L 1 Introduction Hydrology

Alkalinity:
1. Collect 50mL water sample, add 3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator (change color pink to
clear), titrate the 50mL sample with 0.02N H2SO4 sulfuric acid to pH 8.3. Estimate
phenolphthalein alkalinity.
Phenolphthalein Alkalinity (in mg/L as CaCo3) =

(A1=Volume of H2SO4*N=Normality of Acid*50000) / V=Volume of sample used in mL
2. Use the same sample. Add 3 drops of bromine cresol indicator. Titrate the 50mL sample with
0.02N sulfuric acid to pH 4.5 and estimate the total alkalinity.
Total Alkalinity (mg/L as CaCo3) =
(A2=Volume of H2SO4 used in mL starting from step 1(A2>A1)*N=Normality of Acid*50000) /

V=Volume of sample used in mL
Calculation from Alkalinity and pH measurements:
Hydroxide alk (mg/L as CaCO3) = 50,000*10
Carbonate alk (mg/L as CaCO3) =2*(phenolphthalein alk-hydroxide alk)
Bicarbonate alk (mg/L as CaCO3) = Total alk – (Carbonate alk + hydroxide alk)
3. A 200 –mL sample of water with an initial pH of 10.6 is titrated with 0.02N H2SO4. The sample
reaches pH 8.3 after an addition of 8.8 mL of the acid and an additional 5.5 mL is required to
bring the sample to pH 4.5. Identify the species of alkalinity present and determine the
concentrations (mg/L) of each.
4. A 250 sample of water has an initial pH of 10. 25mL of 0.02N H2SO4 is required to titrate the
sample to pH 4.5. Determine total alkalinity. (No additional)
5. A 250 sample of water has an initial pH of 10. 30mL of 0.02N H2SO4 is required to titrate the
sample to pH 4.5.
(a). Determine total alkalinity(mg/L as CaCo3). (No additional acid)
(b). Determine the species and quantity of each species of alkalinity if the 8.3 equivalence point
reached at 11mL of acid.
6. The threshold odor number (TON) test uses varying volumes of the sample diluted to 200mL
with distilled water. 5 to 10 people determine the mixture in which the smell is just barely
detectable.
Volume of odorous water to produce the Detection
mixture (mL)
50
40
30
25
20
7. A filterable residue analysis is run on a sample of water as follows. Prior to filtering, the crucible
and filter pad are kept overnight in the drying oven, cooled and the dry mass (tare mass) of the
pair determined to be 54.352g. Two hundred and fifty milliliters of the sample is drawn through
a filter pad contained in the porous-bottom crucible. The crucible and filter pad are then placed
in a drying oven at 104’C and dried until a constant mass of 54.389g is reached. Determine the
suspended solids concentration of the sample.
8. A 10.0-mL sample of sewage mixed with enough water to fill a 300-mL bottle has an initial DO
Of 9.0 mg/L. To help assure an accurate test, it is desirable to have at least a 2.0-mg/L drop in
DO during the five-day run, and the final DO should be at least 2.0mg/L. For what range of BOD5
would this dilution produce the desired results?
9. The BOD of a wastewater is suspected to range from 50 to 200 mg/L. Three dilutions are
prepared to cover this range. The procedure is the same in each case. First the sample is placed
in the standard BOD bottle and is then diluted to 300 mL with organic-free, oxygen-saturated
water. The initial dissolve oxygen is determined and the bottles tightly stoppered and placed in
the incubator at 20’C for 5 days, after which the dissolved oxygen is again determined.
Wastewater DO i (mg/L) DO 5 (mg/L)

(mL)
10. A test bottle containing only seeded dilution water has its DO level dropped by 1 mg/L in a five-
day test. A 300 mL BOD bottle filled with 15 mL of wastewater and the rest seeded dilution
water (i.e. 1:20 dilution) experiences a drop of 7.2 mg/L in the same time period. Calculate the
5-day BOD of the waste.
11. The dilution factor P for an unseeded mixture of waste and water is 0.030. The DO of
the mixture is initially 9.0 mg/L and after 5 days it has dropped to 3.0mg/L. The reaction
rate constant K has been found to be 0.22 per day.
(a) What is the 5 day BOD of the waste?
(b) What would be the ultimate carbonaceous BOD?
(c) What would be the remaining oxygen demand after 5 days?
12. If the BOD 5 of a waste is 102 mg/L and the BOD 20 (corresponds to the ultimate BOD) is 158
mg/L, what is K?
13. The BOD rate constant K, was determined empirically to be 0.20 day at 20’C.
What is k if the temperature of the water increases to 25’C?
What is k if the temperature of the water increases to 10’C?
14. 5 day BOD of a waste water is determined to be 150 mg/L at 20’C. The k value is known to be
0.23 per day. What would the 8 day BOD if the test were run at 15’C ?
15. A wastewater treatment plant serving a city of 200,000 discharges 1.10 m/s of treated effluent
having an ultimate BOD of 50.0 mg/L into a stream that has a flow of 8.70 m/s and a BOD of its
own, equal to 6mg/L. The deoxygenation constant K d is 0.20 per day.
(a) Assuming complete and instantaneous mixing, estimate the ultimate BOD of the river just
downstream from the outlet.
(b) If the stream has constant cross-section so that it flows at a fixed speed equal to 0.30m/s,
estimate the BOD remaining in the stream at a distance of 30,000 m downstream.
16. A wastewater has DO concentration of 2mg/L and discharge rate 1.1 m/s. The river that is
receiving the waste has DO equal to 8.3 mg/L and flow rate 8.7 m/s and temperature of 29’C.
Assuming complete and instantaneous mixing, estimate the initial DO deficit of the mixture of
wastewater and river water just downstream from the discharge point.
17. A wastewater treatment plant discharge secondary effluent to a surface stream. The
wastewater is found to have a maximum flow rate of 15,000 m/day, a BOD5 of 40 mg/L, a
dissolved oxygen concentration of 2 mg/L, and a temperature of 25’C.
The upstream found to have a minimum flow rate of 0.5 m/s, a BOD5 of 3 mg/L, a dissolved
oxygen concentration of 8 mg/L, and a temperature of 22’C. Complete mixing of wastewater
and stream is almost instantaneous, and the velocity of the mixture is 0.2m/s. From the flow
regime, the reaeration constant 0.4/day for 20’C conditions.
Sketch the dissolved oxygen profile a 100-km reach of the stream below the discharge.
(a) Determine characteristics of wastewater-stream mixture.

(b) BOD of the mixture.
(c) Convert to ultimate BOD (assuming k1 =0.23 for mixture)
(d) Determine dissolved Oxygen.
(e) Temperature of mixture.
(f) Correct reaction constants for temperature.
(g) Determine initial oxygen deficit D0
(h) Determine the critical deficit and its location.
(i) Determine the deficit at points 20, 75, and 100 km from the point of discharge.
(j) The dissolved-oxygen concentrations at each point are found to be:
18. Two streams converge A and B. Determine the flow, temperatures and dissolved oxygen (DO) in
the merged streams at point C.
Stream A Stream B
Flow=3.7 m/s Flow =2.5 m/s
Temp=21’C Temp=17’C
DO=4.5 mg/L DO=7.5 mg/L
19. A wastewater treatment plant dispose of its effluent in a surface stream. Characteristics
of the stream and effluent are shown below.
wastewater stream
Flow (m/s) 0.2 5.0
Dissolve oxygen, mg/L 1.0 8.0
Temperature. ’C 1.5 20.2
BOD 5 at 20’C, mg/L 100 mg/L 2.0 mg/L
K1 at 20’C, d 0.2 -
K2 at 20’C,d ------ 0.3
(a) What will be the dissolved oxygen concentration in the stream after 2.0 d?
(b) What will be the lowest dissolved oxygen concentration as a result of the waste
discharge?

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Alkalinity:

Phenolphthalein Alkalinity (in mg/L as CaCo3) =

Total Alkalinity (mg/L as CaCo3) =

(A2=Volume of H2SO4 used in mL starting from step 1(A2>A1)N=Normality of Acid50000) /

Calculation from Alkalinity and pH measurements:

Hydroxide alk (mg/L as CaCO3) = 50,000*10

Carbonate alk (mg/L as CaCO3) =2*(phenolphthalein alk-hydroxide alk)

Wastewater DO i (mg/L) DO 5 (mg/L)

(a) Determine characteristics of wastewater-stream mixture.

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