Gregor Mendel 1

Gregor Mendel
Gregor Johann Mendel

Born July 20, 1822

Heinzendorf bei Odrau, Silesia, Austrian Empire

Died January 6, 1884 (aged 61)

Brno, Austria-Hungary

Nationality Austria-Hungary

Fields Genetics

Institutions Abbey of St. Thomas in Brno

Alma mater University of Vienna

Known for Discovering genetics

Gregor Johann Mendel (July 20, 1822[1] – January 6, 1884) was an Austrian Augustinian monk and scientist, who
gained posthumous fame as the figurehead of the new science of genetics for his study of the inheritance of certain
traits in pea plants. Mendel showed that the inheritance of these traits follows particular laws, which were later
named after him. The significance of Mendel's work was not recognized until the turn of the 20th century. The
independent rediscovery of these laws formed the foundation of the modern science of genetics.[2]

Biography
Mendel was born into an ethnic German family in Heinzendorf bei Odrau, Austrian Silesia, Austrian Empire (now
Hynčice, Czech Republic), and was baptized two days later. He was the son of Anton and Rosine Mendel, and had
one older sister and one younger. They lived and worked on a farm which had been owned by the Mendel family for
at least 130 years.[3] During his childhood, Mendel worked as a gardener, studied beekeeping, and as a young man
attended the Philosophical Institute in Olomouc in 1840–1843. Upon recommendation of his physics teacher
Friedrich Franz, he entered the Augustinian Abbey of St Thomas in Brno in 1843. Born Johann Mendel, he took the
name Gregor upon entering monastic life. In 1851 he was sent to the University of Vienna to study under the
sponsorship of Abbot C. F. Napp. At Vienna, his professor of physics was Christian Doppler.[4] Mendel returned to
his abbey in 1853 as a teacher, principally of physics, and by 1867, he had replaced Napp as abbot of the
monastery.[5]
Besides his work on plant breeding while at St Thomas's Abbey, Mendel also bred bees in a bee house that was built
for him, using bee hives that he designed.[6] He also studied astronomy and meteorology,[5] founding the 'Austrian
Meteorological Society' in 1865.[4] The majority of his published works were related to meteorology.[4]
Gregor Mendel 2

Experiments on plant hybridization

Gregor Mendel, who is known as the "father of modern genetics", was inspired by both his professors at university
and his colleagues at the monastery to study variation in plants, and he conducted his study in the monastery's two
hectare[7] experimental garden, which was originally planted by the abbot Napp in 1830.[5] Between 1856 and 1863
Mendel cultivated and tested some 29,000 pea plants (i.e., Pisum sativum). This study showed that one in four pea
plants had purebred recessive alleles, two out of four were hybrid and one out of four were purebred dominant. His
experiments led him to make two generalizations, the Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent Assortment,
which later became known as Mendel's Laws of Inheritance.
Mendel did read his paper, Experiments on Plant Hybridization, at two meetings of the Natural History Society of
Brünn in Moravia in 1865. It was received favorably and generated reports in several local newspapers.[8] When
Mendel's paper was published in 1866 in Proceedings of the Natural History Society of Brünn,[9] it was seen as
essentially about hybridization rather than inheritance and had little impact and was cited about three times over the
next thirty-five years. (Notably, Charles Darwin was unaware of Mendel's paper, according to Jacob Bronowski's
The Ascent of Man.) His paper was criticized at the time, but is now considered a seminal work.

Life after the pea experiments

After Mendel completed his work with peas, he turned to experimenting with honeybees, in order to extend his work
to animals. He produced a hybrid strain (so vicious they were destroyed), but failed to generate a clear picture of
their heredity because of the difficulties in controlling mating behaviours of queen bees. He also described novel
plant species, and these are denoted with the botanical author abbreviation "Mendel".
After he was elevated as abbot in 1868, his scientific work largely ended as Mendel became consumed with his
increased administrative responsibilities, especially a dispute with the civil government over their attempt to impose
special taxes on religious institutions.[10] At first Mendel's work was rejected, and it was not widely accepted until
after he died. At that time most biologists held the idea of blending inheritance, and Charles Darwin's efforts to
explain inheritance through a theory of pangenesis were unsuccessful. Mendel's ideas were rediscovered in the early
twentieth century, and in the 1930s and 1940s the modern synthesis combined Mendelian genetics with Darwin's
theory of natural selection.
Mendel died on January 6, 1884, at age 61, in Brno, Moravia, Austria-Hungary (now Czech Republic), from chronic
nephritis. Czech composer Leoš Janáček played the organ at his funeral. After his death the succeeding abbot burned
all papers in Mendel's collection, to mark an end to the disputes over taxation.[11]
Gregor Mendel 3

Rediscovery of Mendel's work

It was not until the early 20th century that the importance of his ideas
was realized. By 1900, research aimed at finding a successful theory of
discontinuous inheritance rather than blending inheritance led to
independent duplication of his work by Hugo de Vries and Carl
Correns, and the rediscovery of Mendel's writings and laws. Both
acknowledged Mendel's priority, and it is thought probable that de
Vries did not understand the results he had found until after reading
Mendel.[2] Though Erich von Tschermak was originally also credited
with rediscovery, this is no longer accepted because he did not
understand Mendel's laws.[12] Though de Vries later lost interest in
Mendelism, other biologists started to establish genetics as a science.[2]

Mendel's results were quickly replicated, and genetic linkage quickly

worked out. Biologists flocked to the theory, even though it was not
yet applicable to many phenomena, it sought to give a genotypic Dominant and recessive phenotypes. (1) Parental
understanding of heredity which they felt was lacking in previous generation. (2) F1 generation. (3) F2 generation.

studies of heredity which focused on phenotypic approaches. Most

prominent of these latter approaches was the biometric school of Karl Pearson and W.F.R. Weldon, which was based
heavily on statistical studies of phenotype variation. The strongest opposition to this school came from William
Bateson, who perhaps did the most in the early days of publicising the benefits of Mendel's theory (the word
"genetics", and much of the discipline's other terminology, originated with Bateson). This debate between the
biometricians and the Mendelians was extremely vigorous in the first two decades of the twentieth century, with the
biometricians claiming statistical and mathematical rigor, whereas the Mendelians claimed a better understanding of
biology. In the end, the two approaches were combined as the modern synthesis of evolutionary biology, especially
by work conducted by R. A. Fisher as early as 1918.

Mendel's experimental results have later been the object of considerable dispute.[11] Fisher analyzed the results of the
F2 (second filial) ratio and found them to be implausibly close to the exact ratio of 3 to 1.[13] Only a few would
accuse Mendel of scientific malpractice or call it a scientific fraud—reproduction of his experiments has
demonstrated the validity of his hypothesis—however, the results have continued to be a mystery for many, though it
is often cited as an example of confirmation bias. This might arise if he detected an approximate 3 to 1 ratio early in
his experiments with a small sample size, and continued collecting more data until the results conformed more nearly
to an exact ratio. It is sometimes suggested that he may have censored his results, and that his seven traits each occur
on a separate chromosome pair, an extremely unlikely occurrence if they were chosen at random. In fact, the genes
Mendel studied occurred in only four linkage groups, and only one gene pair (out of 21 possible) is close enough to
show deviation from independent assortment; this is not a pair that Mendel studied. Some recent researchers have
suggested that Fisher's criticisms of Mendel's work may have been exaggerated.[14] [15]
Gregor Mendel 4

Gallery

Gregor Gregor The Augustinian Abbey of St Bust of

Johann Mendel, Thomas, Brno Mendel at
Mendel frontispiece Mendel
– from University
memorial "Mendel's of
plaque in principles Agriculture
Olomouc of heredity: and
A Defence" Forestry
Brno,
Czech
Republic

See also
• List of Austrian scientists
• Mendelian inheritance
• Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry Brno (named after Mendel since 1994)
• Mendel Polar Station in Antarctica
• Abbey of St. Thomas in Brno
• Mendel Museum of Genetics
• Mendelian error

References
[1] July 20 is his birthday; often mentioned is July 22, the date of his baptism. Biography of Mendel at the Mendel Museum (http:/ / www.
mendel-museum. com/ eng/ 1online/ room1. htm)
[2] Bowler, Peter J. (2003). Evolution: the history of an idea. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23693-9.
[3] Gregor Mendel, Alain F. Corcos, Floyd V. Monaghan, Maria C. Weber "Gregor Mendel's Experiments on Plant Hybrids: A Guided Study",
Rutgers University Press, 1993.
[4] "The Mathematics of Inheritance" (http:/ / www. mendel-museum. com/ eng/ 1online/ room2. htm). Online museum exhibition. The Masaryk
University Mendel Museum. . Retrieved Jan. 20, 2010.
[5] "Online Museum Exhibition" (http:/ / www. mendel-museum. com/ eng/ 1online/ ). The Masaryk University Mendel Museum. . Retrieved
Jan. 20, 2010.
[6] "The Enigma of Generation and the Rise of the Cell" (http:/ / www. mendel-museum. com/ eng/ 1online/ room3. htm). The Masaryk
University Mendel Museum. . Retrieved Jan. 20, 2010.
[7] "Mendel's Garden" (http:/ / www. mendel-museum. com/ eng/ 8garden/ ). . Retrieved Jan. 20, 2010.
[8] Randy Moore (May 2001 vol=27). "The "Rediscovery" of Mendel's Work" (http:/ / papa. indstate. edu/ amcbt/ volume_27/ v27-2. pdf).
Bioscene. .
[9] Mendel, J.G. (1866). Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereines in Brünn, Bd. IV für das Jahr, 1865
Abhandlungen:3–47. For the English translation, see: Druery, C.T and William Bateson (1901). "Experiments in plant hybridization" (http:/ /
www. esp. org/ foundations/ genetics/ classical/ gm-65. pdf). Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society 26: 1–32. . Retrieved 2009-10-09.
[10] Windle, B.C.A.; Translated Looby, John (1911). "Mendel, Mendelism" (http:/ / www. newadvent. org/ cathen/ 10180b. htm). Catholic
Encyclopedia. . Retrieved 2007-04-02.
[11] Carlson, Elof Axel (2004). "Doubts about Mendel's integrity are exaggerated". Mendel's Legacy. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring
Harbor Laboratory Press. pp. 48–49. ISBN 978-087969675-7.
[12] Mayr E. (1982). The Growth of Biological Thought. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 730.
ISBN 0-674-36446-5.
[13] Fisher, R. A. (1936). Has Mendel's work been rediscovered? Annals of Science 1:115–137.
Gregor Mendel 5

[14] Hartl, Daniel L.; Fairbanks, Daniel J. (1 March 2007). "Mud Sticks: On the Alleged Falsification of Mendel's Data" (http:/ / www.
pubmedcentral. nih. gov/ articlerender. fcgi?artid=1840063). Genetics 175 (3): 975–979. PMID 17384156. PMC 1840063. . Retrieved
2008-08-08. "[The] allegation of deliberate falsification can finally be put to rest, because on closer analysis it has proved to be unsupported
by convincing evidence.".
[15] Novitski, Charles E. (March 2004). "On Fisher’s Criticism of Mendel’s Results With the Garden Pea" (http:/ / www. genetics. org/ cgi/
reprint/ 166/ 3/ 1133). Genetics 166 (3): 1133–1136. doi:10.1534/genetics.166.3.1133. PMID 15082533. PMC 1470775. . Retrieved
2010-03-20. "In conclusion, Fisher’s criticism of Mendel’s data—that Mendel was obtaining data too close to false expectations in the two sets
of experiments involving the determination of segregation ratios—is undoubtedly unfounded.".

Bibliography
• Cheryl Bardoe Gregor Mendel: The Friar who grew peas., HN Abrams, 2006.
• William Bateson Mendel's Principles of Heredity, a Defense, First Edition, London: Cambridge University Press,
1902. On-line Facsimile Edition: Electronic Scholarly Publishing, Prepared by Robert Robbins (http://www.esp.
org/books/bateson/mendel/facsimile/title3.html)
• Robin Marantz Henig, Monk in the Garden: The Lost and Found Genius of Gregor Mendel, the Father of
Genetics, Houghton Mifflin, May, 2000, hardcover, 292 pages, ISBN 0-395-97765-7; trade paperback, Houghton
Mifflin, May, 2001, ISBN 0-618-12741-0
• Robert Lock, Recent Progress in the Study of Variation, Heredity and Evolution, London, 1906
• Vítězslav Orel, Gregor Mendel: the first geneticist, Oxford University Press. 1996, ISBN 0198547749
• Reginald Punnett, Mendelism, Cambridge, 1905
• Curt Stern and Sherwood ER (1966) The Origin of Genetics.
• Colin Tudge In Mendel's footnotes ISBN 0-09-928875-3 book about Gregor Mendel
• Bartel Leendert van der Waerden Mendel's experiments Centaurus 12, 275–288 (1968) refutes allegations about
"data smoothing"
• James Walsh, Catholic Churchmen in Science, Philadelphia: Dolphin Press, 1906
• Ronald A. Fisher, "Has Mendel's Work Been Rediscovered?" Annals of Science, Volume 1, (1936): 115–137.
Discusses the possibility of fraud in his research.

External links
• Works by or about Gregor Mendel (http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n50-36968) in libraries (WorldCat
catalog)
• Mendel's Paper in English (http://www.mendelweb.org/Mendel.html)
• Mendel Museum of Genetics (http://www.mendelmuseum.muni.cz/en/)
• Mendel in Darwin's Shadow, by David Allen (http://www.macroevolution.net/mendel.html) at
Macroevolution.net (http://www.macroevolution.net/index.html)
• Biography, bibliography and access to digital sources (http://vlp.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/people/
data?id=per116) in the Virtual Laboratory of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science
• 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia entry, "Mendel, Mendelism" (http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10180b.htm)
• Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=OMIM)
• Augustinian Abbey of St. Thomas at Brno (http://www.opatbrno.cz/)
• A photographic tour of St. Thomas' Abbey, Brno, Czech Republic (http://biology.clc.uc.edu/Fankhauser/
Travel/Berlin/for_web/Mendel_in_Brno.html)
• Johann Gregor Mendel: Why his discoveries were ignored for 35 (72) years (http://www.weloennig.de/mendel.
htm) (German)
• This has the basics of Mendel and is more appropriate in style for a GCSE student (http://www.bbc.co.uk/
schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_aqa/celldivision/inheritance3.shtml)
• Masaryk University to rebuild Mendel’s greenhouse | Brno Now (http://brnonow.com/2009/02/
university-to-rebuild-mendels-greenhouse/)
Gregor Mendel 6

• "Gregor Mendel (1822–1884)" (http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/AB/BC/Gregor_Mendel.html).

Retrieved 2008-01-22.
• "Biography of Gregor Mendel" (http://web.archive.org/web/20080117233318/http://mendel.imp.ac.at/
mendeljsp/biography/biography.jsp). Archived from the original (http://mendel.imp.ac.at/mendeljsp/
biography/biography.jsp) on 2008-01-17. Retrieved 2008-01-22.
• "Gregor Mendel: Planting the Seeds of Genetics" (http://www.fieldmuseum.org/mendel/). Retrieved
2008-01-22.
• Gregor Johann Mendel (http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=10997) at Find a Grave
• Gregor Mendel Primary Sources (http://www.thomasmore.edu/library/mendel_collection.cfm?group =The
Mendel Collection)
Article Sources and Contributors 7

Article Sources and Contributors

Gregor Mendel  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=395253877  Contributors: 1.6180339887a, AHMartin, AXRL, Abeg92, Abloggerablogablo, AbsolutDan, Adashiel,
Adolphus79, Agathman, AgentPeppermint, Ahoerstemeier, Aim Here, Alansohn, Ale jrb, Alexf, AlexiusHoratius, Ali645ali, Alias Flood, Allenhand, Allstarecho, AlphaEta, Amaltheus,
AmiDaniel, AndreasJS, Andres, AndyZ, Anetode, Anil1956, Anonymi, Antandrus, Ante Aikio, ArglebargleIV, ArmadilloFromHell, Arturo 7, Asclepius, Attilios, Audioline, Aukicha, Awolf002,
AzaToth, BMBTHC, Balcer, BazookaJoe, Bazzargh, Bestgoals, Bhadani, Bibliomaniac15, Biffyalarm, Bill52270, Blackwidow149941, Blahma, Blanchardb, Blanko4, BlinkingBlimey,
BlueAmethyst, Bness2, Bobo da 17th, Bobo192, Bogdangiusca, Bolekpolivka, Boomshacka, Booty3535, BorgQueen, Brianga, Brutannica, Bryan Derksen, Buchanan-Hermit, Bunzil, C'est moi,
Cadwallader, Caiaffa, Cakemonster, Caltas, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Candidus, Captain Disdain, Caster23, Causa sui, Cazza411, CharlotteWebb, Chaser, Chris.urs-o, Chris55, Christian
Historybuff, Christian List, Chriswiki, Ckg, Clasqm, Clawson, Cmaric, ConfuciusOrnis, Conversion script, Cool Blue, Crazycomputers, Crazyuploaderhaha, Croc man 25, Curps, Cynical, D, D6,
DBP, DRTllbrg, Dajk2, DanielCD, Danski14, Dantheman531, Darwinek, Dave souza, David D., Daycd, Dbc334, Debresser, Deepti A, Delldot, Deltabeignet, Dennis Schmitz, DerHexer,
Discospinster, Dmmaus, Doc Tropics, Doc glasgow, DocWatson42, Domminico, Donfbreed, Dr d12, Dr who1975, Drestros power, Dryazan, Duh Svemira, Duncharris, Dungodung, Dwaipayanc,
Ed, Ed Poor, EdJohnston, Elimaker, Eloquence, Empetl, Enviroboy, Epolk, Ericamick, EstherLois, Evercat, Everyking, Excirial, F Notebook, Fanatix, Fankhadb, Fastfission, Fbarton,
FeanorStar7, FeloniousMonk, Fintelia, Firefly322, Firespread3, Fmercury1980, Foxo103, Franz Xaver, Fratrep, Frau Holle, Frecklefoot, Fred Bauder, Friedchicken101, Fuzheado, Gabbe, Gaff,
Gail, Galaxiaad, Galwhaa, Garion96, Geologyguy, Giftlite, Gilliam, Gimmetrow, Gioto, Gobonobo, Gog, Good Olfactory, Graham87, Grothmag, Guettarda, Gurch, Gurchzilla, Guy Peters, Gzkn,
HLT, HOUZI, Hadal, Haham hanuka, Haley Bailey, Hall Monitor, Happenstance, Haukurth, Haza-w, Henrygb, Hohanyao, Hughcharlesparker, Hurliegurlie 22, Husond, Hut 8.5, IG-100
MagnaGuard, Ineuw, J.delanoy, JASpencer, JDodge, JYi, Jamabake, James0123, Jan Blanicky, Jan.Kamenicek, Janus Shadowsong, Jaranda, Java13690, Jaxl, Jeltz, JeremyA, Jgrahamc, Jhabib,
Jim Douglas, Jimokay, Jirka6, Jj137, Jklin, Joanjoc, JoanneB, Jobe6, Johann Wolfgang, John254, JohnOwens, JohnWarnock, Joneboi, Joshua BishopRoby, JoshuaZ, Jthunder, Julesd, Jusar2k,
Jusdafax, Jusjih, Jwissick, K.C. Tang, KPH2293, Kaoru888, Kate, Kbdank71, Kbh3rd, Kchishol1970, Keegan, Kellanz1995, Kevinmon, KimvdLinde, Kingdon, Kkrouni, Klacquement,
Koolokamba, Koryr, KowDude, KramerNL, Kshieh, Kumioko, Kungfuadam, Kuru, Lacrimosus, Languagehat, Lectonar, Lee Daniel Crocker, Lesnail, Lesswealth, Lexor, Linklord95, Lord.lucan,
Luca Borghi, Luna Santin, Lupin, Luuva, M1ss1ontomars2k4, MER-C, MK8, MPF, Macdonald-ross, Madman, Magician that makes things white, Magnus Manske, ManfromButtonwillow,
MarkGallagher, MarsRover, Martin.Budden, MartinDK, Matkatamiba, Mattbr, Mattbray, Matthead, Matthew Fennell, Mbardoe, Melaen, Merkwurdigliebe, Metzenberg, Michal Nebyla,
MikeVitale, Mo0, Modeha, Money28144pp, Moonriddengirl, Morwen, Mpatel, Mr.Z-man, Mrjmcneil, Myanw, Nahabedere, Nakon, NawlinWiki, Nburden, Necrothesp, Nem1yan, Nescio,
NewEnglandYankee, Newgrounder, Nguyen Thanh Quang, Nivix, Njamesdebien, Nk, Norvo, Notheruser, OMaj, Okapi, Old Moonraker, Olessi, Omicronpersei8, OpenToppedBus, Oxymoron83,
P.B. Pilhet, PDH, Parmesan, Pat8722, Pavel Vozenilek, Pax:Vobiscum, Paxsimius, Pb30, Pedicabo ego vos et irrumabo, Penwhale, Peregrine981, Peruvianllama, Pexego, PhilKnight, Philip
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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

Image:Gregor Mendel.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gregor_Mendel.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Editor at Large, Kilom691, Liberal Freemason,
QWerk, TimVickers, 2 anonymous edits
Image:Mendelian inheritance.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mendelian_inheritance.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: Benutzer:Magnus Manske. Original
uploader was Mæx at de.wikipedia
Image:Gregor-Johann-Mendel-memorial-plaque.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gregor-Johann-Mendel-memorial-plaque.jpg  License: Creative Commons
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Image:Gregor Mendel Monk.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gregor_Mendel_Monk.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Bateson, William
Image:StThomasAbbeyBrno.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:StThomasAbbeyBrno.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors:
User:Parmesan
Image:Gregor Johann Mendel bust.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gregor_Johann_Mendel_bust.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5
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