Oxidation & Reduction

STOICHIOMETRY - II Page # 3
OXIDATION & REDUCTION

Oxidation Number :
It is the charge (real or imaginary) which an atom appears to have when it is in combination. It may be
a whole no. or fractional. An element may have different values of oxidation number depending. It
depends on nature of compound in which it is present. There are some operational rules to determine
oxidation number.
Oxidation :
Addition of oxygen, removal of hydrogen, addition of electro-negative element, removal of electroposi-
tive element, loss of electrons, increase in oxidation number (de – electronation).
Reduction :
Removal of oxygen, addition of hydrogen, removal of electronegative element, addition of electro +ve
element, gain of electrons, decrease in oxid. no. (electronation).
Redox Reactions :
A reaction in which oxidation & reduction occur simultaneously.
Oxidising Agents :
(oxidants, oxidisors). They oxidise others, themselves are reduced & gain electrons. eg. O2, O3, HNO3,
MnO2, H2O2, halogens, KMnO4, K2Cr2O7, KIO3, Cl(SO4)3, FeCl3, NaOCl, hydrogen ions.
[Atoms present in their higher oxidation state.]
Reducing Agents :
H2, molecular form is weak reducing agent but Nascent hydrogen is powerful. C, CO, H2S, SO2, SnCl2,
sodium thio Sulphate, Al, Na, CaH2, NaBH4, LiAlH4 . They reduce others, themselves get oxidised & lose
electrons. Also called reductants or reducers.
[Atoms present in their lower oxidation state.]
Both oxidising & Reducing Agents :

SO2, H2O2, O3, NO2, etc.
Balancing of Equations :
(i) Ion - electron method
(ii) Oxidation number method
[Concept involved that in any chemical reaction e– cannot be produced so no. of e– s in O.H. & R.H.
should be same]
Note : To predict the product of reaction remember :
(a) Free halogen on reduction gives halide ion (F2  F–)
(b) Alkali metals on oxidation give metallic ion with +1 oxidation state.
(c) In alkaline medium it is reduced to K2MnO4 but in strong alkaline or neutral medium it reduces of Mn+4
(d) In acid solution KMnO4 is reduced to Mn2+
(e) H2O2 on reduction gives water and on oxidation gives oxygen.
(f) Dichromate ion in acid solution is reduced to Cr3+.
394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. 0744-2209671, 93141-87482, 93527-21564
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Page # 4 STOICHIOMETRY - II
Nature of Oxides Based on Oxidation Number :

Lowest oxidation state  Basic (MnO)
Intermediate oxidation state  Amphoteric (Mn3O4, MnO2)
Highest oxidation state  Acidic (Mn2O7)
Rules For Assigning Oxidation Number :
(i) Oxidation number of free elements or atoms is zero.
(ii) Oxidation number of allotropes is zero.
(iii) Oxidation number of atoms in homo-nuclear molecules is zero.
(iv) Oxidation number of mono-atomic ions is equal to the algebric charge on them.
(v) Oxidation number of F in compounds is –1
(vi) Oxidation number of H in its compounds is +1, except in metalhydrides where it is –1
(vii) Oxidation number of O is –2 in its compounds, but in F2 O it is +2 and in peroxides it is –1 and
–0.5 in KO2
(viii) Oxidation number of alkali metals in their compounds +1.
(ix) Oxidation number of alkaline earth metals in their compounds is +2.
(x) The sum of oxidation number of all the atoms in a molecule should be zero and in an ion equal to
its charge.
Average Oxidation Number : Find Oxidation Number of Fe in Fe3O4.

Fe3O4 is FeO. Fe2O3
O.N. of Fe in FeO is +2 ; O.N. of Fe in Fe2O3 is +3.
2  2 x( 3 ) 8
Therefore average O.N. of three Fe atoms = =+
3 3
EQUIVALENT CONCEPT
(A) Volumetric analysis :

This mainly involve titrations based chemistry. If can be divided into two major category.
(I) Non-redox system (II) Redox system
(I) Non-redox system

This involve following kind of titrations :
1. Acid-Base titrations 2. Back titration
3. Precipitation titration 4. Double indicator acid base titration
Titrimetric Method of Analysis :

A titrimetric method of analysis is based on chemical reaction such as.
aA + tT  Product.
Where 'a' molecules of "analysis", A reacts with t molecules of reagent T.
T is called Titrant normally taken in buret in form of solution of known concentration. The solution of
titrant is called "standard solution".
The addition of titrant is added till the amount of T, chemically equivalent to that of 'A' has been
added. It is said equivalent point of titration has been reached. In order to know when to stop addition
of titrant, a chemical substance is used called indicator, which respond to appearance of excess of
titrant by changing colour precisely at the equivalence point. The point in the titration where the
indicator changes colour is termed the 'end point'. It is possible that end point be as close as possible
to the equivalence point. The term titration refer's to process of measuring the volume of titrant
required to reach the end point.
Law of Chemical equivalence :

It states that in any chemical reaction the equivalents of all the reactants and products must be
same.
2A + 3B  4C
Eg. of A = Equivalents of 'B' = Equivalents of 'C'
Weight of ' A'

Equivalents of 'A' =
Equivalent weight of ' A'
or Equivalents of 'A' = no. of moles of 'A' × n-factor
A + B + C  product
If A & B do not react with each other but C react with both A & B then
gm eq. of A + gm eq. of B = gm eq. of C
or
meq. of A + meq. of B = meq. of C
n - factor calculation
n factor here we mean a conversion factor by which we divide molar mass of substance to get
equivalent mass and it depends on nature of substance which vary from one condition to another
condition. We can divide n-factor calculations in two category.
(1) In case of non-redox reaction.
(a) n factor of acid = basicity of the acid
Basicity : Number of replacible H+ ion.
Ex.1 n factor of HCl = 1
n factor of CH3COOH = 1
n factor of H2SO4 = 2
(b) n factor of base = acidity of the base
Acidity : Number of replaceble OH– ion.
Ex.2 n factor of NaOH = 1
n factor of Ca(OH)2 = 2
n factor of Al(OH)3 = 3
n factor of B(OH)3 = 1 (because it is a mono basic acid)
(c) n factor Salt : Total number of positive or negative charge.
Ex.3 n factor of NaCl = 1
n factor of Na2SO4 = 2
n factor of K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O = 8
Ex.4 Find the n factor of H3PO4 in the following reaction.
H3PO4 + Ca(OH)2  CaHPO4 + 2H2O
Sol. Basicity of H3PO4 in the above reaction is 2
 the n factor of H3PO4 is 2
(2) In case of redox reaction.

(a) From oxidation number
n factor of oxidising or redusing agent = change in oxidation number per molecule.
 consider a salt AxBy in which the O.S. of A is +c. It changes to a compound AdE in which the O.S.
of A is +f. Here we are assuming that B does not undergo any change in O.S.
Ax+c By  Ad+f E (obviously AxBy must have reacted with some other substance to produce the product
AdE. That means other substance has the atom E in it.)
The 'n' factor is = |xc – xf |.
Ex.5 Find the n factor of KMnO4 in different medium.

Sol. (i) In acidic mediam
KMnO4  Mn+2
Change in oxidation number of Mn = +7 – 2 = 5
 the n factor of KMnO4 = 5 Ans.
(ii) basic medium
KMnO4  K2MnO4
n factor of KMnO4 = +7 – 6 = 1 Ans.
(iii) neutral medium
KMnO4  MnO2
n factor of KMnO4 = +7 – 4 = 3 Ans.
Ex.6 Find the n factor of Na2S2O3 in the following reactions.

(a) Na2S2O3 + I2  NaI + Na2S4O6
sodium thio sodium tetra
sulphate thionate
(b) Na2S2O3 + I2  NaI + Na2SO4
Sol. (a) Change in oxidation number of sulphur = |+2 – 2.5| = 0.5
Change in oxidation number per molecule = 0.5 × 2
 n factor of Na2S2O3 = 1
(b) Change in oxidation number of sulphur = |2 – 6| = 4
Change in oxidation number per molecule = 4 × 2
 n factor of Na2S2O3 = 8
 Consider the salt AxBy to undergo a reaction so that the element A undergoes a change in O.S. but
is present in more than one product with the same O.S. i.e. A x cBy  A a f B y  A g f H (the superscripts
denote the oxidation state of the respective elements).
 n = |xc – xf|
 Salts that react in such a way that more than one type of atom in the salt undergoes O.S. change.
A x cBy  A a f E  JxB –1
In this case both A and B are changing their O.S.'s and both of them are either getting oxidised or
reduced. In such a case n factor of the compound is the sum of the individual n factors of A and B. i.e.
|xc – xf | + | –xC – (–yi)|. Then n factor of A can be undersood which is |xc – xf|. The n factor of B is
|–xc – (–yi)|
Disproportionation Reactions :
A redox reaction in which a same element present in a particular compound in a definite oxidation state
is oxidized as well as reduced simultaneously is a disporportionation reactions.
n factor = 2 = n2
0 1 –1
Cl2 (g)  2OH – (aq)  C l O – (aq)  C l – (aq)  H2O( )
Ex.7
n factor = 2 = n1
n factor of overall reaction = n1 × n2 / n1 + n2
(b) From ion electron method :

n factor = total number of electrons transfered per mole of the reactant
Ex.8 MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e  Mn+2 + 4 H2O
n factor of KMnO4 = 5
Acid-Base titration.
To find out strength or concentration of unknown acid or base it is titrated against base or acid of
known strength. At the equivalence point we can know amount of acid or base used and then with the
help of law of equivalents we can find strength of unknown.
Meq of acid at equivalence point = Meq of base at equivalence point
Ex.9 One litre solution of alkali (NaOH) is prepared by dissolving impure solid of alkali which contain 5%
Na2CO3 and 8% CaCO3 and 10% NaCl. A 10 ml portion of this solution required 9.8 mL of a 0.5 M H2SO4
solution for neutralization. Calculate weight of alkali dissolved initially.
gm eq. of Na2CO3 + gm eq. of CaCO3 + gm eq. of NaOH = gm eq. of H2SO4
5x 1 8x 1 77 x 1
Sol.       0.98 x = 45 g Ans.
100 53 100 50 100 40
Back titration
Back titration is used in volumetric analysis to find out excess of reagent added by titrating it with
suitable reagent. it is also used to find out percentage purity of sample. For example in acid-base
titration suppose we have added excess base in acid mixture. To find excess base we can titrate the
solution with another acid of known strength.
Ex.10 20 g. of a sample of Ba(OH)2 is dissolved in 50 ml. Of 0.1 N HCl solution. The excess of HCl was titrated
with 0.1 N NaOH. The volume of NaOH used was 20 cc. Calculate the percentage of Ba(OH)2 in the
sample.
Sol. Milli eq. of HCl initially = 50 × 0.1 = 5
Milli eq. of NaOH consumed = Milli eq. of HCl in excess = 20 × 0.1 = 2
Milli eq. of HCl consumed = Milli eq. of Ba(OH)2 = 5 – 2 = 3
 eq. of Ba(OH)2 = 3/1000 = 3 × 10–3
Mass of Ba(OH)2 = 3 × 10–3 × (171/2) = 0.2565 g.
% Ba(OH)2 = (0.2565/20) × 100 = 1.28 % Ans.
Ex.11 4.0 g of monobasic, saturated carboxylic acid is dissolved in 100 mL water and its 10 mL portion
required 8.0 mL 0.27 M NaOH to reach the equivalence point. In an another experiment, 5.0 g of the
same acid is burnt completely and CO2 produced is absorbed completely in 500 mL of a 2.0 N NaOH
solution. A 10 mL portion of the resulting solution is treated with excess of BaCl2 to precipitate all
carbonate and finally titrated with 0.5 N H2SO4 solution. Determine the volume of the acid solution that
would be required to make this solution neutral.
Sol. meq. of NaOH = 8 × 0.27 = meq. of acid for 10 ml of acid solution
8  0.27  100 4
meq. of acid for 100 ml of solution = =  10 3
10 M
4
M (acid) = × 1000 = 185.2
8  0.27  10
Formula of acid. = CnH2nO2
 M = 14n + 32 = 185.2
 n = 11
5 55
Now 5g acid will produce × 11 = mol CO2 after complete combustion.
185 .2 185 .2
2NaOH + CO2  Na2CO3 + H2O
Total mass of NaOH available = 500 × 2 × 10–3 = 1.0 mole
2  55 76
Moles of NaOH left unreacted = 1 – = in 500 mL
185 .2 185 .2
 Molarity of NaOH after precipitation of Na2CO3 = 0.812
Therefore, 0.812 × 10 = 0.5 × V
 V = 16.24 mL Ans.
Precipitation titration :
In ionic reaction we can know strength of unknown solution of salt by titrating it against a reagent
with which it can form precipitate. For example NaCl strength can be known by titrating it against
AgNO3 solution with which it form white ppt. of AgCl.
So meq. of NaCl at equivalence point = meq. of AgNO3 used = meq. of AgCl formed
Ex.12 A complex of cobalt with ammonia is analyzed for determining its formula, by titrating it against a
standardized acid as follows :
Co(NH3)x Cl3(aq) + HCl  NH4+ (aq) + Co3+ (aq) + Cl–(aq)
A 1.58 g complex required 23.63 mL 1.5 M HCl to reach the equivalence point. Determine formula. If the
reaction mixture at equivalence point is trated with excess of AgNO3 solution, what mass of AgCl will
precipitate out ?
Sol. The balanced chemical reaction is :
Co(NH3)xCl3 + xHCl  xNH4+ + Co3+ + (x + 3) Cl–
158
. 158
. x 158
. ( x  3)
165.5  17 x 165.5  17 x 165.5  17 x
158
. x 23.63  15
.
  = moles of HCl
165.5  17 x 1000
 x=6
(x + 3)  1.58
moles of Cl = moles of AgCl =
165.5 + 17x
(x + 3)  1.58
wt. of AgCl =  143.5  7.62
165.5 + 17x
m(AgCl) = 0.053 × 143.5 = 7.62 g Ans.
CALCULATION OF AVAILABLE CHLORINE FROM A SAMPLE OF BLEACHING POWDER

The weight % of available Cl2 from the given sample of balaching powder on reaction with dil acids or
CO2 is called available chlorine.
CaOCl2 + H2SO4  CaSO4 + H2O + Cl2
CaOCl2 + 2HCl  CaCl2 + H2O + Cl2
CaOCl2 + 2CH3COOH Ca(CH3COO)2 + H2O + Cl2
CaOCl2 + CO2  CaCO3 + Cl2
Method of determination :
starch
Bleaching powder + CH3COOH + KI end point
Hypo
meq. of I2 = meq. of Cl2 = meq. of Hypo solution
3.55  x  V(mL)
% of Cl2 =
W (g)
where x = molarity of hypo solution

v = mL. of hypo solution used in titration.
Ex.13 10 gm sample of bleaching powder was dissolved into water to make the solution on litre. To this
solution 35 mL of 1.0 M Mohr salt solution was added containing enough H2SO4. After the reaction was
complete, the excess Mohr salt required 30 mL of 0.1 M KMnO4 for oxidation. The % of available Cl2
approximately is (mol wt = 71)
Sol.14 meq. of Mohr's salt = 35 × 1 × 1 = 35
meq. of KMnO4 = meq. of excess mohr salt = 30 × 0.1 × 5 = 15
meq. of Mohr salt reacted with bleaching powder = 35 – 15 = 20
meq. of Cl2 = 20
71
wt. of Cl2 = 20 × 10–3 × = 0.71 gm
2
0.71
% of Cl2 =  100 = 7.1 % Ans.
2
Double indicator acid-base titration :

In the acid-base titration the equivalence point is known with the help of indicator which changes its
colour at the end point. In the titration of polyacidic base or polybasic acid there are more than one
end point. One indicator is not able to give colour change at every end point. So to find out each end
point we have to use more than one indicator. For example in the titration of Na2CO3 against HCl there
are two end points.
Na2CO3 + HCl  NaHCO3 + NaCl

NaHCO3 + HCl  H2CO3 + NaCl
When we use phenolphthalein in the above titration it changes its colour at first end point when
NaHCO3 is formed and with it we can not know second end point. Similarly with methyl orange it
changes its colour at second end point only and we can not know first end point. it is because all
indicator changes colour on the basis of pH of medium. So in titration of NaHCO3, KHCO3 against acid
phenolphthalein can not be used.
Titration Indicator pH Range n factor
Na2CO3 Phenolphthalein 8.3 – 10 1

against acid
Na2CO3 Methyl orange 3.1 – 4.4 2
A sample contains NaOH, Na2CO3 & NaHCO3. This solution is titrated with HCl or H2SO4
(i) When Phenolphthalein (HPh) is used as indicator the reaction are given below.
Na2CO3 + HCl  NaHCO3 + NaCl
This is the Half neutralisation of Na2CO3
NaHCO3 + HCl  X
NaOH + HCl  NaCl + H2O
Hence
1
Meq. of HCl = meq of NaOH + meq. of Na2CO3
2
(ii) when methyl orange (MeOH) is used as indicator
Na2CO3 + 2HCl  2 NaCl + H2O + CO2
This is the complete neutralisation
NaHCO3 + HCl  NaCl + H2O + CO2
NaOH + HCl  NaCl + H2O
in this case
meq. of HCl = meq of NaOH + meq. of Na2CO3 + meq. of NaHCO3
(iii) If MeOH is added after the first end point obtained from HPh
NaHCO3 + NaHCO3 + HCl  NaCl + H2O + CO2
Produced original
meq. of HCl = meq. of NaHCO3 (produced) + meq. of NaHCO3 (original)
Note :
When we carry out dilution of solution, meq eq. milli mole or mole of substance does not change
because they represent amount of substance, however molar concentration may change.
Ex.15 A solution contains a mixture of Na2CO3 and NaOH. Using phenolphthalein as indicator 25 ml. of mixture
required 19.5 ml of 0.995 N HCl for the end point. With methyl orange. 25 ml of solution required 25 ml.
of the same. HCl for the end point. Calculate grams per litre of each substance in the mixture.
Sol. Let a & b are the meq. of Na2CO3 and NaOH respectively
when phenolphthale in is used as indicator
1
meq. of Na2CO3 + meq. of NaOH = meq of HCl
2
a
 b = 19.5 × 0.995
2
a
 b = 19.4 ...(1)
2
when MeOH is used as indicator
meq. of Na2CO3 + Meq. of NaOH = meq. of HCl
a + b = 25 × 0.995
a + b = 24.875 ...(2)
from (1) & (2)
a
= 5.475  a = 10.95
2
b = 24.875 – 10.95 = 13.925
10.95 106
wt of Na2CO3 /lit =  10 –3   1000 = 23.2 gm/lit
25 2
wt of NaOH/lit = b × 10–3 × 84/25 × 1000 = 22.28 gm/lit Ans.
Ex.16 2.5 g of a mixture containing CaCO3, Ca(HCO3)2 and NaCl was dissolved in 100 mL water and its 10 mL
portion required 10 mL 0.05 M H2SO4 solution to reach the phenolphthalein end point. An another 10 mL
portion of the same stock solution required 32.35 mL of the same acid solution to reach the methyl
orange end point. Determine mass percentage of CaCO3 and Ca(HCO3)2 in the original mixture.
Sol. Let a and b are the meq. of CaCO3 and Ca(HCO3)2 respectively.
When HPh is used is indicater then only CaCO3 will react with H2SO4
meq. of H2SO4 = 1/2 meq. of CaCO3
10  0.05  100  2
meq. of H2SO4 = = 10
10
meq. of CaCO3 = 20
When MeOH is used as indicator
then meq. of CaCO3 + meq. of Ca(HCO3)2 = meq. of H2SO4
32.35  0.05  2
a+b=  100
10
a + b = 32.35
b = 12.5
wt. of CaCO3 = a × 10–3 × 100/2
= 1 gm
wt. of Ca(HCO3)2 = b × 10–3 × 162/2 = 1 gm
1
% of CaCO3 =  100 = 40%
2.5
1
% of Ca(HCO3)2 =  100 = 40%
2.5
Ex.17 6.4 g of a pure monobasic organic acid is burnt completely in excess of oxygen and CO2 evolved is
absorbed completely in one litre of an aqueous solution of NaOH. A 10 mL portion of this solution
required 14.5 mL of a normal HCl solution to reach the phenolphthalein end point. An another 10 mL
portion of the same solution required 18 mL of the same HCl solution to reach the methyl organe end
point. If the organic acid contains 25% oxygen by weight, deduce the empirical formula of this acid and
strength of original NaOH solution.
Sol. CxHyO2 + O2  xCO2 2NaOH

   xNa2CO3
6.4 6.4 x 6.4 x

M M M
Let 100 ml of solution contains a meq. of NaOH & b meq. of Na2CO3

when HPh is used as indicator then
meq. of NaOH + 1/2 meq. of Na2CO3 = Meq. of HCl
14.5  1
=  1000 = 40%
10
a + b/2 = 14.5 × 100

a + b/2 = 14.5 × 100 = 1450 ...(1)
when MeOH is used as indicator
meq. of NaOH + meq. of Na2CO3 = Meq. of HCl
1
a + b = 18 × 1 × × 100 = 1800 ...(2)
10
from (1) & (2)

b = 700
a = 100
b  10 –3 6.4
moles of Na2CO3 = = x
2 M
700  10 –3 x
 = 6.4 ...(1)
2 M
wt % of = 25
25
M  32  M = 128
100
700  10 –3 x
from (1) = 6.4 ×
2 128
700  10 –3 128
× =x=7
2 6.4
formula C7H12O2
1800
Molarity of NaOH = = 1.8 M Ans.
1000
Ex.18 A solution contains Na2CO3 and NaHCO3. 10 mL of the solution requires 2.5 mL of 0.1 M H2SO4 for
neutralisation using phenolphthalein as an indicator. Methyl organge is added when a further 2.5 mL of
0.2 M H2SO4 was required. Calculate the amount of Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 in one litre of the solution.
Sol. Na2CO3 NaHCO3
Let a meq. b meq.
when HPh is used as indicator
1
then meq. of Na2Cl3 = meq. of H2SO4
2
a
= 2.5 × 0.1 × 2  a=1
2
MeOH is added after the forst eard point the solution

Contains NaHCO3 original & NaHCO3 produced.
meq. of H2SO4 = meq. of NaHCO3 original + meq. of NaHCO3 produced
2.5 × 0.2 × 2 = b + 1/2 meq. of Na2CO3
= b + a/2
b + a/2 = 1
b = 1 – 0.5 = 0.5
106 1
wt of Na2CO3/lit = a × 10–3 × × × 1000
2 10
53
=1× = 5.3 gm
10
1
wt of NaHCO3/lit = b × 10–3 ×84 × × 1000 = 4.2 gm Ans.
10
THE ATLAS
STOICHIOMETRY
1. Mole-definition and meaning

2. Gram - atomic mass
3. Gram - molecular weight
4. Relative atomic mass
5. Isotopic abundance
6. Average atomic mass
CHEMICAL CALCULATION USING

MOLE CONCEPT BASED ON
BALANCED CHEMICAL REACTION
THEORETICAL EXPERIMENTAL
STOICHIOMETRY STOICHIOMETRY
ANALYSIS
1. Stoichiometric proportion
2. Non stoichiometric proportion
3. Concept of limiting reagent Titrimetric
Gravimetric Method Gas Analysis
Reaction in Reaction
aqueous solution involving
1. Acid Base gaseous
2. Redox reactants and
3. Precipitation products
4. Complex titrimetric
GLOSSARY
Aliquot . A portion of the whole, usually a simple fraction. A portion of a sample withdraw from a
volumetric flask with a pipet is called as aliquot.
Analytical concentration, The total number of moles per litre of a solute regardless of any reactions
that might occur when the solute dissolves. Used synonymously with formality.
Equivalent. The amount of a substance which furnishes or reacts with 1 mole of H+ (acid-base), 1 mol
of electrons (redox), or 1 mol of a univalent cation (precipitation and complex formation).
Equivalent weight. The weight in grams of one equivalent of a substance.
Equivalence point. The point in a titration where the number of equivalents of titrant is the same as
the number of equivalents of analyte.
End point. The point in a titration where an indicator changes color.
Formula weight. The number of formula weights of all the atoms in the chemical formula of a sub-
stance.
Formality. The number formula weights of solute per litre of solution; synonymous with analytical
concentration.
Indicator. A chemical substance which exhibits different colors in the presence of excess analyte or
titrant.
Normality. The number of equivalents of solute per litre of solution.
Primary standard. A substance available in a pure form or state of known purity which is used in
standardizing a solution.
Standardization. The process by which the concentration of a solution is accurately ascertained.
Standard solution. A solution whose concentration has been accurately determined.
Titrant. The reagent (a standard solution) which is added from a buret to react with the analyte.

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STOICHIOMETRY - II Page # 3

OXIDATION & REDUCTION

Both oxidising & Reducing Agents :

Nature of Oxides Based on Oxidation Number :

Average Oxidation Number : Find Oxidation Number of Fe in Fe3O4.

(A) Volumetric analysis :

(I) Non-redox system

Titrimetric Method of Analysis :

Law of Chemical equivalence :

Weight of ' A'

(2) In case of redox reaction.

Ex.5 Find the n factor of KMnO4 in different medium.

Ex.6 Find the n factor of Na2S2O3 in the following reactions.

n factor of overall reaction = n1 × n2 / n1 + n2

(b) From ion electron method :

Total mass of NaOH available = 500 × 2 × 10–3 = 1.0 mole

CALCULATION OF AVAILABLE CHLORINE FROM A SAMPLE OF BLEACHING POWDER

meq. of I2 = meq. of Cl2 = meq. of Hypo solution

where x = molarity of hypo solution

Double indicator acid-base titration :

Na2CO3 + HCl  NaHCO3 + NaCl

Titration Indicator pH Range n factor

Na2CO3 Phenolphthalein 8.3 – 10 1

Sol. CxHyO2 + O2  xCO2 2NaOH

6.4 6.4 x 6.4 x

Let 100 ml of solution contains a meq. of NaOH & b meq. of Na2CO3

a + b/2 = 14.5 × 100

from (1) & (2)

MeOH is added after the forst eard point the solution

1. Mole-definition and meaning

CHEMICAL CALCULATION USING

Equivalent weight. The weight in grams of one equivalent of a substance.

End point. The point in a titration where an indicator changes color.

Normality. The number of equivalents of solute per litre of solution.

Standardization. The process by which the concentration of a solution is accurately ascertained.

Standard solution. A solution whose concentration has been accurately determined.

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