000000e+000 1.789250e-001 3.222500e-
002 0.000000e+000 10.000 10.000
3 1 3 4 5.368000e-002 9.670000e-003 0.000000e+000 1.342000e-001 2.417500e-
002 0.000000e+000 10.000 10.000
3 1 4 5 3.579000e-002 6.450000e-003 0.000000e+000 8.947500e-002 1.612500e-
002 0.000000e+000 10.000 10.000
3 1 5 6 5.368000e-002 9.670000e-003 0.000000e+000 1.342000e-001 2.417500e-
002 0.000000e+000 10.000 10.000
3 1 6 1 3.579000e-002 6.450000e-003 0.000000e+000 8.947500e-002 1.612500e-
002 0.000000e+000 10.000 10.000
% GENERATOR DATA
1 0.000000e+000 2.000000e-002 0.000000e+000 2.000000e-002 0.000000e+000

MiP-PSCT RCD
2.000000e-002 100.000 3
% LOAD DATA
% FromBus
6 3
5 3
4 3
3 3
2 3
1 0.000000e+000 2.000000e-002 0.000000e+000 2.000000e-002 0.000000e+000
2.000000e-002 100.000 3
1
% NO of OVERCURRENT RELAYS
17
% SIMULATION TYPE
% 0 - Only co-ordination
% 1 - Co-ordination Checking
% 3 - Simulation Checking
% 4 - Co-ordination and Simulation with Tripping
% 5 - Simulation and Trip Checking
% 6 - Co-ordination Checking (Existing Settings)
% 7 - Co-ordination, Simulation verification (Existing Settings)
% 8 - Co-ordination, Simulation and Trip verification (Existing Settings)
4
% OVERCURRENT RELAY DATA
% RelayName EleNo EleType RelayType RelayLoc ConnSense MaxLdCurrent
% CT Primary Ratings in amps (4 ratings)
% CT Secondary rating in amps
% Relay/Fuse Data Base Number
% Id <1000 - Relay
% Id > 1000 and < 2000 - Fuse
% Id > 2000 - CDV relays% PhaseTDS EarthTDS PlugSet( amps ) EarthPlugSet( amps )
% Intact flag DiscriminationTime PhaseInstSetFactor EarthInstSetFactor
R1 1 0 N 1 A 200.000 200.000 400.000 600.000 1200.000 5.000

1 0.180 0.300 300.000 100.000
0 0.400 1.300 1.300 1.000 0.200
11 11 1 0 0 0.000000 0.000000 0 1 1
R2 1 0 D 2 A 200.000 300.000 300.000 300.000 300.000 5.000
1 0.050 0.300 300.000 30.000
0 0.400 1.300 1.300 1.000 0.200
01 11 1 0 0 0.000000 0.000000 0 1 1
R3 2 0 D 1 A 200.000 300.000 300.000 300.000 300.000 5.000
1 0.640 0.790 300.000 90.000
0 0.400 1.300 1.300 1.000 0.200
01 11 1 0 0 0.000000 0.000000 0 1 1
R4 2 0 D 2 A 200.000 300.000 300.000 300.000 300.000 5.000

MiP-PSCT RCD
1 0.170 0.270 300.000 90.000
0 0.400 1.300 1.300 1.000 0.200
01 11 1 0 0 0.000000 0.000000 0 1 1
R5 3 0 D 1 A 200.000 300.000 300.000 300.000 300.000 5.000
1 0.460 0.690 300.000 45.000
0 0.400 1.300 1.300 1.000 0.200
01 11 1 0 0 0.000000 0.000000 0 1 1
R6 3 0 D 2 A 200.000 300.000 300.000 300.000 300.000 5.000
1 0.320 0.500 300.000 30.000
0 0.400 1.300 1.300 1.000 0.200
01 11 1 0 0 0.000000 0.000000 0 1 1
R7 4 0 D 1 A 200.000 300.000 300.000 300.000 300.000 5.000
1 0.300 0.500 300.000 30.000
0 0.400 1.300 1.300 1.000 0.200
01 11 1 0 0 0.000000 0.000000 0 1 1
R8 4 0 D 2 A 200.000 300.000 300.000 300.000 300.000 5.000
1 0.490 0.700 300.000 45.000
0 0.400 1.300 1.300 1.000 0.200
01 11 1 0 0 0.000000 0.000000 0 1 1
R9 5 0 D 1 A 200.000 300.000 300.000 300.000 300.000 5.000
1 0.170 0.270 300.000 30.000
0 0.400 1.300 1.300 1.000 0.200
01 11 1 0 0 0.000000 0.000000 0 1 1
R10 5 0 D 2 A 200.000 300.000 300.000 300.000 300.000 5.000
1 0.680 0.800 300.000 90.000
0 0.400 1.300 1.300 1.000 0.200
01 11 1 0 0 0.000000 0.000000 0 1 1
R11 6 0 D 1 A 200.000 300.000 300.000 300.000 300.000 5.000
1 0.050 0.300 300.000 30.000
0 0.400 1.300 1.300 1.000 0.200
01 10 1 0 0 0.000000 0.000000 0 1 1
R12 6 0 N 2 A 200.000 300.000 400.000 600.000 1200.000 5.000
1 0.690 0.790 300.000 300.000
0 0.400 1.300 1.300 1.000 0.200
01 11 4 0 0 0.000000 0.000000 0 1 1
LR13 2 1 D 1 A 200.000 300.000 300.000 300.000 300.000 5.000
1 0.050 0.300 300.000 105.000
0 0.400 1.300 1.300 1.000 0.200
01 10 1 0 0 0.000000 0.000000 0 1 1
LR14 3 1 D 1 A 200.000 300.000 300.000 300.000 300.000 5.000
1 0.050 0.300 300.000 60.000
0 0.400 1.300 1.300 1.000 0.200
01 10 1 0 0 0.000000 0.000000 0 1 1
LR15 4 1 D 1 A 200.000 300.000 300.000 300.000 300.000 5.000
1 0.050 0.300 300.000 60.000
0 0.400 1.300 1.300 1.000 0.200
01 10 1 0 0 0.000000 0.000000 0 1 1
LR16 5 1 D 1 A 200.000 300.000 300.000 300.000 300.000 5.000
1 0.050 0.300 300.000 60.000
0 0.400 1.300 1.300 1.000 0.200
01 10 1 0 0 0.000000 0.000000 0 1 1

MiP-PSCT RCD
LR17 6 1 D 1 A 200.000 300.000 300.000 300.000 300.000 5.000

1 0.050 0.300 300.000 105.000
0 0.400 1.300 1.300 1.000 0.200
01 10 1 0 0 0.000000 0.000000 0 1 1
% CO-ORDINATION DETAILS
% InstSetFactor TimeDisc UnbalanceFact OverloadFact
% for earth flt
1.300 0.400 0.100 1.300
% NO OF FAULTS TO BE SIMULATED
1
% SIMULATION DATA
1 20.000 1
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 6.4 :" rcdout " file listing for Case 2.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
OVER CURRENT RELAY CO-ORDINATION
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NUMBER OF ZONES : 1
GRAPH OPTION : 1 (GRAPH FILE FOR ALL THE RELAYS
IS GENERATED)
BASE MVA : 10.000
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

MiP-PSCT RCD

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BUS DATA
NODE STAT ZONE BUS-KV NAME VMAG-PU VANG-DEG PGEN-MW QGEN-MR
---- ---- ---- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------
1 1 1 11.000 RMUMAIN 1.0000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
2 1 1 11.000 RMU-1 1.0000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
3 1 1 11.000 RMU-2 1.0000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
4 1 1 11.000 RMU-3 1.0000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
5 1 1 11.000 RMU-4 1.0000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
6 1 1 11.000 RMU-5 1.0000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---- ---- ---- -------- ---- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------
3 1 1 RMUMAIN 2 RMU-1 0.03579 0.00645 0.00000
0.08947 0.01613 0.00000 10.00
3 1 2 RMU-1 3 RMU-2 0.07157 0.01289 0.00000
0.17893 0.03222 0.00000 10.00
3 1 3 RMU-2 4 RMU-3 0.05368 0.00967 0.00000
0.13420 0.02417 0.00000 10.00
3 1 4 RMU-3 5 RMU-4 0.03579 0.00645 0.00000
0.08947 0.01613 0.00000 10.00
3 1 5 RMU-4 6 RMU-5 0.05368 0.00967 0.00000
0.13420 0.02417 0.00000 10.00
3 1 6 RMU-5 1 RMUMAIN 0.03579 0.00645 0.00000
0.08947 0.01613 0.00000 10.00

MiP-PSCT RCD
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GENERATOR DATA

---- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------ ----
1 RMUMAIN 0.00000 0.02000 0.00000 0.02000 0.00000 0.02000 100 3
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LOAD DATA
NODE NAME STATUS
---- -------- ------
6 RMU-5 3
5 RMU-4 3
4 RMU-3 3
3 RMU-2 3
2 RMU-1 3
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------ ----
1 RMUMAIN 0.00000 0.02000 0.00000 0.02000 0.00000 0.02000 100 3
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CO-ORDINATION TYPE : 1 (OVER CURRENT RELAY CO-ORDIN)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NUMBER OF OVERCURRENT RELAYS : 17
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SIMULATION STATUS : 4 (CO-ORDINATION, SIMULATION WITH
TRIPPING)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The entries in different columns of Overcurrent relay data
are as follows -
EL-NO : Series/Shunt element number on which the relay is located.
EL-TYP : 0 if relay is on series element.
1 if relay is on shunt element.
DR ST : d/D for a directional relay.
n/N for a nondirectional relay.
CON SEN : a/A if it is looking away from the bus to which it is connected.
t/T if it is looking towards the bus to which it is connected.
MAXI LOAD : Maximum load current in amperes.
CTSEC : Current transformer secondary rating in amperes.

MiP-PSCT RCD
RELAY DBASE : The relay type number (less than or equal to 1000 if
it is relay, than 1000 and less than 2000 for fuse).
greater than 2000 for a Voltage Controlled relay).
PHTD SET : Phase fault time dial setting.
ERTD SET : Earth fault time dial setting.
PHPS : Phase fault plug setting in amperes.
ERPS : Earth fault plug setting in amperes.
INT FLG
0 : CT selection, plug setting and the time dial setting (TDS) are
computed by the program.
01 : User defined TDS is selected and the plug setting is computed by the
program.
2 : User defined Close in operating time, TDS

DISC TIME : Discrimination time in seconds.
PH INS FCT : Phase fault Instantaneous setting factor.
ER INS FCT : Earth fault Instantaneous setting factor.

OVLD FACT : Overload factor.
UNBL FACT : Unbalance factor.
PHAS INTCT : PHASE INTACT FLAG.
EARTH INTCT : EARTH INTACT FLAG.
CT SEL : SELECTED CT.
PH INS FLAG : PHASE INSTANTANEOUS SETTING FLAG.
ER INS FLAG : EARTH INSTANTANEOUS SETTING FLAG.
PH INST TIME : SET PHASE INSTANTANEOUS TIME.
ER INST TIME : SET EARTH INSTANTANEOUS TIME
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
OVERCURRENT\SBEF RELAY DATA
CTSEC RELAY
NAME NUM TYP SEN REV SEN LOAD AMPS AMPS AMPS AMPS

MiP-PSCT RCD
AMPS DBASE
PHTD ERTD PHPS ERPS INTCT DISC PH
INS ER INS OVERLOAD UNBALANCE
SET SET FLAG TIME FCT
FCT FACT FACT
PHAS EARTH CT PH INS ER INS PH INST
ERTH INST
INTCT INTCT SEL FLAG FLAG TIME
TIME
-------------------- --- --- --- ---- ----- ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
R1 1 0 N 1 A 200.0 200.0 400.0 600.0 1200.0
5.000 1
0.18 0.30 300.0 100.0 0 0.400
1.30 1.30 1.00 0.200
11 11 1 0 0
0.00 0.000
0 1 1
R2 1 0 D 2 A 200.0 300.0 300.0 300.0 300.0
5.000 1
0.05 0.30 300.0 30.0 0 0.400
1.30 1.30 1.00 0.200
1 11 1 0 0
0.00 0.000
0 1 1
R3 2 0 D 1 A 200.0 300.0 300.0 300.0 300.0
5.000 1
0.64 0.79 300.0 90.0 0 0.400
1.30 1.30 1.00 0.200
1 11 1 0 0
0.00 0.000
0 1 1
R4 2 0 D 2 A 200.0 300.0 300.0 300.0 300.0
5.000 1
0.17 0.27 300.0 90.0 0 0.400
1.30 1.30 1.00 0.200
1 11 1 0 0
0.00 0.000
0 1 1
R5 3 0 D 1 A 200.0 300.0 300.0 300.0 300.0
5.000 1
0.46 0.69 300.0 45.0 0 0.400
1.30 1.30 1.00 0.200
1 11 1 0 0
0.00 0.000
0 1 1
R6 3 0 D 2 A 200.0 300.0 300.0 300.0 300.0
5.000 1
0.32 0.50 300.0 30.0 0 0.400
1.30 1.30 1.00 0.200
1 11 1 0 0
0.00 0.000

MiP-PSCT RCD
0 1 1
R7 4 0 D 1 A 200.0 300.0 300.0 300.0 300.0
5.000 1
0.30 0.50 300.0 30.0 0 0.400
1.30 1.30 1.00 0.200
1 11 1 0 0
0.00 0.000
0 1 1
R8 4 0 D 2 A 200.0 300.0 300.0 300.0 300.0
5.000 1
0.49 0.70 300.0 45.0 0 0.400
1.30 1.30 1.00 0.200
1 11 1 0 0
0.00 0.000
0 1 1
R9 5 0 D 1 A 200.0 300.0 300.0 300.0 300.0
5.000 1
0.17 0.27 300.0 30.0 0 0.400
1.30 1.30 1.00 0.200
1 11 1 0 0
0.00 0.000
0 1 1
R10 5 0 D 2 A 200.0 300.0 300.0 300.0 300.0
5.000 1
0.68 0.80 300.0 90.0 0 0.400
1.30 1.30 1.00 0.200
1 11 1 0 0
0.00 0.000
0 1 1
R11 6 0 D 1 A 200.0 300.0 300.0 300.0 300.0
5.000 1
0.05 0.30 300.0 30.0 0 0.400
1.30 1.30 1.00 0.200
1 10 1 0 0
0.00 0.000
0 1 1
R12 6 0 N 2 A 200.0 300.0 400.0 600.0 1200.0
5.000 1
0.69 0.79 300.0 300.0 0 0.400
1.30 1.30 1.00 0.200
1 11 4 0 0
0.00 0.000
0 1 1
LR13 2 1 D 1 A 200.0 300.0 300.0 300.0 300.0
5.000 1
0.05 0.30 300.0 105.0 0 0.400
1.30 1.30 1.00 0.200
1 10 1 0 0
0.00 0.000
0 1 1

MiP-PSCT RCD
LR14 3 1 D 1 A 200.0 300.0 300.0 300.0 300.0

5.000 1
0.05 0.30 300.0 60.0 0 0.400
1.30 1.30 1.00 0.200
1 10 1 0 0
0.00 0.000
0 1 1
LR15 4 1 D 1 A 200.0 300.0 300.0 300.0 300.0
5.000 1
0.05 0.30 300.0 60.0 0 0.400
1.30 1.30 1.00 0.200
1 10 1 0 0
0.00 0.000
0 1 1
LR16 5 1 D 1 A 200.0 300.0 300.0 300.0 300.0
5.000 1
0.05 0.30 300.0 60.0 0 0.400
1.30 1.30 1.00 0.200
1 10 1 0 0
0.00 0.000
0 1 1
LR17 6 1 D 1 A 200.0 300.0 300.0 300.0 300.0
5.000 1
0.05 0.30 300.0 105.0 0 0.400
1.30 1.30 1.00 0.200
1 10 1 0 0
0.00 0.000
0 1 1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
STAND BY EARTH FAULT RELAY DATA
RELAY
EL ELM DIR FOR/ CON MAXIM CTPR1 CTPR2 CTPR3 CTPR4
CTSEC RELAY STAGE 1 STAGE 2
NAME NUM TYP SEN REV SEN LOAD
DBASE CURRENT TIME CURRENT TIME
(A) (A) (A) (A) (A) (A)
(A) (s) (A) (s)
-------------------- --- --- --- ---- ----- ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SERIES ELEMENT PERCENT FAULTTYPE
NUMBER LINE
-------------- ------- ---------
1 20.00 1 (3 PHASE TO GROUND FAULT)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RELAY ELMT ELEMNT FROM FROM TO TO RELAY PHASE EARTH
NAME NMBR TYPE BUS NAME BUS NAME LOCATION
-------------------- ---- ------ ---- -------- ---- -------- -------- ----- -----
R1 1 Series 1 RMUMAIN 2 RMU-1 RMUMAIN YES YES

MiP-PSCT RCD
R2 1 Series 1 RMUMAIN 2 RMU-1 RMU-1 YES YES
R3 2 Series 2 RMU-1 3 RMU-2 RMU-1 YES YES
R11 6 Series 6 RMU-5 1 RMUMAIN RMU-5 YES YES
R12 6 Series 6 RMU-5 1 RMUMAIN RMUMAIN YES YES
LR13 2 Shunt 6 RMU-5 RMU-5 YES YES
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*****************************************************
Thermal Curves will not be generated
Unable to find the file D:\Padmaja\PS_problems\RElay_Manual\Relay-
ring\ORCD\1RELAY0I.Thm
Check and rerun to obtain Thermal Curves
*****************************************************
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Phase Relay Co-ordination Checking
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------- -------------------- ------------ ------- -------- --------
R1 R11 26243.1941 300.000 0.1800 0.2781 0.0000 225.000
0.0500 No Opert *********
R2 R4 1621.0564 225.000 0.0500 0.1749
1621.0564 225.000 0.1700 0.5947 0.4198 >> OK
R3 R1 11346.3595 225.000 0.6400 1.1276
11346.3595 300.000 0.1800 0.3423 -0.7854 << NA
R4 R6 2646.1674 225.000 0.1700 0.4764
2646.1674 225.000 0.3200 0.8968 0.4204 >> OK
R5 R3 4410.4668 225.000 0.4600 1.0679
4410.4668 225.000 0.6400 1.4857 0.4179 >> OK
R6 R8 3800.9080 225.000 0.3200 0.7819
3800.9080 225.000 0.4900 1.1974 0.4154 >> OK
R7 R5 2956.4417 225.000 0.3000 0.8046
2956.4417 225.000 0.4600 1.2337 0.4291 >> OK
R8 R10 5235.8528 225.000 0.4900 1.0755
5235.8528 225.000 0.6800 1.4925 0.4170 >> OK
R9 R7 2379.9884 225.000 0.1700 0.4979
2379.9884 225.000 0.3000 0.8786 0.3807 << NA
R10 R12 11346.3595 225.000 0.6800 1.1981
11346.3595 600.000 0.6900 1.6214 0.4232 >> OK
R11 R9 1621.0564 225.000 0.0500 0.1749

MiP-PSCT RCD
1621.0564 225.000 0.1700 0.5947 0.4198 >> OK

R12 R2 26243.1941 600.000 0.6900 1.2615
0.0000 225.000 0.0500 No Opert *********
LR13 R9 12967.4159 225.000 0.0500 0.0852
1621.0564 225.000 0.1700 0.5947 0.5095 >> OK
LR13 R12 12967.4159 225.000 0.0500 0.0852
11346.3595 600.000 0.6900 1.6214 1.5362 >> OK!!
LR14 R7 7615.8411 225.000 0.0500 0.0981
2379.9884 225.000 0.3000 0.8786 0.7805 >> OK
LR14 R10 7615.8411 225.000 0.0500 0.0981
5235.8528 225.000 0.6800 1.4925 1.3945 >> OK!!
LR15 R8 6757.3497 225.000 0.0500 0.1015
3800.9080 225.000 0.4900 1.1974 1.0958 >> OK!!
LR15 R5 6757.3497 225.000 0.0500 0.1015
2956.4417 225.000 0.4600 1.2337 1.1322 >> OK!!
LR16 R3 7056.6343 225.000 0.0500 0.1002
4410.4668 225.000 0.6400 1.4857 1.3855 >> OK!!
LR16 R6 7056.6343 225.000 0.0500 0.1002
2646.1674 225.000 0.3200 0.8968 0.7966 >> OK
LR17 R1 12967.4159 225.000 0.0500 0.0852
11346.3595 300.000 0.1800 0.3423 0.2571 << NA
LR17 R4 12967.4159 225.000 0.0500 0.0852
1621.0564 225.000 0.1700 0.5947 0.5095 >> OK
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Earth Relay Co-ordination Checking
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------- -------------------- ------------ ------- -------- --------
R1 R11 26243.1941 100.000 0.3000 0.3911 0.0000 30.000
0.0500 No Opert *********
R2 R4 1194.5853 30.000 0.3000 0.5625
1194.5853 90.000 0.2700 0.7213 0.1588 << NA
R3 R1 8361.3344 90.000 0.7900 1.2042
8361.3344 100.000 0.3000 0.4682 -0.7361 << NA
R4 R6 1828.6140 90.000 0.2700 0.6193
1828.6140 30.000 0.5000 0.8403 0.2210 << NA
R5 R3 3047.8197 45.000 0.6900 1.1307
3047.8197 90.000 0.7900 1.5493 0.4186 >> OK
R6 R8 2620.3800 30.000 0.5000 0.7727
2620.3800 45.000 0.7000 1.1897 0.4170 >> OK
R7 R5 2038.1973 30.000 0.5000 0.8187
2038.1973 45.000 0.6900 1.2500 0.4313 >> OK
R8 R10 3635.0185 45.000 0.7000 1.1010
3635.0185 90.000 0.8000 1.4942 0.3931 << NA
R9 R7 1652.3195 30.000 0.2700 0.4653
1652.3195 30.000 0.5000 0.8616 0.3963 << NA
R10 R12 8361.3344 90.000 0.8000 1.2195
8361.3344 300.000 0.7900 1.6400 0.4205 >> OK
R11 R9 1194.5853 30.000 0.0500 0.0937

MiP-PSCT RCD
1194.5853 30.000 0.2700 0.5062 0.4125 >> OK
R12 R2 26243.1941 300.000 0.7900 1.2205
0.0000 30.000 0.3000 No Opert *********
LR13 R9 9555.9197 105.000 0.0500 0.0766
1194.5853 30.000 0.2700 0.5062 0.4297 >> OK
LR13 R12 9555.9197 105.000 0.0500 0.0766
8361.3344 300.000 0.7900 1.6400 1.5634 >> OK!!
LR14 R7 5287.3380 60.000 0.0500 0.0771
1652.3195 30.000 0.5000 0.8616 0.7845 >> OK
LR14 R10 5287.3380 60.000 0.0500 0.0771
3635.0185 90.000 0.8000 1.4942 1.4170 >> OK!!
LR15 R8 4658.5772 60.000 0.0500 0.0794
2620.3800 45.000 0.7000 1.1897 1.1103 >> OK!!
LR15 R5 4658.5772 60.000 0.0500 0.0794
2038.1973 45.000 0.6900 1.2500 1.1706 >> OK!!
LR16 R3 4876.4337 60.000 0.0500 0.0785
3047.8197 90.000 0.7900 1.5493 1.4707 >> OK!!
LR16 R6 4876.4337 60.000 0.0500 0.0785
1828.6140 30.000 0.5000 0.8403 0.7618 >> OK
LR17 R1 9555.9197 105.000 0.0500 0.0766
8361.3344 100.000 0.3000 0.4682 0.3916 << NA
LR17 R4 9555.9197 105.000 0.0500 0.0766
1194.5853 90.000 0.2700 0.7213 0.6447 >> OK
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------- --------------- ------------ -------- -------- -------------
R1 26243.1941 300.0000 87.477 100.00 Within Limit
R2 1621.0564 225.0000 7.205 100.00 Within Limit
R3 11346.3595 225.0000 50.428 100.00 Within Limit
R4 2646.1674 225.0000 11.761 100.00 Within Limit
R5 4410.4668 225.0000 19.602 100.00 Within Limit
R6 3800.9080 225.0000 16.893 100.00 Within Limit
R7 2956.4417 225.0000 13.140 100.00 Within Limit
R8 5235.8528 225.0000 23.270 100.00 Within Limit
R9 2379.9884 225.0000 10.578 100.00 Within Limit
R10 11346.3595 225.0000 50.428 100.00 Within Limit
R11 1621.0564 225.0000 7.205 100.00 Within Limit
R12 26243.1941 600.0000 43.739 100.00 Within Limit
LR13 12967.4159 225.0000 57.633 100.00 Within Limit
LR14 7615.8411 225.0000 33.848 100.00 Within Limit
LR15 6757.3497 225.0000 30.033 100.00 Within Limit
LR16 7056.6343 225.0000 31.363 100.00 Within Limit
LR17 12967.4159 225.0000 57.633 100.00 Within Limit
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

MiP-PSCT RCD
DB CURVE NAME
(A) (A)
--- -------------------- --------- --------- ------- ------ ------- ------- -------
----- --------- --------- ---------- --------- -------------------- -------- -------
- ----------
1 R1 1 2 200 5 150.00 300.00 7.50
0.18 26243.19 0.2781 11346.36 0.3423 R3
11346.36 0.3423 LR17 ***** Relay1 3S-RELAY

2 R2 1 2 300 5 75.00 225.00 3.75
0.05 1621.06 0.1749 0.00 NO OPERT R12 ***** Relay1
3S-RELAY
3 R3 2 3 300 5 75.00 225.00 3.75
0.64 11346.36 1.1276 4410.47 1.4857 LR16
4410.47 1.4857 R5 ***** Relay1 3S-RELAY

4 R4 2 3 300 5 75.00 225.00 3.75
0.17 2646.17 0.4764 1621.06 0.5947 R2
1621.06 0.5947 LR17 ***** Relay1 3S-RELAY

5 R5 3 4 300 5 75.00 225.00 3.75
0.46 4410.47 1.0679 2956.44 1.2337 R7
2956.44 1.2337 LR15 ***** Relay1 3S-RELAY

6 R6 3 4 300 5 75.00 225.00 3.75
0.32 3800.91 0.7819 2646.17 0.8968 R4
2646.17 0.8968 LR16 ***** Relay1 3S-RELAY

7 R7 4 5 300 5 75.00 225.00 3.75
0.30 2956.44 0.8046 2379.99 0.8786 R9
2379.99 0.8786 LR14 ***** Relay1 3S-RELAY

8 R8 4 5 300 5 75.00 225.00 3.75
0.49 5235.85 1.0755 3800.91 1.1974 LR15
3800.91 1.1974 R6 ***** Relay1 3S-RELAY

9 R9 5 6 300 5 75.00 225.00 3.75
0.17 2379.99 0.4979 1621.06 0.5947 LR13
1621.06 0.5947 R11 ***** Relay1 3S-RELAY

10 R10 5 6 300 5 75.00 225.00 3.75
0.68 11346.36 1.1981 5235.85 1.4925 R8
5235.85 1.4925 LR14 ***** Relay1 3S-RELAY

11 R11 6 1 300 5 75.00 225.00 3.75
0.05 1621.06 0.1749 0.00 NO OPERT R1 ***** Relay1

MiP-PSCT RCD
3S-RELAY
12 R12 6 1 1200 5 50.00 600.00 2.50
0.69 26243.19 1.2615 11346.36 1.6214 LR13
11346.36 1.6214 R10 ***** Relay1 3S-RELAY

13 LR13 6 0 300 5 75.00 225.00 3.75
0.05 12967.42 0.0852 DOES NOT BACK-UP **** *****
Relay1 3S-RELAY
14 LR14 5 0 300 5 75.00 225.00 3.75
0.05 7615.84 0.0981 DOES NOT BACK-UP **** *****
Relay1 3S-RELAY
15 LR15 4 0 300 5 75.00 225.00 3.75
0.05 6757.35 0.1015 DOES NOT BACK-UP **** *****
Relay1 3S-RELAY
16 LR16 3 0 300 5 75.00 225.00 3.75
0.05 7056.63 0.1002 DOES NOT BACK-UP **** *****
Relay1 3S-RELAY
17 LR17 2 0 300 5 75.00 225.00 3.75
0.05 12967.42 0.0852 DOES NOT BACK-UP **** *****
Relay1 3S-RELAY
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PHASE RELAY SETTINGS
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(PRIM) (SEC) (A)
(A) (A)
-------------------- ------------ ------------ ----------------------- -------------
R1 300.000 0.180 ******
R2 225.000 0.050 ******
R3 225.000 0.640 ******
R4 225.000 0.170 ******
R5 225.000 0.460 ******
R6 225.000 0.320 ******
R7 225.000 0.300 ******
R8 225.000 0.490 ******
R9 225.000 0.170 ******
R10 225.000 0.680 ******
R11 225.000 0.050 ******
R12 600.000 0.690 ******
LR13 225.000 0.050 ******
LR14 225.000 0.050 ******
LR15 225.000 0.050 ******
LR16 225.000 0.050 ******
LR17 225.000 0.050 ******
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NOTE : For motor relays, TDS refers to time in seconds. If the manufacturer
specification is say t seconds at 'X' times Ith, then TDS refer to t seconds

MiP-PSCT RCD
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RELAY SETTINGS FOR EARTH FAULTS
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------- --------------- ------------ -------- -------- -------------
R1 26243.1941 100.0000 262.432 100.00 Exceeds Limit
R2 1194.5853 30.0000 39.820 100.00 Within Limit
R3 8361.3344 90.0000 92.904 100.00 Within Limit
R4 1828.6140 90.0000 20.318 100.00 Within Limit
R5 3047.8197 45.0000 67.729 100.00 Within Limit
R6 2620.3800 30.0000 87.346 100.00 Within Limit
R7 2038.1973 30.0000 67.940 100.00 Within Limit
R8 3635.0185 45.0000 80.778 100.00 Within Limit
R9 1652.3195 30.0000 55.077 100.00 Within Limit
R10 8361.3344 90.0000 92.904 100.00 Within Limit
R11 1194.5853 30.0000 39.820 100.00 Within Limit
R12 26243.1941 300.0000 87.477 100.00 Within Limit
LR13 9555.9197 105.0000 91.009 100.00 Within Limit
LR14 5287.3380 60.0000 88.122 100.00 Within Limit
LR15 4658.5772 60.0000 77.643 100.00 Within Limit
LR16 4876.4337 60.0000 81.274 100.00 Within Limit
LR17 9555.9197 105.0000 91.009 100.00 Within Limit
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DB CURVE NAME
(A) (A)
--- -------------------- --------- --------- ------- ------ ------- ------- -------
----- --------- --------- ---------- --------- -------------------- -------- -------
- ----------
1 R1 1 2 200 5 50.00 100.00 2.50
0.30 26243.19 0.3911 8361.33 0.4682 R3
8361.33 0.4682 LR17 ***** Relay1 3S-RELAY

2 R2 1 2 300 5 10.00 30.00 0.50
0.30 1194.59 0.5625 0.00 NO OPERT R12 ***** Relay1
3S-RELAY
3 R3 2 3 300 5 30.00 90.00 1.50
0.79 8361.33 1.2042 3047.82 1.5493 LR16
3047.82 1.5493 R5 ***** Relay1 3S-RELAY

4 R4 2 3 300 5 30.00 90.00 1.50
0.27 1828.61 0.6193 1194.59 0.7213 R2
1194.59 0.7213 LR17 ***** Relay1 3S-RELAY

MiP-PSCT RCD
5 R5 3 4 300 5 15.00 45.00 0.75
0.69 3047.82 1.1307 2038.20 1.2500 R7
2038.20 1.2500 LR15 ***** Relay1 3S-RELAY

6 R6 3 4 300 5 10.00 30.00 0.50
0.50 2620.38 0.7727 1828.61 0.8403 R4
1828.61 0.8403 LR16 ***** Relay1 3S-RELAY

7 R7 4 5 300 5 10.00 30.00 0.50
0.50 2038.20 0.8187 1652.32 0.8616 R9
1652.32 0.8616 LR14 ***** Relay1 3S-RELAY

8 R8 4 5 300 5 15.00 45.00 0.75
0.70 3635.02 1.1010 2620.38 1.1897 LR15
2620.38 1.1897 R6 ***** Relay1 3S-RELAY

9 R9 5 6 300 5 10.00 30.00 0.50
0.27 1652.32 0.4653 1194.59 0.5062 LR13
1194.59 0.5062 R11 ***** Relay1 3S-RELAY

10 R10 5 6 300 5 30.00 90.00 1.50
0.80 8361.33 1.2195 3635.02 1.4942 R8
3635.02 1.4942 LR14 ***** Relay1 3S-RELAY

11 R11 6 1 300 5 10.00 30.00 0.50
0.05 1194.59 0.0937 0.00 NO OPERT R1 ***** Relay1
3S-RELAY
12 R12 6 1 1200 5 25.00 300.00 1.25
0.79 26243.19 1.2205 8361.33 1.6400 LR13
8361.33 1.6400 R10 ***** Relay1 3S-RELAY

13 LR13 6 0 300 5 35.00 105.00 1.75
0.05 9555.92 0.0766 DOES NOT BACK-UP **** *****
Relay1 3S-RELAY
14 LR14 5 0 300 5 20.00 60.00 1.00
0.05 5287.34 0.0771 DOES NOT BACK-UP **** *****
Relay1 3S-RELAY
15 LR15 4 0 300 5 20.00 60.00 1.00
0.05 4658.58 0.0794 DOES NOT BACK-UP **** *****
Relay1 3S-RELAY
16 LR16 3 0 300 5 20.00 60.00 1.00
0.05 4876.43 0.0785 DOES NOT BACK-UP **** *****
Relay1 3S-RELAY
17 LR17 2 0 300 5 35.00 105.00 1.75
0.05 9555.92 0.0766 DOES NOT BACK-UP **** *****
Relay1 3S-RELAY

MiP-PSCT RCD
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EARTH RELAY SETTINGS
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(PRIM) (SEC) (A)
(A) (A)
-------------------- ------------ ------------ ----------------------- -----------
R1 100.000 0.300 ******
R2 30.000 0.300 ******
R3 90.000 0.790 ******
R4 90.000 0.270 ******
R5 45.000 0.690 ******
R6 30.000 0.500 ******
R7 30.000 0.500 ******
R8 45.000 0.700 ******
R9 30.000 0.270 ******
R10 90.000 0.800 ******
R11 30.000 0.050 ******
R12 300.000 0.790 ******
LR13 105.000 0.050 ******
LR14 60.000 0.050 ******
LR15 60.000 0.050 ******
LR16 60.000 0.050 ******
LR17 105.000 0.050 ******
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RELAY PH INSTANT OPER TIME SHORT CIRCUIT OPER TIME ER INSTANT OPER
TIME
NAME SETTING SETTING SETTING
(Amps) (Secs) (Amps) (Secs) (Amps)
(Secs)
-------------------- ---------- --------- ------------- --------- ---------- -------
--
****
****
****
****
****
****
****
****
****

MiP-PSCT RCD
****
****
****
LR13 No Inst **** No SC **** No Er Inst
****
****
****
****
****
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 Phase to ground fault is created at 20.00 percent of line 1
whose from node is RMUMAIN (1) and to node is RMU-1 (2).
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RELAY PH A FAULT OPERT TIME FOR ZER SEQ FAULT OPERATING TIME
NAME CURRENT PH A CURRENT CURRENT (3*I0) FOR ZS FALTCUR
(Amps) (Secs) (Amps) (Secs)
-------------------- ---------- -------------- -------------- --------------
R1 23214.31 0.2859 0.00 No pickup
R2 595.29 0.3550 0.00 No pickup
R4 595.29 1.2070 0.00 No pickup
R6 595.29 2.2720 0.00 No pickup
R8 595.29 3.4789 0.00 No pickup
R10 595.29 4.8279 0.00 No pickup
R12 595.29 No pickup 0.00 No pickup
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RELAY RELAY RELAY LINE END LINE END OP.TIME FROM SENSED
NAME LOCATION LOCATION NODE NODE NAME INST OF FAULT FAULT
NAME (Secs)
-------------------- -------- -------- -------- --------- ------------- ------
R1 1 RMUMAIN 2 RMU-1 0.2859 Phase
R2 2 RMU-1 1 RMUMAIN 0.4507 Phase
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date and Time : Wed Apr 23 10:39:57 2014

MiP-PSCT RCD
Case 3 : 5 Bus Ring System Distance Relay Co-ordination
In this section, a sample power system is considered with most of the data and element types to
explain the distance relay co-ordination. The system considered is as shown in Fig. 6.3. Listing of
files “rcdin”, “rcdout” and “rcdtoetc” are given in tables 6.5, 6.6 and 6.7 respectively.

MiP-PSCT RCD
Table 6.6 : “rcdin” file listing for case 3

DISTANCE RELAY CO-ORDINATION
CASE NO : 1 SCHEDULE NO : 0
VERSION 8

5 5 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0
0 2 0 4 0 0
0
% CONTROL INPUTS
1 3 0 100.000 50.000 0
% FAULT IMPEDANCE
0.000e+000 0.000e+000 0.000e+000 0.000e+000
0.000000e+000 1.000000e-004 0.050000
0.90000 1

132.0000 2.5000 0.8000
0.1750 0.1750 0.0375 0.0375
0.8100 1.6000 1.0000 0.6250
% BUS DATA
1 1 1 132.000 Bus1
1.000000000000e+000 0.000000000000e+000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00
2 1 1 132.000 Bus2
1.000000000000e+000 0.000000000000e+000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00

MiP-PSCT RCD
3 1 1 132.000 Bus3
1.000000000000e+000 0.000000000000e+000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00
4 1 1 132.000 Bus4
1.000000000000e+000 0.000000000000e+000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00
5 1 1 132.000 Bus5
1.000000000000e+000 0.000000000000e+000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00


% FromCBMVA ToCBMVA
3 1 1 2 2.009000e-002 5.997000e-002 0.000000e+000 4.017000e-002 1.199500e-

001 0.000000e+000 100.000 100.000
100.000000 0.700000 1.000000 2500.000000 6.000000 20.000000 1.500000 5.000000
0.600000 2.500000 7.000000
3 1 1 3 8.000000e-002 2.399600e-001 0.000000e+000 1.549600e-001 4.820900e-
001 0.000000e+000 100.000 100.000
100.000000 0.700000 1.000000 2500.000000 6.000000 20.000000 1.500000 5.000000
0.600000 2.500000 7.000000
3 1 2 3 5.997000e-002 1.799800e-001 0.000000e+000 1.199500e-001 3.673100e-
001 0.000000e+000 100.000 100.000
100.000000 0.700000 1.000000 2500.000000 6.000000 20.000000 1.500000 5.000000
0.600000 2.500000 7.000000
3 1 2 4 5.997000e-002 1.799800e-001 0.000000e+000 1.199500e-001 3.673100e-
001 0.000000e+000 100.000 100.000
100.000000 0.700000 1.000000 2500.000000 6.000000 20.000000 1.500000 5.000000
0.600000 2.500000 7.000000
3 1 2 5 3.994000e-002 1.200100e-001 0.000000e+000 8.035000e-002 2.410500e-
001 0.000000e+000 100.000 100.000
100.000000 0.700000 1.000000 2500.000000 6.000000 20.000000 1.500000 5.000000
0.600000 2.500000 7.000000
3 1 3 4 9.990000e-003 2.996000e-002 0.000000e+000 2.009000e-002 5.992000e-
002 0.000000e+000 100.000 100.000
100.000000 0.700000 1.000000 2500.000000 6.000000 20.000000 1.500000 5.000000
0.600000 2.500000 7.000000
3 1 4 5 8.000000e-002 2.399600e-001 0.000000e+000 1.549600e-001 4.820900e-
001 0.000000e+000 100.000 100.000
100.000000 0.700000 1.000000 2500.000000 6.000000 20.000000 1.500000 5.000000
0.600000 2.500000 7.000000

MiP-PSCT RCD
% GENERATOR DATA
1 0.000000e+000 2.500000e-001 0.000000e+000 1.000000e-002 0.000000e+000

1.000000e-002 100.000 3
2 0.000000e+000 2.500000e-001 0.000000e+000 1.000000e-002 0.000000e+000
1.000000e-002 100.000 3
% LOAD DATA
% FromBus
2 3
3 3
4 3
5 3

1 0.000000e+000 2.500000e-001 0.000000e+000 1.000000e-002 0.000000e+000

1.000000e-002 100.000 3
2 0.000000e+000 2.500000e-001 0.000000e+000 1.000000e-002 0.000000e+000
1.000000e-002 100.000 3
% Number of Distance Relays

14
% Simulation Type
% 0 - Only Co-ordination
% Distance Relay Data
1 1
% Relay Ser Line Loc. CT PT Load DistanceRelayReach

Discrimination RDBNo
% Name EleNo Length (0/1/2) Pri Sec Pri Sec P Q Zone1 Zone2 Zone3 Zone2
Zone3
Dr1 1 1 1 400 5 132 110 999.99 999.99
80 40 100 20 0.500 0.800 1.000 0
Dr2 1 1 2 400 5 132 110 999.99 999.99
80 40 100 20 0.500 0.800 1.000 0
Dr3 2 1 1 400 5 132 110 999.99 999.99
80 40 100 29 0.500 0.800 1.000 0
Dr4 2 1 2 400 5 132 110 999.99 999.99
80 40 100 20 0.500 0.800 1.000 0
Dr5 3 1 1 400 5 132 110 999.99 999.99
80 40 100 20 0.500 0.800 1.000 0

MiP-PSCT RCD
Dr6 3 1 2 400 5 132 110 999.99 999.99

80 40 100 20 0.500 0.800 1.000 0
Dr7 4 1 1 400 5 132 110 999.99 999.99
80 40 100 20 0.500 0.800 1.000 0
Dr8 4 1 2 400 5 132 110 999.99 999.99
80 40 100 20 0.500 0.800 1.000 0
Dr9 5 1 1 400 5 132 110 999.99 999.99
80 40 100 20 0.500 0.800 1.000 0
Dr10 6 1 1 400 5 132 110 999.99 999.99
80 40 100 20 0.500 0.800 1.000 0
Dr11 6 1 2 400 5 132 110 999.99 999.99
80 40 100 20 0.500 0.800 1.000 0
Dr12 7 1 1 400 5 132 110 999.99 999.99
80 40 100 20 0.500 0.800 1.000 0
Dr13 7 1 2 400 5 132 110 999.99 999.99
80 40 100 20 0.500 0.800 1.000 0
Dr14 5 1 2 400 5 132 110 999.99 999.99
80 40 100 20 0.500 0.800 1.000 2
% Discrimination Time
0.400
% No of faults to be simulated
1
% Simulation Data
1 50.000 1
Table 6.6: “rcdout” file listing for Case 3

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DISTANCE RELAY CO-ORDINATION
CASE NO : 1 SCHEDULE NO : 0
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------


MiP-PSCT RCD
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NUMBER OF ZONES : 1
GRAPH OPTION : 0 (NO GRAPH FILE GENERATION)
BASE MVA : 100.000
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------


-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BUS DATA
NODE STAT ZONE BUS-KV NAME VMAG-PU VANG-DEG PGEN-MW QGEN-MR
---- ---- ---- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------
1 1 1 132.000 Bus1 1.0000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
2 1 1 132.000 Bus2 1.0000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
3 1 1 132.000 Bus3 1.0000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
4 1 1 132.000 Bus4 1.0000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
5 1 1 132.000 Bus5 1.0000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000

MiP-PSCT RCD
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---- ---- ---- -------- ---- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------
3 1 1 Bus1 2 Bus2 0.02009 0.05997 0.00000
0.04017 0.11995 0.00000 100.00
3 1 1 Bus1 3 Bus3 0.08000 0.23996 0.00000
0.15496 0.48209 0.00000 100.00
3 1 2 Bus2 3 Bus3 0.05997 0.17998 0.00000
0.11995 0.36731 0.00000 100.00
3 1 2 Bus2 4 Bus4 0.05997 0.17998 0.00000
0.11995 0.36731 0.00000 100.00
3 1 2 Bus2 5 Bus5 0.03994 0.12001 0.00000
0.08035 0.24105 0.00000 100.00
3 1 3 Bus3 4 Bus4 0.00999 0.02996 0.00000
0.02009 0.05992 0.00000 100.00
3 1 4 Bus4 5 Bus5 0.08000 0.23996 0.00000
0.15496 0.48209 0.00000 100.00
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GENERATOR DATA

---- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------ ----
1 Bus1 0.00000 0.25000 0.00000 0.01000 0.00000 0.01000 100 3
2 Bus2 0.00000 0.25000 0.00000 0.01000 0.00000 0.01000 100 3
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LOAD DATA
NODE NAME STATUS

---- -------- ------
2 Bus2 3
3 Bus3 3
4 Bus4 3
5 Bus5 3
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------ ----
1 Bus1 0.00000 0.25000 0.00000 0.01000 0.00000 0.01000 100 3
2 Bus2 0.00000 0.25000 0.00000 0.01000 0.00000 0.01000 100 3

MiP-PSCT RCD
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CO-ORDINATION TYPE : 0 (DISTANCE RELAY CO-ORDIN)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NUMBER OF DISTANCE RELAYS : 14
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SIMULATION STATUS : 1 (SIMULATION)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The entries in different columns of Distance relay data

are as follows -
ELMN-NUMB : Series element number on which the relay is located.
LINE-LNTH : The length of the transmission line on which the relay is
located.
CTPRI : Current transformer primary rating in amperes.
CTSE : Current transformer secondary rating in amperes.
PTPR : Potential transformer primary rating in Kv.
PTSE : Potential transformer secondary rating in volts.
LOAD IMP
R (P.U) : Apparent load resistance in p.u determined using load flow
results.
X (P.U) : Apparent load reactance in p.u determined using load flow
results.
Z1 REACH : Percentage of the primary line impedance for which the
relay should operate instantaneously.
Z2 REACH : Percentage of shortest line impedance in the adjacent section
for which the relay provides backup protection.
Z3 REACH : Percentage of the longest line impedance connected to the
remote bus of the shortest adjacent section for which the
relay provides backup protection.
Z2 DIS TIME : The co-ordination time interval between zone1 and zone2
in seconds.
Z3 DIS TIME : The co-ordination time interval between zone2 and zone3
in seconds.
RELAY DBASE : The relay type number.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DISTANCE RELAY DATA
RELAY ELMN LINE FOR/ CTPR CTSE PTPR PTSE LOAD IMP Z1
REACH Z2 REACH
NAME NUMB LNTH REV AMPS AMP KV VOLT R(P.U) X(P.U)
PERCENT PERCENT
Z3 REACH Z2 DIS Z3 DIS Z4 REACH
Z4 RELAY
PERCENT TIME TIME PERCENT
TIME DBASE

MiP-PSCT RCD
-------------------- ---- ----- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- -------- ------ --------
Dr1 1 1.00 1 400 5 132 110 999.990 999.99 80
40
100 0.500 0.800 20
1.000 0
Dr2 1 1.00 2 400 5 132 110 999.990 999.99 80
40
100 0.500 0.800 20
1.000 0
Dr3 2 1.00 1 400 5 132 110 999.990 999.99 80
40
100 0.500 0.800 29
1.000 0
Dr4 2 1.00 2 400 5 132 110 999.990 999.99 80
40
100 0.500 0.800 20
1.000 0
Dr5 3 1.00 1 400 5 132 110 999.990 999.99 80
40
100 0.500 0.800 20
1.000 0
Dr6 3 1.00 2 400 5 132 110 999.990 999.99 80
40
100 0.500 0.800 20
1.000 0
Dr7 4 1.00 1 400 5 132 110 999.990 999.99 80
40
100 0.500 0.800 20
1.000 0
Dr8 4 1.00 2 400 5 132 110 999.990 999.99 80
40
100 0.500 0.800 20
1.000 0
Dr9 5 1.00 1 400 5 132 110 999.990 999.99 80
40
100 0.500 0.800 20
1.000 0
Dr10 6 1.00 1 400 5 132 110 999.990 999.99 80
40
100 0.500 0.800 20
1.000 0
Dr11 6 1.00 2 400 5 132 110 999.990 999.99 80
40
100 0.500 0.800 20
1.000 0
Dr12 7 1.00 1 400 5 132 110 999.990 999.99 80
40
100 0.500 0.800 20
1.000 0
Dr13 7 1.00 2 400 5 132 110 999.990 999.99 80

MiP-PSCT RCD
40
100 0.500 0.800 20
1.000 0
Dr14 5 1.00 2 400 5 132 110 999.990 999.99 80
40
100 0.500 0.800 20
1.000 2
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DISCRIMINATION TIME : 0.40
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SERIES ELEMENT PERCENT FAULTTYPE
NUMBER LINE
-------------- ------- ---------
1 50.00 1 (3 PHASE TO GROUND FAULT)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RELAY ELEMENT FROM BUS FROM BUS TO BUS TO BUS RELAY LOCATION
NAME NUMBER NUMBER NAME NUMBER NAME (FROM/TO)
BUS NAME
-------------------- ------- -------- -------- ------ -------- --------------
Dr1 1 1 Bus1 2 Bus2 Bus1
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DISTANCE RELAY PAIRS
--------------------
PRIMARY RELAY NAME BACK UP RELAY NAME
------- -------------------- ------- --------------------
5 Dr5 1 Dr1
7 Dr7 1 Dr1
9 Dr9 1 Dr1
3 Dr3 2 Dr2
6 Dr6 3 Dr3
10 Dr10 3 Dr3
1 Dr1 4 Dr4
4 Dr4 5 Dr5
10 Dr10 5 Dr5

MiP-PSCT RCD
2 Dr2 6 Dr6
7 Dr7 6 Dr6
9 Dr9 6 Dr6
11 Dr11 7 Dr7
12 Dr12 7 Dr7
2 Dr2 8 Dr8
5 Dr5 8 Dr8
9 Dr9 8 Dr8
13 Dr13 9 Dr9
8 Dr8 10 Dr10
12 Dr12 10 Dr10
4 Dr4 11 Dr11
6 Dr6 11 Dr11
14 Dr14 12 Dr12
8 Dr8 13 Dr13
11 Dr11 13 Dr13
2 Dr2 14 Dr14
5 Dr5 14 Dr14
7 Dr7 14 Dr14
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PHASE/ZERO ZONE REACH (COMPUTED)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RELAY ZONE1 ZONE2 ZONE3 ZONE4 ZONE1 ZONE2 ZONE3 ZONE4
ZONE2 ZONE3 ZONE4 APP.IMP FAR CH ANG Z0 COMP L/R
NAME SETTING SETTING SETTING SETTING SETTING SETTING SETTING SETTING
TIME TIME TIME RM BUS IN DEG (msecs)
PH-PH PH-PH PH-PH PH-PH PH-E PH-E PH-E PH-E
(s) (s) (s)
-------------------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -----
Dr1 0.5877 1.3223 5.1421 -0.147 1.1755 2.6500 10.3030 -0.294
0.500 1.300 2.300 3.9864 71 0.333 9.502
Dr2 0.5877 1.9099 5.8765 -0.147 1.1755 3.8222 11.8398 -0.294
0.500 1.300 2.300 3.2520 71 0.333 9.502
Dr3 2.3506 3.0849 6.2433 -0.852 4.7057 6.1758 12.4983 -1.706
0.500 1.300 2.300 3.6813 72 0.336 9.548
Dr4 2.3506 3.2321 5.8765 -0.588 4.7057 6.4699 11.8399 -1.176
0.500 1.300 2.300 NO RM BUS 72 0.336 9.548
Dr5 1.7629 2.3504 5.5087 -0.441 3.5907 4.7821 11.1046 -0.898
0.500 1.300 2.300 2.9282 72 0.347 9.553
Dr6 1.7629 2.4975 5.8765 -0.441 3.5907 5.0762 11.8399 -0.898
0.500 1.300 2.300 NO RM BUS 72 0.347 9.553
Dr7 1.7629 2.3504 5.5087 -0.441 3.5907 4.7821 11.1046 -0.898
0.500 1.300 2.300 2.2037 72 0.347 9.553
Dr8 1.7629 2.4975 5.8765 -0.441 3.5907 5.0762 11.8399 -0.898
0.500 1.300 2.300 NO RM BUS 72 0.347 9.553
Dr9 1.1754 2.6445 6.6111 -0.294 2.3612 5.3043 13.3219 -0.590
0.500 1.300 2.300 4.4074 72 0.336 9.564
Dr10 0.2935 1.2483 4.7742 -0.073 0.5873 2.5295 9.7109 -0.147
0.500 1.300 2.300 0.3669 72 0.333 9.546
Dr11 0.2935 1.2483 4.7742 -0.073 0.5873 2.5295 9.7109 -0.147
0.500 1.300 2.300 NO RM BUS 72 0.333 9.546
Dr12 2.3506 3.5259 6.6111 -0.588 4.7057 7.0627 13.3219 -1.176
MiP-PSCT RCD
0.500 1.300 2.300 NO RM BUS 72 0.336 9.548
Dr13 2.3506 3.0849 6.2433 -0.588 4.7057 6.1758 12.4983 -1.176
0.500 1.300 2.300 2.9382 72 0.336 9.548
Dr14 1.1754 1.7631 5.1421 -0.294 2.3612 3.5393 10.3030 -0.590
0.500 1.300 2.300 2.9382 72 0.336 9.564
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PHASE/ZERO ZONE REACH (SET VALUES)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RELAY RELAY QUANTITY ZONE1 ZONE2
ZONE3 ZONE4 ZONE1 ZONE2
ZONE3 ZONE4 REMARKS
NAME TYPE PHASE SETTING PHASE SETTING
PHASE SETTING PHASE SETTING EARTH SETTING EARTH SETTING
EARTH SETTING EARTH SETTING
-------------------- -------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------
Dr1 RED670 RES\REACT 0.1900 0.5600 0.4200 1.260
1.6300 4.8800 0.0500 0.150 0.3800 1.120 0.8400 2.520
3.2100 9.8000 0.1000 0.290 RES\REACT
Dr2 RED670 RES\REACT 0.1900 0.5600 0.6100 1.820
1.8700 5.5800 0.0500 0.150 0.3800 1.120 1.1900 3.640
3.6900 11.2600 0.1000 0.290 RES\REACT
Dr3 RED670 RES\REACT 0.7500 2.2300 0.9800 2.930
1.9800 5.9300 0.2800 0.810 1.4500 4.480 1.9000 5.880
3.8300 11.9000 0.5300 1.630 RES\REACT
Dr4 RED670 RES\REACT 0.7500 2.2300 1.0300 3.070
1.8600 5.5800 0.1900 0.560 1.4500 4.480 1.9900 6.160
3.6500 11.2700 0.3700 1.120 RES\REACT
Dr5 RED670 RES\REACT 0.5600 1.6800 0.7500 2.230
1.7500 5.2300 0.1500 0.430 1.1200 3.420 1.4900 4.550
3.4300 10.5700 0.2900 0.860 RES\REACT
Dr6 RED670 RES\REACT 0.5600 1.6800 0.7900 2.370
1.8600 5.5800 0.1500 0.430 1.1200 3.420 1.5800 4.830
3.6600 11.2700 0.2900 0.860 RES\REACT
Dr7 RED670 RES\REACT 0.5600 1.6800 0.7500 2.230
1.7500 5.2300 0.1500 0.430 1.1200 3.420 1.4900 4.550
3.4300 10.5700 0.2900 0.860 RES\REACT
Dr8 RED670 RES\REACT 0.5600 1.6800 0.7900 2.370
1.8600 5.5800 0.1500 0.430 1.1200 3.420 1.5800 4.830
3.6600 11.2700 0.2900 0.860 RES\REACT
Dr9 RED670 RES\REACT 0.3800 1.1200 0.8400 2.510
2.0900 6.2800 0.1000 0.290 0.7500 2.250 1.6600 5.050
4.1700 12.6600 0.1900 0.570 RES\REACT
Dr10 RED670 RES\REACT 0.1000 0.2800 0.4000 1.190
1.5100 4.5300 0.0300 0.100 0.1900 0.560 0.8000 2.410
3.0300 9.2300 0.0500 0.150 RES\REACT
Dr11 RED670 RES\REACT 0.1000 0.2800 0.4000 1.190
1.5100 4.5300 0.0300 0.100 0.1900 0.560 0.8000 2.410
3.0300 9.2300 0.0500 0.150 RES\REACT
Dr12 RED670 RES\REACT 0.7500 2.2300 1.1200 3.350
2.1000 6.2800 0.1900 0.560 1.4500 4.480 2.1800 6.720
4.1100 12.6800 0.3700 1.120 RES\REACT

MiP-PSCT RCD
Dr13 RED670 RES\REACT 0.7500 2.2300 0.9800 2.930

1.9800 5.9300 0.1900 0.560 1.4500 4.480 1.9000 5.880
3.8300 11.9000 0.3700 1.120 RES\REACT
Dr14 REL521 RES\REACT 0.3800 1.1200 0.5600 1.680
1.6300 4.8800 0.1000 0.290 0.7500 2.250 1.1200 3.360
3.2000 9.8000 0.1900 0.570 RES\REACT
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LOAD IMPEDANCE
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RELAY NAME EMERGENCY LOAD EMERGENCY IMP
IMPEDANCE ANGLE
-------------------- --------------- -------------
Dr1 8.4681 45.57
Dr2 8.4681 45.57
Dr3 8.4681 45.57
Dr4 8.4681 45.57
Dr5 8.4681 45.57
Dr6 8.4681 45.57
Dr7 8.4681 45.57
Dr8 8.4681 45.57
Dr9 8.4681 45.57
Dr10 8.4681 45.57
Dr11 8.4681 45.57
Dr12 8.4681 45.57
Dr13 8.4681 45.57
Dr14 8.4681 45.57
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RESISTIVE REACH (COMPUTED\SET VALUE)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RELAY NAME PH-PH ZONE 1 PH-PH ZONE 2 PH-PH ZONE 3 PH-ER ZONE 1 PH-ER ZONE
2 PH-ER ZONE 3
-------------------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ---------
Dr1 1.115\ 1.12 2.508\ 2.51 7.621\ 7.63 1.672\ 1.68 3.763\
3.77 7.621\ 7.63
Dr2 1.115\ 1.12 3.623\ 3.63 7.621\ 7.63 1.672\ 1.68 5.435\
5.44 7.621\ 7.63
Dr3 4.460\ 4.46 5.853\ 5.86 7.621\ 7.63 6.690\ 6.69 7.621\
7.63 7.621\ 7.63
Dr4 4.460\ 4.46 6.132\ 6.14 7.621\ 7.63 6.690\ 6.69 7.621\
7.63 7.621\ 7.63
Dr5 3.345\ 3.35 4.460\ 4.46 7.621\ 7.63 5.018\ 5.02 6.690\
6.69 7.621\ 7.63
Dr6 3.345\ 3.35 4.739\ 4.74 7.621\ 7.63 5.018\ 5.02 7.108\
7.11 7.621\ 7.63
Dr7 3.345\ 3.35 4.460\ 4.46 7.621\ 7.63 5.018\ 5.02 6.690\
6.69 7.621\ 7.63
Dr8 3.345\ 3.35 4.739\ 4.74 7.621\ 7.63 5.018\ 5.02 7.108\
7.11 7.621\ 7.63
Dr9 2.230\ 2.24 5.018\ 5.02 7.621\ 7.63 3.346\ 3.35 7.527\
7.53 7.621\ 7.63
Dr10 0.557\ 0.56 2.369\ 2.37 7.621\ 7.63 0.835\ 0.84 3.553\

MiP-PSCT RCD
3.56 7.621\ 7.63
Dr11 0.557\ 0.56 2.369\ 2.37 7.621\ 7.63 0.835\ 0.84 3.553\
3.56 7.621\ 7.63
Dr12 4.460\ 4.46 6.690\ 6.69 7.621\ 7.63 6.690\ 6.69 7.621\
7.63 7.621\ 7.63
Dr13 4.460\ 4.46 5.853\ 5.86 7.621\ 7.63 6.690\ 6.69 7.621\
7.63 7.621\ 7.63
Dr14 3.346\ 3.35 5.019\ 5.02 5.019\ 5.02 5.019\ 5.02 7.528\
7.53 7.528\ 7.53
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RAZOA RELAY SETTINGS
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RELAY NAME a b P1 P2 P3 START RELAY ZMAX ZONE3
OVERREACH A B
-------------------- ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ---------------- ---------
RESIDUAL COMPENSATION SET VALUE
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RELAY NAME ZONE 1 ZONE 2 ZONE 3
REMARKS
-------------------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ---------
Dr1 0.333\ 0.34 0.333\ 0.34 0.335\ 0.34 0.335\ 0.34 0.322\
0.33 0.336\ 0.34 RESISTIVE/REACTIVE
Dr2 0.333\ 0.34 0.333\ 0.34 0.320\ 0.33 0.335\ 0.34 0.327\
Dr3 0.312\ 0.32 0.336\ 0.34 0.314\ 0.32 0.336\ 0.34 0.312\
Dr4 0.312\ 0.32 0.336\ 0.34 0.314\ 0.32 0.336\ 0.34 0.320\
Dr5 0.333\ 0.34 0.347\ 0.35 0.334\ 0.34 0.346\ 0.35 0.321\
Dr6 0.333\ 0.34 0.347\ 0.35 0.333\ 0.34 0.345\ 0.35 0.322\
Dr7 0.333\ 0.34 0.347\ 0.35 0.334\ 0.34 0.346\ 0.35 0.321\
Dr8 0.333\ 0.34 0.347\ 0.35 0.333\ 0.34 0.345\ 0.35 0.322\
Dr9 0.337\ 0.34 0.336\ 0.34 0.326\ 0.33 0.336\ 0.34 0.330\
Dr10 0.337\ 0.34 0.333\ 0.34 0.334\ 0.34 0.343\ 0.35 0.336\
Dr11 0.337\ 0.34 0.333\ 0.34 0.334\ 0.34 0.343\ 0.35 0.336\
Dr12 0.312\ 0.32 0.336\ 0.34 0.316\ 0.32 0.336\ 0.34 0.321\
Dr13 0.312\ 0.32 0.336\ 0.34 0.314\ 0.32 0.336\ 0.34 0.312\
Dr14

MiP-PSCT RCD
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ARC AND TOWER FOOTING RESISTANCE
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RELAY NAME PH-PH ZONE 1 PH-PH ZONE 2 PH-PH ZONE 3 PH-E ZONE 1 PH-E ZONE 2
PH-E ZONE 3
-------------------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ----------- ----------
Dr1 0.2411 0.2411 0.2411 0.7987
0.7980 0.7987
Dr2 0.2411 0.2411 0.2411 0.7987
0.7980 0.7987
Dr3 0.2411 0.2411 0.2411 0.7987
0.7980 0.7987
Dr4 0.2411 0.2411 0.2411 0.7987
0.7980 0.7987
Dr5 0.2411 0.2411 0.2411 0.7987
0.7980 0.7987
Dr6 0.2411 0.2411 0.2411 0.7987
0.7980 0.7987
Dr7 0.2411 0.2411 0.2411 0.7987
0.7980 0.7987
Dr8 0.2411 0.2411 0.2411 0.7987
0.7980 0.7987
Dr9 0.2411 0.2411 0.2411 0.7987
0.7980 0.7987
Dr10 0.2411 0.2411 0.2411 0.7987
0.7980 0.7987
Dr11 0.2411 0.2411 0.2411 0.7987
0.7980 0.7987
Dr12 0.2411 0.2411 0.2411 0.7987
0.7980 0.7987
Dr13 0.2411 0.2411 0.2411 0.7987
0.7980 0.7987
Dr14 0.2411 0.2411 0.2411 0.7987
0.7980 0.7987
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PHASE SELECTION SETTINGS
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RELAY NAME PH-PH ZONE 1 PH-PH ZONE 2 PH-EE ZONE 1 PH-ER ZONE 2
-------------------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------
Dr1 5.370 5.370 10.780 8.390
10.760
Dr2 6.140 6.140 12.380 8.390
11.100
Dr3 6.520 6.520 13.090 8.390
11.240
Dr4 6.140 6.140 12.400 8.390
11.090
Dr5 5.750 5.750 11.630 8.390
10.920
Dr6 6.140 6.140 12.390 8.390

MiP-PSCT RCD
11.090
Dr7 5.750 5.750 11.630 8.390
10.920
Dr8 6.140 6.140 12.390 8.390
11.090
Dr9 6.900 6.900 13.930 8.390
11.450
Dr10 4.990 4.990 10.150 8.390
10.610
Dr11 4.990 4.990 10.150 8.390
10.610
Dr12 6.900 6.900 13.950 8.390
11.430
Dr13 6.520 6.520 13.090 8.390
11.240
Dr14 1.7900 5.3700 8.9000 10.7800
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
POWER SWING BLOCKING
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RELAY NAME R1-IN X1-IN R1-OUT X1-OUT
-------------------- ------- ------- ------- -------
Dr1 6.780 6.780 8.130 8.130
Dr1 6.780 6.780 8.130 8.130
Dr2 6.780 6.780 8.130 8.130
Dr2 6.780 6.780 8.130 8.130
Dr3 6.780 6.780 8.130 8.130
Dr3 6.780 6.780 8.130 8.130
Dr4 6.780 6.780 8.130 8.130
Dr4 6.780 6.780 8.130 8.130
Dr5 6.780 6.780 8.130 8.130
Dr5 6.780 6.780 8.130 8.130
Dr6 6.780 6.780 8.130 8.130
Dr6 6.780 6.780 8.130 8.130
Dr7 6.780 6.780 8.130 8.130
Dr7 6.780 6.780 8.130 8.130
Dr8 6.780 6.780 8.130 8.130
Dr8 6.780 6.780 8.130 8.130
Dr9 6.780 6.780 8.130 8.130
Dr9 6.780 6.780 8.130 8.130
Dr10 6.780 6.780 8.130 8.130
Dr10 6.780 6.780 8.130 8.130
Dr11 6.780 6.780 8.130 8.130
Dr11 6.780 6.780 8.130 8.130
Dr12 6.780 6.780 8.130 8.130
Dr12 6.780 6.780 8.130 8.130
Dr13 6.780 6.780 8.130 8.130
Dr13 6.780 6.780 8.130 8.130
Dr14 7.310 5.370 8.130 8.130
---------------------------------------------------------------

Y
x
Free Programmable
Block
Graph Utility
+-x÷
Power System COMTRADE

Network Editor Viewer
Database Manager
LPC/CPC
Power Research & Development Consultants Pvt. Ltd.

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Tel: +91-80-4245 5555 / 23192209, Fax: +91-80-4245 5556 / 23192210
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All information contained in this documentation, as well as the software described in it, is conﬁdential and proprietary to Power Research &
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Relay Co Ordination User Manual

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User Manual

Power Research and Development Consultants Page 2

2. How to solve Relay Co-ordination

The relay make is as follows

Relay rated current = 5 Amps

Plug setting = 50% to 250% in steps of 25%

Time setting multiplier = 0.05 to 1.0 in steps of 0.01

Transmission line details on 100 MVA base:

Bus - code Impedance Zpq Line charging

Power Research and Development Consultants Pvt. Ltd Page 3

Maximum fault level = 1000 MVA.

Interpretation according to MiP-PSCT:

As all the relays are of 3 sec type, no of relay libraries = 1

Procedure to enter the data for performing studies using MiP-PSCT.

Following are the two methods.

1. Drawing single line diagram and entering corresponding data in database

MiP-PSCT - Database Configuration

Click here to specify the name of the database

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Select the folder and

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Bus Base Voltage Configuration

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Procedure to Draw First Element - Bus

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Calculation of Xd, Xd', Xd" :

For maximum fault level, Xd = Xd' = Xd" = 100 / 1000 = 0.1 pu = Xn = X0

Procedure to Draw Transmission Line

Power Research and Development Consultants Page 8

Procedure to Draw Generator

Click on Generator icon provided on power system tool bar.

Power Research and Development Consultants Pvt. Ltd Page 9

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Procedure to Draw Relay

Select menu option Libraries  Protection  Relay Database.

Enter relay number as 100 and other details as shown below

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2. Select t = C1 / log (M)

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Relay rated current = 5 Amps

Current setting Max = 250 % of % 5 amps = 2.5 x 5 = 12.5

Uniform variation step = 0.25

Enter time dial setting as below

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Click Next, a dialog

Time setting multiplier = 0.05 to 1.0 in steps of 0.01

Executing Over Current Relay Co - ordination

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Click here for study

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1 Execute after giving the

3 Click here to plot relay co-

2 Click here to view

Power Research and Development Consultants Pvt. Ltd Page 17

Results of Relay Co - ordination: (For maximum fault condition)

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Power Research and Development Consultants Pvt. Ltd Page 19

Now double click on row