Factors Affecting The Level of Preparedness of University of Baguio School of Criminal Justice and Public Safety (SCJPS) Examinees
Factors Affecting The Level of Preparedness of University of Baguio School of Criminal Justice and Public Safety (SCJPS) Examinees
Factors Affecting The Level of Preparedness of University of Baguio School of Criminal Justice and Public Safety (SCJPS) Examinees
Biag, Cyril
Cabbigat, Christian L.
Galang, Christopher S.
Laroco, Jeffrey M.
Mendoza, Harvey
Paydowan, Christian
Paz, Niko Kyle M.
Sacliwan, Wendel B.
Bayudang, Rosemarie
Mican, Gracelyn Kate
INTRODUCTION
Taking a board examination is a momentous event in the life of any college graduate who
intends to practice a profession of his choice and enterprises (Guevara, 2012).
In many countries, one of the bases in assessing the knowledge of college graduates is
their performance in the board examination given by the government. Part of the success of the
examinees in board examinations lies on the practices, strategies or board operation programs
provided by the school where they graduated from.
The board examination performance of the students is affected by a curriculum that the
students have undergone during their college days. A curriculum is defined as everything that is
planned by school personnel. This emphasizes the planning aspect of the curriculum. Classroom
learning experiences for students need to be planned although unplanned activities will always
occur. This definition also brings to bear the distinction between curriculum and instruction. It
may be argued that curriculum is the “WHAT” and instructions is the “HOW”, or another way of
expressing it – curriculum activity is the production of plans for further action and instruction is
the putting of plans into action (Oliva, 1988).
A curriculum is a set of influences which envelopes and shapes children’s lives in the
classroom (Chhaya, n.d). Criminology students are affected by the curriculum, over-all
instructional process, facilities, equipment, and supplies. If these factors are adequate,
particularly the curriculum, then it is assumed that the board performance of the students will be
satisfactory.
The curriculum of a subject is said to be the throbbing pulse of a nation. By looking at the
curriculum of a subject, one can judge the state of intellectual development and the state of
progress of a nation. The world has turned into a global village, new ideas and information are
pouring in a constant stream. It is therefore imperative to update the curricula by introducing the
recent developments in the relevant fields of knowledge (Shaikh, 2003).
In Florida State University, the discipline of criminology and criminal justice is viewed
broadly as encompassing the scientific study of crime, criminals, the lawmaking process, the
criminal justice system, crime prevention, and the treatment of offenders. The program is
interdisciplinary and integrative in nature, drawing upon many different disciplines and
paradigms for theoretical and methodological approaches. It focuses on both theories and on
practice in the belief that neither stands alone. Sound practice demands sound theory, and
theories are developed and modified through careful study as they are put into practice. Based in
this perspective, the criminology undergraduate programs prepare individuals for a career in the
criminal justice system, a related field, or additional student at the graduate level in criminology
law (Blomberg, 2012).
In the Philippines, criminology as a science was able to carve its niche in an academic
forum, and more specialists are exploring this field of study to complement their profession. For
instance, Audrey (1978), as cited in the book or Barak (1994), stated that aside from law
enforcement-related profession, the field of law, psychology, and forensic pathology recognized
that their field of studies can complement to criminology. This is one of the major reasons for the
course’s gradually getting off from stereotyped police work to criminal investigation. This
transformation has somehow attracted young students to enroll in the course. As observed,
women are starting to study criminology.
Criminology students outside the Philippines are dynamic and fast changing. This is due
to the Criminology school’s state-of-the-art curriculum that focuses on the fields of forensic
pathology, evidence examination, ballistics, the psychology of crowd control, and law
enforcement. These fields have tremendously expanded the realm of the science of criminology
(Conklin, 1996).
In the University of Baguio, School of Criminal Justice and Public Safety is provided
with Review Center that has been catering to its own graduates by providing them review
program that is held every Saturday and Sunday from 8:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M and 10 days in-
house critical review sessions in preparation for actual examination compared to Self-reviewers’
where they can browse or read their notes anytime.
As stated by Dr. Miller F. Peckley in his study about the Performance of the University of
Baguio Criminology Graduates in the Board Examinations, it was in 1974 when the Bachelor of
Science in Criminology and Police Science were recognized under Government Recognition No.
11, s. 1974. The first criminology licensure examination started in the year 1988. The
performance of the first batch of examinees of the UB Criminology graduates in that year was
impressive. They hurdled the April 1988 board examination with 45.00 percent passing rate
compared to the national passing rate compared to the national passing rate of 29.99 percent.
Furthermore, six (6) of the UB examinees landed among the top 20 examinees of the national
board passer: sixth place (1); tenth place (1); eleventh place (1), thirteenth place (10), and
nineteen places (2).
In its 32 years of development as a Criminology School, (1967-99) and a board history of
ten (10) years (1988 – 1998), the UB College of Criminology has graduated a total of 1,940. A
total of 598 are Board passers who became professional criminologists. The Professional
Regulation Commission (PRC) report on Criminology board performance of the top
Criminology schools throughout the Philippines indicates that the UB College of Criminology
was ranked number one (1) in national standing from 1992-1996.
The definition of review center Under Executive Order No. 566 is that it refers to one
which offers a program or course of study that is intended to refresh and enhance the knowledge
or competencies and skills of reviewers obtained in the formal school setting in preparation for
the licensure examination given by the PRC.
Most people think that taking the licensure examinations conducted by the Professional
Regulation Commission (PRC) in the Philippines is difficult, but people do not usually notice
that what makes the exam really difficult is that they lack the preparation necessary for the board
exam.
Measuring their performance in the board examinations is taken as one of the quality
programs. If the rate of the first attempt passing is, it is a good measure of program excellence
(Professional Regulation Commission CHED, 2004).
Literature Review
Licensure Examination is one of the best keys to attain and achieve success in life and it
serves as your stepping stone. One key is to focus on where you want to be, not where you were
or where you are. Licensure Examination is a special kind of test whereby students who finish
their degree on Bachelor of Science in Criminology will give the best of their ability and they are
required to take the Board Examination in order to accomplish their goals. A motivated student
who focuses on their goals they don’t look back in any direction but looking ahead of their
future.
Aowes, J. F. (2014) in her study entitled, Board Performance of the Criminology
Graduates of Mountain Province State Polytechnic College. In many countries, one of the bases
in assessing the knowledge of college graduates is their performance in the board examination
given by the government. Part of the success of the examinees in board examination lies in the
practices, strategies, or board operation programs provided by the school where they graduated
from.
The success of an institution begins with the performance of its employees whether or not
organizational goals can be achieved depends on the willingness of its people to make the
necessary contribution (Fangon, 2005).
In educational institutions, success is measured by academic performance, or how well a
student meets standards set out by the local government and the institution itself. Although
education is not the only road to success in the working world, much effort is made to identify,
evaluate, track and encourage. Parents care about their child’s academic performance because
they believe good academic results will provide more career choices and job security. Schools,
though invested in fostering good academic habits for the same reason, are also often influenced
by concerns about the school’s reputation and the possibility of monetary aid from government
institutions, which can hinge on the overall academic performance of the school. State and
federal departments of education are changed with improving schools and so devise methods of
measuring success in order to create plans for improvement (Bell, n.d.).
The Board of Examiners for Criminology was created on July 1, 1972, pursuant to
republic Act No. 6506 entitled “An Act creating the Board of Examiners for Criminologists in
the Philippines and for Other Purposes”. This provides the legal basis for the Criminology Board
Examination in the Philippines.
Before one is admitted to the criminology profession, the graduate must pass the
Criminology Board Examination given by the Board and administered by the PRC (Section 11 of
R.A. 6506).
Theoretical Framework
The researcher read materials and reviewed studies which provided the Results of
Criminology Licensure Examination of University of Baguio School of Criminal Justice and
Public Safety: December 2017 and June 2018.
This study is anchored on Bandura’s Self-Efficacy Theory which originates from his
Social Cognitive Theory of Learning. He emphasized that one has the power to produce that
effect by completing a given task or activity related to that competency. According to him, a
person has the ability to reach a goal, and that he is capable of performing in a certain manner to
attain certain goals in order to produce a positive outcome. He further stressed that most human
behaviour is learned observationally and through continuous reciprocal interactions between
cognitive, behavioural, and environmental influences. Miller and Dollard (in Baran and Davis,
1995) argued that observers are motivated to learn by observing and imitating the given
behaviour. In other words, people can imitate behaviour as they see it. This behaviour will be
reinforced as they learn.
Identification, imitation, and modelling are often used. These terms refer to the tendency
of the individual to reproduce the actions, attitudes or emotional responses displayed by real-life
situations or models. He further pointed out that learning correlates to the observations to the role
models. In the education for example, teachers play the role of a model in child’s learning
acquisition. In everyday life, the model could be media sources or those with whom you interact.
Effective modelling teaching teaches general rules and strategies for dealing with different
situations.
Davis, in his Participative Leadership Theory, emphasized the involvement of other
people in the process, possibly including all members in the team in terms of consultation,
decision making, and management by objective and power sharing. In the setting, students need
to be involved in every activity; they need to be consulted so that they can participate in
decision-making process.
The above-mentioned theories are contributory to the improvement of the performance of
the faculty in relation to the students’ academic achievement in the Licensure Examination for
Criminology of University of Baguio.
Conceptual Framework
In order to be classified as a criminologist you must first successfully passed the
Licensure Examination for Criminologist given by the Professional Regulation Commission as
cited by Section 11 of Republic Act No. 6506, an “Act creating the Board of Examiners for
Criminologists in the Philippines and for other Purposes”, which was approved into law on July
1,1972. Under Section 2 of this law, states that The Board of Examiners for Criminologist is
vested with authority conformably with the provisions of this act, to administer the provisions
thereof, to issue, suspend and revoke a certificate of registration for the practice of criminology
to administer oaths. The PRC implements an intervention strategy to contribute to the promotion
of quality education at the pre-service level by monitoring school performance during the board
examination.
Enactment of Presidential Decree No. 223 on June 22, 1973 created the Professional
Regulation Commission, which was vested with the power and function to coordinate and
supervise the various regulatory boards. The various regulatory boards were created under
separate enabling laws to perform the dual function of regulating the registered professions,
except that of law and giving licensure examinations to test the capabilities to those aspiring to
join the ranks of various registered professions. One of the regulatory boards under jurisdiction
of the PRC is the Board of Examiners for Criminologist.
The primary objective of the Professional Licensure Examination is to obtain valid and
reliable information as to whether examinees possess the technical competence required for
admission to the profession. Technical competence includes technical knowledge, the ability to
apply such knowledge skillfully and with good judgment and an understanding of professional
responsibility.
Aside from regulating entry into the various professions, the PRC has established the
trend of regarding the performance in the licensure examinations as a gauge of the quality of
graduates produced by the different schools.
The Board of Criminology is one of the regulatory boards under the jurisdiction of the
Professional Regulatory Board. Its legal basis is the Republic Act 6506, the law creating the
Board Examiners for Criminology in the Philippines.
Under the Board Resolution No. 3, s. 1987, the Board of Criminology issued the scope of
examination for Criminology. The Board Examinations shall cover the following subjects with
their respective relative weights (Board of Criminology, 1987)
Subjects Relative Weights
Criminalistics
Police Photography; Personal Identification;
Forensic Medicine; Lie Detection & Interrogation;
Forensic Ballistics; Questioned Document; 20%
Forensic Chemistry & Toxicology
Correctional Administration
Penal Management; Correction &
Rehabilitation System; 10%
Probation
Total 100
In order to cope with the changes of the times, The UB- School of Criminal Justice and
Public Safety adopted some innovations in its Board Operation Program. To prepare the students
to the real battle for their chosen field of endeavor.
Lardizabal (1972) concluded that the problems attributed to students and teaching
materials constituted the major problems in Accounting in Cebu City. Poor preparation of
college work, deficiency in comprehension and communication skills, weakness in English and
mathematics, and lack of textbooks are specific factors that deserve priority attention. These
problems constitute to a large extent the mortality rate of CPA examinations.
This study which focuses on the Performance of University of Baguio School of Criminal
Justice and Public Safety in the examinees is deem to benefit to all administrators, faculty,
criminology reviewees, students and researchers and the researcher itself.
The result of this study will serve as bases for the administrators to plan relevant activities to
enhance the examinees’ academic performance in the board exams.
The faculty of University of Baguio School of Criminal Justice and public safety will be
guided by the result of this study in-so-far as making adjustments or improvements in their
teaching strategies to effect better learning and performance on the part of the students.The
students of University of Baguio School of Criminal Justice and Public Safety will benefit from
the results of this study in terms of improved learning styles and study habits. The researcher,
herself a former examinee, review coordinator, and a guest lecturer of the University of Baguio
School of Criminal Justice and Public Safety, will make use of the results of this study in
planning and management of the Review programs for the students who will take the board
examination.
METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the discussion on the research design, population and locale of the
study, and procedure of the study.
Study Design
This study will use the descriptive analysis as a research design using the quantitative
approach. Quantitative research design is suitable in this study because it will use numerical
analysis of data gathered through questionnaires and checklists.
Descriptive Statistics is the term given to the analysis of data that helps describe, show or
summarize data in a meaningful way, for example, patterns might emerge from the data. (Lund
Research, 2018).
Quantitative research is the process of collecting, analyzing, interpreting, and writing the
results of the study, while qualitative research is the approach to data collection, analysis, and
report writing differing from the traditional, quantitative approaches (Creswell, 2002).
Treatment of Data
In treating the gathered data, the researcher will analyze the transcript of the
questionnaires and will make use of Thematic Analysis (TA) in order to draw source of
discussion that would reveal the significant finding of study. Pseudonyms were also used to hide
the identity of each respondent.
Thematic Analysis involves recording or identifying passages of text or images that are
linked by a common theme or idea allowing a record to index the txt into categories and
therefore establish a “framework of thematic ideas about it” (Gibbs, 2007). Braun and Clarke
(2006) defined thematic analysis as: “A method for identifying, analyzing, and reporting patterns
within data.”
In this study, the approach to thematic analysis that was used were the following: 1)
Familiarization with the data wherein this phase involves reading and re-reading the data, to
become immersed and intimately familiar with its content; 2) Coding where it involves
generating succinct label (codes!) that identify important features of the data that might be
relevant to answer the research question. It involves coding the entire dataset, and after that,
collating all the codes and all relevant data extracts, together for latter stages of analysis; 3)
Searching themes that involves examining the codes and collating data relevant to each candidate
theme; 4) Reviewing themes. This phase involves checking the candidate themes against the
dataset, to determine that they tell a convincing story of the data, and one that answers the
research question. In this phase, themes are typically refined, which sometimes involves them
being split, combined, or discarded; 5) Defining and naming themes. This final phase involves
weaving together the analytic narrative and data extracts, and contextualizing the analysis in
relation to existing literature. Although these phases are sequential, and each builds on the
previous, analysis is typically are recursive process, with movement back and forth between
different phases. So it is not rigid, and with more experience (and smaller datasets), the analytic
process can blur some of these phases together (Gibbs, 2007)
Ethical Consideration
The ethical consideration acknowledges that it is not possible to identify all potential
ethical questions or adjudicate on what is correct research behavior (Cohen et aI., 2000:71).
Furthermore, one's ethical antennae need to be especially sensitive action research (Cohen et aI.,
2000:67). McMillan and Schumacher (2001) identify ten principles that educators need to take
into account when conducting research. In this research some ethical issues were consider such
as: Informed consent from the subjects to participate in the study must be secured and when
research is conducted through an institution, approval for the research must be obtained.
The respondents were informed the results of their participation would be help in the next
UB examinees of criminology board exam where the research took place. This research initiative
should only be undertaken if both the process and the outcomes of the research contribute to
improvement of the practice of learning and teaching of the UB examines for the criminology
board exam. This research also benefits all participants, especially the research subjects.
Agreement to have this information was granted, so long as corporate intellectual property
concerns were obscured. Respondents for the study who were graduated in UB are anonymity
associated with their names and also for the respondents that were not from UB is also
anonymity associated with their names and schools of graduated. Data be treated confidentially
and reported anonymously. The researchers asked an approval to the dean of the UB SCJPS and
also to the coordinator of the review center for conducting research to have consent from the
subjects to participate in the study.
References
Books
Barak, G. (1994). Varieties of criminology: Reading from a dynamic disciplinary. Connecticut,
USA: Praeger
Conklin, J. E. (1996). New perspective in criminology. Boston, USA: Allyn and Bacon.
I. To determine the problems encountered before taking of the Board Examination for
Criminologists.
Direction: The following are the activities of University of Baguio – School of Criminal Justice
and Public Safety (UB-SCJPS) in preparation for the Criminology Licensure Examination.
Please use the scale below:
4 – Highly Prepared
3 – Much Prepared
2 – Fairly Prepared
1 – Not Prepared
INDICATORS 4 3 2 1
B. Library Program
1. The reviewees are active in conducting research work.
C. Mock Boards
G. Cell Groupings
ON FACILITIES:
Others:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
*Adopted and Revised from the study of Julie F. Aowes, J.F. (2014). Board Performance of the
Criminology Graduates of Mountain Province State Polytechnic College.
I. Identify possible intervention programs for the examinees.