Karl von Frisch

Karl Ritter[a] von Frisch, ForMemRS[1] (20 November 1886 – 12 June 1982) was an
Karl von Frisch
Austrian ethologist who received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in
1973, along with Nikolaas Tinbergen and Konrad Lorenz.[2][3]

His work centered on investigations of the sensory perceptions of the honey bee and
he was one of the first to translate the meaning of the waggle dance. His theory,
described in his 1927 book Aus dem Leben der Bienen (translated into English as
The Dancing Bees), was disputed by other scientists and greeted with skepticism at
[4]
the time. Only much later was it shown to be an accurate theoretical analysis.

Contents
Early life
Career
Personal life
Research In traditional dress, with his honey
Bee perception
bees
Dances as language
Round dance Born 20 November 1886
Waggle dance Vienna, Austria-
"Dialects" Hungary
Other work
Died 12 June 1982
Eugenics
(aged 95)
Honors and decorations Munich, West
Publications Germany
In German
In English
Nationality Austria

Notes Known for Bees

References Awards ForMemRS (1954)[1]

External links Nobel Prize in
Physiology or Medicine
(1973)
Early life Balzan Prize for
Karl von Frisch was the son of the surgeon and urologist Anton von Frisch (1849- Biology (1962)
1917), by his marriage to Marie Exner. Karl was the youngest of four sons, all of Kalinga Prize (1958)
whom became university professors.
Magellanic Premium
(1956)
Karl studied in Vienna under Hans Leo Przibram and in Munich under Richard von
Hertwig, initially in the field of medicine, but later turned to the natural sciences. He Lieben Prize (1921)
received his doctorate in 1910 and in the same year started work as an assistant in
Scientific career
the zoology department of theUniversity of Munich.
Fields Ethology

Career
In 1912 he became a lecturer in zoology and comparative anatomy there; and in 1919 was promoted to a professorship. His research
on honeybees was continued by his student Ingeborg Beling. In 1921 he went to Rostock University as a professor of zoology and
director of an institute. In 1923 he accepted the offer of a chair at Breslau University, returning in 1925 to Munich University, where
he became the head of the institute of zoology
.

In 1933 the Nazi regime passed the Civil Service Law, requiring all public servants to provide proof of Aryan ancestry. Frisch was
unable to account for the ancestry of one of his grandparents, and was therefore classified as a mischling of 1/8th Jewish ancestry, but
formally allowed to keep his job. However groups of students and lecturers worked to have him dismissed from the university,
preferring a committed National Socialist. Frisch also attracted negative attention for employing Jewish assistants, including many
women, and for practicing "Jewish science". Eventually Frisch was forced into retirement, but the decision was reversed due to
advances in his research on combating nosema infections in bees and his forced retirement was postponed until after the war. Frisch
Gestapo.[5]
also worked actively to help Polish scientists who had been singled out for internment by the

The institute of zoology was destroyed in the Second World War, and in 1946 Frisch went to work at the University of Graz,
remaining there until 1950, when he returned to the Munich institute after it was reopened. He retired in 1958 but continued his
research.

Personal life
Karl von Frisch married Margarete, née Mohr, who died in 1964. Their son, Otto von Frisch, was director of the Brunswick natural
history museum between 1977 and 1995.

Research
Frisch studied aspects of animal behaviour, including animal navigation, in the Carniolan honey bee (Apis mellifera carnica), a
subspecies of the European honey bee.

Bee perception
Frisch discovered that bees can distinguish various blossoming plants by their scent,
and that each bee is "flower constant".[6] Surprisingly, their sensitivity to a "sweet"
taste is only slightly stronger than in humans. He thought it possible that a bee’s
spatial sense of smell arises from the firm coupling of its olfactory sense with its
tactile sense. Frisch was the first to demonstrate (in 1914) that honey bees had color
vision, which he accomplished by using classical conditioning.[7] He trained bees to
feed on a dish of sugar water set on a colored card. He then set the colored card in
the middle of a set of gray-toned cards. If the bees see the colored card as a shade of
Carniolan honey bee on a goldenrod
gray, then they will confuse the blue card with at least one of the gray-toned cards;
flower head
bees arriving to feed will visit more than one card in the array. On the other hand, if
they have color vision, then the bees visit only the blue card, as it is visually distinct
from the other cards.[7] A bee’s color perception is comparable to that of humans, but with a shift away from the red toward the
ultraviolet part of the spectrum. For that reason bees cannot distinguish red from black (colorless), but they can distinguish the colors
white, yellow, blue and violet. Color pigments which reflect UV radiation expand the spectrum of colors which can be differentiated.
For example, several blossoms which may appear to humans to be of the same yellow color will appear to bees as having different
colors (multicolored patterns) because of their dif
ferent proportions of ultraviolet.

Frisch's investigation of a bee’s powers of orientation were significant. He discovered that bees can recognize the desired compass
direction in three different ways: by the sun, by the polarization pattern of the blue sky, and by the earth’s magnetic field, whereby the
sun is used as the main compass, with the alternatives reserved for the conditions arising under cloudy skies or within a dark
beehive.[8]
Light scattered in a blue sky forms a characteristic pattern of partially polarized light which is dependent on the position of the sun
and invisible to human eyes. With a UV receptor in each of the lens units of a compound eye, and a UV filter oriented differently in
each of these units, a bee is able to detect this polarization pattern. A small piece of blue sky is enough for a bee to recognize the
pattern changes occurring over the course of a day
. This provides not only directional but also temporal information.

Frisch proved that variations in the position of the sun over the course of a day provided bees with an orientation tool. They use this
capability to obtain information about the progression of the day deep inside a dark beehive comparable to what is known from the
position of the sun. This makes it possible for the bees to convey always up-to-date directional information during their waggle
dance, without having to make a comparison with the sun during long dance phases. This provides them not only with alternative
directional information, but also with additional temporal information.

Bees have an internal clock with three different synchronization or timekeeping mechanisms. If a bee knows the direction to a
feeding place found during a morning excursion, it can also find the same location, as well as the precise time at which this source
[9]
provides food, in the afternoon, based on the position of the sun.

Based on the magnetic field, the alignment of the plane of a honeycomb under construction (e.g., the new honeycomb of a swarm)
will be the same as that of the home hive of the swarm, according to Frisch. By experiment, even deformed combs bent into a circle
can be produced.

The vertical alignment of the honeycomb is attributed by Frisch to the ability of bees to identify what is vertical with the help of their
head used as a pendulum together with a ring of sensory cells in the neck.

Dances as language
Knowledge about feeding places can be relayed from bee to bee. The means of communication is a special dance of which there are
two forms:

Round dance
The "round dance" provides the information that there is a feeding place in the vicinity of the beehive at a distance between 50 and
100 meters, without the particular direction being given. By means of close contact among the bees it also supplies information about
the type of food (blossom scent).

The foraging bee... begins to perform a kind of "round dance". On the part of the comb where she is sitting she starts
whirling around in a narrow circle, constantly changing her direction, turning now right, now left, dancing clockwise
and anti-clockwise, in quick succession, describing between one and two circles in each direction. This dance is
performed among the thickest bustle of the hive. What makes it so particularly striking and attractive is the way it
infects the surrounding bees; those sitting next to the dancer start tripping after her, always trying to keep their
outstretched feelers on close contact with the tip of her abdomen.... They take part in each of her manoeuvrings so
that the dancer herself, in her mad wheeling movements, appears to carry behind her a perpetual comet’s tail of
bees.[10]

Waggle dance
The "waggle dance" is used to relay information about more distant food sources. In order to do this, the dancing bee moves forward
a certain distance on the vertically hanging honeycomb in the hive, then traces a half circle to return to her starting point, whereupon
the dance begins again. On the straight stretch, the bee "waggles" with her posterior. The direction of the straight stretch contains the
information about the direction of the food source, the angle between the straight stretch and the vertical being precisely the angle
which the direction of flight has to the position of the sun. The distance to the food source is relayed by the time taken to traverse the
straight stretch, one second indicating a distance of approximately one kilometer (so the speed of the dance is inversely related to the
actual distance). The other bees take in the information by keeping in close contact with the dancing bee and reconstructing its
movements. They also receive information via their sense of smell about what is
to be found at the food source (type of food, pollen, propolis, water) as well as
its specific characteristics. The orientation functions so well that the bees can
find a food source with the help of the waggle dance even if there are hindrances
they must detour around like an intervening mountain.

As to a sense of hearing, Frisch could not identify this perceptive faculty, but it
was assumed that vibrations could be sensed and used for communication during
the waggle dance. Confirmation was later provided by Dr. Jürgen Tautz, a bee
researcher at Würzburg University’s Biocenter.[11]

"Dialects"
The linguistic findings described above were based on Frisch’s work primarily The waggle dance
with the Carnica variety of bees. Investigations with other varieties led to the
discovery that language elements were variety-specific, so that how distance and
direction information is relayed varies greatly
.

Other work
Frisch's honey bee work included the study of the pheromones that are emitted
by the queen bee and her daughters, which maintain the hive's very complex
social order. Outside the hive, the pheromones cause the male bees, or drones, to
become attracted to a queen and mate with it. Inside the hive, the drones are not
affected by the odor.
Interpretation of the waggle dance:
direction relative to the sun is shown by
Eugenics angle to the vertical; distance by the time
taken on the central stretch.
Frisch advocated the use of eugenics as far as preventing, through sterilisation,
people with hereditary diseases from reproducing (giving as examples deafness,
blindness, haemophilia and crippled limbs). However, he cautioned that "such action certainly represents a great restriction of
personal liberty and it demands the highest ethical integrity of those men who are responsible for its application".[12] He hoped that
[12]
this could be introduced through voluntary schemes and education about family planning.

Honors and decorations

Lieben Prize (1921)
Pour le Mérite for Arts and Sciences(1952)
Foreign Honorary Member of theAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciences(1952)[13]
[1]
Elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1954
Honorary ring of Vienna (1956)
Kalinga Prize for the Popularization of Science (1958)
Bavarian Order of Merit(1959)
Foreign Member of theRoyal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences(1959)[14]
Austrian Medal for Science and Art(1960)
Balzan Prize for Biology "For having consecrated his entire life to experimenting on thousands of bees, thus
discovering a true language of gestures for communication and opening new insights into the knowledge of insect
behaviour" (motivation of the Balzan General Prize Committee). (1962)
Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, with Konrad Lorenz and Nikolaas Tinbergen for his achievements in
comparative behavioral physiology and pioneering work in communication between insects. (1973)
Grand Merit Cross with Star and Sash of the Federal Republic of Germany (Großes Verdienstkreuz mit Stern und
Schulterband) (1974)
 Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art(1981)
In his honor, the Karl Ritter von Frisch Medalof the German Zoological Society D( eutschen Zoologischen
Gesellschaft, DZG), is awarded every two years to scientists whose work is distinguished by extraordinary zoological
achievements which represent an integration of insights from several dif
ferent biological disciplines. It is Germany’s
most important science prize in zoology and includes prize money of 10,000 euros.
Member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina- National Academy of Sciences
Honorary doctorates from a number of universities, honorary membership of numerous academies and scientific
societies

Publications

In German
Der Farben- und Formensinn der Bienen.In: Zoologische Jahrbücher (Physiologie) 35, 1–188, (1914–15)
Über den Geruchssinn der Bienen und seine blütenbiologische Bedeutung. In: Zoologische Jahrbücher (Physiologie)
37, 1–238 (1919)
Über die ‚Sprache‘ der Bienen. Eine tierpsychologische Untersuchung.In: Zoologische Jahrbücher (Physiologie) 40,
1–186 (1923)
Aus dem Leben der Bienen.Springer Verlag Berlin (1927)
Untersuchung über den Sitz des Gehörsinnes bei der Elritze.In: Zeitschrift für vergleichende Physiologie 17, 686–
801 (1932), it R. Stetter
Über den Geschmacksinn der Bienen.In: Zeitschrift für vergleichende Physiologie 21, 1–156 (1934)
Du und das Leben – Eine moderne Biologie für Jedermann.(1936) [literally, You and Life: A Modern Biology for
Everyman]
Über einen Schreckstoff der Fischhaut und seine biologische Bedeutung. In: Zeitschrift für vergleichende Physiologie
29, 46–145 (1941)
Die Tänze der Bienen. In: Österreichische Zoologische Zeitschrift 1, 1–48 (1946)
Die Polarisation des Himmelslichtes als orientierender Faktor bei den Tänzen der Bienen. In: Experientia (Basel) 5,
142–148 (1949)
Die Sonne als Kompaß im Leben der Bienen.In: Experientia (Basel) 6, 210–221 (1950)
Das kleine Insektenbuch.Insel Verlag (1961)
Tanzsprache und Orientierung der Bienen.Springer-Verlag Berlin/Heidelberg/New York (1965)
Aus dem Leben der Bienen.Springer-Verlag Berlin/Heidelberg/New York (1927; 9. Auflage 1977),ISBN 3-540-
08212-3
Erinnerungen eines Biologen.Springer-Verlag, Berlin/Göttingen/Heidelberg1957 (Autobiographie)
Die Tanzsprache der Bienen. Originaltonaufnahmen 1953–1962, hrsg. v. Klaus Sander. 2-CD-Set. supposé, Köln
2005. ISBN 978-3-932513-56-5
Tiere als Baumeister. Frankfurt a.M., Ullstein, 1974. 309 Seiten. 105 Zeichnungen & 114 Photographien. ISBN 3-
550-07028-4

In English
The Dancing Bees: An Account of the Life and Senses of the Honey Bee , Harvest Books New York (1953), a
translation of Aus dem Leben der Bienen, 5th revised edition, Springer Verlag
About Biology, Oliver & Boyd (1962), a translation ofDu Und Das Leben
Animal Architecture (originally published asTiere Als Baumeister.) New York, Helen and Kurt Wolff. (ISBN 0-15-
107251-5) (1974 1st edition)
The Dance Language and Orientation of Bees , Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press (1967), a translation of
Tanzsprache und Orientierung der Bienen

Notes
a. Regarding personal names:Ritter is a title, translated approximately asSir (denoting a Knight), not a first or middle
name. There is no equivalent female form.
References
1. Thorpe, W. H. (1983). "Karl von Frisch. 20 November 1886-12 June 1982".Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the
Royal Society. 29: 196–200. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1983.0008(https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.1983.0008). JSTOR 769801
(https://www.jstor.org/stable/769801).
2. Michelsen, A. (2003). "Karl von Frisch lecture. Signals and flexibility in the dance communication of honeybees".
Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 189 (3): 165–174. doi:10.1007/s00359-003-0398-y(https://doi.org/10.1007/s0
0359-003-0398-y). PMID 12664092 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12664092).
3. Raju, T. N. (1999). "The Nobel chronicles. 1973: Karl von Frisch (1886-1982); Konrad Lorenz (1903-89); and
Nikolaas Tinbergen (1907-88)". Lancet. 354 (9184): 1130. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)76931-2(https://doi.org/10.10
16/s0140-6736%2805%2976931-2). PMID 10509540 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10509540).
4. Riley, J.; Greggers, U.; Smith, A.; Reynolds, D.; Menzel, R. (2005). "The flight paths of honeybees recruited by the
waggle dance". Nature. 435 (7039): 205–207. Bibcode:2005Natur.435..205R (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Na
tur.435..205R). doi:10.1038/nature03526 (https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03526). PMID 15889092 (https://www.ncbi.nl
m.nih.gov/pubmed/15889092).
5. Deichmann, Ute (1992).Biologists under Hitler: Expulsion, Careers, Research
. Frankfurt/Main, New York: Harvard
University Press. pp. 40–48. ISBN 0674074041.
6. Frisch (1962), pp. 45-51.
7. Backhaus, W. (1993). "Color vision and color choice behavior of the honey bee" (https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-
00891077/document). Apidologie. 24: 309–331. doi:10.1051/apido:19930310(https://doi.org/10.1051/apido%3A199
30310). "Karl von Frisch (1914) was the first to demonstrate inbehavioral experiments of this kind that bees possess
a true color sense. He demonstrated that honeybees are able to distinguish blue-colored
a card-board from a series
of cardboards which appeared grey to the humaneye."
8. Frisch (1962), pp. 93-96.
9. Frisch (1962), pp. 137-147.
10. Frisch (1962), p. 102 f.
11. Rohrseitz, K.; Tautz, J. (1999). "Honey bee dance communication: Waggle run direction coded in antennal
contacts?". Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 184 (4): 463–470. doi:10.1007/s003590050346(https://doi.org/10.
1007/s003590050346).
12. von Frisch, Karl (1962).About Biology. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd. pp. 268–273Translated from Du Und Das Leben,
Im Verlag Ullstein, Berlin, 1959.
13. "Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter F"(http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterF.pdf)
(PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
14. "K. von Frisch (1886 - 1982)"(http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/biografie/pmknaw/?
pagetype=authorDetail&aId=PE00000307). Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
. Retrieved 21 July
2015.

External links
Dance and communication of honey bees
Karl von Frisch, Decoding the Language of the Bee, Nobel Lecture, December 12, 1973
Biography and bibliographyin the Virtual Laboratory of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science
Autobiography

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