FLOOR SLAB DESIGN

Analysis of One-way Slab

A one-way slab is considered as a wide, shallow, rectangular beam. It is analyzed by
considering a one-meter strip, which is assumed independent of the adjacent strips.

Design Specifications
1). Minimum Thickness of One-way slabs unless deflections are computed,
According to Type of Supports: Minimum Thickness, h (mm)
a). Simply Supported ---------------------------- KL / 20
b). One-end continuous ------------------------ KL / 24
c). Both ends continuous ----------------------- KL / 28
d). Cantilever ------------------------------------- KL / 10
Where:
L= Span length (depends on the support)
K = 1.0, for members with normal density concrete, Wc ( Wc= 2,300 kg/cu.m.) and Grade
415 MPa Reinforcement ( fy = 415MPa).
K= (1.65 – 0.0005 Wc) ≥1.09, for structural lightweight concrete with density in the range of
1,500-2,000 kg/cu.m. and K = (0.4 + fy/700), for fy other than 415MPa.
2). Minimum diameter of flexural reinforcement, db = 12mm.
Minimum diameter of temperature bars, dbt = 10 mm.
Minimum clear concrete cover = 20 mm.
3). Required Steel Ratio for Flexural reinforcement,

𝑓′𝑐 2𝑅𝑢
𝜌 = 0.85 𝑓𝑦
[1 − √1 − 0.85 𝑓′𝑐] , 𝑅ℎ𝑜 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎
Where:
𝑀
𝑅𝑢 = ∅ 𝑏𝑑𝑢 2 , 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
Mu = Ultimate Design Moment 𝑑𝑏 , 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚.
∅ = 0.90, 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑅𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
b = 1,000 mm h
d
d = Effective Depth
Required area of Flexural Reinforcement per meter strip,
𝐴 20mm concrete
𝜌 = 𝑏𝑑𝑠 , 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝐴𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜; 𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
4). Required Steel Ratio for Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement, cover
a). 𝜌𝑡 = 0.0020, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑦 = 275 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 40)𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔: 𝑌𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 (40,000𝑝𝑠𝑖)
b). 𝜌𝑡 = 0.0018, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑦 = 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎 (𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 60)𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔: 𝐺𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑛 (60,000𝑝𝑠𝑖)
400
c). 𝜌𝑡 = 0.0018 ( 𝑓 ) , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑦 > 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑦
Required area of Temperature reinforcement per meter strip,
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 𝜌𝑡 𝑏ℎ
5). Required Spacing of Bars considering one-meter strip,
1,000𝑚𝑚 𝑠 𝜋 𝑑
𝐴
= 𝐴 ; where, 𝐴𝑏 = 4 𝑑𝑏 2 ; 𝑑 = ℎ − 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 − 2𝑏
𝑠 𝑏
1,000𝐴𝑏
𝑠= , (𝑚𝑚);
𝐴𝑠
 6). Maximum Spacing of Flexural Reinforcement, s = 3h or 450mm O.C.
Maximum spacing of Temeperature Reinforcement, s = 5h or 450 mm O.C.

Layout detail for the top and bottom bars cut/bent distance from supports:
L/4 L/2 L/4

L/4 L

7). Maximum Steel Ratio,

𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 𝜌𝑏
𝑓′𝑐 600
𝜌𝑏 = 0.85 𝛽1 (600+𝑓 )
𝑓𝑦 𝑦
For f’c > 30MPa, 𝛽1 = 0.85 − 0.008 (𝑓 ′ 𝑐 − 30) ≥ 0.65
For f’c < 30 MPa, 𝛽1 = 0.85
8). Minimum Steel Ratio,
1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝑓𝑦

Recommended Bar Details for Continuous Beams and Slabs

Development of Positive Moment Reinforcement (NSCP 412.12.1) 2010

At least One-third the positive moment reinforcement in simple members and one-fourth
the positive moment reinforcement in continuous members shall extend along the same face of
member into the support.
Development of Negative Moment Reinforcement (NSCP 412.13.3) 2010
At least One-third the total tension reinforcement provided for negative moment at a
support still have an embedment length beyond the point of infection not less than the effective
depth of member , 12 𝑑𝑏 , or 1/16 of the clear span, whichever is greater.

 For and average designer, certain “rules of thumb” have been developed to meet the code
rules described, since trying to go through these various calculations for cut-off or bend
points for all the bars can be a very large job.
𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐿3
𝐿1 /5 𝐿1 /3 𝐿2 /3 𝐿2 /3

𝐿1 /7 𝐿1 /5 𝐿2 /5 𝐿2 /5
𝑆𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠

1 𝑇𝑜𝑝 𝐵𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝐵𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝐵𝑎𝑟𝑠

𝐴
4 𝑠
𝑇𝑦𝑝𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
 𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐿3
𝐿1 /4 𝐿1 /4 𝐿2 /4 𝐿2 /4

𝐿1 /7 𝐿1 /5 𝐿2 /5 𝐿2 /5

1 𝑇𝑜𝑝 𝐵𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝐵𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝐵𝑎𝑟𝑠

𝐴
4 𝑠
𝑇𝑦𝑝𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Sample Problem:

Design a one-way slab having a continuous span of 4 meters to carry a liveload of 5 KPa. Having f’c
= 21 MPa, and fy = 275 MPa.

R.C. Column R.C. Slab

4m

250 x 300mm
Solution: R.C. Beam
Uniform Loads:
𝐾𝑁
𝑊𝐿𝐿 = 5 2 ∗ (1𝑚) = 5 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
𝑚
Min. thickness, h = KL/28
𝑓𝑦 275
𝐾 = 0.40 + = 0.40 + = 0.79
700 700
0.79 (4000)
ℎ= = 113.5𝑚𝑚 ; say h = 115mm
28
𝐾𝑁 𝐾𝑁
𝑊𝐷𝐿 = 2.4 (9.81 𝑚3 ) (1𝑚)(0.115𝑚) = 2.71 𝑚
𝑊𝑢 = 1.4 𝑊𝐷𝐿 + 1.7𝑊𝐿𝐿 = 1.4(2.71 + 1.7(5) = 12.294𝐾𝑁/𝑚
Ultimate Design Moment, for Continuous slab, sec. 5.8.3.3. (Approximate moment/ shears)
𝑊𝐿𝐿 5
= = 1.845 < 3 (𝑂𝐾)
𝑊𝐷𝐿 2.71
@ Supports (Negative Moment) (see table chart)
1 2𝑏
𝑀𝑢 = − 11 𝑊𝑢 𝑙𝑢2 ; 𝑙𝑢 = 𝐿 − = 𝐿 − 𝑏; 𝑏 = 250𝑚𝑚
2
𝑙𝑢 = 4000 − 250 = 3750 𝑚𝑚
1
𝑀𝑢 = − 11 (12.294)(3.75)2 = −15.72 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
@Midspan (Positive Moment) (see table chart)
1 2𝑏
𝑀𝑢 = 16 𝑊𝑢 𝑙𝑢2 ; 𝑙𝑢 = 𝐿 − = 𝐿 − 𝑏; 𝑏 = 250𝑚𝑚
2
𝑙𝑢 = 4000 − 250 = 3750 𝑚𝑚
1
𝑀𝑢 = 16 (12.294)(3.75)2 = 10.81 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
Say use, 𝑀𝑢 = 15.72 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚

Check for Shear,

1
Shear capacity of concrete, 𝑉𝑐 = √𝑓 ′ 𝑐(𝑏)(𝑑); where 𝑑𝑏 = 12𝑚𝑚 − 𝑑𝑖𝑎. , 20 𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟;
6
d=115-20-12/2 = 89mm
1
𝑉𝑐 =
6
√21(1000𝑚𝑚)(89𝑚𝑚) = 67,974.87 𝑁
Ultimate Shear: (see table chart)
1 1 𝐾𝑁
𝑉𝑢 = 2 𝑊𝑢 𝑙𝑛 = (12.294 ) (3.75𝑚) = 23.05 𝐾𝑁 𝑜𝑟 23,050 𝑁
2 𝑚

Shear Criteria:
𝑉𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑉𝑐 ; ∅ = 0.85
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.85(67974.87) = 57,778.64𝑁; since 𝑉𝑢 < ∅𝑉𝑐 (𝑂𝐾);
if 𝑉𝑢 > ∅𝑉𝑐 , increase the thickness, h.

Design for flexure

𝑓′𝑐 2𝑅𝑢
𝜌 = 0.85
𝑓𝑦
[1 − √1 − 0.85 𝑓′𝑐] (Rho formula)
𝑀 15.72 (1000)2 𝑁.𝑚𝑚
𝑅𝑢 = ∅𝑏𝑑𝑢2 = 0.90(1000)𝑚𝑚 (89)2 = 2.21 𝑀𝑃𝑎
(21) 2(2.21)
𝜌 = 0.85 (275)
[1 − √1 − 0.85 (21)] = 0.00861

Rebars Area, Main bars

𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌 𝑏𝑑= 0.00861(1000)(89) = 766.02 𝑚𝑚2

Spacing,
𝜋
1000𝐴𝑏 1000( ∗122 )
4
𝑠= 𝐴𝑠
= 766.02
= 147.64𝑚𝑚 < 3ℎ 𝑜𝑟 450𝑚𝑚
Therefore, use 12mm-dia Main bars spaced @ 145mm O.C.

Temperature bars,
𝜌𝑡 = 0.002; 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 𝜌𝑏ℎ = 0.002(1000)(115) = 230 𝑚𝑚2

Assume 10mm-dia. Temp. bars

𝜋
1000𝐴𝑏 1000( ∗102 )
4
𝑠𝑡 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡
= 230
= 341. 𝑚𝑚 < 5ℎ 𝑜𝑟 450𝑚𝑚
Therefore, use 10mm-dia. Temperature bars @ 340mm O.C.
Detail sketch, Detail of Reinforcement (using cut-off bars)

12mm-dia. TOP Bars @ 145 mm O.C. -Main bars

𝑙𝑛 /4 𝑙𝑛 /4
10mm-dia. TOP Bars @ 340 mm O.C.
Temp. Bars

12mm-dia. Bottom Bars @ 145 mm O.C.

𝑙𝑛 /5 𝑙𝑛 /5
𝑙𝑛
10mm-dia. Bottom Bars @ 340 mm O.C.
Temp. Bars
 Sample Problem:
It is required to construct a suspended ramp to bridge the gap between the street and a big
department store for the loading and unloading of goods. Due to limited headroom, it is necessary
that the ramp must be free of beams and must consist of slab. Design the ramp for minimum depth
using 16mm reinforcing bars for the main and temperature reinforcement, f’c = 21MPa, and fy
=275MPa, Liveload=7.0 KN/sq.m. and Deadload = 3.0 KN/sq.m.
Loading diagram
Expansion joint 16mm-dia. bars
Street Level
Wu
Suspended ramp

L= 4.25 m
1 Expansion joint
6 Basement level

Assume a simply
supported

L= 4.25 m
Solution:

Min. thickness, h = KL/20 (simply suppoted), for fy = 275MPa

𝑓𝑦 275
𝐾 = 0.40 + = 0.40 + = 0.79
700 700
0.79 (4250𝑚𝑚)
ℎ= = 168.5 𝑚𝑚 ; say h = 170 mm
20
𝐾𝑁 𝐾𝑁 𝐾𝑁 7𝐾𝑁
𝑊𝐷𝐿 = 3.0 (1.0𝑚) + 2.4 (9.81 𝑚3 ) (1𝑚)(0.170𝑚) = 7 ; 𝑊𝐿𝐿 = 7 𝑚2 ∗ (1𝑚) =
𝑚 𝑚
𝑊𝑢 = 1.4 𝑊𝐷𝐿 + 1.7𝑊𝐿𝐿 = 1.4(7) + 1.7(7) = 21.7𝐾𝑁/𝑚
Simply supported slab
1
𝑀𝑢 = 8 𝑊𝑢 𝐿2 ; d
1
𝑀𝑢 = 8 (21.7)(4.25)2 = 49.0 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚

Check for Shear,

1
Shear capacity of concrete, 𝑉𝑐 = √𝑓 ′ 𝑐(𝑏)(𝑑); where 𝑑𝑏 = 16𝑚𝑚 − 𝑑𝑖𝑎. , 20 𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟;
6
d=170-20-16/2 = 142 mm
1
𝑉𝑐 = 6
√21(1000𝑚𝑚)(142𝑚𝑚) = 108484.29 𝑁 or 108.45KN
Ultimate Shear: simply supported
1 1 𝐾𝑁
𝑉𝑢 = 2 𝑊𝑢 𝐿 = (21.7 ) (4.25𝑚) = 46.11 𝐾𝑁 𝑜𝑟 23,050 𝑁
2 𝑚

Shear Criteria:
𝑉𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑉𝑐 ; ∅ = 0.85
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.85(108.45) = 92.186𝐾𝑁; since 𝑉𝑢 < ∅𝑉𝑐 (𝑂𝐾);
if 𝑉𝑢 > ∅𝑉𝑐 , increase the thickness, h.

Design for flexure

𝑓′𝑐 2𝑅𝑢
𝜌 = 0.85 𝑓𝑦
[1 − √1 − 0.85 𝑓′𝑐] (Rho formula)
𝑀𝑢 49 (1000)2 𝑁.𝑚𝑚
𝑅𝑢 = = = 2.70 𝑀𝑃𝑎
∅𝑏𝑑 2 0.90(1000)𝑚𝑚 (142)2
(21) 2(2.70)
𝜌 = 0.85 (275)
[1 − √1 − 0.85 (21)] = 0.0011

Maximum Steel ratio,

𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 𝜌𝑏
𝑓′𝑐 600 21 600
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75𝜌𝑏 = (0.75)0.85 𝛽1 (600+𝑓 ) = 0.75(0.85)(0.85) 275 (600+275) = 0.028
𝑓𝑦 𝑦
For f’c > 30MPa, 𝛽1 = 0.85 − 0.008 (𝑓 ′ 𝑐 − 30) ≥ 0.65
For f’c < 30 MPa, 𝛽1 = 0.85

Minimum Steel Ratio,

1.4 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 275 = 0.005> 𝜌 = 0.0011 < 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.028 (OK)
𝑓𝑦
Required Steel Area of bars,
Rebars Area, Main bars
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌 𝑏𝑑= 0.0011(1000)(142) = 1562 𝑚𝑚2

Spacing,
𝜋
1000𝐴𝑏 1000( ∗162 )
4
𝑠= 𝐴𝑠
= 1562
= 128.70 𝑚𝑚 < 3ℎ 𝑜𝑟 450𝑚𝑚
Therefore, use 16mm-dia Main bars spaced @ 125mm O.C.

Temperature bars, for fy =275MPa

𝜌𝑡 = 0.002; 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 𝜌𝑏ℎ = 0.002(1000)(170) = 340 𝑚𝑚2

Assume 10mm-dia. Temp. bars

𝜋
1000𝐴𝑏 1000( ∗162 )
4
𝑠𝑡 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡
= 340
= 591.36 𝑚𝑚 < 5ℎ > 450𝑚𝑚
Therefore, use 16mm-dia. Temperature bars @ 450mm O.C.

Investigation of One-Way Slab

Sample Problem: A one-way slab having a simple span of 3m is 160mm thick. The slab is reinforced
with 12mm-dia. Tension bars (fy=275MPa) spaced at 140mm O.C. steel covering is 20mm.
Calculate the uniform liveload that the slab can carry. F’c = 21MPa.
Solution:
h = 160mm ; 𝑑𝑏 = 12𝑚𝑚 − 𝑑𝑖𝑎. Effective depth, d= 160-20-12/2 = 134mm
 𝐴
Actual Steel Ratio, 𝜌 = 𝑏𝑑𝑠
Actual Steel area per meter strip, 𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌 𝑏𝑑
𝜋
1000𝐴𝑏 1000( ∗122 )
Spacing, 𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠
= 𝐴𝑠
4

𝜋 2
1000( ∗12 )
140𝑚𝑚 = 4
𝐴𝑠
; 𝐴𝑠 = 807.84𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠 807.84
𝜌= = = 0.006
𝑏𝑑 (1000)(134)
𝑀
Coefficient of resistance, 𝑅𝑢 = ∅𝑏𝑑𝑢2
𝑅𝑢 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝜔(1 − 0.59𝜔);
𝜌𝑓𝑦 (0.006)(275)
Reinforcement Index, 𝜔 = = = 0.08
𝑓′𝑐 21
𝑅𝑢 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝜔(1 − 0.59𝜔) = 21(0.08)[1 − 0.59(0.08)] = 1.6𝑀𝑃𝑎
Ultimate Moment Capacity, Mu
𝑀𝑢
𝑅𝑢 =
∅𝑏𝑑 2
𝑢 𝑀 25856640𝑁.𝑚𝑚
1.6𝑀𝑃𝑎 = (0.90)(1000𝑚𝑚)(134𝑚𝑚) 2 ; 𝑀𝑢 = (1000)2
= 25.857 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
Ultimate Uniform Load, Wu (Simply supported)
1
𝑀𝑢 = 8 𝑊𝑢 𝐿2
1
25.857 = 8 𝑊𝑢 (3)2 ; 𝑊𝑢 = 22.984 𝐾𝑁/𝑚
Uniform Deadload, 𝑊𝐷𝐿 = 𝛾𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐 𝑏ℎ
𝐾𝑁
𝑊𝐷𝐿 = 2.4 (9.81 𝑚3 ) (1𝑚)(0.160𝑚)=3.767 KN/m
𝑊𝑢 = 1.4 𝑊𝐷𝐿 + 1.7𝑊𝐿𝐿
22.984 = 1.4(3.767) + 1.7 𝑊𝐿𝐿
𝐾𝑁
𝑊𝐿𝐿 = 17.71 𝑚
Uniform Pressure Due to Liveload, (per meter strip)
𝑲𝑵 𝟏𝟕.𝟕𝟏𝑲𝑵
𝑾𝑳𝑳 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟕𝟏 (𝟏𝒎) = = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟕𝟏 𝑲𝑷𝒂
𝒎 𝒎𝟐
𝑓′𝑐 2𝑅𝑢
Or Solving for 𝑅𝑢 using the 𝜌 = 0.85 𝑓𝑦
[1 − √1 − 0.85 𝑓′𝑐] (Rho formula)
21 2𝑅𝑢
0.006 = 0.85 𝑓𝑦275
[1 − √1 − 0.85 (21)] ;
2
0.006(275) 2 2𝑅𝑢
( 0.85(21)
) = [1 − √1 − 0.85 (21)]
𝑅𝑢 = 1.57 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑜𝑟 1.6 𝑀𝑃𝑎.
Two-Way Slab Design
 When a rectangular reinforced concrete slab is supported on all four sides, reinforcement
placed perpendicular to the side may be assumed effective in the two directions.

 In two-way slabs, bending occurs in both directions.

𝑠 𝐿
 Ratio of shorter side to the longer side, m = > 0.50 𝑜𝑟 < 2.0 However, if a
𝐿 𝑠
𝑠 𝐿
rectangular slab is supported in all four sides but the ratio of m = 𝐿 ≤ 0.50 𝑜𝑟 𝑠 ≥ 2.0 ,
the slab will, for all practical purposes, act as a one-way slab, with bending occurring in the
short direction.

Design approaches:
1). Direct design method, 2) Equivalent Frame Method and 3). Moment Coefficient Method

Minimum Slab Thickness:

𝑙𝑛 (800+0.73 𝑓𝑦 )
ℎ= , (Eq. 10-1)
36000+5000𝛽[𝛼𝑚 −0.12 (1+1⁄𝛽 ]
𝐶ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
but not less than, (minimum thickness)
𝑙𝑛 (800+0.73 𝑓𝑦 )
ℎ= , (Eq. 10-2)
36000+9000𝛽

and need not more than, (maximum thickness)

𝑙𝑛 (800+0.73 𝑓𝑦 )
ℎ= , (Eq. 10-3)
36000

But in no case shall the thickness be less than,

a). for 𝛼𝑚 < 2.0 − − − − − − − − − − − − − 125𝑚𝑚
b). for 𝛼𝑚 ≥ 2.0 − − − − − − − − − − − − − 90𝑚𝑚

where:
𝑙𝑛 = length of clear span in long-direction, measured from face-to-face of supports.
𝛼𝑚 = average value of 𝛼 for all beams on edges of a panel (EI).
𝛼 = ratio of flexural stiffness of beam section to flexural stiffness of a width of slab rounded
laterally by centerline of adjacent panel on each side of beam.
𝐸 𝐼
𝛼 = 𝐸𝑐𝑏 𝐼𝑏
𝑐𝑠 𝑠
𝑙𝑛𝑙
𝛽 = ratio of clear spans in long to short direction of two-way slabs, 𝛽 = ;
𝑙𝑛𝑠
𝑙𝑛𝑙 = 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛; 𝑙𝑛𝑠 = 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
𝐸𝑐𝑏 = Modulus of elasticity of concrete beam
𝐸𝑐𝑏 = Modulus of elasticity of concrete slab
𝐼𝑏 = Moment of inertia about centroidal axis of gross-section of beams as defined in 5.13.2.4
(NSCP2001)
 𝐼𝑠 = Moment of inertia about centroidal axis of gross-section of slab.
s 𝑏1 𝑏1
ℎ𝑠

ℎ𝑏
𝑏1 z
𝑙𝑛
Beam 2

Beam 4 Beam 1 For Interior Beam,

z
1.6 𝑏ℎ3
𝐼𝑏1 = ;
12
Beam 3
𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑏 𝐼𝑏1 𝐼𝑏2 𝐼𝑏3 𝐼𝑏4 𝛼1 +𝛼2 +𝛼3 +𝛼4 𝑠 ℎ𝑠3
𝛼1 = = ; 𝛼2 = ; 𝛼3 = ; 𝛼4 = ; 𝛼𝑚 = For Slab, 𝐼𝑠 =
𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑠 𝑏ℎ3𝑠 𝑏ℎ3𝑠 𝑏ℎ3𝑠 𝑏ℎ3𝑠 4 12
12 12 12 12

 Sec. 5.13.2.3: For monolithic or fully composite construction, a beam includes that portion of slab on each
side of the beam extending a distance equal to the projection beam below the slab but not greater than four
times the slab thickness.
(𝑏1 = z or 4h; whichever is lesser)

Two-way Slab: Analysis by the Coefficient Method

- The method makes use of tables of moment coefficients for a variety of conditions. These
coefficients are based on elastic analysis but also account for inelastic redistribution.
- The method provides that each panel be divided in both directions into a middle strip whose
width is one-half that of the panel and two edge of column strips of one-quarter of the panel
width.
Shorter dimensions, 𝑙𝑎
Shorter dimensions, 𝑙𝑎 Longer dimensions, 𝑙𝑏
Shorter dimensions, 𝑙𝑎

Column Strip (-M)

Column Strip (-M)

Middle Strip (+M)

Longer dimensions, 𝑙𝑏
Longer dimensions, 𝑙𝑏

Column Strip (-M)

Middle Strip (+M)
Column Strip (-M)

𝑙𝑏 /4 𝑙𝑏 /2 𝑙𝑏 /4

Considering longer dimension

Considering shorter dimension
Bending Moments
Moments along short direction,
𝑀𝑎 = 𝐶𝑎 𝑤𝑙𝑎2
Moments along long direction,
𝑀𝑏 = 𝐶𝑏 𝑤𝑙𝑏2
Where:
𝐶𝑎 , 𝐶𝑏 =tabulated moment coefficients
W = uniform load, KN/sq.m.
𝑙𝑎 = length of clear span in short direction
𝑙𝑏 = length of clear span in long direction
Design Loads
Table 12.3 – moment coefficients C, for negative moments at continuous edges.
Table 12.4 – Moment coefficients C, for deadload positive moment.
Table 12.5 – Moment coefficients C, for liveload positive moment.]
 At discontinuous edges, negative moments are assumed equal to one-third of the positive
moment for the same direction.
Table 12.6 – Fraction of the total load w that are transmitted in the two dimensions, for computing
shear in the slabs and loads on the supporting beams.

Design Specifications
1. Steel Ratios
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 𝜌𝑏 ; 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = that required for shrinkage/ temperature reinforcement
2. Spacing of flexural reinforcement at critical sections must not exceed 2 times the slab
thickness.
3. Special reinforcement should be provided at exterior corners in both the bottom and top of
slab, for a distance in each direction from the corner equal to 1/5 the longer span of the
corner panel. The reinforcement at the top of the slab should be parallel to the diagonal
from the corner, while that at the bottom should be perpendicular to the diagonal.
The positive and negative reinforcement, in any case, should be of a size and spacing
equivalent to that required for the maximum positive moment in the panel.

𝑙𝑛 /5

𝑙𝑛 /5
 Problem: A monolithic reinforced concrete floor is to be composed of rectangular bays measuring
6.4m x 7.9m on centers from supporting beams of width 300mm and depth 600mm provided on all
column lines. The floor is to be designed to carry a service liveload of 6.0KPa uniformly distributed
over its surface, in addition to its own weight. Determine the required slab thickness and
reinforcement for the corner panel shown using f’c = 21MPa and fy = 415MPa with normal weight
concrete with E=4730√𝑓′𝑐.
6.4m 6.4m
B
3
A A

7.9m 1 2

4
B

7.9m

S =6.4m

600mm
3.2m 3.2m 3.2m
1 2

300mm 𝑙𝑎
SECTION A-A
L =7.9m

h
600mm
3 3.95m 3.95m 3.95m
4

300mm 𝑙𝑏
SECTION B-B
Solution:
𝑠 6.4𝑚
𝑚 = 𝐿 = 7.9𝑚 = 0.81 > 0.50; * Two-way slab;
Clear spans, 𝑙𝑎 = 6.4 − 0.3 = 6.1 𝑚; 𝑙𝑏 = 7.9 − 0.3 = 7.6 𝑚
Minimum thickness, NSCP sec.5.9.5.3(Eq. 10-2) (eq9.12):
𝑙𝑛 (800+0.73 𝑓𝑦 ) 𝑙𝑏 7.6
ℎ= , for 𝛽 = = = 1.24; for 𝑙𝑛 = 𝑙𝑏 = 7.6𝑚
36000+9000𝛽 𝑙𝑎 6.1
7.6[800+0.73 (415)]
ℎ= = 177.74𝑚𝑚, 𝑠𝑎𝑦 𝑡𝑟𝑦, ℎ = 180𝑚𝑚
36000+9000(1.24)
𝑙𝑛 (800+0.73 𝑓𝑦 )
Eq. 9.11: ℎ =
36000+5000𝛽[𝛼𝑚 −0.12 (1+1⁄𝛽 ]

For 𝛼𝑚 :
𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑏 𝐼𝑏1 1.4 𝑏ℎ3 1.4 (300)(600)3 𝑠 ℎ𝑠3 3200(180)3
𝛼1 = = 𝑏ℎ3
; 𝐼𝑏1 = = ; 𝐼𝑠 = = (Discontinuous edge)
𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑠 𝑠 12 12 12 12
12
1.4 (300)(600)3
𝛼1 = 12 = 4.86
3200(180)3
12
𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑏 𝐼𝑏2 1.6 𝑏ℎ3 1.6 (300)(600)3 𝑠 ℎ𝑠3 6400(180)3
𝛼2 = = 𝑏ℎ3
; 𝐼𝑏2 = = ; 𝐼𝑠 = = (Continuous edge)
𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑠 𝑠 12 12 12 12
12
1.6 (300)(600)3
𝛼2 = 12 = 2.73
6400(180)3
12
𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑏 𝐼𝑏3 1.4 𝑏ℎ3 1.4 (300)(600)3 𝑠 ℎ𝑠3 3950(180)3
𝛼3 = = 𝑏ℎ3
; 𝐼𝑏3 = = ; 𝐼𝑠 = = (Discontinuous edge)
𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑠 𝑠 12 12 12 12
12
1.4 (300)(600)3
𝛼3 = 12 = 3.94
3950(180)3
12
𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑏 𝐼𝑏4 1.6 𝑏ℎ3 1.6 (300)(600)3 𝑠 ℎ𝑠3 7900(180)3
𝛼4 = = 𝑏ℎ3
; 𝐼𝑏4 = = ; 𝐼𝑠 = = (Continuous edge)
𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑠 𝑠 12 12 12 12
12
1.6 (300)(600)3
𝛼2 = 12 = 2.25
7900(180)3
12
𝛼1 + 𝛼2 + 𝛼3 + 𝛼4 4.86 + 2.73 + 3.94 + 2.25
𝛼𝑚 = = = 3.46 > 2.0
4 4
7600[800 + 0.73 (415)]
ℎ= = 149.4 𝑚𝑚
36000 + 5000(1.24)[3.46 − 0.12 (1 + 1⁄1.24)]

𝛼𝑚 ≥ 2.0 − − − − − − − − − − − − − 90𝑚𝑚
𝑙𝑛 (800+0.73 𝑓𝑦 ) 7600[800+0.73(415)]
Maximum, ℎ = = = 232.84𝑚𝑚 ; Therefore, use, h =180mm
36000 36000
Approximate Formula,
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙
Min. h, ℎ = (when beam/slab stiffness data is not available)
180
2𝑙𝑎 +2𝑙𝑏 2(𝑙𝑎 +𝑙𝑏 ) 2(6100+7600)
ℎ= = = = 152.221 𝑚𝑚
180 180 180

For Loads:
𝑊𝐿𝐿 = 6 𝐾𝑃𝑎
Deadload (due to selfweight) for 1m strip length,
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝐿
𝐾𝑁
𝑊𝐷𝐿 = 2.4 (9.81 𝑚3 ) (0.180𝑚) = 4.24 𝐾𝑃𝑎
𝑊𝑢 = 1.4 𝑊𝐷𝐿 + 1.7𝑊𝐿𝐿 = 1.4(4.24) + 1.7(6) = 16.14 𝐾𝑃𝑎

Check for Shear,

1
Shear capacity of concrete, 𝑉𝑐 = √𝑓 ′ 𝑐(𝑏)(𝑑); where 𝑑𝑏 = 16𝑚𝑚 − 𝑑𝑖𝑎. , 20 𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟;
6
In the long direction, 𝑑𝐿 = ℎ − 20 − 1.5𝑑𝑏 = 180 − 20 − 1.5(16) = 136𝑚𝑚
In the short direction, 𝑑𝑠 = ℎ − 20 − 𝑑𝑏 /2 = 180 − 20 − (16/2) = 152𝑚𝑚

*Recommendation in the long direction is usually placed on top of the reinforcement in the shorter
direction, where moments in the longer direction is smaller.

Shear Criteria:
1
√21(1000𝑚𝑚)(136𝑚𝑚) 103.87𝐾𝑁
𝑉𝑐𝐿 = 6 = 𝑤
1000 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ
𝑉𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑉𝑐𝐿 ; ∅ = 0.85
∅𝑉𝑐𝐿 = 0.85(103.87) = 88.29𝐾𝑁/𝑚; 𝑤𝑢𝑠
1
6
√21(1000𝑚𝑚)(152𝑚𝑚) 116.09𝐾𝑁 𝑤𝑢𝐿
𝑉𝑐𝑠 = = 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 6.1𝑚
1000
𝑉𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑉𝑐𝐿 ; ∅ = 0.85 7.6𝑚
∅𝑉𝑐𝑠 = 0.85(116.09) = 98.68𝐾𝑁/𝑚;

Total load on a 6.1m(𝑙𝑎 ) x 7.6m(𝑙𝑏 ) Panel

W = Wu (𝑙𝑎 𝑥 𝑙𝑏 )= 16.14 (6.1 x 7.6) = 748.25 KN
Table 12.6:
𝑙 6.1
Ratio, 𝑚 = 𝑙𝑎 = 7.6 = 0.80
𝑏
CASE 4:
0.80 𝑤𝑎 0.71 (71% of the total load W is transmitted in the shorter direction /to the longer beams)
𝑤𝑏 0.29 (29% of the total load W is transmitted in the longer section /to the shorter beams)

Uniform load carried by the longer beams,

0.71𝑊 0.71(748.25) 𝐾𝑁
𝑤𝑢𝐿 = 𝑙 (2) = 7.6(2)
= 34.95 𝑚 < ∅𝑉𝑐𝑠 = 98.68 𝐾𝑁/𝑚 (OK)
𝑏
Uniform load carried by the shorter beams,
 0.29𝑊 0.29(748.25) 𝐾𝑁
𝑤𝑢𝑠 = = = 17.79 < ∅𝑉𝑐𝐿 = 88.29 𝐾𝑁/𝑚 (OK)
𝑙𝑎 (2) 6.1(2) 𝑚
*Shear force on the slab is numerically to the load on the beams.

Top side
6.1m 6.4m

7.6m 1 2

𝑑𝑎 = 180 − 20 − 16/2=152mm

7.9m 𝑑𝑏 = 180 − 20 − 16 − 16/2=132mm

UNIFORM LOAD,
𝑊𝑢 = 1.4 𝑊𝐷𝐿 + 1.7𝑊𝐿𝐿 = 1.4(4.24) + 1.7(6) = 5.94 + 10.20 = 16.14 𝐾𝑃𝑎

1. Moment along the short direction, 𝑀𝑎 = 𝐶𝑎 𝑤𝑙𝑎2

a. @Midspan (Middle strip), positive moment,
𝑀𝑎𝐷𝐿 = 𝐶𝑎 𝑊𝑢𝐷𝐿 𝑙𝑎2 ; use Case 4; m=0.80; Ca = 0.039 (Table 12.4)
5.94𝐾𝑁
𝑀𝑎𝐷𝐿 = 0.039 ( ) (6.1𝑚)2 = 8.62 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
𝑚
𝑀𝑎𝐿𝐿 = 𝐶𝑎 𝑊𝑢𝐿𝐿 𝑙𝑎2 ; use Case 4; m=0.80; Ca = 0.048 (Table 12.5)
𝐾𝑁
𝑀𝑎𝐿𝐿 = 0.048 (10.2 ) (6.1𝑚)2 = 2.99 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
𝑚
+𝑀𝑎 = 𝑀𝑎𝐷𝐿 + 𝑀𝑎𝐿𝐿 = 8.62 + 2.99 = 11.61 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚

b. @Discontinuous edges (Column strip) (left), Negative Moment,

1 1
−𝑀𝑎 = − 3 (+𝑀𝑎 ) = − 3 (11.61) = −3.87 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
c. @ Continuous edges (Column strip) (right), Negative moment, (Table 12.3)
−𝑀𝑎 = −𝐶𝑎 𝑊𝑢 𝑙𝑎2 ; Ca =0.071, 𝑊𝑢 = 16.14 𝐾𝑃𝑎
−𝑀𝑎 = −0.071(16.14)(6.1𝑚)2 = −42.64 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚,
Note: Use interpolation for C in between values of m.
2. Moment along the longer direction, 𝑀𝑏 = 𝐶𝑏 𝑤𝑙𝑏2
a. @Midspan (Middle strip), positive moment,
𝑀𝑏𝐷𝐿 = 𝐶𝑏 𝑊𝑢𝐷𝐿 𝑙𝑏2 ; use Case 4; m=0.80; Cb = 0.016 (Table 12.4) (deadload)
5.94𝐾𝑁
𝑀𝑏𝐷𝐿 = 0.016 ( ) (7.6𝑚)2 = 5.49 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
𝑚
𝑀𝑏𝐿𝐿 = 𝐶𝑏 𝑊𝑢𝐿𝐿 𝑙𝑏2 ; use Case 4; m=0.80; Cb = 0.02 (Table 12.5)(liveload)
𝐾𝑁
𝑀𝑏𝐿𝐿 = 0.02 (10.2 ) (7.6𝑚)2 = 11.78 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
𝑚
+𝑀𝑏 = 𝑀𝑏𝐷𝐿 + 𝑀𝑏𝐿𝐿 = 5.494 + 11.78 = 17.27 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚

b. @Discontinuous edges (Column strip) (upper), Negative Moment,

1 1
−𝑀𝑏 = − 3 (+𝑀𝑏 ) = − 3 (17.27) = −5.76 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
c. @ Continuous edges (Column strip) (lower), Negative moment, (Table 12.3)
−𝑀𝑏 = −𝐶𝑏 𝑊𝑢 𝑙𝑏2 ; m=0.80 (case 4), Cb =0.029, 𝑊𝑢 = 16.14 𝐾𝑃𝑎
−𝑀𝑏 = −0.029(16.14)(7.6𝑚)2 = −27.04 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚,
Note: Use interpolation for C in between values of m.

Spacing Requirements
Using 16mm-dia. Main bars
1. Along short span,
a. @Middle strip (+M, bottom bars)
𝑀𝑢 = +𝑀𝑎 = 11.61 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
𝑀 11.61 (1000)2 𝑁.𝑚𝑚
𝑅𝑢 = ∅𝑏𝑑𝑢2 = 0.90(1000)𝑚𝑚 (152)2 = 0.56 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Required Steel Ratio,
(21) 2(0.56)
𝜌 = 0.85 (415)
[1 − √1 − 0.85 (21)] = 0.0014 < 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0018

Therefore, use 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0018 (fy = 415MPa)

Required Steel Area of bars,
Rebars Area, Main bars
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌 𝑏𝑑= 0.0018(1000)(152) = 273.60 𝑚𝑚2
Required Spacing,
𝜋
1000𝐴𝑏 1000( ∗162 )
4
𝑠= = = 734.88 𝑚𝑚 > 2ℎ ; 2(180) = 360𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑠 273.6
Therefore, use 16mm-dia Main bars spaced @ 360mm O.C.
Try using 12mm-dia. Rebars;
12 𝑀 11.61 (1000)2 𝑁.𝑚𝑚
𝑑𝑎 = 180 − 20 − 2
= 154𝑚𝑚 ; 𝑅𝑢 = ∅𝑏𝑑𝑢2 = 0.90(1000)𝑚𝑚 (152)2 = 0.56 𝑀𝑃𝑎
(21) 2(0.56)
𝜌 = 0.85 (415)
[1 − √1 − 0.85 (21)] = 0.0014 < 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0018

Therefore, use 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0018 (fy = 415MPa)

Required Steel Area of bars,
Rebars Area, Main bars
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌 𝑏𝑑= 0.0018(1000)(152) = 277.2 𝑚𝑚2
Required Spacing,
 𝜋
1000𝐴𝑏 1000( ∗122 )
4
𝑠= 𝐴𝑠
= 277.2
= 408 𝑚𝑚 > 2ℎ ; 2(180) = 360𝑚𝑚
Therefore, use 12mm-dia Main bars spaced @ 360mm O.C. (More economical)

b. @Discontinuous edges (Column strip)(left)

𝑀𝑢 = −𝑀𝑎 = 3.87 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
𝑀𝑢 3.87 (1000)2 𝑁.𝑚𝑚
𝑅𝑢 = = = ________𝑀𝑃𝑎
∅𝑏𝑑 2 0.90(1000)𝑚𝑚 (152)2
Required Steel Ratio,
(21) 2(____)
𝜌 = 0.85 (415)
[1 − √1 − 0.85 (21)] = _________ < 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0018

Therefore, use 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0018 (fy = 415MPa)

Required Steel Area of bars,
Rebars Area, Main bars
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌 𝑏𝑑= 0.0018(1000)(152) = ________ 𝑚𝑚2
Required Spacing,
𝜋
1000𝐴𝑏 1000( ∗122 )
4
𝑠= 𝐴𝑠
= ______
= __________ 𝑚𝑚 > 2ℎ ; 2(180) = 360𝑚𝑚
Therefore, use 12mm-dia Main bars spaced @ ______mm O.C.

c. @ Continuous edges (Column strip) (right)

𝑀𝑢 = 𝑀𝑎 = 42.64 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
𝑀𝑢 42.64 (1000)2 𝑁.𝑚𝑚
𝑅𝑢 = = = 2.0𝑀𝑃𝑎
∅𝑏𝑑 2 0.90(1000)𝑚𝑚 (152)2
Required Steel Ratio,
(21) 2(2.0)
𝜌 = 0.85 (415)
[1 − √1 − 0.85 (21)] = 0.005 > 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0018

𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 𝜌𝑏
𝑓′ 𝑐 600 21 600
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75𝜌𝑏 = (0.75)0.85 𝛽1 (600+𝑓 ) = 0.75(0.85)(0.85) 415 (600+415) = 0.0160 >
𝑓𝑦 𝑦
𝜌 = 0.005

Therefore, use 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.005 (fy = 415MPa)

Required Steel Area of bars,
Rebars Area, Main bars
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌 𝑏𝑑= 0.005(1000)(152) = 770 𝑚𝑚2
Required Spacing,
𝜋
1000𝐴𝑏 1000( ∗122 )
4
𝑠= 𝐴𝑠
= 770
= 146.75 𝑚𝑚 < 2ℎ ; 2(180) = 360𝑚𝑚
Therefore, use 12mm-dia Main bars spaced @ 145mm O.C.

Sketch the reinforcing bars details.

Sample Problem:
A monolithic reinforced concrete slab flooring of a three-story building with their corresponding
beam dimensions and clear distances of the slab flooring system. The following loads were taken
from the Tables of loads from NSCP 2001. Considering only the critical slab dimensions from the
structural framing detail. With f’c = 21 MPa and fy = 415 MPa.

For Floor Slab Loads:

1. DEAD LOAD

a. For Partition Load: (NSCP 2001)

Sec. 204.3
DL = 1.0 KPa (Uniform Load)

b. For Floor Finishes: (NSCP 2001)

Table 204-1 (KN/cu. m)
Ceramic or Quarry Tile (20mm) on 25 mm mortar bed
- 1.10 KN/ cu.m or 0.0275 KPa

c. For Ceiling Load: (Actual Load: Basing from DN Steel)

Using Suspended Ceiling System (CMT™)
APPROX. DL: 321 N/sq.m. or 0.321 KN/sq.m.

d. For Stair Dead Load: Use only @ slab 2 & 10

A = 7.5 sq.m. (2.4) (9.81 KN/cu.m.) = 176.58 KN/m
or (0.3m) (2.4) (9.81) = 7.1 KPa

2. LIVE LOAD
NSCP 2001: Table 205-1
No. 13 (Residential) LL = 4.8 KPa (Basic Floor Area)

A. FOR SLAB 1
Consider Slab 2 first being the slab with the largest area among all other slabs.
Assuming the slab as rectangular,

la

5.5 meters
 𝑙𝑎

𝑙𝑏
6 meters

5.5 meters

lb

6 meters

m=S/L= 5.5/6.0=0.92 > 0.5 Therefore the slab is two-way.

Using 300 x 450 section of the beam, Therefore,

la = 5.5 – 0.30 = 5.2 meters ß = 5.7 / 5.2 = 1.096
lb = 6.0 – 0.30 = 5.7 meters

Minimum thickness of slab using NSCP 1992 sec. 5.9.5.3

Equation 9-12
h = [ ln (800 + 0.73 fy) ] / [36000 + 9000 β ]
where, ln = lb = 7.6 m
h= {7.6 [ 800 + 0.73 (415) ]} / [ 36000 + 9000 (1.096)]
h= 0.137 meter or 137 mm
say, h=140 mm
Equation 9-11
h = [ ln (800 + 0.73 fy) ] / { 3600 + 9000 β [ αm – 0.12 (1 + 1/β) ]}
α1 = Ec I / Ec I = I / I
b b s s b s

where, Ib = 1.6b h³ / 12
Is = 5.7 m h³ / 12
α1 = 1.6(300) (450)³ / 5,500 ( 140)³ = 2.898
α2 = 1.6(300) (450)³ / 5,500 ( 140)³ = 2.898
α3 = 1.6 (300) (450)³ / 6000 (140)³ = 2.657
α4 =1.6 (300) (450)³ / 4000 (140)³ = 3.985
αm = (α1 + α2 + α3 + α4) / 4
= ( 2.898 + 2.898 + 2.65 + 3.985 ) /4
αm = 3.11 > 2.0
h = 5700[800 + 0.73(415)]/{3600+9000(1.09)[ 3.11-0.12 (1 + 1/1.096) ]}
h = 121. 41 mm

Maximum thickness of slab

h = [ ln ( 800 + 0.73 fy ) ] / 36000

h = {5700 [ 800 + 0.73 (415)]} / 36000
h = 174. 63 mm

Therefore, use slab thickness h is 140 mm.

Check thickness h using approximate method,

Minimum h = perimeter of panel / 180

h = 2 la + 2 lb / 180
h = 2 (5200 + 5700) / 180
h = 121.11 mm
Therefore slab thickness h of 140 mm is adequate.

Loads
Total Deadload = load due to self-weight per meter length + DL on the slab
= 2.4 (9.81 KN/m³) (0.140m) + 1.345
= 4. 17 KPa
Total Liveload = 4.8 KPa
Wu = 1.4 WDL + 1.7 WLL =1.4 (4.17) + 1.7 (4.8) = 13.998 KPa
Wu = 14.0 KPa

Checking for shear

Shear capacity of slab per meter width
Vc = 1/6 √ f’c b d , where b= 1000 mm

Effective depths, d using db = 12 mm and 20 mm cover

In the long direction,
dl = h – 20 – 1.5 db
dl = 140 – 20 – 1.5 (12)
dl = 102 mm
In the short direction,

ds = 140 – 20 – db /2
ds = 140 – 20 – 12/2
ds = 114 mm

Vcl = [1/6 √ 21 (1000)(102)}/1000 = 77.9 KN / meter width

ΦVcl = 0.85 (77.9) = 66.215 KN/m

Vcs = [1/6 √ 21 (1000)(114)}/1000 = 87.07 KN / meter width

ΦVcs = 0.85 (87.07) = 74.01 KN/m

Total Load on a 5.2 X 5.7 m Panel

W = W u ( la x lb )
W = 14.0 KN/m ² (5.2 x 5.7)
W = 414.96 KN

From the book of Arthur H. Nilson (Design of Concrete Structures)

Table 12.6 (p.411)

Ratio, m = la / lb = 5.2 / 5.7 = 414.96

Case 4, by interpolation
For Wa: 59% of the total load W is transmitted in the shorter
direction / to the longer beam
For Wb: 41% of the W is transmitted in the longer section/
shorter beams
Uniform load carried by the longer beams,
Wul = 0.59 W / lb (2) = 0.59 (414.96 KN) / 5.7 (2)
= 21.476 KN/m < Φ Vcs hence, slab thickness is sufficient
Uniform Load carried by the shorter beams,
Wus = 0.41 W / la (2) = 0.41 (414.96) / 5.2 (2)
= 16.359 KN/m < ΦVcl hence, slab thickness is sufficient

Moments
1. Moment along the short direction
Ma=CaWla2 m=la/lb=5.1m/5.6m=0.911

a. Moment at midspan (Positive Moment)

WuDL =1.4 (4.17) = 5.838 KN/ m2

CaDL CaLL
0.95 0.020 0.95 0.030
0.91 CaDL 0.91 CaLL
0.90 0.022 0.90 0.034

(0.95-0.91)/(0.95-0.90) = (0.020-CaDL)/ (0.020-0.022)

CaDL =0.0216

(0.95-0.91)/(0.95-0.90) = (0.030- CaLL)/ (0.030-0.034)

CaLL =0.0332

MaDL = 0.0216 (5.838) (5.2)2 =3.410 KN.m

MaLL = 0.0332 (8.160) (5.2) 2 =7.325 KN.m

Ma= MaDL + MaLL = 3.410 KN.m + 7.325 KN.m

Positive Moment (+ Ma) =10. 735 KN.m

b. Moment at continuous edge (Negative Moment)

-Ma= CaWla2
Ca.neg
0.95 0.050
0.91 Ca.neg
0.90 0.055

(0.95-0.91)/(0.95-0.90) = (0.050-Ca.neg)/ (0.050-0.055)

Ca.neg =0.054

-Ma=0.054 (14.0)(5.2)2
-Ma=20.44 KN.m

2. Moment along the long direction

Mb=CbWlb2

a. Moment at midspan (Positive Moment)

CbDL CbLL
0.95 0.016 0.95 0.025
0.91 CbDL 0.91 CbLL
0.90 0.014 0.90 0.022
By Interpolation method for the coefficient, C
(0.95-0.91)/(0.95-0.90) = (0.016-CbDL)/ (0.016-0.014)
CbDL =0.0144
(0.95-0.91)/(0.95-0.90) = (0.025- CbLL)/ (0.025-0.022)
CbLL =0.0226

MbDL = 0.0144 (5.838) (5.7)2 =2.73 KN.m

MbLL = 0.0226 (8.160) (5.7) 2 =5.99 KN.m

Mb= MbDL + MbLL = 2.73 KN.m + 5.99 KN.m

Positive Moment (+M) =8.72 KN.m

b. Moment at continuous edge (Negative Moment)

-Mb= CbWlb2
Cb.neg
0.95 0.041
0.91 Cb.neg
0.91 0.037

(0.95-0.91)/(0.95-0.90) = (0.041-Cb.neg)/ (0.041-0.037)

Cb.neg =0.0378

-Mb=0.0378 (14.0)(5.7)2
-Mb=17.19 KN.m

Spacing Requirements
Using 12mm diameter Main Bars

1. Along the short span

a. At Middle strip (+M, Bottom Bars)

Mu=Ma=10.735 KN.m da=114 mm

Ru=[10.735(1000)2]/[0.9(1000)(114) 2]
=0.92
Required Steel Ratio
=0.85f’c/ fy {1-[1-(2Ru/0.85 f’c)]}
=0.85(21)/(415){1-[1-2(0.92)/0.85(21))]}
=0.00228 > min=0.0018

 max = 0.75 { (0.85)(0.85)(21/415)[(600/(600+415)]}

Therefore use =0.00228

Required area of steel reinforcement per meter strip

As= bd = 0.00228 (1000) (114) =259.92 mm2

Required Spacing
S=1000(/4)(12)2/259.92
=435.12 mm > 2h = 2(140) = 280 mm
Therefore use 280 mm O.C.

b. At continuous edge
Mu=20.44 KN.m
Ru=[20.44(1000)2]/[0.9(1000)(114) 2]
=1.75
Required Steel Ratio
=0.85f’c/ fy {1-[1-2(Ru/0.85 f’c)]}
=0.85(21)/(415){1-[1-2(1.75)/0.85(21))]}
=0.00445 > min=0.0018

 max = 0.75 { (0.85)(0.85)(21/415)[(600/(600+415)]}

Therefore use =0.00445
Required area of steel reinforcement per meter strip
As= bd = 0.00445(1000) (114) =507.3 mm2
Required Spacing
S=1000(/4)(12)2/507.3
=222.94 mm ≈ 220 mm < 2h = 2(140) = 280 mm

Therefore use 220 mm O.C.

2. Along the long span

a. At Middle strip (+M, Bottom Bars)

Mu=Mb=8.72 KN.m db=102 mm

Ru=[8.72(1000) ]/[0.9(1000)(102) 2]
2

=0.93

Required Steel Ratio

=0.85f’c/ fy {1-[1-2(Ru/0.85 f’c)]}
=0.85(21)/(415){1-[1-2(0.93)/0.85(21))]}
=0.00230 > min=0.0018

 max = 0.75 { (0.85)(0.85)(21/415)[(600/(600+415)]}

Therefore use =0.00230

Required area of steel reinforcement per meter strip

As= bd = 0.00230 (1000) (102) =234.6 mm2

Required Spacing
S=1000(/4)(12)2/234.6
=482.085 mm > 2h = 2(140) = 280 mm

Therefore use 280 mm O.C.

 b. At continuous edge

Mu=17.19 KN.m
Ru=[17.19(1000)2]/[0.9(1000)(102) 2]
=1.523
Required Steel Ratio
=0.85f’c/ fy {1-[1-2(Ru/0.85 f’c)]}
=0.85(21)/(415){1-[1-2(1.523)/0.85(21))]}
=0.00384 > min=0.0018

 max = 0.75 { (0.85)(0.85)(21/415)[(600/(600+415)]}

Therefore use =0.00384

Required area of steel reinforcement per meter strip

As= bd = 0.00384(1000) (102) =391.68 mm2

Required Spacing
S=1000(/4)(12)2/391.68
=288.75 mm ≈ 220 mm < 2h = 2(140) = 280 mm

Therefore use 280 mm O.C.

B. FOR SLAB 2
Use the same thickness of SLAB 1 since SLAB 2 has a smaller area
Assuming a rectangular slab,

la

4.0 meters

7.4 meters
 4 meters

la

7.4 meters

m=S/L= 4.0/7.4=0.54 > 0.5 Therefore the slab is two-way.

Using 300 x 450 section of the beam, Therefore,

la = 4.0 – 0.30 = 3.7 meters m= 3.7 / 7.1 = 0.52
lb = 7.4 – 0.30 = 7.1 meters

Checking for Shear

Consider similar thickness to SLAB 1, similar checking is applied.

Total load on a 3.7 x 7.1 panel

W = W u ( la x lb )
W = 14.0 KN/m ² (3.7 x 7.1)
W = 367.78 KN

Since W in SLAB 2 is lesser than the W of SLAB 1, use WUL & WUS in
SLAB 2 which yield a sufficient slab thickness.

Moments

1. Moment along the short direction

Ma=CaWla2
a. Moment at midspan (middle strip, positive moment)
CaDL CaLL
0.55 0.056 0.55 0.072
0.52 CaDL 0.52 CaLL
0.50 0.059 0.50 0.077
By interpolation:
(0.55-0.52)/(0.55-0.50) = (0.056-CaDL)/ (0.056-0.059)
CaDL =0.0578
(0.55-0.52)/(0.55-0.50) = (0.072- CaLL)/ (0.072-0.077)
CaLL =0.0750

MaDL = 0.0578 (5.838) (3.7)2 =4.62 KN.m

MaLL = 0.00750(8.160) (3.7) 2 =8.38 KN.m
Ma= MaDL + MaLL = 4.62 KN.m + 8.38 KN.m
+M =13.0 KN.m

b. Moment at discontinuous edge (Column Strip, left)

-Ma = - 1/3 (+Ma ) = 1/3 ( 13.0 KN.m)
-Ma = 4.33 KN.m

c. Moment at continuous edge ( Negative Moment)

-Ma= CaWla2
Ca.neg
0.55 0.092
0.52 Ca.neg
0.50 0.094
(0.55-0.52)/(0.55-0.50) = (0.092-Ca.neg)/ (0.092-0.094)
Ca.neg =0.0932

-Ma=0.0932 (14.0)(3.7)2
-Ma=17.86 KN.m

2. Moment along the long direction

Mb=CbWlb2

a. Moment at midspan
CbDL CbLL
0.55 0.005 0.55 0.007
0.52 CbDL 0.52 CbLL
0.50 0.004 0.50 0.005

(0.55-0.52)/(0.55-0.50) = (0.005-CbDL)/ (0.005-0.004)

CbDL =0.0044

(0.55-0.52)/(0.55-0.50) = (0.007- CbLL)/ (0.007-0.005)

CbLL =0.0058
2
MbDL = 0.0044 (5.838) (7.1) = 1.29 KN.m
MbLL = 0.0058 (8.160) (7.1) 2 =2.39 KN.m

Mb= MbDL + MbLL = 1.29 KN.m + 2.39 KN.m

+M =3.68 KN.m

b. Moment at discontinuous edge

-Mb = - 1/3 (+Mb ) = 1/3 (3.68 KN.m)

-Mb = 1.23 KN.m

c. Moment at continuous edge

-Mb= CbWlb2
Cb.neg
0.55 0.008
0.52 Cb.neg
0.50 0.006

(0.55-0.52)/(0.55-0.50) = (0.008-Cbneg)/ (0.0008-0.006)

Cb.neg =0.0068

-Mb=0.0068 (14.0)(7.1)2
-Mb=4.8 KN.m

Spacing Requirements

Using 12mm diameter Main Bars

1. Along the short span

a. At Middle strip (+M, Bottom Bars)

Mu=Ma=13.0 KN.m da=114 mm
2 2
Ru=[13.0(1000) ]/[0.9(1000)(114) ]
=1.11
Required Steel Ratio
=0.85f’c/ fy {1-[1-2(Ru/0.85 f’c)]}
=0.85(21)/(415){1-[1-2(1.11)/0.85(21))]}
=0.002766 > min=0.0018
 max = 0.75 { (0.85)(0.85)(21/415)[(600/(600+415)]}
Therefore use =0.002766
Required area of steel reinforcement per meter strip
As= bd = 0.002766 (1000) (114) =315.324 mm2
Required Spacing
S=1000(/4)(12)2/315.324
=358.67 mm > 2h = 2(140) = 280 mm
Therefore use 280 mm O.C.

b. At continuous edge
Mu=4.33 KN.m
Since it has a smaller M, therefore use S= 280 mm O.C.

c. At continuous edge (Right Column Strip)

Mu=Mb=17.86 KN.m
Ru=[17.86(1000)2]/[0.9(1000)(114) 2]
=1.527
Required Steel Ratio
=0.85f’c/ fy {1-[1-2(Ru/0.85 f’c)]}
=0.85(21)/(415){1-[1-2(1.527)/0.85(21))]}
=0.00385 > min=0.0018
 max = 0.75 { (0.85)(0.85)(21/415)[(600/(600+415)]}
Therefore use =0.00385
Required area of steel reinforcement per meter strip
As= bd = 0.00385 (1000) (114) =438.9 mm2
Required Spacing
S=1000(/4)(12)2/438.9
=257.68 mm < 2h = 2(140) = 280 mm
Therefore use 250 mm O.C.

2. Along the long span

a. At Middle strip (+M, Bottom Bars)

Mu=Mb=3.68 KN.m
Ru=[3.68(1000) ]/[0.9(1000)(102) 2]
2

=0.393
Required Steel Ratio
=0.85f’c/ fy {1-[1-2(Ru/0.85 f’c)]}
=0.85(21)/(415){1-[1-2(0.393)/0.85(21))]}
=0.0009576< min=0.0018

 max = 0.75 { (0.85)(0.85)(21/415)[(600/(600+415)]}

Therefore use =0.0018
Required area of steel reinforcement per meter strip
As= bd = 0.0018 (1000) (102) =183.6 mm2
Required Spacing
S=1000(/4)(12)2/183.6
=615.998 mm > 2h = 2(140) = 280 mm

Therefore use 280 mm O.C.

b. At continuous edge
Mu=1.23 KN.m
Since it has a smaller M, therefore use S= 280 mm O.C.
c. At continuous edge (Right Column Strip)
Mu=Mb=4.80 KN.m
Ru=[4.80(1000)2]/[0.9(1000)(102) 2] =0.51
Required Steel Ratio
=0.85f’c/ fy {1-[1-2(Ru/0.85 f’c)]}
=0.85(21)/(415){1-[1-2(0.51)/0.85(21))]}
=0.00125 < min=0.0018
 max = 0.75 { (0.85)(0.85)(21/415)[(600/(600+415)]}
Therefore use =0.0018
Required area of steel reinforcement per meter strip
As= bd = 0.0018 (1000) (102) =183.6 mm2
Required Spacing
S=1000(/4)(12)2/183.6
=616.0 mm > 2h = 2(140) = 280 mm
Therefore use 280 mm O.C.

C. FOR SLAB 3
Use the same thickness of SLAB 1
Assuming a rectangular slab,

la

4.0 meters

4.0 meters

5.0 meters

la

5.0 meters

m=S/L= 4.0/5.0=0.80 > 0.5 Therefore the slab is two-way.

 Using 300 x 450 section of the beam, Therefore,
la = 4.0 – 0.30 = 3.7 meters m = 3.7 / 4.7 = 0.79
lb = 5.0 – 0.30 = 4.7 meters

Checking for Shear

Consider similar thickness to SLAB 2, similar checking is applied.

Total load on a 3.7 x 4.7 panel
W = W u ( la x lb )
W = 14.0 KN/m ² (3.7 x 4.7)
W = 243.46 KN

Since W in SLAB 3 is lesser than the W of SLAB 1, use WUL & WUS in
SLAB 1 which yield a sufficient slab thickness

Moments
1. Moment along the short direction
Ma=CaWla2

a. Moment at midspan (middle strip, positive moment)

CaDL CaLL
0.80 0.032 0.80 0.044
0.79 CaDL 0.79 CaLL
0.75 0.036 0.75 0.049

(0.80-0.79)/(0.80-0.75) = (0.032-CaDL)/ (0.032-0.036)

CaDL =0.0328
(0.80-0.79)/(0.80-0.75) = (0.044- CaLL)/ (0.044-0.049)
CaLL =0.045

MaDL = 0.0328 (5.838) (3.7)2 =2.62 KN.m

MaLL = 0.0045(8.160) (3.7) 2 = 5.03 KN.m
Ma= MaDL + MaLL = 2.62 KN.m + 5.03 KN.m
+M =7.65 KN.m

b. Moment at discontinuous edge (Column Strip, left)

-Ma = - 1/3 (+Ma ) = 1/3 ( 7.65 KN.m)
-Ma = 2.55 KN.m

c. Moment at continuous edge ( Negative Moment)

-Ma= CaWla2
Ca.neg
0.80 0.055
0.79 Ca.neg
0.75 0.061

(0.80-0.79)/(0.80-0.75) = (0.055-Ca.neg)/ (0.055-0.061)

 Ca.neg =0.0562

-Ma=0.0562 (14.0)(3.7)2
-Ma=10.77 KN.m

2. Moment along the long direction

Mb=CbWlb2
a. Moment at midspan
CbDL CbLL

0.80 0.015 0.80 0.019

0.79 CbDL 0.79 CbLL
0.75 0.013 0.75 0.016

(0.80-0.79)/(0.80-0.75) = (0.015-CbDL)/ (0.015-0.013)

CbDL =0.0146
(0.80-0.79)/(0.80-0.75) = (0.019- CaLL)/ (0.019-0.016)
CbLL =0.0184

MbDL = 0.0146 (5.838) (4.7)2 = 1.88 KN.m

MbLL = 0.0184 (8.160) (4.7) 2 =3.23 KN.m
Mb= MbDL + MbLL = 1.88 KN.m + 3.23 KN.m
+M =5.20 KN.m

b. Moment at discontinuous edge

-Mb = - 1/3 (+Mb ) = 1/3 (5.20 KN.m)

-Mb = 1.73 KN.m

c. Moment at continuous edge ( Negative Moment)

-Mb= CbWlb2
Cb.neg
0.80 0.041
0.79 Cb.neg
0.75 0.036

(0.80-0.79)/(0.80-0.75) = (0.041-Cbneg)/ (0.041-0.036)

Cb.neg =0.040

-Mb=0.040 (14.0)(4.7)2
-Mb=12.37 KN.m

Spacing Requirements

Using 12mm diameter Main Bars

1. Along the short span

a. At Middle strip (+M, Bottom Bars)
 Mu=Ma=7.65 KN.m da=114 mm
Ru=[7.65(1000)2]/[0.9(1000)(114) 2]
=0.65
Required Steel Ratio
=0.85f’c/ fy {1-[1-2(Ru/0.85 f’c)]}
=0.85(21)/(415){1-[1-2(0.65)/0.85(21))]}
=0.001596 < min=0.0018
 max = 0.75 { (0.85)(0.85)(21/415)[(600/(600+415)]}
Therefore use =0.0018

Required area of steel reinforcement per meter strip

As= bd = 0.0018 (1000) (114) =205.2 mm2
Required Spacing
S=1000(/4)(12)2/205.2
=551.16 mm > 2h = 2(140) = 280 mm
Therefore use 280 mm O.C.

b. At discontinuous edge
Mu=2.55 KN.m
Since it has a smaller M, therefore use S= 280 mm O.C.

c. At continuous edge (Right Column Strip)

Mu=Mb=10.77 KN.m
Ru=[10.77(1000)2]/[0.9(1000)(114) 2]
=0.92
Required Steel Ratio
=0.85f’c/ fy {1-[1-2(Ru/0.85 f’c)]}
=0.85(21)/(415){1-[1-2(0.92)/0.85(21))]}
=0.00228 > min=0.0018
 max = 0.75 { (0.85)(0.85)(21/415)[(600/(600+415)]}
Therefore use =0.00228
Required area of steel reinforcement per meter strip
As= bd = 0.00228 (1000) (114) =259.92 mm2
Required Spacing
S=1000(/4)(12)2/259.92
=435.12 mm >2h = 2(140) = 280 mm

Therefore use 280 mm O.C.

2. Along the long span

a. At Middle strip (+M, Bottom Bars)

Mu=Mb=5.20 KN.m
Ru=[5.20(1000) ]/[0.9(1000)(102) 2] =0.56
2

Required Steel Ratio

=0.85f’c/ fy {1-[1-2(Ru/0.85 f’c)]}
=0.85(21)/(415){1-[1-2(0.56)/0.85(21))]}
=0.00137< min=0.0018
 max = 0.75 { (0.85)(0.85)(21/415)[(600/(600+415)]}
Therefore use =0.0018
Required area of steel reinforcement per meter strip
As= bd = 0.0018 (1000) (102) =183.6 mm2
Required Spacing
S=1000(/4)(12)2/183.6
=615.998 mm > 2h = 2(140) = 280 mm

Therefore use 280 mm O.C.

b. At discontinuous edge
Mu=1.73 KN.m
Since it has a smaller M, therefore use S= 280 mm O.C.

c. At continuous edge

Mu=Mb=12.37 KN.m
Ru=[12.37(1000)2]/[0.9(1000)(102) 2] =1.321
Required Steel Ratio
=0.85f’c/ fy {1-[1-2(Ru/0.85 f’c)]}
=0.85(21)/(415){1-[1-2(1.321)/0.85(21))]}
=0.00331 > min=0.0018

 max = 0.75 { (0.85)(0.85)(21/415)[(600/(600+415)]}

Therefore use =0.00331
Required area of steel reinforcement per meter strip
As= bd = 0.00331 (1000) (102) =337.62 mm2
Required Spacing
S=1000(/4)(12)2/337.62
=334.98 mm > 2h = 2(140) = 280 mm

Therefore use 280 mm O.C.

D. FOR SLAB 4
Use the same thickness of SLAB 1
Assuming a rectangular slab,
 la

4.0 meters

4.0 meters

6.9 meters

la

6.9 meters

m=S/L= 4.0/6.9=0.58 > 0.5 Therefore the slab is two-way.

Using 300 x 450 section of the beam, Therefore,

la = 4.0 – 0.30 = 3.7 meters m = 3.7 / 6.6 = 0.56
lb = 6.9 – 0.30 = 6.6 meters
 Checking for Shear

Consider similar thickness to SLAB 1, similar checking is applied.

Total load on a 3.7 x 4.7 panel
W = W u ( la x lb )
W = 14.0 KN/m ² (3.7 x 6.6)
W = 341.88 KN
Since W in SLAB 3 is lesser than the W of SLAB 1, use WUL & WUS in
SLAB 1 which yield a sufficient slab thickness

Moments

1. Moment along the short direction

Ma=CaWla2

a. Moment at midspan (middle strip, positive moment)

Using Case 9 from Table 12.4 & Table 12.5

CaDL = 0.037 CaLL = 0.63

MaDL = 0.037 (5.838) (3.7)2 = 2.96 KN.m

2
MaLL = 0.063(8.160) (3.7) = 7.04 KN.m

Ma= MaDL + MaLL = 2.96 KN.m + 7.04 KN.m

+M = 10.0 KN.m

b. Moment at discontinuous edge

-Ma = - 1/3 (+Ma ) = 1/3 ( 10.0 KN.m)

-Ma = 3.33 KN.m

c. Moment at continuous edge

-Ma= CaWla2
Ca.neg = 0.086

-Ma=0.086 (14.0)(3.7)2
-Ma=16.48 KN.m

2. Moment along the long direction

Mb=CbWlb2

a. Moment at midspan (middle strip, positive moment)

 Using Case 9 from Table 12.4 & Table 12.5
CbDL =0.003
CbLL =0.006

MbDL = 0.003 (5.838) (6.6)2 = 0.76 KN.m

MbLL = 0.006 (8.160) (6.6) 2 =2.13 KN.m

Mb= MbDL + MbLL = 0.76 KN.m + 2.13 KN.m

+M =2.89 KN.m

b. Moment at discontinuous edge (Column Strip)

-Mb = - 1/3 (+Mb ) = 1/3 (2.89 KN.m)

-Mb = 0.963 KN.m

c. Moment at continuous edge ( Negative Moment)

-Mb= CbWlb2

Using Case 9 from Table 12.3

Cb.neg =0.005

-Mb=0.005 (14.0)(6.6)2
-Mb=3.05 KN.m

Spacing Requirements

Using 12mm diameter Main Bars

1. Along the short span

a. At Middle strip (+M, Bottom Bars)

Mu=Ma=10.0 KN.m da=114 mm

Ru=[10(1000) ]/[0.9(1000)(114) 2]
2

=0.85
Required Steel Ratio
=0.85f’c/ fy {1-[1-2(Ru/0.85 f’c)]}
=0.85(21)/(415){1-[1-2(0.85)/0.85(21))]}
=0.0021 > min=0.0018

 max = 0.75 { (0.85)(0.85)(21/415)[(600/(600+415)]}

Therefore use =0.0021

Required area of steel reinforcement per meter strip

As= bd = 0.0021 (1000) (114) =239.40 mm2
Required Spacing
S=1000(/4)(12)2/239.40
=474.4 mm > 2h = 2(140) = 280 mm

Therefore use 280 mm O.C.

b. At discontinuous edge
Mu=3.33 KN.m

Since it has a smaller M, therefore use S= 280 mm O.C.

c. At continuous edge

Mu=Mb=16.48 KN.m
Ru=[16.48(1000)2]/[0.9(1000)(114) 2]
=1.41

Required Steel Ratio

=0.85f’c/ fy {1-[1-2(Ru/0.85 f’c)]}
=0.85(21)/(415){1-[1-2(1.41)/0.85(21))]}
=0.00354 > min=0.0018

 max = 0.75 { (0.85)(0.85)(21/415)[(600/(600+415)]}

Therefore use =0.00354

Required area of steel reinforcement per meter strip

As= bd = 0.00354 (1000) (114) =403.56 mm2

Required Spacing
S=1000(/4)(12)2/403.56
=280.25 mm >2h = 2(140) = 280 mm

Therefore use 280 mm O.C.

2. Along the long span

a. At Middle strip (+M, Bottom Bars)

Mu=Mb=2.89 KN.m
Ru=[2.89(1000) ]/[0.9(1000)(102) 2] =0.31
2

Required Steel Ratio

=0.85f’c/ fy {1-[1-2(Ru/0.85 f’c)]}
=0.85(21)/(415){1-[1-2(0.31)/0.85(21))]}
=0.000754< min=0.0018

 max = 0.75 { (0.85)(0.85)(21/415)[(600/(600+415)]}

Therefore use =0.0018

Required area of steel reinforcement per meter strip

As= bd = 0.0018 (1000) (102) =183.6 mm2

Required Spacing
S=1000(/4)(12)2/183.6
=615.998 mm > 2h = 2(140) = 280 mm

Therefore use 280 mm O.C.

b. At discontinuous edge

Mu=0.963 KN.m
Since it has a smaller M, therefore use S= 280 mm O.C.

c. At continuous edge

Mu=3.05 KN.m
Since it has a smaller M, therefore use S= 280 mm O.C.
E. FOR SLAB 5
Use the same thickness of SLAB 1
Assuming a rectangular slab,

la

2.6 meters

8.0 meters

2.6 meters
 la

8.0 meters

m=S/L= 2.6/8.0=0.325 < 0.5 Therefore the slab is one-way.

Using 300 x 450 section of the beam,

la = 2.6 – 0.30 = 2.3 meters
lb = 8.0 – 0.30 = 7.7 meters
Effective depth, d = h – cover – (db/2)
= 140 –20 – (12/2)
Considering 1.0-meter strip
Deadload= 2.4 (9.81)(0.120) + 1.349
= 4.17 KPa
Liveload = 4.80 Kpa
Ultimate Uniform Load, Wu = 1.4 WUdl + 1.7 WuLL
= 1.4 (4.17) + 1.7 ( 4.8)
= 14.0 KN/m
Ultimate Design Moment, Mu = (1/8) Wu L2
= ( 1/8) (14.0) (8.0)2
= 36.40 KN.m
1. Design of flexural reinforcement
Ru=[36.4(1000)2]/[0.9(1000)(114) 2]
=3.11
Required Steel Ratio
=0.85f’c/ fy {1-[1-2(Ru/0.85 f’c)]}
=0.85(21)/(415){1-[1-2(3.11)/0.85(21))]}
=0.00829 > min=0.0018
 max = 0.75 { (0.85)(0.85)(21/415)[(600/(600+415)]}
Therefore use =0.00829
Required area of steel reinforcement per meter strip
As= bd = 0.00829 (1000) (114) =945.06 mm2
Required Spacing
2
S=1000(/4)(12) /945.06
=119.67 mm <2h = 2(140) = 280 mm
Therefore use 115 mm O.C.

2. Design of temperature reinforcement

t = 0.0018 for fy =415 Mpa

Ast =t bh = 0.0018 (1000) (140)
= 252 mm2
Required spacing, S = 1000 ( Abt / Ast )

Using 10-mm diameter temperature bars

S=1000(/4)(10)2/252
=311.66 mm > 2h = 2(140) = 280 mm

Therefore use 280 mm O.C.

F. FOR OVERHANG SLAB
Use the same thickness of SLAB 1
Consider slabs as one-way and assuming rectangular slabs,

1.0 meter

5.8 meters

m=S/L= 1/5.8=0.172 < 0.5 Therefore the slab is one-way.

Using 300 x 450 section of the beam,

la = 2.6 – 0.30 = 2.3 meters
lb = 8.0 – 0.30 = 7.7 meters

Effective depth, d = h – cover – (db/2)

= 140 –20 – (12/2)
=114 mm

Considering 1.0-meter strip

Deadload= 2.4 (9.81)(0.120) + 1.349

= 4.17 KPa
 Liveload = 4.80 Kpa

Ultimate Uniform Load, Wu = 1.4 WUdl + 1.7 WuLL

= 1.4 (4.17) + 1.7 ( 4.8)
= 14.0 KN/m

Ultimate Design Moment, Mu = (1/8) Wu L2

= ( 1/8) (14.0) (5.8)2
= 10.15 KN.m

1. Design of flexural reinforcement

Ru=[10.15(1000)2]/[0.9(1000)(114) 2]
=0.87
Required Steel Ratio
=0.85f’c/ fy {1-[1-2(Ru/0.85 f’c)]}
=0.85(21)/(415){1-[1-2(0.87)/0.85(21))]}
=0.00215 > min=0.0018

 max = 0.75 { (0.85)(0.85)(21/415)[(600/(600+415)]}

Therefore use =0.00215

Required area of steel reinforcement per meter strip

As= bd = 0.00215 (1000) (114) =245.10 mm2

Required Spacing
S=1000(/4)(12)2/245.1
=461.43 mm <2h = 2(140) = 280 mm

Therefore use 280 mm O.C.

2. Design of temperature reinforcement

t = 0.0018 for fy =415 Mpa

Ast =t bh = 0.0018 (1000) (140)
= 252 mm2

Required spacing, S = 1000 ( Abt / Ast )

Using 10-mm diameter temperature bars

S=1000(/4)(10)2/252
=311.66 mm > 2h = 2(140) = 280 mm

Therefore use 280 mm O.C.

 Design of Concrete Walls
According to NSCP 1999 ed.:
Kinds of Concrete Walls
1. Non-load bearing walls
- Are those that support only their own weights and some lateral loads.
2. Load-bearing walls
- Are those that support not only vertical loads but also some lateral loads.
3. Shear walls
- Used in design to provide resistance to wind or earthquake forces.

Design Specifications
1. Minimum wall thickness
a. Non-load bearing walls
- Thickness, h = 100mm or 1/30 times the least distance between
members that provide lateral support, whichever is greater.
b. Load-bearing walls
- Thickness, h = 100mm or 1/25 times the supported height or length,
whichever is greater.
c. Exterior basement walls and foundation walls shall not be less than 190mm.
2. Minimum Reinforcement
a. Minimum ratio of vertical reinforcement area to gross concrete area:
0.0012 – for deformed bars, 𝑑𝑏 ≤ 16𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑦 ≥ 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎
0.0015 – for other deformed bars,
0.0012 – for welded wire fabric (plain or deformed) not larger than W31 or D31.
b. Minimum ratio of horizontal reinforcement area to gross concrete area:
0.0020 – for deformed bars, 𝑑𝑏 ≤ 16𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑦 ≥ 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎
0.0025 – for other deformed bars,
0.0020 – for welded wire fabric (plain or deformed) not larger than W31 or D31.
c. Minimum Spacing of vertical and horizontal reinforcement may not exceed 3 times
the wall thickness nor 450mm.
3. Wall larger than 250mm thick shall have reinforcement for each direction placed in two
layers, parallel with face of wall in accordance with the following:
a. One layer consisting of not less than 1/2 Q not more than 2/3 of the total
reinforcement required for each direction shall be placed not less than 50mm nor
more than 1/3h from exterior surface.
b. The other layer consisting of the balance of the required reinforcement in that
direction shall be placed not less than 20mm nor more than 1/3h from interior
surface.
c. Bars shall not be less than 10mm dia., and below wire fabric, if used shall be in flat
sheet form.
4. Wall openings
- In addition to the minimum reinforcement required, not less than 2-
16mm-dia. Bars shall be provided around all wall openings extended to
develop the bar beyond the corners but not less than 600mm.
h
Design Approach
1. Empirical Design Method – may only be used if the resultant of all factored loads falls
within the middle third of the wall (that is the eccentricity, e ≤ 1/6h) P
2. Rational Design Method – reinforced concrete bearing wall may be designed as compression
members (columns) where, e > 1/6h.

e ≤ 1/6h

Load-Bearing Walls
Using Empirical Design Method
Design Axial load strength,
𝐾𝑙 2
∅𝑃𝑛𝑤 = ∅0.55 𝑓′𝑐 𝐴𝑔 [1 − (32 ℎ𝑐 ) ]
Where:
∅= 0.70 (bearing reduction factor)
K = effective length factor
Ag = Effective length, le x h
h = overall thickness of wall
𝑙𝑐 = vertical distance between supports
𝑃𝑛𝑤 = nominal axial load strength of wall
Effective length factors, K for Load-bearing walls
1. Walls spaced top and bottom against lateral translation and,
a. Restrained against rotation at one or both ends -------------- 0.80
b. Not Restrained against rotation at either ends ------------------ 1.0
2. Walls not braced against lateral translation (free end)--------------------2.0
 Effective length, le of wall shall not exceed the center-to-center distance
between loads nor width of bearing plus 4 times the wall thickness, whichever is
lesser.

Shear Walls
Shear wall act as a vertical cantilever beam and in providing lateral supports is subjected to both
bending and shear forces. For such a wall the maximum shear force and the maximum moment can
be calculated at the base.
0.80𝑙𝑤 0.80𝑙𝑤
𝑉𝑢
ℎ , thickness
𝑉𝑢
of wall

ℎ𝑤 (+) (−) (−) (+)

𝑉𝑢

𝑉𝑢
𝑙𝑤
 Shear walls need tensile reinforcement on both sides as V can come from other direction.

Design Specifications
A. Design of horizontal and vertical shear reinforcement
a. Factored shear must be equal to or less than shear strength of wall,
𝑉𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑉𝑛
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
∅ = 0.85
𝑉𝑛 = 𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉𝑠 , Nominal shear strength of wall
i. For members subjected to shear and flexure only, (non-load bearing walls)
1
𝑉𝑐 = 6 √𝑓′𝑐 ℎ𝑑, Nominal shear strength of concrete
ii. For members subjected to axial compression, (load bearing walls)
𝑁 1
𝑉𝑐 = (1 + 1+𝐴𝑢 ) 6 √𝑓′𝑐 ℎ𝑑
𝑔
Where:
𝑁𝑢 =total factored axial load normal to cross-section occurring
simultaneously with 𝑉𝑢 (+)𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛, (−)𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑑=effective depth
𝐴𝑔 = ℎ ∗ 𝑙𝑤
b. In designing for the horizontal shear forces in the plane wall, effective depth d is to
be taken as equal to 0.80 𝑙𝑤 , where 𝑙𝑤 is the horizontal wall length,
𝑑 = 0.80𝑙𝑤
∅𝑉
c. When 𝑉𝑢 ≤ 2𝑐, provide minimum horizontal and vertical reinforcement for the wall.

∅𝑉
d. When 𝑉𝑢 ≥ 2𝑐, shear wall reinforcement must be designed,
Nominal shear provided by shear reinforcement,
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦 𝑑
𝑉𝑠 = 𝑆2
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝐴𝑣 =area of horizontal shear reinforcement
𝑆2 = 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

e. Minimum Reinforcement
The amount of horizontal shear reinforcement 𝜌𝐻 (as a percent of the gross vertical
concrete area) shall not be less than 0.0025.
𝜌𝐻𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0025
The amount of vertical shear reinforcement 𝜌𝑉 (as a percent of the gross horizontal
concrete area) shall not be less than,
ℎ𝑤
𝜌𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0025 + 0.5 (2.5 − ) (𝜌𝐻 − 0.0025)
𝑙𝑤
f. Spacing requirements
i. Required spacing
1. For the horizontal shear reinforcements, 𝑆2
𝑉𝑢 = ∅𝑉𝑛
𝑉𝑢 = ∅(𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉𝑠 )
 𝑉𝑢
𝑉𝑠 = − 𝑉𝑐
∅
𝐴𝑉 𝑓𝑦 𝑑
𝑉𝑠 = 𝑆2
𝐴𝑉 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 𝑉𝑢
= − 𝑉𝑐
𝑆2 ∅
𝐴𝑉 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 𝐴
𝑆2 = 𝑉𝑢 ; Actual Steel Ratio, 𝜌𝐻 = 𝑆 𝑣ℎ
−𝑉𝑐 2
∅
𝐴𝑣
Actual Shear Ratio, 𝜌𝐻 = 𝑆 ≥ 𝜌𝐻𝑚𝑖𝑛
2ℎ
2. For the vertical shear reinforcement
𝐴
𝜌𝑉 = 𝐴𝑣
𝑔
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:
𝐴𝑣 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝑆1
𝐴𝑔 = ℎ ∗ 𝑆1
𝐴
𝑆1 = ℎ𝜌𝑉
𝑉

ii. Maximum spacing

1. For horizontal shear reinforcement (whichever is lesser)
𝑙
a. 𝑆2 = 5𝑤
b. 𝑆2 = 3ℎ
c. 𝑆2 = 450𝑚𝑚
2. For vertical shear reinforcement (whichever is lesser)
𝑙
a. 𝑆1 = 3𝑤
b. 𝑆1 = 3ℎ
c. 𝑆1 = 450𝑚𝑚

B. Design of Vertical flexural reinforcement,

𝑀𝑢 = 𝑉𝑢 ℎ𝑤
𝑀
𝑅𝑢 = ∅ ℎ𝑑𝑢 2
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜,
𝑓′𝑐 2𝑅𝑢
𝜌 = 0.85 𝑓𝑦
[1 − √1 − 0.85 𝑓′𝑐] ≥ 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 ; 𝜌 ≤ 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75𝜌𝑏
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌ℎ𝑑

Sample Problem: (load-bearing wall design)

Design a bearing wall to carry a factored load Pu=800 KN from each beam spaced at 2.5m apart
and a bearing width of 250mm. The wall height is 4.5m, f’c=20.7 MPa, fy = 276MPa wall length =
5.0m.
 Pu = 800KN Pu = 800KN

2.5 m

Solution: Computed h =
Min. thickness, h = 100mm 180mm
Or h= 1/25(4500mm) = 180mm
 Use h=180mm
Axial load strength,
𝐾𝑙 2
∅𝑃𝑛𝑤 = ∅0.55 𝑓′𝑐 𝐴𝑔 [1 − (32 ℎ𝑐 ) ]
K= 1.0, 𝑙𝑐 = 4.5𝑚 = 4,500𝑚𝑚 , 𝐴𝑔 = 𝑙𝑒 ∗ ℎ ; 𝑙𝑒 = 2.5𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑒 = 250𝑚𝑚 + 4(180𝑚𝑚) =
970𝑚𝑚 (𝑢𝑠𝑒); 𝐴𝑔 = 𝑙𝑒 ∗ ℎ = 970(180)
𝐾 𝑙𝑐 2 1𝑥4500 2
∅𝑃𝑛𝑤 = ∅0.55 𝑓′𝑐 𝐴𝑔 [1 − ( ) ] = 0.70(0.55)(20.7)(970𝑥180) [1 − ( ) ]
32 ℎ 32𝑥180
= 542,185𝑁 𝑜𝑟 542.185𝐾𝑁
Design criterion, 𝑃𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑃𝑛𝑤
𝑃𝑢 = 800𝐾𝑁 > ∅𝑃𝑛𝑤 = 542.185𝐾𝑁 (𝑁. 𝐺. )
Increase h,
Try, h = 200mm
𝑙𝑒 = 250𝑚𝑚 + 4(200𝑚𝑚) = 1050𝑚 (𝑢𝑠𝑒); 𝐴𝑔 = 𝑙𝑒 ∗ ℎ = 1050(200)
𝐾 𝑙𝑐 2 1𝑥4500 2
∅𝑃𝑛𝑤 = ∅0.55 𝑓′𝑐 𝐴𝑔 [1 − ( ) ] = 0.70(0.55)(20.7)(1050𝑥200) [1 − ( ) ]
32 ℎ 32𝑥200
= 846𝐾𝑁 > 𝑃𝑢 = 800𝐾𝑁 (𝑂𝐾)
Design of Vertical rebars,
𝜌𝑉 = 0.0015, 𝑓𝑦 = 275𝑀𝑃𝑎 ≠ 415𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐴𝑠
𝜌𝑉 = 𝐴 ; 𝐴𝑔 = 𝑙𝑒 ∗ ℎ ; 𝐴𝑠𝑣 = 0.0015(1050𝑚𝑚)(200𝑚𝑚) = 315 𝑚𝑚2 (required area of steel
𝑔
per meter length of wall)
Required spacing of vertical bars per meter length of wall,
𝐴𝑠𝑣 𝐴 1000𝑚𝑚(𝐴𝑏 )
= 𝑆𝑏 ; 𝑆 = ; 𝑡𝑟𝑦 𝑑𝑏 = 12𝑚𝑚 − 𝑑𝑖𝑎.
1000𝑚𝑚 𝐴𝑠𝑣
𝜋
1000𝑚𝑚 ( 4 ∗ 122 )
𝑆= = 359𝑚𝑚; 𝑆 = 359𝑚𝑚 < 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 450𝑚𝑚 (𝑂𝐾)𝑜𝑟 3ℎ = 3(300)
315
= 600𝑚𝑚 ; 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑆 = 350𝑚𝑚 𝑂. 𝐶.
Design of horizontal rebars,
𝜌𝐻 = 0.0025
𝐴𝑠
𝜌𝐻 = 𝐴 ; 𝐴𝑔 = 𝑙𝑒 ∗ ℎ; 𝐴𝑠𝐻 = 0.0025(1050𝑚𝑚)(200𝑚𝑚) = 525 𝑚𝑚2
𝑔
T𝑟𝑦 𝑑𝑏 = 12𝑚𝑚 − 𝑑𝑖𝑎.
𝐴𝑠𝐻 𝐴𝑏 1000𝑚𝑚(𝐴𝑏 )
= ;𝑆 = ;
1000𝑚𝑚 𝑆 𝐴𝑠𝐻
𝜋
1000𝑚𝑚 ( 4 ∗ 122 )
𝑆= = 215.4𝑚𝑚; 𝑆 = 215.4𝑚𝑚 < 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 450𝑚𝑚 (𝑂𝐾)𝑜𝑟 3ℎ
525
= 3(300) = 600𝑚𝑚 ; 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑆 = 215𝑚𝑚 𝑂. 𝐶.

12mm-dia. Vertical
Rebars, spaced @
350mm O.C.

12mm-dia. Horizontal
Rebars, spaced @
215mm O.C.
 Sample Problem: (Shear wall design)
A three-storey wall is subjected to factored wind forces as shown. The wall is 4.5m long and
200mm thick. Design the reinforcement for the wall at the first level between the base and second
floor. F’c = 20.7MPa, and fy = 415MPa, assume walls are non-load bearing.

100KN 100KN

3.65m
200KN 300KN

3.65m
500KN
200KN

ℎ𝑤 =3.65m
𝑙𝑤 =4.5m

Solution: Shear distribution per storey/level

A. Design for shear ultimate shear force @ the base of wall, 𝑉𝑢 = 500𝐾𝑁
1
𝑉𝑐 = √𝑓 ′ 𝑐 ℎ𝑑; ℎ = 200𝑚𝑚; 𝑑 = 0.80𝑙𝑤 = 0.80(4.5𝑚) = 3.6𝑚 𝑜𝑟 3600𝑚𝑚
6
1
6
√20.7(200)(3600)
𝑉𝑐 = = 545.97𝐾𝑁
1000
∅𝑉𝑐
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.85(545.97) = 464.07𝐾𝑁; = 232.64𝐾𝑁;
2
∅𝑉𝑐
𝑉𝑢 = 500𝐾𝑁 > = 232.64𝐾𝑁 ; Shear reinforcement is necessary
2
𝑉𝑢 = ∅𝑉𝑛
𝑉
𝑉𝑢 = ∅(𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉𝑠 ); 𝑉𝑠 = ∅𝑢 − 𝑉𝑐
1. Design of horizontal shear reinforcement and required spacings,
𝐴𝑉 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 𝐴𝑉 𝑓𝑦 𝑑
𝑆2 = 𝑜𝑟 ; 𝑡𝑟𝑦 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑏
𝑉𝑢 𝑉𝑠
− 𝑉𝑐
∅
= 12𝑚𝑚 − 𝑑𝑖𝑎. ℎ𝑜𝑟. 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓. 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝜋
𝐴𝑉 = 2 [ 4 ∗ 12 ] = 226.19𝑚𝑚2
2

220.19(415)(3600)
𝑆2 = = 7994.51𝑚𝑚 > 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥
42.27(1000)
= 450𝑚𝑚 (𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓. 𝑚𝑎𝑦 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑟𝑦)
Max. Spacing,
𝑙 4500
a. 𝑆2 = 5𝑤 = 5 = 900𝑚𝑚
b. 𝑆2 = 3ℎ = 3(200) = 600𝑚𝑚
c. 𝑆2 = 450𝑚𝑚 (use)
Try 2-12mm-dia. Hor. Reinforcement @ 450mm O.C.
Actual steel ratio of horizontal shear reinforcement
𝐴𝑉 226.19
𝜌𝐻 = = = 0.0025 = 𝜌𝐻𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝑂𝐾)
ℎ𝑆2 200(450)
2. Design of Vertical shear reinforcement,
 Required steel ratio,
ℎ𝑤
𝜌𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0025 + 0.5 (2.5 − ) (𝜌𝐻 − 0.0025); 𝜌𝐻 = 0.0025
𝑙𝑤
𝜌𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0025
𝐴𝑉 𝐴𝑉
𝜌𝑉 = = ; 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 2 − 12𝑚𝑚 − 𝑑𝑖𝑎. 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡. 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓.
𝐴𝑔 ℎ𝑆1
𝐴𝑉 226.19
𝑆1 = = = 452.38𝑚𝑚, 𝑠𝑎𝑦 𝑆1 = 450𝑚𝑚 (𝑢𝑠𝑒)
ℎ𝜌𝑉 200(0.0025)
Max. spacing,
𝑙 4500
a. 𝑆1 = 3𝑤 = 3 = 1500𝑚𝑚
b. 𝑆1 = 3ℎ = 3(200) = 600𝑚𝑚
c. 𝑆1 = 450𝑚𝑚
B. Design for Flexure,
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑉𝑢 ℎ𝑤 = 500𝐾𝑁(3.65𝑚) = 1825 𝐾𝑁. 𝑚
𝑀𝑢 1825(1000)2
𝑅𝑢 = = 0.90(200)(3600)2 = 0.782
∅ ℎ𝑑2
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜,
𝑓′𝑐 2𝑅𝑢
𝜌 = 0.85 𝑓𝑦
[1 − √1 − 0.85 𝑓′𝑐] ≥ 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 ; 𝜌 ≤ 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75𝜌𝑏
(20.7) 2(0.782)
𝜌 = 0.85 (415)
[1 − √1 − 0.85 (20.7)] = 0.0019 < 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 ;
1.4 1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑓𝑦
= 415 = 0.0034(𝑢𝑠𝑒)

𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌ℎ𝑑 = (0.0034)(200)(3600) = 2448𝑚𝑚2

𝐴 𝐴
𝑛 = 𝐴 𝑠 = 𝜋 𝑠2 ; 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑏 = 16𝑚𝑚 − − − 𝑛 = 12.8 𝑠𝑎𝑦 14(𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑠/2𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟𝑠)
𝑏 𝑑
4 𝑏
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑏 = 20𝑚𝑚 − − − 𝑛 = 7.8 𝑠𝑎𝑦 8(𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑠/2𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟𝑠)
∗ 𝑢𝑠𝑒 8 − 20𝑚𝑚 − 𝑑𝑖𝑎. 𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑧𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔,
𝑑𝑏 𝑠′
900 = 40 + + 𝑆 ′ + ; 𝑆 ′ = 566.67
2 2
𝑆 = 𝑆 ′ − 𝑑𝑏 = 566.67 − 20 = 546.67𝑚𝑚 > 25𝑚𝑚 > 𝑑𝑏 (𝑂𝐾)

𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑙 :
 Openings in Slabs
Slab openings occurs as required by stairways and elevator shafts which may be of
substantial size, or they may be of smaller dimensions such as those needed to accommodate
electrical, plumbing, ventilating risers, and access hatches.
Slab with small openings can usually be designed as if there were no openings, replacing the
interrupted steel with bands of rebars of equivalent area on either side of the opening in each
direction.
For slabs with large openings, the strip method of analysis and design may be used, by which
specially reinforced integral beams, or strong bands, of depth equal to the slab depth are used to
frame the openings.
Very large openings should preferably be framed by beams or slab bands of increase depth
to restore as nearly as possible the continuity of the slab.
Additional diagonal bars (special reinforcement) should be included at the corners to control
the cracking that will almost inevitably occur there.

NSCP Provisions (NSCP sec. 5.13.5, 41h 2d)

Openings in any size maybe located in the area common to intersecting middle strips,
provided total amount of reinforcement required for the panel without opening is maintained.
In the area common to intersecting column strips, not more than one-eighth the width of
column strip in either span shall be interrupted by openings. An amount of reinforcement
equivalent to that interrupted by an opening shall be added on the sides of the opening.
In the area common to one column strip and one middle strip, not more than one-quarter
the reinforcement in either strip shall be interrupted by openings. An amount of reinforcement
equivalent to that interrupted by an opening shall be added to the sides of the opening.

Illustrations
Small opening

Strip

Interrupted steel

Very large
B B opening
B1 B2

B1 B2

Section B-B

Strip 1

Band
 B2
A Strip 2 A Large
opening B1
B1 B2 Section A-A

NSCP provision for slab openings without integral beams framing the opening.

S S/4 S/2 S/4

S/32 =1/8(S/4)
Column Strip L/4
Column Strip

L/32 =1/8(L/4)

L L/2

L/16 =1/4(L/4)

L/4

S/16 =1/4(S/4)

𝑆 1 𝑆 𝐿 1 𝐿
Maximum opening dimensions: [2 − 4 (2)] 𝑥 [4 − 4 (4)]
𝑆 1 𝑆 𝐿 1 𝐿
Maximum Opening: [4 − 8 (2)] 𝑥 [4 − 8 (4)]