Final Practice Version Solutions

MA 225 PRACTICE FINAL SOLUTIONS
1. (12 points) Answer the following questions about 3D vector geometry.
(a) (3 pts) Find a vector which is normal to the plane 2x − 3z = 1.
Solution: Copying the coefficients of x, y and z and pasting them into a vector gives h2, 0, −3i, which is a normal
vector to this plane.
(b) (3 pts) Find the angle between the vectors h1, 0, 1i and h−1, 1, 0i.
Solution: The angle θ satisfies

h1, 0, 1i · h−1, 1, 0i −1 1
cos θ = = √ √ =− ,
|h1, 0, 1i| |−1, 1, 0i| 2 2 2
so that θ = 2π/3.
(c) (3 pts) If v and w are any vectors in space, then v · (v × w) equals:
Solution: The cross product v × w is orthogonal to v, so their dot product must equal 0.
(d) (3 pts) Write down the interpretation of |v × w| as an area.

Solution: |v × w| is the area of a parallelogram whose sides are v and w.
1
2 MA 225 PRACTICE FINAL SOLUTIONS
2. (6 points) Let F = hf, gi be a vector field with continuous partial derivatives on a simply-connected region R in
the plane. Which of the following statements does not mean the same as the others?
(1) The divergence of F is 0 everywhere on R.
(2) ∂g/∂x
H − ∂f /∂y = 0 everywhere on R.
(3) C F · dr = 0 for every closed curve C in R.
(4) F = ∇φ for a function φ defined on R.
Solution: The answer is (1). (2) means that the curl of F is 0, which means that F must be conservative (4).
If F is conservative, then it has zero circulation around any closed curve (3). The statement (1) means that F is
source-free, which means that F has zero flux through any closed curve, but that is something different.
3. (6 points) Suppose that x, y and z are positive numbers satisfying x + 2y + z = 12. Find the largest possible
value of xyz.
Solution: Let’s use Lagrange multipliers. We’re trying to maximize f (x, y, z) = xyz subject to the constraint
g(x, y, z) = x + 2y + z = 12. So there’s going to be a scalar λ for which ∇f = λ∇g. This means
hyz, xz, xyi = λ h1, 2, 1i ,
from which we get equations
yz = λ
xz = 2λ
xy = λ
Plugging λ = yz into the second equation gives xz = 2yz. We can cancel the z (because it is positive) to get
x = 2y. Doing the same with the third equation gives x = z. So, x = z = 2y. Finally we have the original equation
x + 2y + z = 12, which means that 2y + 2y + 2y = 12, or y = 2. Thus (x, y, z) = (4, 2, 4), and the largest value of
xyz is 4 × 2 × 4 = 32.
MA 225 PRACTICE FINAL SOLUTIONS 3
4. (8 points) Let F = hxy,

H x + yi. Let C be the triangle in the plane with vertices (0, 0), (1, 0) and (1, 1), oriented
counterclockwise. Find C F · dr.
Solution:
H YouRR
can do three line integrals, but it’s easier to use Green’s theorem (the circulation form). This says
that C F · dr = R curlF dA, where R is the region enclosed by C. This is the region bounded by y = 0, x = 1 and
y = x. The curl of F is 1 − x. We get
I ZZ
F · dr = curlF dA
C R
Z 1 Z x
= 1 − x dy dx
x=0 y=0
Z 1
= (1 − x)y|x0
x=0
Z 1
1 2 1 31 1 1 1
= x − x2 dx = x − x |0 = − = .
x=0 2 3 2 3 6
5. (6 points) Find the Jacobian of the transformation x = veu , y = ve−u .

Solution: The Jacobian is the determinant of the partial derivatives:
∂x ∂x
∂u ∂v veu eu
= = v − (−v) = 2v.
∂y
∂u
∂y
∂v
−ve−u e−u
6. (10 points) Let z = f (x, y) be a differentiable function. Let r and θ be the usual variables from polar coordinates,
so that x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ. At the point (r, θ) = (1, π/4), find ∂z/∂r and ∂z/∂θ in terms of ∂z/∂x and
∂z/∂y.
Solution: The chain rule says that

∂z ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂y
= +
∂r ∂x ∂r ∂y ∂x
∂z ∂z
= cos θ + sin θ
∂x ∂y
√ √
2 ∂z 2 ∂z
= +
2 ∂x 2 ∂y
∂z
It’s similar with ∂θ .
p
7. (6 points) Sketch the graph of z = x2 + y 2 .
Solution: This is a cone facing upward, with its vertex at the origin.
MA 225 PRACTICE FINAL SOLUTIONS 5
8. (10 points) Let S be the filled-in square in the xz-plane with vertices (0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0), (1, 0, 1) and (0, 0, 1).
Orient S in the positive y-direction. Let F be the vector field h−y, z, xi. Find the flux of F through S.
RR
Solution: The flux is S F · ndσ. Since S is just a flat square in the xz-plane, the normal vector is just n = j =
h0, 1, 0i. On S, the vector field is F = h0, z, xi, because y is always 0. We get
ZZ Z 1Z 1 Z 1Z 1
1
F · ndσ = h0, z, xi · h0, 1, 0i dz dx = z dz dx = .
S 0 0 0 0 2
z 2 dV , where D is the region in space defined by the inequalities x2 + y 2 ≤ 4, 0 ≤ z ≤ 1.

RRR
9. (10 points) Find D
Solution: D is part of a cylinder, so let’s use cylindrical coordinates:

ZZ Z 2π Z 2 Z 1
2
z dV = z 2 dz rdr dθ = (2π)(22 /2)(1/3) = 4π/3.
D θ=0 r=0 z=0
10. (10 points) Let φ(x, y, z) = x3 y + z. Find

R
C
∇φ · dr, where C is any curve starting at (1, 0, 0) and ending at
(1, 1, 1).
By the fundamental theorem of line integrals,

Z
∇φ · dr = φ(1, 1, 1) − φ(1, 0, 0) = 2 − 0 = 2.
C

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MA 225 PRACTICE FINAL SOLUTIONS

1. (12 points) Answer the following questions about 3D vector geometry.

(a) (3 pts) Find a vector which is normal to the plane 2x − 3z = 1.

Solution: The angle θ satisfies

(c) (3 pts) If v and w are any vectors in space, then v · (v × w) equals:

(d) (3 pts) Write down the interpretation of |v × w| as an area.

4. (8 points) Let F = hxy,

5. (6 points) Find the Jacobian of the transformation x = veu , y = ve−u .

Solution: The chain rule says that

z 2 dV , where D is the region in space defined by the inequalities x2 + y 2 ≤ 4, 0 ≤ z ≤ 1.

Solution: D is part of a cylinder, so let’s use cylindrical coordinates:

10. (10 points) Let φ(x, y, z) = x3 y + z. Find

By the fundamental theorem of line integrals,

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