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    The Jacobian of A Transformation 2

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    Ankur Singh
    No, dA is not a good approximation when r = 0, even if dr is small, since polar coordinates are not defined at the origin.

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    The Jacobian of A Transformation 2

    Uploaded by

    Ankur Singh
    184 views4 pages
    No, dA is not a good approximation when r = 0, even if dr is small, since polar coordinates are not defined at the origin.

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    The Jacobian of a Transformation 2

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    No, dA is not a good approximation when r = 0, even if dr is small, since polar coordinates are not defined at the origin.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    184 views4 pages

    The Jacobian of A Transformation 2

    Uploaded by

    Ankur Singh
    No, dA is not a good approximation when r = 0, even if dr is small, since polar coordinates are not defined at the origin.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    of 4

    The Jacobian Determinant

    Let T( u,v) be a smooth coordinate transformation with Jacobian J( u,v) , and let R be the
    rectangle spanned by du = 〈 du,0 〉 and dv = 〈0,dv 〉 . If du and dv are sufficiently close
    to 0, then T( R) is approximately the same as the parallelogram spanned by

    dx = J( u,v) du and dy = J(u,v) dv

    If we let dA denote the area of the parallelogram spanned by dx and dy, then dA
    approximates the area of T(R) for du and dv sufficiently close to 0.

    Moreover, dA = || dx×dy|| , where dx = 〈xudu,yudu,0 〉 and dy = 〈xvdv,yvdv,0 〉 . An


    elementary calculation yields

    xu xv 

     yu yv

    dx×dy = 0,0, dudv

    from which it follows that

    dA = || dx×dy || = | xuyv−xvyu| dudv (1)

    The quantity inside the absolute values in (1) is called the Jacobian determinant, which is
    often denoted by

    ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
    ∂( x,y) −
    = x y x y
    ∂( u,v)
    ∂u ∂v ∂v ∂u
    Thus, the area differential dA is given by

     
    ∂( x,y)
    dA = dudv
     ∂( u,v) 

    which approximates the area of T( R) when du and dv are sufficiently close to 0.

    EXAMPLE 3 Find the Jacobian determinant and the area differential of T( u,v) =
    〈u2−v2,2uv 〉 at ( u,v) = ( 1,1) , What is the approximate area of the image of the
    rectangle [1,1.4]×[1,1.2]?

    Solution: The Jacobian determinant is

    ∂( x,y) = ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
    ∂( u,v) x y − x y
    ∂u ∂v ∂v ∂u
    = ( 2u) ( 2u) −( −2v) ( 2v)
    = 4u2+4v2

    Thus, the area differential is given by

     
    ∂( x,y)
    dA = dudv = ( 4u2+4v2) dudv
     ∂( u,v) 

    On the rectangle [1,1.4]×[1,1.2], the variable u changes by du = 0.4 and v changes by dv


    = 0.2. We evaluate the Jacobian at (u,v) = (1,1) and obtain the area

    dA = (4·12+4·12)·0.4·0.2 = 0.32

    which is the approximate area in the xy-plane of the image of [ 1,1.4] ×[ 1,1.2] under T(
    u,v) .
    Let's look at another interpretation of the area differential. If the coordinate curves under
    a transformation T(u,v) are sufficiently close together, then they form a grid of lines that
    are "practically straight" over short distances. As a result, sufficiently small rectangles in
    the uv-plane are mapped to small regions in the xy-plane that are practically the same as
    parallelograms.

    Consequently, the area differential dA approximates the area in the xy-plane of the image
    of a rectangle in the uv-plane as long as the rectangle in the uv-plane is sufficiently small.

    EXAMPLE 4 Find the Jacobian determinant and the area differential for the polar
    coordinate transformation. Illustrate using the image of a "grid" of rectangles in polar
    coordinates.
    Solution: Since x = rcos( θ ) and y = rsin( θ ) , the Jacobian determinant is
    ∂( x,y) = ∂ ∂
    ∂ ∂
    ∂( r,θ y x
    x − y
    ) ∂ ∂
    ∂r ∂r
    θ θ
    = cos( θ ) rcos( θ ) -rsin(θ )
    sin( θ )
    = r[ cos2( θ ) +sin2(
    θ )]
    = r
    Thus, the area differential is dA = rdrdθ .
    Geometrically, "rectangles" in polar coordinates are regions between circular arcs and
    rays through the origin. If the distance changes from r to r+dr when r > 0 for some small
    dr > 0, and if the polar angle changes from θ to θ +dθ for some small angle dθ , then
    the region covered is practically the same as a small rectangle with height dr and width
    ds, which is the distance from θ to θ +dθ along a circle of radius r.

    If an arc subtends an angle dθ of a circle of radius r, then the length of the arc is ds =
    rdθ . Thus,

    dA = dr ds =
    rdrdθ
    Check your Reading: Is dA a good approximation when r = 0, even if dr is small?

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