Applied Chemistry Tutorial Sheet - I (Water Treatment) (THEORETICAL)

APPLIED CHEMISTRY
Tutorial Sheet - I (Water Treatment) (THEORETICAL)
1. What are the specifications of water for various industrial applications.
2 . What is the cause of hardness in water? Distinguish between temporary and permanent
hardness.
3 . State chemical reactions, which remove bicarbonate hardness and justify your answer.
4. What is CaCO 3 equivalent? Why it is necessary to express hardness in terms of CaCO3

equivalent?
5. Discuss which of the following substances will increase, decrease

or have no effect on the hardness of water: Ca (OH)2 , Mg(HCO 3 )2 , MgSO 4 , Ca(HCO 3 )2,
CaSO 4 , CaCl2 , KCl, NH 4 Cl, NH 4 OH, NH 4)2 CO3, Na2 SO 4, BaCO 3 ,
NaCl, NaOH, Na2 CO 3 , Na3 PO4, NaAlO 2 , Na2 [Na4 (PO 3)6 ].
6. What are the various units to express hardness? Establish the relation between mg/l
and ppm.
7. What do you understand by complexometric titration ? Give the chemical reactions

involved in the determination of hardness of water by EDTA method.
8. Give the full forms of EDTA and EBT and draw their structures.
9. How is water analysed for alkalinity? How the alkalinity due to various ions can be
determined?
10. Can alkalinity of water be due to presence of OH -, CO 3 2- and HCO 3 - simultaneously?

Explain. Prove that if P>1/2M, CO 3 2- = 2(M-P).
11. Ca(HCO 3 )2 causes scale formation in low pressure boilers and not in high pressure
boilers. Why?
12. What is priming? How is it caused? What are its disadvantages?
13. What is boiler corrosion? What are its different contributing factors? How it can be
minimized?
14. What is caustic embrittlement and how can it be controlled?
15. Is it necessary to pass water through cation exchanger and then through anion
exchanger? What will happen if the process is reversed?
16. Draw the structure of cation and anion exchange resin. Give reaction for regeneration
of the exhausted exchangers.
17. What are zeolites? Discuss regeneration of zeolites
18. Differentiate between ion exchange and zeolite process.
19. Why silica, oil and dissolved gases should not be present in boiler feed water.
20. What may be the consequences of using water containing MgCl2 , CaCO 3 and SiO 2 in
boilers? Also give remedial measure for the same.
21. Justify the statement that “Phosphate Conditioning is pH dependent “. Identify from
the following compounds , those suitable for treating acidic, neutral and highly alkaline
water : NaH 2 PO4 , Na2 HPO 4 and Na3 PO4 .
22. Why is calgon conditioning better than phosphate conditioning?
23. Compare carbonate conditioning and phosphate conditioning of boiler water with
respect to the principles involved, advantages and limitations.
24. What is the basic principle applied to remove the hardness of water by Lime – Soda
process. Give the reactions for the same.
25. Why is hot lime -soda process better than cold process ? Why is sodium aluminate
added in cold process?
26. Give the advantages and disadvantages of Lime – Soda process.
27. Distinguish between primary and secondary standards of drinking water.
28. What is sedimentation with coagulation? What are the coagulants used for treatment of
drinking water?
29. What do you understand by disinfection? Which among the following is a better
disinfectant and why?
(i) Bleaching powder (ii) free chlorine (iii) chloramines , Explain with equations .
30. Why is it essential to maintain the pH of water around 7 for effective chlorination?
Give the different forms of chlorine at different pH.
31. Explain Break point chlorination with the help of chlorine dosage graph.
32. Why chloramines are preferred over bleaching powder during chlorination?
33. What is the process of dechlorination? Give two examples of dechlorinating agents.
APPLIED CHEMISTRY
Tutorial Sheet -II (Water Treatment) (NUMERICALS)
1. 50 ml of standard hard water containing 1 mg pure CaCO 3 per ml consumed 20 ml of

EDTA. 50 ml of water sample consumed 25 ml of the same EDTA solution, using EBT as
indicator. Calculate the total hardness of the water sample.
2. 100 ml of a sample of water required 15 ml of 0.01 M EDTA for titration using EBT as
indicator. In another experiment, the same sample was boiled to remove the hardness. 100
ml of this sample water required 8 ml of 0.01 M EDTA solution for titration. Calculate (i)
total hardness (ii) permanent hardness
3. 0.5 g CaCO 3 was dissolved in dil HCl and diluted to 500 ml. 50 ml of this required
40 ml EDTA. 100 ml hard water sample required 50 ml EDTA and after boiling 50 ml
consumed 20 ml EDTA. Calculate the temporary hardness of the water sample.
4. 0.4 g of CaCO3 was dissolved in HCl and diluted to 400 ml. 25 ml of this solution
required 20 ml EDTA solution for titration. 25 ml of hard water sample required 12.5 ml
of EDTA solution for titration. After boiling 25 ml of this required 10 ml of solution for
titration. Calculate total, permanent and temporary hardness of the water sample.
5. Calculate the hardness of a water sample, whose 10 ml required 20 ml EDTA. 20ml of

CaCl2 solution, whose strength is equivalent to 1.5 g of CaCO3 per litre , required 30 ml
of EDTA solution .
6. A sample of water was alkaline both to phenolphthalein and methyl orange. 50ml of this
water sample required 15 ml of N/50 H 2 SO 4 for phenolphthalein end point and another 10
ml for complete neutralization. Calculate the type of alkalinity in ppm.
7. A water sample is not alkaline to phenolphthalein. However, 100 ml of the sample water
on titration with N/ 50 HCl required 16.9 ml to obtain he end point, using methyl orange
as indicator. What are the types and amont of alkalinity present in the water sample?
8. 200ml of a sample required 20 ml of N/ 50 HCl using methyl orange as indicator.

Another 200ml of the same water sample required 8 ml of N/ 50 HCl using phenolphthalein
as indicator. Express alkalinity in terms of mg of CaCO3 per litre .
9. A water sample contains the following impurities: Mg(HCO3)2 = 73mg/ltr, CaCl 2 = 222
mg/ltr, MgSO 4 = 120mg/ltr, Ca(NO 3 )2 = 164 mg/ltr. Calculate the quantity of lime (74%
pure) and soda (90% pure) needed for softening 5000 litres of water.
10. Calculate the amount of lime and soda required to soften 25,000 litres of water having
the following analysis : Ca(HCO3) 2 = 4.86 ppm ; Mg(HCO3)2 = 7.3 ppm ; CaSO4 =6.8
ppm ; MgCl2 = 5.7 ppm; MgSO4 = 9.0 ppm ; SiO2 = 3.5 ppm NaCl = 5.85 ppm .
11. A water sample, using FeSO4.7 H2O as a coagulant at the rate of 278 ppm gave the
following analysis: Ca2+ =240 ppm ; Mg2+ =96 ppm CO2 = 44 ppm HCO3 - = 732
ppm. Calculate the amount of lime and soda required soften 250,000 litres of water
12. A zeolite softener was completely exhausted and was regenerated by passing 100 litres
of NaCl solution, containing 120 g/L of NaCl. How many litres of a sample of water of
hardness 500 ppm can be softened by this softener?
13. 10,000 litres of hard water was softened by zeolite process. The zeolite required a total
amount of 8 litres of NaCl solution containing 150 g/L of NaCl for regeneration. Calculate
the hardness of water.
Calculate the temporary hardness and permanent hardness of a sample of water containing:
Mg(HCO 3 )2 =7.3mg/L, Ca(HCO 3 )2 =16.2 mg/L, MgCl2=9.5mg/L, CaSO 4 =13.6mg/L .

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APPLIED CHEMISTRY

Tutorial Sheet - I (Water Treatment) (THEORETICAL)

1. What are the specifications of water for various industrial applications.

4. What is CaCO 3 equivalent? Why it is necessary to express hardness in terms of CaCO3

5. Discuss which of the following substances will increase, decrease

7. What do you understand by complexometric titration ? Give the chemical reactions

10. Can alkalinity of water be due to presence of OH -, CO 3 2- and HCO 3 - simultaneously?

12. What is priming? How is it caused? What are its disadvantages?

14. What is caustic embrittlement and how can it be controlled?

17. What are zeolites? Discuss regeneration of zeolites

18. Differentiate between ion exchange and zeolite process.

22. Why is calgon conditioning better than phosphate conditioning?

26. Give the advantages and disadvantages of Lime – Soda process.

27. Distinguish between primary and secondary standards of drinking water.

1. 50 ml of standard hard water containing 1 mg pure CaCO 3 per ml consumed 20 ml of

5. Calculate the hardness of a water sample, whose 10 ml required 20 ml EDTA. 20ml of

8. 200ml of a sample required 20 ml of N/ 50 HCl using methyl orange as indicator.

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