OXIDATION & REDUCTION

Molecular Equations: BaCl2 + Na2SO4 BaSO4 + 2 NaCl . Ionic Equations : Ba2+ + SO42 BaSO4 . Spectator Ions : Ions which do not undergo change during a reaction , they are not included in the final balanced equation . Rules For Writing Ionic Equations : (i) All soluble electrolytes involved in a chemical change are expresses in ionic symbols and covalent substances are written in molecular form . (ii) The electrolyte which is highly insoluble , is expressed in molecular form . (iii) The ions which are common and equal in number on both sides (spectator ions) are cancelled . (iv) Besides the atoms , the ionic charges must also balance on both the sides . Valency : Valency of an element is defined as the number of hydrogen atoms that combine with or are displaced by one atom of the element . Cl, monovalent; O, divalent; N, trivalent; tetravalent C; variable valency P (3 , 5). It is never a useful concept despite of physical reality, so more common & artificial concept is oxidation state (oxidation number) . Oxidation Number : It is the charge (real or imaginary) which an atom appears to have when it is in combination. It may be a whole no. or fractional. For an element may have different values. It depends on nature of compound in which it is present. There are some operational rules to determine oxidation number. Stock's Notation : Generally used for naming compounds of metals , some non-metals also. eg. Cr2O3 Chromium (III) oxide and P2O5 Phosphorous (V) oxide . Oxidation : Addition of oxygen , removal of hydrogen , addition of electro- negative element , removal of electropositive element, loss of electrons, increase in oxidation number (de-electronation) . Reduction : Removal of oxygen, addition of hydrogen, removal of electronegative element, addition of electro-positive element, gain of electrons, decrease in oxid. no. (electronation). Redox Reactions : A reaction in which oxidation & reduction occur simultaneously . Oxidising Agents (oxidants / oxidisors): They oxidise others, themselves are reduced & gain electrons. eg. O2, O3, HNO3, MnO2, H2O2, halogens, KMnO4, K2Cr2O7, KIO3, Cl(SO4)3, FeCl3, NaOCl, hydrogen ions. [Atoms present in their higher oxidation state.] Reducing Agents ( reductants / reducers): They reduce others, themselves get oxidised & lose electrons. H2, molecule is weak but Nascent hydrogen is powerful . C, CO, H2S, SO2, SnCl2, Sodium thio Sulphate, Al, Na, CaH2, NaBH4, LiAlH4 [Atoms present in their lower oxidation state]. Both Oxidising & Reducing Agents : SO2 , H2O2 , O3 , NO2 , etc . Balancing Of Equations : (i) Ion - electron method (ii) Oxidation number method [Concept involved that in any chemical reaction electrons cannot be produced so no. of electrons in both the sides should be same]

Oxidation Half Reaction : Reduction Half Reaction :

Na Na+ + e . F2 + 2e 2 F .

COMMON OXIDATION AND REDUCTION PARTS OXIDATION PARTS

Fe2+ Fe3+ Zn Zn2+ X X2 S2 S H2O2 O2 SO32 SO42 C2O42 CO2 S2O32 S4O62 I2 IO3 X2 X Cr2O72 Cr3+ NO3 NO MnO4 Mn2+ (neutral med.) MnO4 MnO2 (Basic med.) SO42 SO2 MnO2 Mn2+

REDUCTION PARTS
Fe3+ Fe2+

Types Of Redox Reduction : Intermolecular redox, disproportion, Intra molecular redox . Disproportion: In such reactions the oxidising and reducing agents(atom) are the same .
oxidation

H2O2 + H2O2 2 H2O + O2 .

reduction

To identify whether a reaction is redox or not , find change in oxidation number or loss and gain of electrons. If there is no change in oxidation number , the reaction is not a redox reaction . NOTE : (a) (b) (c) To predict the product of reaction remember : Free halogen on reduction gives halide ion (F2 F ) Alkali metals on oxidation give metallic ion with + 1 oxidation state. Conc. HNO3 on reduction gives NO2 , while dilute HNO3 can give NO, N2, NH4+ or other products depending on the nature of reducing agent and on dilution. (d) In acid solution KMnO4 is reduced to Mn2+ while in neutral or alkaline , it gives MnO2 or K2MnO4 . (e) H2O2 on reduction gives water and on oxidation gives oxygen. (f) Dichromate ion in acid solution is reduced to Cr3+. Nature of oxides based on oxidation number : Lowest oxidation state Intermediate oxidation state Highest oxidation state Basic Amphoteric Acidic (MnO) (Mn3O4 , MnO2) (Mn2O7)

Metathesis Reactions : Never redox reactions . In these two compounds react to form two new compounds and no change in oxidation number occur . eg. (i) Pb (NO3)2 + K2CrO4 Pb CrO4 + 2 KNO3 (ii) HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O

Rules (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii)

For Assigning Oxidation Number : Oxidation number of free elements or atoms is zero . Oxidation number of allotropes is zero . Oxidation number of atoms in homo-nuclear molecules is zero . Oxidation number of mono-atomic ions is equal to the algebric charge on them . Oxidation number of F in compounds is - 1 . Oxidation number of H in its compounds is + 1 , except in metalhydrides where it is - 1 . Oxidation number of O is - 2 in its compounds , but in F2O it is + 2 and in peroxides it is - 1 and - 0.5 in KO2 . (viii) Oxidation number of alkali metals in their compounds + 1 . (ix) Oxidation number of alkaline earth metals in their compounds is + 2 . (x) Oxidation number of an ion is equal to its charge . (xi) Oxidation number of a molecule as a whole is zero . (xii) The sum of oxidation number of all the atoms in a molecule should be zero and in an ion equal to its charge . Average Oxidation Number : Find Oxidation Number of Fe in Fe3O4 Fe3O4 is FeO. Fe2O3. O. N. of Fe in FeO is + 2 ; O. N. of Fe in Fe2O3 is + 3 . Therefore average O. N. of three Fe atoms =
8 +2+2x ( +3) =+ . 3 3

EQUIVALENT CONCEPT
(A) Volumetric analysis: This mainly involve titrations based chemistry. It can be divided into two major category. (I) Non-redox system (II) Redox system (I) Non redox system: This involve following kind of titrations: 1. Acid-Base titrations 2. Back titration 3. Precipitation titration 4. Double indicator acid base titration Titrimetric Method of Analysis : A titrimetric method of analysis is based on chemical reaction such as. aA + tT Product Where a molecules of analysis, A, reacts with t molecules of reagent T. T is called Titrant normally taken in buret in form of solution of known concentration. The solution of titrant is called standard solution. The addition of titrant is added till the amount of T, chemically equivalent to that of A has been added. It is said equivalent point of titration has been reached. In order to know when to stop addition of titrant, a chemical substance is used called indicator, which respond to appearance of excess of titrant by changing colour precisely at the equivalence point. The point in the titration where the indicator changes colour is termed the end point. It is possible that end point be as close as possible to the equivalence point. The term titration refers to process of measuring the volume of titrant required to reach the end point. For many years the term volumetric analysis was used rather than titrimetric analysis. However from a rigorons stand point the term titrimetric is preferable because volume measurement may not be confirmed to titration. In certain analysis, for example one might measure the volume of a gas. We can adopt mole method in balanced chemical reactions to relate reactant and products but it is more easier to apply law of equivalents in volumetric calculations because it does not require knowledge of balanced chemical reactions involved in sequence.

Law of equivalents refers to that, equivalents of a limiting reactant is equal to equivalent of other reactant reacting in a chemical reaction or equal to equivalents of products formed. n factor here we mean a conversion factor by which we divide molar mass of substance to get equivalent mass and it depends on nature of substance which vary from one condition to another condition. We can divide n-factor calculations in two category. (A) when compound is not reacting. (B) when compound is reacting. Acid-Base titration To find out strength or concentration of unknown acid or base it is titrated against base or acid of known strength. At the equivalence point we can know amount of acid or base used and then with the help of law of equivalents we can find strength of unknown. Meq of acid at equivalence point = Meq of base at equivalence point Back titration Back titration is used in volumetric analysis to find out excess of reagent added by titrating it with suitable reagent. It is also used to find out percentage purity of sample. For example in acid-base titration suppose we have added excess base in acid mixture. To find excess base we can titrate the solution with another acid of known strength. Precipitation titration : In ionic reaction we can know strength of unknown solution of salt by titrating it against a reagent with which it can form precipitate. For example NaCl strength can be known by titrating it against AgNO3 solution with which it form white ppt. of AgCl. Meq. of NaCl at equivalence point = meq of AgNO3 used = meq of AgCl formed Double indicator acid-base titration: In the acid-base titration the equivalence point is known with the help of indicator which changes its colour at the end point. In the titration of polyacidic base or polybasic acid there are more than one end point for each step neutralization. Sometimes one indicator is not able to give colour change at every end point. So to find out end point we have to use more than one indicator. For example in the titration of Na2CO3 against HCl there are two end points. Na2CO3 + HCl NaHCO3 + NaCl NaHCO3 + HCl H2CO3 + NaCl When we use phenophthalein in the above titration it changes its colour at first end point when NaHCO3 is formed and with it we can not know second end point. Similarly with methyl orange it changes its colour at second end point only and we can not know first end point. It is because all indicator changes colour on the basis of pH of medium. So in titration of NaHCO3, KHCO3 against acid phenolphthalein can not be used. So we can write with phenolpthalein, if total meq of Na2CO3 = 1 then meq of Na2CO3 = meq of HCl with methyl orange, meq of Na2CO3 = meq of HCl

n-factor in non-redox system Titration Na 2CO 3 against acid K2CO 3 Methyl orange of products formed in reaction. 3.1 4.4 2 Indicator Phenolphthalein pH Range 8.3 10 n factor 1

Note: When we carry out dilution of solution, meq eq, milli mole or mole of substance does not change because they represent amount of substance, however molar concentration may change. Solubilities of some important salts : 1. Chloride : AgCl White ppt. Hg2Cl2 White ppt. PbCl2 White ppt. CuCl Insolution ppt. BiOCl White ppt. SbOCl White ppt. Hg2OCl2 White ppt. AgBr Pate yellow ppt. PbBr2 White ppt. Hg2Br2 White ppt. CuBr White ppt. AgI Yellow ppt. PbI2 Yellow ppt. Hg2I2 Green ppt. HgI2 Red ppt. CuI White ppt. BI3 Black ppt. Ag2O Brown ppt. Pb(OH)2 White ppt. Pb(OH)4 White ppt. Hg2O Black ppt. HgO Yellow ppt. Cu2O Red ppt. CuO Black ppt. Cu(OH)2 Blue ppt. Cd(OH)2 White ppt. Fe(OH)2 White ppt. Fe(OH)3 Red ppt. Sn(OH)2 White ppt. Sn(OH)4 White ppt. Al(OH)3 White gelatenons Cr(OH)3 Grey-Green Co(OH)2 Pink Co(OH)3 Brownish black Ni(OH)2 Green Ni(OH)3 Black Mn(OH)2 White MnO(OH)2 Brown All other chlorides are soluble in water.

2.

Bromide :

All other bromides are soluble in water

3.

Iodide :

4.

Some important oxides and hydroxises :

Zn(OH)2 White Mg(OH)2 White Carbonates :

+ all other carbonates are insoluble. Except Alkali metals and NH 4 Ag2CO3 White ppt. Ag2O + CO2 3HgO.HgCO3 basic murcuric carbonate White ppt. CuCO3 Green ppt. CaCO3 White ppt.

2 Sulphites ( SO 3 ):

Except Alkali metal and Ammonium, all other sulphite are generally insoluble. Examples : Ag2SO3 PbSO3 BaSO3 CaSO3

White ppt.

Thiosulphates :

Mostly soluble except Ag2S2O3 White ppt. PbS2O3 White ppt. BaS2O3 White ppt.

[Ag(S2O3)2]3 soluble

Thiocynate (SCN) :

Hg(SCN)2 White ppt. (Pharaohs serpent) Ag(SCN) White ppt. Cu(SCN)2 Black ppt. Cu(SCN) White ppt. Fe(SCN)3 Red complex. [Co(SCN)4]2 Blue complex Co [Hg(SCN) 4 ] Blue ppt. Except Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal cyanides are soluble in water. Hg(CN)2 soluble in water in undissociated form Ag(CN) White ppt. [Ag(CN)2] soluble Pb(CN)2 White ppt. Fe(CN)3 Brown ppt. [Fe(CN)6]3 soluble Co(CN)2 Brown ppt. [Co(CN)6]4 soluble Ni(CN)2 Green [Ni(CN)4]2 soluble Except Alkali metals and ammonium salts all other sulphides are insoluble. Some insoluble sulphides with unusual colour are CdS Yellow MnS Pink ZnS White SnS Brown SnS2 Yellow As2S3 Yellow Sb2S3 Orange Ag2CrO4 Red ppt. PbCrO4 Yellow ppt. BaCrO4 Yellow ppt. FeCrO4 Green ppt. Dichromates are generally soluble. MnO4 Permangnates are generally soluble.

Cynaides(CN) :

Sulphides :

Chromates :

Phosphates:

Are generally insoluble : Ag3PO4 Yellow ppt. AlPO4 Yellow ppt. ZrO(HPO4) White ppt. Mg(NH4)PO4 White ppt. (NH4)3[P Mo12O40] Canary yellow ppt. Except Alkali metals all other phosphites are insoluble

2 ): Phosphite ( HPO4

Hypo phosphite:

All hypophosphites are soluble in water. All Acetate are soluble except Ag(CH3COO) All formates are soluble except Ag(HCOO) Tatarate,Citrate,Salicylate,Succinate of Silver-are all insoluble white ppt. Some Important ppt.: KH (Tartarate) White ppt. NH4H(Tartarate) White ppt. K2[PtCl6] White ppt. K3[Co(NO2)6] Yellow ppt. (NH4)3 [Co(NO2)6] Yellow ppt. (NH4)2 [PtCl6] Yellow ppt. HEATING EFFECTS Heating effect of carbonate & bicarbonate salts All carbonates except (Na, K, Rb, Cs) decompose on heating giving CO2 Li2CO3 Li2O + CO2 MCO3 MO + CO2 [M = Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba]
Cu (OH) 2 .CuCO3
Basic Cu ( II ) carbonate

2CuO + CO2 + H2O

ZnCO3 ZnO
white

1 Ag CO 2Ag + CO2 + O2; 2 3 2 Black

Yellow

Yellow ( hot ) white ( cold )

+ CO2;

PbO + CO PbCO3 Yellow 2

HgCO3 Hg +

1 O + CO2 2 2

(NH4)2CO3 2NH3 + H2O + CO2 All bicarbonates decompose to give carbonates and CO2. eg.
2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O
2 [General reaction: 2HCO 3 CO3 + H2O + CO2 ]

Heating effect of ammonium salts NH4NO2 N2 + 2H2O; NH4NO3 N2O + 2H2O (NH4)2Cr2O7 N2 + Cr2O3 + 4H2O 2NH4 ClO4 N2 + Cl2 + 2O2 + 4H2O 2NH4 IO3 N2 + I2 + O2 + 4H2O [If anionic part is oxdising in nature, then N2 will be the product (some times N2O).] (NH4)2HPO4 HPO3 + H2O + 2NH3 (NH4)2SO4 NH3 + H2SO4 2(NH3)3PO4 2NH3 + P2O5 + 3H2O (NH4)2CO3 2NH3 + H2O + CO2 [If anionic part weakly oxidising or non oxidising in nature then NH3 will be the product.]

Heating effect of nitrate salts

MNO3 KNO2 +

1 O 2 2

[M = Na, K, Rb, Cs]

1 O 2 2 2M(NO3)2 2MO + 4NO2 + O2 [M = all bivalent metals ions eg. Zn+2, Mg+2, Sr+2, Ca+2, Ba+2, Cu+2, Pb+2] Hg(NO3)2 Hg + 2NO2 + O2 ; 2AgNO3 2Ag + 2NO2 + O2

2LiNO3 Li2O + 2NO2 +

Heating effect of Halides salts 2FeCl3 2FeCl2 + Cl2 Hg2Cl2 HgCl2 + Hg

; ;

AuCl3 AuCl + Cl2 NH4Cl NH3 + HCl

PbX4 PbX2 + X2

[ X = Cl, Br, SCN ]

Heating effect of hydrated chloride salts

MgCl2 . 6H2O MgO + 2HCl + 5H2O 2FeCl3 . 6H2O Fe2O3 + 6HCl + 9H2O 2AlCl3 . 6H2O Al2O3 + 6HCl + 9H2O

C C C CoCl2 .6H 2 O 50 CoCl 2 .4H 2 O 58 CoCl 2 .2H 2 O 140 CoCl 2

Pink

2 H 2O

Pink

2 H 2O

Re d violet

2 H 2O

Blue

Heating effect of hydrated Sulphate salts

C C 1 800C CuSO 4 .5H 2O 100 CuSO 4 .H 2 O 220 CuSO 4 > CuO + SO2 + O2 Blue vitriol 4 H 2O H O White Bluish White 2 2 CuO + SO3
Black

FeSO 4 .7 H 2 O FeSO4 Fe2SO3 + SO2 + SO3 (very important) 7 H O

Green Vitriol
2

300 C

Fe2(SO4)3 Fe2O3 + 3SO3

MgSO

4 .7 H 2 O epsom salt

MgSO4 [Same as ZnSO4 ] 7 H 2O

1 1 C CaSO4 .2H 2O 120 (CaSO4. 2 H2O) +1 2 H2O gypsum Plaster of pairs

CaSO4 .2H 2O
Na2S2O3 .5H2O Na2S2O3 + 5H2 O
220C

1 CaSO 4 + 2 H2O Dead burnt

3Na2SO4 + Na2S5.
C 200C 200C ZnSO4.7H2O 70 ZnSO4.6H2O 70 ZnSO4.H2O > ZnSO4

ZnO + SO2 +

2NaHSO3
2NaHSO4 Na2SO4 + H2O + SO3

1 O 2 2

Heating effect of Oxide salts

2Ag2 O 4Ag + O2

300C

; ;

yellow

HgO HgO strong Hg +

400C

red

heating

1 O 2 2

PbO2 PbO +

1 O 2 2

Pb 3O 4
Red lead

6PbO + O2
Litharge

ZnO ZnO C 3MnO2 900 ; Mn3O4 + O2 yellow white 1 3 420 C 2CrO3 Cr2O3 + O2 2CrO5 Cr2O3 + O2 ; 2 2 5 I2O5 I2 + O2 2 Heating effect of dichromate & chromate salts
(NH4)2Cr2O7 N2 + Cr2O3 + 4H2O; K2Cr2O7 2K2CrO4 + Cr2O3 +

7 O2 2

Heating effect of phosphate salts

NaH2PO4 H2O + NaPO3;
1 phosphate salt

Na2HPO4 H2O 2 phosphate salt

+ Na2P2O7

Na3PO4 No 3 phosphate salt

effect

temp. Na(NH4)HPO4.4H2O NaNH4HPO4 High NaPO3 + NH3 + H2O 4 H O

2

2Mg(NH4)PO4 Mg2P2O7 + 2NH3 + H2O Heating effects of acetate, formate, oxalate salts
CH3CO2K K2CO3 + CH3COCH3 Pb(OAc)2 PbO + CO2 + CH3COCH3 Mg(OAc)2 MgO + CO2 + CH3COCH3

Na2C2O4 Na2CO3 + CO
SnC2O4 SnO + CO2 + CO FeC2O4 FeO + CO + CO2 Ag2C2O4 2Ag + 2CO2 HgC2O4 Hg + 2CO2

Be(OAc)2 BeO + CO2 + CH3COCH3 Ca(OAc)2 CaCO3 + CH3COCH3 Ba(OAc)2 BaCO3 + CH3COCH3
C HCO2Na 350 Na2C2O4 + H2 2HCOOAg HCOOH + 2Ag + CO2

(HCOO)2Hg HCOOH + Hg + CO2

Heating effect of Acids

2 2HNO3 H2O + 2NO2 + O2 444C H2SO4 H2O + SO3;

SO 4
800C H2SO4 > H2O + SO2 +

1 O 2 2

3H2SO3 2H2SO4 + S + H2O 3HNO2 HNO3 + 2NO + H2O HClO3 HClO4 + ClO2 + H2O 3HOCl 2HCl +HClO3
4H3PO3 3H3PO4 + PH3
200C

2H3PO2 H3PO4 + PH3 2NaH2PO2 Na2HPO4 + PH3

C C 320C H3PO4 220 H4P2O7 320 4HPO3 > 2P2O5 + 2H2O

C C 2B O + H O H3BO3 100 4HBO2 140 H2B4O7 2 3 2 hot H2C2O4 H2O + CO + CO2

Re d

Some reactions of important oxidising agents (I) Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) :

Cr2O72 ion takes electrons in the acidic medium and is reduced to Cr3+ ion. Thus Cr2O72 acts as an oxidising agent in acidic medium. K2Cr2O7 + 4H2SO4(dil.) K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 4H2O +3O or Cr2O72 + 14H+ + 6e 2Cr3+ + 7H2O (1) or (2) or (3) or (4) or (5) or (6) or (7) or
(II)

K2Cr2O7 + 7H2SO4 + 6KI 4K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 7H2O +3I2 Cr2O72 + 14H+ + 6I 2Cr3+ + 7H2O + 3I2 K2Cr2O7 + 7H2SO4 + 6FeSO4 K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 7H2O +3Fe2(SO4)3 Cr2O72 + 14H+ + 6Fe2+ 2Cr3+ + 7H2O + 6Fe3+ K2Cr2O7 + 4H2SO4 + 3H2S K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 7H2O +3S Cr2O72 + 8H+ + 3H2S 2Cr3+ + 7H2O + 3S K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 + 3SO2 K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + H2O
Cr2O72 + 2H+ + 3SO2 2Cr3+ + 3 MnO + H2O 4 K2Cr2O7 + 4H2SO4 + 3Na2SO3 K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 3Na2SO3 + 4H2O

2 Cr2O72 + 8H+ + 3 SO3 2Cr3+ + 3 SO 2 + 4H2O 4

K2Cr2O7 + 14HCl 2KCl + 2CrCl3 + 7H2O +3Cl2 Cr2O72 + 14H+ + 6Cl 2Cr3+ + 7H2O + 3Cl2 K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 + 4H2O2 ether K2SO4 + 2CrO5 + 5H2O Cr2O72 + 2H+ + 4H2O2 ether 2CrO5 + 5H2O

Manganese dioxide (MnO2) :

In presence of excess of H+ ions, MnO2 acts as a stronge oxidising agent. In showing this behaviour Mn4+ changes to Mn2+ ion. MnO2 + 4H+ + 4e Mn2+ + 2H2O (1) (2) (3)
(III)

MnO2 + 4H+ + C2O4 Mn2+ + 2H2O + 2CO2 MnO2 + 4H+ + 2Fe2+ Mn2+ + 2H2O + 2Fe3+ MnO2 + 4H+ + 2Cl Mn2+ + 2H2O + Cl2
In acidic medium: The reduction of MnO ion into Mn2+ ion san be represented by the 4 following ionic equation :

Potassium permangate (KMnO4) : (A)

2 MnO + 4H+ Mn2+ + 2H2O + 5O 4 or (1) or (2) or + 8H+ + 5e Mn2+ + 4H2O MnO 4 KI to I2 (I I2) 2KMnO4 + 8H2SO4 + 10KI 6K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 8H2O + 5I2 2 MnO + 16H+ + 10I 2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 5I2 4 Ferrous salts to ferric salts (Fe2+ Fe3+) 2KMnO4 + 8H2SO4 + 10FeSO4 K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 8H2O + 5Fe2(SO4)3 + 8H+ + 5Fe2+ 2Mn2+ + 4H2O + 5Fe3+ MnO 4

(3)

Oxalic acid (H2C2O4) or oxalate (C2O42) to CO2 2KMnO4 + 8H2SO4 + 5H2C2O4 K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 8H2O + 10CO2

or (4) or (5) or
(6)

2 MnO + 16H+ + 5C2O4 2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 5CO2 4 H2S to S (S2 S) 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 5H2S K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 8H2O + 5S 2 MnO + 16H+ + 5S2 2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 5S 4 Nitrite to nitrate (NO2 NO3) 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 5KNO2 K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 3H2O + 5KNO3 2 MnO + 6H+ + 5NO2 2Mn2+ + 3H2O + 5NO3 4
Arsenite AsO33 (As = +3) to arsenate, AsO43 (As = +5) 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 5Na3AsO3 K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 3H2O + 5Na3AsO4

or (7) or (8) or (9) or (10) or (11) or (12) or (13) or (14)

2 MnO + 6H+ + 5AsO33 2Mn2+ + 3H2O + 5AsO43 4 Sulphite, SO32 (S = +4) to sulphate, SO42 (S = +6) 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 5Na2SO3 K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 3H2O + 5Na2SO4 2 MnO + 6H+ + 5SO32 2Mn2+ + 3H2O + 5SO42 4 Halogen acid, HX (X = 1) to the corresponding halogen, X2(X = 0) (X X2) 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 10HCl K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 8H2O + 5Cl2 2 MnO + 16H+ + 10Cl 2Mn2+ + 3H2O + 5Cl2 4 H2O2 (O = 1) to O2 (O = 0) 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 5H2O2 K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 8H2O + 5O2 2 MnO + 6H+ + 5H2O2 2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 5H2O 4 SO2 (S = +4) to H2SO4 (S = +6) (SO2 SO42) 2KMnO4 + 2H2O + 5SO2 K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 2H2SO4 2 MnO + 2H2O + 5SO2 2Mn2+ + 5SO42 4 Hydrazine, N2H4 (N = 2) to N2(N = 0) 4KMnO4 + 6H2SO4 + 5N2H4 2K2SO4 + 4MnSO4 + 16H2O + 5N2 4 MnO + 12H+ + 5N2H4 2Mn2+ + 16H2O + 5N2 4 Hydrazoic acid, HN3 (N = 1/3) to N2(N = 0) 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 10HN3 K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 8H2O + 15N2 2 MnO + 6H+ + 5HN3 2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 15N2 4 Nitric oxide, NO (N = +2) to HNO3(N = +5) 6KMnO4 + 9H2SO4 + 10NO 3K2SO4 + 6MnSO4 + 4H2O + 10HNO3 3 MnO + 9H+ + 5NO 3Mn2+ + 2H2O + 5HNO3 4 Potassium ferrocyanide, K4[Fe(CN)6] to potassium ferricyanide, K3[Fe(CN)6] 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 10K4[Fe(CN)6] K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 2H2O + 10K3[Fe(CN)6] + 10KOH + 8H+ + 5[Fe(CN)6]4 Mn2+ + 4H2O + 5[Fe(CN)6]3 MnO 4
Sodium thiosulphate, Na2S2O3 (S = +3) to sodium dithionate, Na2S2O6 (S = +5) 6KMnO4 + 9H2SO4 + 5Na2S2O3 3K2SO4 + 6MnSO4 + 9H2O + 5Na2S2O6

or
(15)

or

6 MnO + 18H+ + 5S2O32 6Mn2+ + 9H2O + 5S2O62 4

(B)

In alkaline medium: In alkaline solution MnO ion is reduced to colourless & insoluble 4 MnO2 according to the following equations:
2 MnO + H2O alkali 2MnO2 + 2OH + 3O 4

or (1) or (2) or (3)

+ 2H2O + 3e MnO2 + 4OH MnO 4 Iodides(I) to iodates (IO3) 2KMnO4 + H2O + KI 2MnO2 + 2KOH + KIO3 2 MnO + H2O + I 2MnO2 + 2OH + IO3 4 NH3(N = 3) to N2 (N = 0) 2KMnO4 + 2NH3 2MnO2 + 2KOH + N2 + 2 H2O 2 MnO + 2NH3 2H2O + 2OH + N2 + 2 MnO2 4 Nitrotoluene to nitrobenzoic acid 2KMnO4 +
2MnO2 + 2KOH +

or
(4)

2 MnO + 4

MnO2 +

+ OH

Ethylene (H2C = CH2) to ethylene glycol (HOCH2CH2OH) 2KMnO4 + 4H2O + 3H2C=CH2 2MnO2 + 2KOH + 3HOCH2CH2OH

or
(C)

2 MnO + 4H2O + 3H2C=CH2 2MnO2 + 2OH + 3HOCH2CH2OH 4

In neutral medium: In neutral solution, KMnO4 is directly reduced to MnO2 2KMnO4 + H2O 2KOH + 2MnO2 + 3O

or or (1) or (2) or
(3)

2 MnO + H2O 2OH + 2MnO2 + 3O 4 + 2H2O + 3e 2MnO2 + 4OH MnO 4 Manganous salt (e.g. MnSO4) to insoluble MnO2 (Mn2+ Mn4+O2) 2KMnO4 + 4H2O + 3MnSO4 + H2SO4 5MnO2 + 3H2SO4 + K2SO4 + 2H2O 2 MnO + 10H2O + 3Mn2+ 5MnO2 + 8H2O + 4H+ 4 Sodium thiosulphate, Na2S2O3 (S = +2) to Na2SO4 (S = +6) [S2O42 SO42] 8KMnO4 + H2O + 3Na2S2O3 8MnO2 + 2KOH + 3Na2SO4 + 3K2SO4 8 MnO + H2O + 3S2O32 8MnO2 + 2OH + 6SO42 4
Nitrogen dioxide, NO2 (N = +4) to HNO3 (N = +5) [NO2 NO3] 2KMnO4 + 4H2O + 6NO2 2KOH + 2MnO2 + 2MnO2 + 6HNO3

or

+ H2O + 3NO2 MnO2 + 3NO3 + 2H+ MnO 4

THE ATLAS

GLOSSARY
Aliquot. A portion of the whole, usually a simple fraction. A portion of a sample withdraw from a volumetric flask with a pipet is called an aliquot. Analytical concentration. The total number of moles per litre of a solute regardless of any reactions that might occur when the solute dissolves. Used synonymously with formality. Equivalent. The amount of a substance which furnishes or reacts with 1 mol of H+ (acid-base), 1 mol of electrons (redox), or 1 mol of a univalent cation (precipitation and complex formation). Equivalent weight. The weight in grams of one equivalent of a substance. Equivalence point. The point in a titration where the number of equivalents of titrant is the same as the number of equivalents of analyte. End point. The point in a titration where an indicator changes color. Formula weight. The number of formula weights of all the atoms in the chemical formula of a substance. Formality. The number of formula weights of solute per litre of solution; synonymous with analytical concentration. Indicator. A chemical substance which exhibits different colors in the presence of excess analyte or titrant. Normality. The number of equivalents of solute per litre of solution. Primary standard. A substance available in a pure form or state of known purity which is used in standardizing a solution. Standardization. The process by which the concentration of a solution is accurately ascertained. Standard solution. A solution whose concentration has been accurately determined. Titrant. The reagent (a standard solution) which is added from a buret to react with the analyte.

EASY RIDE
Acid Base Titration

Q1. Q2. Q3. Q4.

A small amount of CaCO3 completely neutralized 52.5 mL of N/10 HCl and no acid is left at the end. After converting all calcium chloride to CaSO4, how much plaster of paris can be obtained? How many ml of 0.1 N HCl are required to react completely with 1 g mixture of Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 containing equimolar amounts of two? 10 g CaCO3 were dissolved in 250 ml of M HCl and the solution was boiled. What volume of 2 M KOH would be required to equivalence point after boiling? Assume no change in volume during boiling. 125 mL of a solution of tribasic acid (molecular weight = 210) was neutralized by 118mL of decinormal NaOH solution and the trisodium salt was formed. Calculate the concentration of the acid in grams per litre. Upon heating one litre of N/2 HCl solution, 2.675g of hydrogen chloride is lost and the volume of solution shrinks to 750 ml. Calculate (i) the normality of the resultant solution (ii) the number of milliequivalents of HCl in 100 mL of the original solution. For the standardization of a Ba(OH)2 solution, 0.2g of potassium acid phthalate (m.wt. 204.2g) weighed which was then titrated with Ba(OH)2 solution. The titration requires 27.80mL Ba(OH)2 solution. What is the molarity of base? The reaction products include BaC8H4O4 as only Ba containing species. A definite amount of NH4Cl was boiled with 100mL of 0.8N NaOH for complete reaction. After the reaction, the reactant mixture containing excess of NaOH was neutralized with 12.5mL of 0.75N H2SO4. Calculate the amount of NH4Cl taken. H3PO4 is a tri basic acid and one of its salt is NaH2PO4. What volume of 1 M NaOH solution should be added to 12 g of NaH2PO4 to convert it into Na3PO4? Calculate the number of gm. of borax, Na2B4O7.10H2O, per litre of a solution of which 25cc required 15.6 cc of N/10 hydrochloric acid for naturalization, methyl orange being used as indicator. In aqueous solution, borax hydrolyses according to the equation: Na2B4O7 + 7H2O = 2NaOH + 4H3BO3 The liberated boric acid is a weak acid and is without effect on methyl orange.

Q5.

Q6.

Q7.

Q8. Q9.

Q10. 25mL of a solution of Na2CO3 having a specific gravity of 1.25g ml-1 required 32.9 mL of a solution of HCl containing 109.5g of the acid per litre for complete neutralization. Calculate the volume of 0.84N H2SO4 that will be completely neutralized by 125g of Na2CO3 solution. Q11. A solution containing 4.2 g of KOH and Ca(OH)2 is neutralized by an acid. It consumes 0.1 equivalent of acid, calculate the percentage composition of the sample.

Q12. 5gm of a double sulphate of iron and ammonia was boiled with an excess of sodium hydroxide solution and the liberated ammonia was passed into 50cc of normal sulphuric acid. The excess of acid was found to require 24.5cc of normal sodium hydroxide for naturalization. Calculate the percentage of ammonia (expressed as NH3) in the double salt. Q13. 0.5 g of fuming H2SO4 (oleum) is diluted with water. The solution requires 26.7 ml of 0.4 N NaOH for complete neutralization. Find the % of free SO3 in the sample of oleum. Q14. 1.64 g of a mixture of CaCO3 and MgCO3 was dissolved in 50 mL of 0.8 M HCl. The excess of acid required 16 mL of 0.25 M NaOH for neutralization. Calculate the percentage of CaCO3 and MgCO3 in the sample.

Q15. 1.5 g of chalk were treated with 10 ml of 4N HCl. The chalk was dissolved and the solution made to 100 ml 25 ml of this solution required 18.75 ml of 0.2 N NaOH solution for complete neutralisation. Calculate the percentage of pure CaCO3 in the sample of chalk? Q16. 2.013g of a commercial sample of NaOH containing Na2CO3 as an impurity was dissolved to give 250ml solution. A 10ml portion of this solution required 20ml of 0.1N H2SO4 for complete neutralization. Calculate % by weight of Na2CO3. Q17. Exactly 50 ml of Na2CO3 solution is equivalent to 56.3 ml of 0.102 N HCl in an acid-base neutralisation. How many gram CaCO3 would be precipitated if an excess of CaCl2 solution were added to 100 ml of this Na2CO3 solution. Q18. 6g mixture of NH4Cl and NaCl is treated with 110mL of a solution of caustic soda of 0.63N. The solution was then boiled to remove NH3. The resulting solution required 48.1mL of a solution of 0.1N HCl. What is % composition of mixture? Q19. Calculate the number of gm(a) of hydrochloric acid, (b) of potassium chloride in 1 litre of a solution, 25cc of which required 21.9cc of N/10 sodium hydroxide for naturalization and another 25cc after the addition of an excess of powdered chalk, required 45.3cc of N/10 silver nitrate for the complete precipitation of the chloride ion. Q20. 2.5 gm of a mixture containing NaHCO3, Na2CO3 and NaCl is dissolved in 100 ml water and its 50 ml portion required 13.33 ml 1.0 N HCl solution to reach the equivalence point. On the other hand its other 50 ml portion required 19 ml 0.25 M NaOH solution to reach the equivalence point. Determine mass % of each component? (Na2CO3 = 36.38%, NaHCO3 = 31.92%, NaCl = 31.7%)
Redox Titration

Q21. It requires 40.05 ml of 1M Ce4+ to titrate 20ml of 1M Sn2+ to Sn4+. What is the oxidation state of the cerium in the product. Q22. A volume of 12.53 ml of 0.05093 M SeO2 reacted with exactly 25.52 ml of 0.1M CrSO4. In the reaction, Cr2+ was oxidized to Cr3+. To what oxidation state was selenium converted by the reaction. Q23. A 1.0g sample of H2O2 solution containing x % H2O2 by mass requires x cm3 of a KMnO4 solution for complete oxidation under acidic conditions. Calculate the normality of KMnO4 solution. Q24. Metallic tin in the presence of HCI is oxidized by K2Cr2O7 to stannic chloride, SnCl4. What volume of deci-normal dichromate solution would be reduced by 1g of tin. Q25. Calculate the mass of oxalic acid which can be oxidized by 100ml of M MnO solution, 10ml of which 4 is capable of oxidizing 50ml of 1N I of I2. Q26. Exactly 40ml of an acidified solution of 0.4M iron(II) ion of titrated with KMnO4 solution. After addition of 32ml KMnO4, one additional drop turns the iron solution purple. Calculate the concentration of permangnate solution. Q27. The iodide content of a solution was determined by the titration with Cerium(IV) sulfate in the presence of HCl, in which I- is converted to ICl. A 250ml sample of the solution required 20ml of 0.058N Ce4+ solution. What is the iodide concentration in the original solution in gm/lt. Q28. Potassium acid oxalate K2C2O4 3HC2O44H2O can be oxidized by MnO4 in acid medium. Calculate the volume of 0.1M KMnO4 reacting in acid solution with one gram of the acid oxalate. Q29. 5g sample of brass was dissolved in one litre dil. H2SO4. 20 ml of this solution were mixed with KI, liberating I2 and Cu+ and the I2 required 20 ml of 0.0327 N hypo solution for complete titration. Calculate the percentage of Cu in the alloy.

Q30. 1.44g pure FeC2O4 was dissolved in dil. HCl and solution diluted to 100 mL. Calculate volume of 0.01M KMnO4 required to oxidize FeC2O4 solution completely. Q31. 0.84 g iron ore containing x percent of iron was taken in a solution containing all the iron in ferrous condition. The solution required x ml of a dichromatic solution for oxidizing the iron content to ferric state. Calculate the strength of dichromatic solution. Q32. 0.5M KMnO4 solution completely reacts with 0.05M FeC2O4 solution under acidic conditions where the products are Fe3+, CO2 and Mn2+. The volume of FeC2O4 used is 125 ml. What volume of KMnO4 was used. Q33. A solution is made by mixing 200 ml of 0.1M FeSO4, 200 gm of 0.1M KMnO4 and 600 ml 1M HClO4. A reaction occurs in which Fe2+ is converted to Fe3+ & MnO4 to Mn2+ in acid solution. Calculate the concentration of each ion. Q34. To 100ml of KMnO4 solution containing 0.632 gm of KMnO4, 200 ml of SnCl2 solution containing 2.371 gm is added in presence of HCl. To the resulting solution excess of HgCl2 solution is added all at once. How many gms of Hg2Cl2 will be precipitated. (Mn = 55; K = 39; Sn = 118.7; Hg = 201) Q35. A 1.0 g sample of Fe2O3 solid of 55.2% purity is dissolved in acid and reduced by heating the solution with zinc dust. The resultant solution is cooled and made upto 100.0 mL. An aliquot of 25.0 mL of this solution requires 17.0 mL of 0.0167 M solution of an oxidant for titration. Calculate the number of moles of electrons taken up by the oxidant in the reaction of the above titration. Q36. A mixture of FeO and Fe2O3 is reacted with acidified KMnO4 solution having a concentration of 0.2278 M, 100 ml of which was used. The solution was then titrated with Zn dust which converted Fe3+ of the solution to Fe2+. The Fe2+ required 1000 ml of 0.13 M K2Cr2O7 solution. Find the % of FeO & Fe2O3 Q37. 2 gms of FeC2O4 are made to react in acid solution with 0.25 M KMnO4 solution. What volume of KMnO4 solution would be required. The resulting solution is treated with excess of NH4Cl and NH4OH solution. The precipitated Fe(OH)3 is filtered off, washed and ignited. What is the mass of the product obtained. (Fe = 56 ) Q38. The neutralization of a solution of 1.2 g of a substance containing a mixture of H2C2O4. 2H2O, KHC2O4. H2O and different impurities of a neutral salt consumed 18.9 ml of 0.5 N NaOH solution. On titration with KMnO4 solution, 0.4 g of the same substance needed 21.55 ml of 0.25 N KMnO4. Calculate the % composition of the substance. Q39. A 1.0 g sample containing BaCl2 . 2H2O was dissolved and an excess of K2CrO4 solution added. After a suitable period, the BaCrO4 was filtered, washed and redissolved in HCl to convert CrO42 to Cr2O72. An excess of KI was added, and the liberated iodine was titrated with 84.7 mL of 0.137 M sodium thiosulphate. Calculate the percent purity of BaCl2 . 2H2O. Q40. A sample of Mg was burnt in air to give a mix of MgO and Mg3N2. The ash was dissolved in 60meq HCl and the resulting solution was back titrated with NaOH. 12 meq of NaOH were required to reach end point. An excess of NaOH was then added and the solution distilled. The NH3 released was then trapped in 10 meq of second acid solution. Back titration of this solution required 6 meq of the base. Calculate the % of Mg burnt to the nitride.
Double titration

Q41. A solution contains Na2CO3 and NaHCO3. 20ml of this solution required 4ml of 1N HCl for titration with Ph indicator. The titration was repeated with the same volume of the solution but with MeOH.10.5 ml of 1 N HCl was required this time. Calculate the amount of Na2CO3 & NaHCO3.

Q42. A solution contains a mix of Na2CO3 and NaOH. Using Ph as indicator 25ml of mix required 19.5 ml of 0.995 N HCl for the end point. With MeOH, 25 ml of the solution required 25ml of the same HCl for the end point. Calculate gms/L of each substance in the mix . Q43. 200ml of a solution of mixture of NaOH and Na2CO3 was first titrated with Ph and
N HCl. 17.5 ml of 10

HCl was required for end point. After this MeOH was added and 2.5 ml of some HCl was again required for next end point. Find out amounts of NaOH and Na2CO3 in the mix. Q44. What is the concentration of a solution of orthophosphoric acid(gm H3PO4 per litre), 25cc of which required 18.8cc of N sodium hydroxide for naturalization in the presence of phenolphthalein as indicator? Q45. 2gm of mixture of hydrated sodium carbonate Na2CO3 . 10H2O, and sodium bicarbonate was dissolved in water and made up to 250 cc. 25 cc of this solution was titrated, using methyl orange as indicator, and 22.5cc of 0.087N HCl were required for naturalization. Calculate the percentage of sodium bicarbonate in the mixture. Q46. A solution contains Na2CO3 and NaHCO3. 10ml of this requires 2ml of 0.1M H2SO4 for neutralisation using Ph indicator. MeOH is then added when a further 2.5 ml of 0.2 M H2SO4 was needed. Calculate strength of Na2CO3 and NaHCO3. Q47. A sample containing Na2CO3 & NaOH is dissolved in 100ml solution. 10ml of this solution requires 25ml of 0.1N HCl when Ph is used as indicator. If MeOH is used as indicator 10ml of same solution requires 30ml of same HCl. Calculate % of Na2CO3 and NaOH in the sample. Q48. What is the concentration of a solution of sodium carbonate (expressed as gm. of anhydrous sodium carbonate per litre), 25cc of which required 18.3cc of 0.12N sulphuric acid for neutralization, phenolphthalein being used as an indicator? Q49. When the salt, KNaC4H4O6 . 4H2O (molecular weight 282) is ignited, there is a residue of sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate. A gram of this salt gave a residue which required 63.8cc of N/10 hydrochloric acid for neutralization, methyl orange being used as indicator. Calculate the percentage purity of the salt. Q50. Calculate (i) the number of gm. of anhydrous sodium carbonate, (ii) the number of gm. of sodium bicarbonate, present together in one litre of a solution. 25cc of this solution required 11.8cc of N/10 hydrochloric acid for naturalization when phenolphthalein was used as indicator and 31.0cc of N/10 hydrochloric acid when methyl orange was used as indicator.
Back Titration

Q51. 50gm of a sample of Ca(OH)2 is dissolved in 50ml of 0.5N HCl solution. The excess of HCl was titrated with 0.3N NaOH. The volume of NaOH used was 20cc. Calculate % purity of Ca(OH)2. Q52. One gm of impure sodium carbonate is dissolved in water and the solution is made up to 250ml. To 50ml of this made up solution, 50ml of 0.1N HCl is added and the mix after shaking well required 10ml of 0.16N NaOH solution for complete titration. Calculate the % purity of the sample. Q53. What amount of substance containing 60% NaCl, 37% KCl should be weighed out for analysis so that after the action of 25 ml of 0.1N AgNO3 solution, excess of Ag+ is back titrated with 5 ml of NH4SCN solution? Given that 1 ml of NH4SCN = 1.1 ml of AgNO3. Q54. 5g of pyrolusite (impure MnO2) were heated with conc. HCl and Cl2 evolved was passed through N excess of KI solution. The iodine liberated required 40 mL of hypo solution. Find the % of MnO2 in 10 the pyrolusite.

Q55. 1.64 g of a mixture of CaCO3 and MgCO3 was dissolved in 50 mL of 0.8 M HCl. The excess of acid required 16 mL of 0.25 M NaOH for neutralization. Calculate the percentage of CaCO3 and MgCO3 in the sample. Q56. A mixture of CaCl2 and NaCl weighing 2.385g was dissolved in water and treated with a solution of sodium oxalate which produces a precipitate of calcium oxalate. The precipitate was filtered from the mixture and then dissolved in HCl to give oxalic acid which when titrated against 0.2M KMnO4 consumed 19.64 mL of the latter. What was percentage by mass of CaCl2 in the original sample? Q57. An acid solution of a KReO4 sample containing 26.83 mg of combined rhenium was reduced by passage through a column of granulated zinc. The effluent solution, including the washings from the column, was then titrated with 0.10 N KMnO4. 11.45 mL of the standard permanganate was required for the re-oxidation of all the rhenium to the perrhenate ion, ReO4. Assuming that rhenium was only element reduced. What is the oxidation state to which rhenium was reduced by the Zn column. (Atomic mass of Re = 186.2) Q58. H2O2 is reduced rapidly by Sn2+, the products being Sn4+ & water. H2O2 decomposes slowly at room temperature to yield O2 & water. Calculate the volume of O2 produced at 20oC & 1.00 atm when 200 g of 10.0 % by mass H2O2 in water is treated with 100.0 ml of 2.00 M Sn2+ & then the mixture is allowed to stand until no further reaction occurs. Q59. A mixture containing As2O3 and As2O5 required 20.1 ml of 0.05N iodine for titration. The resulting solution is then acidified and excess of KI was added. The liberated iodine required 1.1113g hypo (Na2S2O3 . 5H2O) for complete reaction. Calculate the mass of the mixture. The reactions are As2O3 + 2I2 + 2H2O As2O5 + 4H+ + 4IAs2O5 + 4H+ + 4I- As2O3 + 2I2 + 2H2O Q60. A sample of MnSO4. 4H2O is strongly heated in air which gives Mn3O4 as residue. (i) The residue is dissolved in 100 ml of 0.1N FeSO4 containing H2SO4. (ii) The solution reacts completely with 50ml of KMnO4 solution. (iii) 25 ml of KMnO4 solution used in step (ii) requires 30 ml of 0.1N FeSO4 solution for the complete reaction. Find the weight of MnSO4.4H2O in the sample.

PROFICIENCY TEST
Q.1 Fill in the blanks with appropriate items :

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

The number of water molecules in 0.5 mol of barium chloride dihydrate is _________. 20ml of 0.1 M H2C2O4 2H2O (oxalic acid) solution contains oxalic acid equal to _________ moles. The volume of 1.204 1024 molecules of water at 4C is _________. 0.2 mol of ozone (O3) at N.T.P. will occupy volume _________ L. The balancing of chemical equation is based upon _________. 2 gm of hydrogen will have same number of H atoms as are there in ________ g hydrazine (NH2NH2). The mass of x atoms of element =
.........x NA .
x _________. NA

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

The moles of x atoms of a triatomic gas =

2 is _________. The amount of Na2SO4 which gives 9.6 gm of SO 4

The 44 mg of certain substance contain 6.02 1020 molecules. The molecular mass of the substance is _________. The mass of 1 1022 molecules of CuSO4. 5H2O is _________. The atomic mass of iron is 56. The equivalent mass of the metal in FeCl2 is ___________ and that in FeCl3 is _________. The sulphate of a metal M contains 9.87% of M. The sulphate is isomorphous with ZnSO4.7H2O. The atomic mass of M is __________. A binary compound contains 50% of A (at. mass = 16) & 50% B (at. mass = 32). The empirical formula of the compound is _________. 10.6 g of Na2CO3 react with 9.8 g of H2SO4 to form 16 g of Na2SO4 & 4.4 g CO2. This is in accordance with the law of _________. 3 g of a salt (m. wt. 30) are dissolved in 250 ml of water. The molarity of solution is _________. 0.5 mole of BaCl2 are mixed with 0.2 mole of Na3PO4 the maximum number of mole of Ba3(PO4)2 formed are __________. The Eq. weight of Na2HPO4 when it reacts with excess of HCl is ______________. The mole fraction of solute in 20% (by weight) aqueous H2O2 solution is __________. A metallic oxide contains 60% of the metal. The Eq. weight of the metal is __________. The number of gm of anhydrous Na2CO3 present in 250 ml of 0.25 N solution is___________. ________ ml of 0.1 M H2SO4 is required to neutralize 50 ml of 0.2 M NaOH solution. The number of mole of water present in 90 g H2O are _________. The concentration of K+ ion in 0.2 M K2Cr2O7 solution would be__________. 280 ml of sulphur vapour at NTP weight 3.2 g . The Mol. formula of the sulphur vapour is ______.

Q.2

True or False Statements :

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

Equal volumes of helium and nitrogen under similar conditions have equal number of atoms. The smallest particle is a substance which is capable in independent existence is called an atom. The number of formula units in 0.5 mole of KCl is 6.02 1023. 22.4 L of ethane gas at S.T.P. contains H atoms as are present in 3 gram molecules of dihydrogen. Molarity of pure water is 55.5. A 20% solution of KOH (density = 1.02 g/ml) has molarity = 3.64. In a mixture of 1 g C6H6 & 1 g C7H8, the mole fraction of both are same. 1 mole of C12H22O11 contains 22 hydrogen atoms. KClO4 & KMnO4 are isomorphous in nature. Mass of 3.01 1023 molecules of of methane is 8 gm. A hydrocarbon contains 86% C. 448 ml of the hydrocarbon weighs 1.68 g at STP. Then the hydrocarbon is an alkene. 6.023 1054 es weigh one kg. An oxide of metal M has 40% by mass of oxygen. Metal M has relative atomic mass of 24. The empirical formula of the oxide is MO. 5 g of a crystalline salt when rendered anhydrous lost 1.8 g of water. The formula weight of the anhydrous salt is 160. The number of molecules of water of crystallisation in the salt is 5. Number of valence es in 4.2 g of N 3 is 24 NA. The equivalent mass of KMnO4 in alkaline medium is molar mass divided by five. The equivalent mass of Na2S2O3 in its reaction with I2 is molar mass divided by two. In a reaction, H2MoO4 is changed to MoO2+. In this case, H2MoO4 acts as an oxidising agent. KBrO3 acts as a strong oxidising agent. It accepts 6 electrons to give KBr. 0.1 M sulphuric acid has normality of 0.05 N. The reaction, 2H2O2 2H2O + O2 is not an example of a redox reaction. The disproportionation reaction, 2Mn3+ + 2H2O MnO2 + Mn+2 + 4H+ is an example of a redox reaction. The oxidation number of hydrogen is always taken as + 1 in its all compounds. The increase in oxidation number of an element implies that the element has undergone reduction. The oxidation state of oxygen atom in potassium super oxide is 1 . 2

23. 24. 25.

MIDDLE GAME
Q1. A sample of calcium carbonate contains impurities which do not react with a mineral acid. When 2 grams of the sample were reacted with the mineral acid, 375 ml of carbon dioxide were obtained at 27C and 760 mm pressure. Calculate the % purity of the sample of CaCO3? One gram of an alloy of aluminium and magnesium when heated with excess of dil. HCl forms magnesium chloride, aluminium chloride and hydrogen. The evolved hydrogen collected over mercury at 0C has a volume of 1.2 litres at 0.92 atm pressure. Calculate the composition of the alloy. 10 gm of a mixture of anhydrous nitrates of two metal A & B were heated to a constant weight & gave 5.531 gm of a mixture of the corresponding oxides. The equivalent weights of A & B are 103.6 & 31.8 respectively. What was the percentage of A in the mixture. 50ml of a solution, containing 0.01 mole each Na2CO3, NaHCO3 and NaOH was titrated with N-HCl. What will be the titre readings if (a) only Ph is used as indicator. (b) only MeOH is used as indicator from the beginning. (c) MeOH is added after the first end point with Ph. Chrome alum K2SO4 . Cr2(SO4)3 . 24 H2O is prepared by passing SO2 gas through an aqueous solution of K2Cr2O7 acidified with dilute sulphuric acid till the reduction is complete. The alum is crystallized followed by filtration/centrifugation. If only 90% of the alum can be recovered from the above process, how much alum can be prepared from 10kg of K2Cr2O7? Give the number of moles of electrons supplied by SO2 for reducing one mole of K2Cr2O7. 25 mL of a solution containing HCl was treated with excess of M/5 KIO3 and KI solution of unknown concentration where I2 liberated is titrated against a standard solution of 0.021M Na2S2O3 solution whose 24 mL were used up. Find the strength of HCl and volume of KIO3 solution consumed. A 10g sample of only CuS and Cu2S was treated with 100 mL of 1.25 M K2Cr2O7. The products obtained were Cr3+, Cu2+ and SO2. The excess oxidant was reacted with 50 mL of Fe2+ solution. 25 ml of the same Fe2+ solution required 0.875M acidic KMnO4 the volume of which used was 20 mL. Find the % of CuS and Cu2S in the sample. A substance of crude copper is boiled in H2SO4 till all the copper has reacted. The impurities are inert to the acid. The SO2 liberated in the reaction is passed into 100 mL of 0.4 M acidified KMnO4. The solution of KMnO4 after passage of SO2 is allowed to react with oxalic acid and requires 23.6 mL of 1.2 M oxalic acid. If the purity of copper is 91%, what was the weight of the sample. A 1.87gm. sample of chromite ore(FeO.Cr2O3) was completely oxidized by the fusion of peroxide. The fused mass was treated with water and boiled to destroy the excess of peroxide. After acidification the sample was treated with 50ml. of 0.16M Fe2+. In back titration 2.97 ml of 0.005 M barium dichromate was required to oxidize the excess iron (II). What is the percentage of chromite in the sample?

Q2.

Q3.

Q4.

Q5.

Q6.

Q7.

Q8.

Q9..

Q10. 0.6213 g of sample contains an unknown amount of As2O3. The sample was treated with HCl resulting in formation of AsCl3(g) which was distilled into a beaker of water. The hydrolysis reaction is as follows AsCl3 + 2H2O HAsO2 + 3H+ + 3Cl. The amount of HAsO2 was determined by titration with 0.04134 M I2, requiring 23.04 mL to reach the equivalence point. The redox products in the titration were H3AsO4 and I. Find the amount of KMnO4 needed to oxidize As in As2O3 to its maximum possible oxidation state in acidic medium.

Q11.

A sample of steel weighing 0.6 gm and containing S as an impurity was burnt in a stream of O2, when S was converted to its oxide SO2. SO2 was then oxidized to SO4 by using H2O2 solution containing 30ml of 0.04 M NaOH. 22.48 ml of 0.024 M HCl was required to neutralize the base remaining after oxidation. Calculate the % of S in the sample.

Q12. Sulfur dioxide is an atmospheric pollutant that is converted to sulfuric acid when it reacts with water vapour. This is one source of acid rain, one of our most pressing environmental problems. The sulfur dioxide content of an air sample can be determined as follows. A sample of air is bubbled through an aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide to convert all of the SO2 to H2SO4 H2O2 + SO2 H2SO4 Titration of the resulting solution completes the analysis. In one such case, analysis of 1550 L of Los Angeles air gave a solution that required 5.70 ml of 5.96 x 103M NaOH to complete the titration. Determine the number of grams of SO2 present in the air sample. Q13. 1.4 g of a complex [Co(NH3)x] Cl3 was treated with 50 mL of 2N NaOH solution and boiled. Ammonia gas evolved was passed through 50 mL of 1N H2SO4. After the reaction was over, excess acid required 37.2 mL of 0.5 N NaOH. Calculate (i) The percentage of ammonia in the sample. (ii) The value of x in the formula. Q14. 3.3 gm of a sample of Anhydrous CuSO4 was dissolved in water and made to 250ml. 25 ml of this solution after taking usual precautions was treated with a little excess of KI solution. A white ppt. of Cu2I2 and iodine was evolved. The iodine so evolved required 24.6 ml of hypo solution containing 20gm of (Na2S2O3 5H2O) per litre. What is the purity of CuSO4 solution. Q15. A certain sample of coal contained some iron pyrite (FeS2) a pollution causing impurity. When the coal was burned iron(II) was oxidised and SO2 was formed. The SO2 was reacted with NaOH when sodium sulphite and water was formed. On a particular fay 103 kg of coal was burned and it required 4 litres of 5M NaOH for the treatment of SO2. What was the percentage of pyrite in the coal. What was the percentage of sulphur in the coal. Q16. Calculate the % of MnO2 in a sample of pyrolusite ore, 1.5 g which was made to react with 10 g. of Mohrs salt (FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4. 6H2O) and dilute H2SO4. MnO2 was converted Mn2+. After the reaction the solution was diluted to 250 ml and 50 ml of this solution, when titrated with 0.1 N K2Cr2O7, required 10 ml of the dichromate solution. Q17. Chlorine dioxide (ClO2), has been used as a disinfectant in air conditioning systems. It reacts with water according to the reaction: ClO2 + H2O HClO3 + HCl In an experiment, a 10.0 L sealed flask containing ClO2 and some inert gas at 300 K and 1.0 atmosphere pressure is opened in a bath containing excess of water and all ClO2 is reacted quantitatively. The resulting solution requried 200 mL 0.9 M NaOH solution for naturalization. Determine mole fraction of ClO2 in the flask. Q18. Consider the following reactions: XeF2 + F2 XeF6 and XeF6 + (CH2CH2)n (CH2CH2)n (CH2CH2) + HF + XeF4 Determine mass of F2 (g) required for preparation of 1.0 kg fluorinated polymer. Q19. 2.0 g of a sample containing NaCl, NaBr and some inert impurity is dissolved in enough water and treated with excess of AgNO3 solution. A 2.0 g of precipitate was formed. Precipitate on shaking with aqueous NaBr gain 0.76 g of weight. Determine mass percentage of NaCl in the original sample. Q20. 2.725 g of a mixture of K2C2O4, KHC2O4 and H2C2O42H2O is dissolved in 100 mL H2O and its 10mL portion is titrated with 0.1 N HCl solution. 20 mL acid was required to reach the equivalence point. In another experiment, 10mL portion of the same stock solution is titrated with 0.1 N KOH solution. 20 mL of base was required to reach the equivalence point. Determine mass percentage of each component in the mixture.

Q21. A 0.127 g of an unsaturated oil was treated with 25 mL of 0.1 M ICl solution. The unreacted ICl was then treated with excess of KI. Liberated iodine required 40 mL 0.1 M hypo solution. Determine mass of I2 that would have been required with 100.0 g oil if I2 were used in place of ICl. Q22. The CO in a 20.3 L sample of gas was converted to CO2 by passing the gas over iodine pentoxide heated to 1500C. I2O5(s) + 5CO (g) 5CO2(g) + I2(g). The iodine distilled at this temperature and collected in a vessel containing 8.25 ml of 0.011 M Na2S2O3. The excess Na2S2O3 was back titrated with 2.16 ml of 0.00947 M I2 solution. Calculate the number of milligrams of CO per litre of the sample. Q23. The chromate ion may be present in waste from a chrome plating plant. It is reduced to insoluble chromium hydroxide by dithionate ion in basic medium S2O42 + Cr2O42 SO32 + Cr(OH)3. 100 ml of water require 387 gm of Na2S2O4. Calculate molarity and normality of CrO42 in waste water. Also express concentration in ppm of Na2CrO4. Q24. A gas mixture was passed at the rate of 2.5 L/min. through a solution of NaOH for a total of 64 minutes. The SO2 in the mixture was retained as sulphite ion: SO2(g) + 2OH SO32 + H2O. After acidification with HCl, the sulphite was titrated with 4.98 mL of 0.003125 M KIO3. IO3 + SO3 + HCl ICl2 + SO42 + H2O. If density of the mixture is 1.2 gm/lt, calculate concentration of SO2 in ppm.

Q25. The arsenic in a 1.223 gm sample of a pesticide was converted to H3AsO4 by suitable treatment. The acid was then neutralized and exactly 40 ml of 0.08 M AgNO3 was added to precipitate the arsenic quantitavely as Ag3AsO4. The excess Ag+ in the filterate required 11.27 ml of 0.1 M KSCN as Ag+ + SCN AgSCN (s) Calculate the percent As2O3 in the sample.(As2O3 = 198) Q26. 5 gm of bleaching powder was suspended in water and volume made up to half a litre. 20 ml of this suspension when acidified with acetic acid and treated with excess of potassium iodide solution liberated iodine which required 20 ml of a decinormal hypo solution for titration. Calculate percentage of available chlorine in bleaching powder.

Q27. 25 mL of a 0.107M H3PO4 was titrated with a 0.115M solution of a NaOH solution to the end point identified by the colour change of the indicator, bromocresol green. This required 23.1 mL. The titration was repeated using phenolphthalein indicator. This time, 25 mL of same H3PO4 solution required 46.8 mL of same NaOH solution. What is the coefficient 'n' in the equation H3PO4 + nOH nH2O+[H(3n) PO4]n for each reaction? Q28. 1 gm sample of KClO3 was heated under such conditions that a part of it decomposed according to the equation (1) 2KClO3 2 KCl + 3O2 and remaining underwent change according to the equation. (2) 4KClO3 3 KClO4 + KCl If the amount of O2 evolved was 146.8 ml at S.T.P., calculate the % of weight of KClO4 in the residue. Q29. Methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE) is a carbon-based compound that has replaced lead - containing materials as the principal antiknock ingredient in gasoline. Todays gasoline contains about 7% MTBE by mass. MTBE is produced from isobutene by the following reaction: H3C H3C CH3 OH+ H3C
2 SO 4 C = CH2 H H3C C CH3

O CH3

Methanol Isobutene MTBE CH4O C4H8 C5H12O / per pound. Approximately 2 billion pounds of MTBE are produced each year at a cost of about 10 c Assume that you are a chemist working for a company that sold 750 million pounds of MTBE last year. (a) If the synthesis has a reaction yield of 86%, how much isobutene was used to produce the MTBE?

(b) You have improved the synthesis of MTBE so that the yield of the reaction increases from 86% to 93%. If the company uses the same mass of isobutene for next years production, how many pounds of MTBE will the company sell if it uses your new process? (c) Assuming that the price of MTBE does not change, how much more money will the company make next year because of your work? Q30. A mixture of NaCl and NaBr weighing 3.5084 gm was dissolved and treated with enough AgNO3 to precipitate all of the chloride and bromide as AgCl and AgBr. The washed precipitate was treated with KCN to solubilize the silver and the resulting solution was electrolyzed. The equations are : NaCl + AgNO3 AgCl + NaNO3 NaBr + AgNO3 AgBr + NaNO3 AgCl + 2KCN KAg(CN)2 + KCl AgBr + 2KCN KAg(CN)2 + KBr 4KAg(CN)2 + 4KOH 4Ag + 8KCN + O2 + 2H2O After the final step was complete, the deposit of metallic silver weighed 5.5028 gm. What was the composition of the initial mixture. Q31. Phosphorus is essential for plant growth, and it is often the limiting nutrient in aqueous ecosystems. However, too much phosphorus can cause algae to grow at an explosive rate. This process, known as eutrophication, robs the rest of the ecosystem of essential oxygen, often destroying all other aquatic life. One source of aquatic phosphorus pollution is the HPO42 used in detergents in sewage plants. The simplest way to remove HPO42 is to treat the contaminated water with lime, CaO, which generates Ca2+ and OH ions in water. The phosphorus precipitates as Ca5 (PO4)3OH. (a) Write the balanced equation for CaO dissolving in water. (b) Write the balanced equation for the precipitation reaction. (c) How many kilograms of lime are required to remove all the phosphorus from a 1.00 x 104L holding tank filled with contaminated water that is 0.0156 M in HPO42? Q32. It was desired to neutralize a certain solution prepared by mixing KCl and hydrobromic acid. Titration of 10ml of this solution with 0.1M AgNO3 solution required 50ml of the latter for the complete precipitation of the halides. The resulting precipitate when filtered, washed and dried weighed 0.771 gm. How much 0.1M NaOH must have been used for the neutralization of 10ml of the solution. Q33. The element Se, dispersed in a 5.0 ml sample of detergent for dandruff control, was determined by suspending the sample in warm, ammonical solution that contain 45.0 ml of 0.020 M AgNO3. 6Ag+ + 3Se(s) + 6NH3 + 3H2O 2Ag2Se(s) + Ag2SeO3 (s) + 6NH4+ The mixture was next treated with excess nitric acid which dissolves the Ag2SeO3 but not the Ag2Se. The Ag+ from the Ag2SeO3 and excess AgNO3 consumed 16.74 ml of 0.0137 N KSCN in a Volhard titration. How many milligrams of Se were contained per millilitre of sample. Q34. In the presence of fluoride ion, Mn2+ can be titrated with MnO4, both reactants being converted to a complex of Mn(III). A 0.545 g sample containing Mn3O4 was dissolved and all manganese was converted to Mn2+. Titration in the presence of fluoride ion consumed 31.1 ml of KMnO4 that was 0.117 N against oxalate. (a) write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction, assuming that the complex is MnF4. (b) what was the % of Mn3O4 in the sample? Q35. CuSO4 reacts with KI in an acidic medium to liberate I2 2CuSO4 + 4KI Cu2I2 + 2K2SO4 + I2. Mercuric periodate Hg5(IO6)2 reacts with a mixture of KI & HCl according to the following equation: Hg5(IO6)2 + 34KI + 24 HCl 4K2HgI4 + 8I2 + 24 KCl + 12 H2O The liberated iodine is titrated against Na2S2O3 solution; 1 ml of which is equivalent to 0.0499 gm of CuSO45H2O. What volume in ml of Na2S2O3 solution will be required to react with the I2 liberated from 0.7245 gm of Hg5(IO6)2? Given Mol. wt. of Hg5(IO6)2 = 1448.5 gm/mol; Mol. wt. of CuSO45H2O = 249.5 gm/mol

ANSWER KEY

EASY RIDE
Acid Base Titration

Q1. 0.381 g Q2. V = 157.8 ml Q3. V = 25 mL Q4. 6.608 g/litre Q5. (i) 0.569N, (ii) 50 Q6. 0.0176M Q7. 3.78g Q8.200 mL Q9. 11.92 g/litre Q10. 470 mL Q11. KOH = 35%, Ca(OH)2 = 65% Q12. 8.67 Q13. 20.72 % Q14. MgCO3 = 52.02%, CaCO3 = 47.98 % Q15. 83.33 Q16. 2.63% Q17. 0.575 gm Q18. % of NH4Cl = 57.5%, % of NaCl = 42.5% Q19. 3.198 g HCl/litre, 6.974 g KCl/litre Q20. 0.06gm; 0.0265gm Redox Titration
Q21. + 3 Q22. zero Q23. 0.588 N Q24. 337 mL Q25. 22.5gm Q26. 0.1M Q27. 0.254gm/lt Q28. V = 31.68 ml Q29. 41.53% Q30. 600 L MnO4 solution Q31. 0.15 N Q32. 7.5 ml Q33. Fe3+ = 0.02M; MnO4 = 0.016 M; H+ = 0.568 M; Mn2+ = 0.004M; SO42 = 0.02M; K+ = 0.02M, ClO4 = 0.6M Q34. 1.176 gm Q35. 6.07 6 Q36. FeO = 13.34%; Fe2O3 = 86.66% Q37. 33.33 ml ; 1.486 gm Q38. H2C2O4. 2H2O = 14.35%, KHC2O4. H2O = 81.71% Q39. 94.38% Q40. 27.27% Double titration
Q41. 0.424 gm; 0.21gm Q42. 23.2 gm, 22.28gm Q43. 0.06gm; .0265gm Q44. 36.85 g/litre Q45. 56.7% Q46. 4.24 g/L; 5.04 g/L Q47. 39.85%; 60.15% Q48. 9.31 g/litre Q49. 90.0% Q50. (i) 5.003 g/litre, (ii) 2.486 g/litre Back Titration
Q51.1.406% Q52. 90.1% Q53. 0.1281 g Q54. 0.174g; 3.48% Q55. MgCO3= 52.02% , CaCO3= 47.98% Q56. 45.7% CaCl2 Q57. 1 Q58. 4.67L Q59. 0.25g Q60. 1.338gm
PROFICIENCY TEST
Q.1 1. 5. 8. 12. 16. 20. 24. Q.2 1. 5. 9. 13. 17. 21. 25.

6.02 1023 2. Laws of conservation of mass 1/3 9. 44.8 L 13. 0.4 17. 12 21. 0.4 M 25. False True True True False False True 2. 6. 10. 14. 18. 22.

2 103 mol 14.2 gm 24.3 0.1 3.3125 g S8 False True True True True True

3. 6. 10. 14. 18. 22.

36 ml 16 gm 44 g mol1 A2B M/2 50

4. 7. 11. 15. 19. 23.

4.48 L GAM 4.13 g Conservation of mass 0.1168 5

3. 7. 11. 15. 19. 23.

False False True False True False

4. 8. 12. 16. 20. 24.

True False False False False False

MIDDLE GAME
Q1.76.15% Q2. Al = 0.546 g; Mg = 0.454 g Q3. 51.6% Q4. 20ml, 40ml, 20ml Q5. 30.55kg, 6 electrons Q6. VKIO 3 = 0.42 mL, [HCl] = 0.02N, 0.73 gm/lt

Q7. 57.4% CuS, 42.6% Cu2S Q8. 5 gm Q9. 15.8% Q10. 0.06 gm 3 Q11. 1.7613% Q12. 1.087 10 gm Q13. (a) 38.13%; (b) x = 6 Q14. 95.9% Q15. 60%, 320gm Q16. 59.48% Q17. 44.335% Q18. 3.04 kg Q19. 33.15% Q20. 27.9%, 50.92%, 21.18% Q21.100g Q22. 0.2424 mg/lt Q23. 0.0445 N; 0.0148 M; 2400 ppm Q24. 10.375ppm Q25. 5.594% As2O3 Q26. 35.5% available Cl2 Q27. For Bromocresol, n = 1; For Phenolphthalein n = 2 Q28. 49.8% Q29. (a) 2.52 x 1011 gm; (b) 811 million pounds; (c) 6.1 million dollars Q30. NaCl = 67%; NaBr = 33% Q31. 14.56 Kg Q32. 12.02 ml Q33. 7.95mg/ml Q34. 40.77% Q35. 40 ml Na2S2O3 solution.

ANSWERS OF STOICHIOMETRY: MOLE II EX: MIDDLE GAME

Q1.76.15% Q2. Al = 0.546 g; Mg = 0.454 g Q3. 51.6% Q4. 20ml, 40ml, 20ml Q5. 30.55kg, 6 electrons Q6. VKIO 3 = 0.42 mL, [HCl] = 0.02N, 0.73 gm/lt

Q7. 57.4% CuS, 42.6% Cu2S Q8. 5 gm Q9. 15.8% Q10. 0.06 gm Q11. 1.7613% Q12. 1.087 103gm Q13. (a) 38.13%; (b) x = 6 Q14. 95.9% Q15. 60%, 320gm Q16. 59.48% Q17. 44.335% Q18. 3.04 kg Q19. 33.15% Q20. 27.9%, 50.92%, 21.18% Q21.100g Q22. 0.2424 mg/lt Q23. 0.0445 N; 0.0148 M; 2400 ppm Q24. 10.375ppm Q25. 5.594% As2O3 Q26. 35.5% available Cl2 Q27. For Bromocresol, n = 1; For Phenolphthalein n = 2 Q28. 49.8% 11 Q29. (a) 2.52 x 10 gm; (b) 811 million pounds; (c) 6.1 million dollars Q30. NaCl = 67%; NaBr = 33% Q31. 14.56 Kg Q32. 12.02 ml Q33. 7.95mg/ml Q34. 40.77% Q35. 40 ml Na2S2O3 solution.

ANSWERS OF STOICHIOMETRY: MOLE II EX: MIDDLE GAME

Q1.76.15% Q2. Al = 0.546 g; Mg = 0.454 g Q3. 51.6% Q4. 20ml, 40ml, 20ml Q5. 30.55kg, 6 electrons Q6. VKIO 3 = 0.42 mL, [HCl] = 0.02N, 0.73 gm/lt

Q8. 5 gm Q9. 15.8% Q10. 0.06 gm Q7. 57.4% CuS, 42.6% Cu2S 3 Q11. 1.7613% Q12. 1.087 10 gm Q13. (a) 38.13%; (b) x = 6 Q14. 95.9% Q15. 60%, 320gm Q16. 59.48% Q17. 44.335% Q18. 3.04 kg Q19. 33.15% Q20. 27.9%, 50.92%, 21.18% Q21.100g Q22. 0.2424 mg/lt Q23. 0.0445 N; 0.0148 M; 2400 ppm Q24. 10.375ppm Q25. 5.594% As2O3 Q26. 35.5% available Cl2 Q27. For Bromocresol, n = 1; For Phenolphthalein n = 2 Q28. 49.8% Q29. (a) 2.52 x 1011 gm; (b) 811 million pounds; (c) 6.1 million dollars Q30. NaCl = 67%; NaBr = 33% Q31. 14.56 Kg Q32. 12.02 ml Q33. 7.95mg/ml Q34. 40.77% Q35. 40 ml Na2S2O3 solution.

ANSWERS OF STOICHIOMETRY: MOLE II EX: MIDDLE GAME

Q1.76.15% Q2. Al = 0.546 g; Mg = 0.454 g Q3. 51.6% Q4. 20ml, 40ml, 20ml Q5. 30.55kg, 6 electrons Q6. VKIO 3 = 0.42 mL, [HCl] = 0.02N, 0.73 gm/lt

Q7. 57.4% CuS, 42.6% Cu2S Q8. 5 gm Q9. 15.8% Q10. 0.06 gm Q11. 1.7613% Q12. 1.087 103gm Q13. (a) 38.13%; (b) x = 6 Q14. 95.9% Q15. 60%, 320gm Q16. 59.48% Q17. 44.335% Q18. 3.04 kg Q19. 33.15% Q20. 27.9%, 50.92%, 21.18% Q21.100g Q22. 0.2424 mg/lt Q23. 0.0445 N; 0.0148 M; 2400 ppm Q24. 10.375ppm Q25. 5.594% As2O3 Q26. 35.5% available Cl2 Q27. For Bromocresol, n = 1; For Phenolphthalein n = 2 Q28. 49.8% 11 Q29. (a) 2.52 x 10 gm; (b) 811 million pounds; (c) 6.1 million dollars Q30. NaCl = 67%; NaBr = 33% Q31. 14.56 Kg Q32. 12.02 ml Q33. 7.95mg/ml Q34. 40.77% Q35. 40 ml Na2S2O3 solution.