B89-3-4M R1992 E1985

Date of Issuance: January 31, 1986
This Standard will be revised when the Society approves the issuance of a new edition.
There will be no addenda or written interpretations of the requirements of this Standard
issued t o this Edition.
This code or standard was developed under procedures accredited as meeting the criteria for
American National Standards. The Consensus Committee that approved the code or standard was
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Copyright 0 1986 by
THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS
All Rights Reserved
Printed in U.S.A.
FOREWORD
(This Foreword is not a part of ANWASME 889.3.4M-1985)
The testing of axes of rotation is at least as old as machine tools since most forms of
machine tools incorporate such an axis. One of the more widely distributed European works
on testing machine tools' devotes considerable attention to the problems encountered. Con-
sideration of principles, equipment, and methods were included in the work.
Other European work' was carried forward and was published, in part, in 1959. As a result,
a variety of terms came into use throughout the world to describe and explain the various
phenomena found during testing and subsequent use of machine tool spindles.
In the United States, work published in 19673 represented a new viewpoint both in defini-
tions and methods of testing. This work also underscored the lack of standardization of the
entire subject of rotational axes.
When the American National Standards Subcommittee B89.3, Geometry, was formed in
February 1963, axes of rotation were not initially considered as a separate topic. This Stan-
dard, which was initiated by J. K. Emery in August 1968 as a part of the Geometry Subcom-
mittee work, is the result of recognizing the need for uniform technology and methods of
testing for axes of rotation.
The goal in preparing the present Standard has been to produce a comprehensive document
for the description, specification, and testing of axes of rotation. Because this is both a new
and a comprehensive Standard, extensive advisory material has been provided in the Appen-
dices as an aid to the user. It is recommended that this material be studied before putting the
Standard to use. While the examples of the Appendices involve machine tools and measuring
machines, the terminology and the underlying concepts are applicable to any situation in which
the performance of a rotary axis is of concern.
This Standard was adopted as an American National Standard by the American National
Standards Institute (ANSI) on May 17, 1985.
'Schlesinger, G . , Testing Machine Tools. Machinev Publishing Co.

'Tlusty, J . . System and Methods of Testing Machine Tools, Micro-
technic, 13. 162 (1959)
'Bryan. J. B.,Clouser. R. W . . and Holland. E., Spindle Accuracy.
American Machinisr. Dec. 4. 1967
iii
ASME STANDARDS COMMITTEE B89
Dimensional Metrology
(The following is the Roster of the Committee at the time of approval of this Standard.)
OFFICERS
E.G. Loewen,Chairman
M. Fadl,Vice Chairman
J. A. Hall, Vice Chairman
C.E. Lynch,Secretary
COMMITTEE PERSONNEL
AEROSPACE INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED

T. Mukaihata, Hughes Aircraft Co., Culver City, California
AMERICAN MEASURING TOOL MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

R. P. Knittle, Glastonbury Gage/REB Industries, Inc., Glastonbury, Connecticut
C. W. Jatho, Alrernare, Cutting Tool Manufacturers Association, Birmingham, Michigan
NATIONAL MACHINE TOOL BUILDERS ASSOCIATION

A. M. Bratkovich, National Machine Tool Builders Association, McLean, Virginia
J. B. Deam, Alrernafe, National Machine Tool Builders Association, McLean, Virginia
SOCIETY OF MANUFACTURING ENGINEERS

W. E. Drews, Rank Precision Industries, Inc., Des Plaines, lllinios
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE AIRFORCE

J. E. Orwig, AGMC/MLDE, Newark, Ohio
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OFTHE ARMY

F. L. Jones, USATSG, Redstone Arsenal, Alabama
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY

D. B. Spangenberg, Navy Primary Standards Department, Washington, D.C.
INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS
P. E. Bitters, TRW Greenfield Tap & Die Division, Greenfield, Massachusetts
J. B. Bryan, University of California, Livermore, California
A. K. Chitayat, Anorad Corp., Hauppauge, New York
A. M. Dexter, Old Lyme, Connecticut
C. G. Erickson, Sterling Die Operation, West Hartford, Connecticut
M. Fadl, Scientific Columbus, Columbus, Ohio
M. Gross, Gould, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio
J. A. Hall, Rockwell International, Anaheim, California
R. B. Hook, Brown & Sharpe Manufacturing Co., North Kingstown, Rhode Island
R. W. Lamport, The Van KeurenCo., Watertown, Massachusetts
R. G. Lenz, G M Corp., Warren, Michigan
A. A. Lindberg, Moore Special Tool Co., Inc., Bridgeport, Connecticut
E.E. Lindberg, Hewlett Packard Laboratories, Palo Alto, California
E. Loewen, Bausch & Lomb, Inc., Rochester, New York
W. B. McCallum, General Electric Co., Schenectady, New York
V
F. J. Meyer, Jr., Machine Tool Engineer Associates International, Forestdale, Rhode Island
A. Miller, IBM, Endicott, New York
D. Pieczulewski, A G Davis Gage & Engineering Co., Hazel Park, Michigan
El. J. Taylor, Bendix Measurement Systems Division, Dayton, Ohio
E. L. Watelet, Warwick, Rhode Island
G. B. Webber, L. S. Starrett Co., Cleveland, Ohio
J. H. Worthen, Durham (RFD Lee), New Hampshire
PERSONNEL OF SUBCOMMITTEE 3 - GEOMETRY

R. G. Lenz, Chairman, G M Corp., Warren, Michigan
J. B. Bryan, Universityof California, Livermore, California
E. E. Lindberg, Hewlett Packard Laboratories, Palo Alto,California
J. H. Soutar, Jr., Rock of Ages Corp., Barre, Vermont
J. M. Worthen. Durham (RFD Lee), New Hampshire
PERSONNEL OF WORKING GROUP 889.3.4 - AXES OF ROTATION
- Chairman, Hewlett Packard Co., Palo Alto,California

E. E. Lindbera
H. Arneson, Professional Instruments Co., Ft. Myers Beach, Florida
J. B. Bryan, LawrenceLivermoreNational Laboratory, Livermore, California
R. R. Donaldson, LawrenceLivermoreNational Laboratory, Livermore, California
E. S. Roth, Productivity Services, Inc., Albuquerque, NewMexico
G. J. Siddall, Hewlett Packard Co., Palo Alto,California
L. G . Whitten. Jr.. Union Carbide Corp.,Oak Ridge, Tennessee
vi
CONTENTS
A Detailed Contents Precedes Each Appendix
Foreword ............................................................... iii

Standards
Committee
Roster ................................................ v
1 scope............................................................... 1
2 Definitions ........................................................... 1
3 Specification or Description of an Axis of Rotation ........................... 6
Figures
1 ReferenceCoordinateAxes.Axis of Rotation.andErrorMotion of aSpindle .... 2
2 Plan View of a Spindle Showing Error Motion and Axial. Face. Radial. and Tilt
Motion .......................................................... 3
3 PolarPlotsofErrorMotionand Its Components ............................. 4
4 Error Motion Polar Plot, Showing PC Center and MRS Center and Error Motion
Values About TheseCenters ........................................ 5
Tables
1 Motion
Type . PreferredCenter ........................................ 6
2 Combination of Error MotionTerms ...................................... 7
Appendices
A Discussion
of
General
Concepts ......................................... 9
B Elimination of Master Ball Roundness Error ............................... 37
C References .......................................................... 43
vii
ANSllASME B89.3.4M-1985
AN AMERICAN NATIONAL.STANDARD
AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
AXES OF ROTATION
Methods for Specifying and Testing
1 SCOPE workpiece with its center line coincident with the axis
of rotation. Error motions are specified as to location
This document is primarily intendedfor, but not lim-
and direction as shown in Fig. 2, sketch (a) and do not
ited to, the standardizationof methods of specifying and
include motions due tothennal drzj?.
testing the axesof rotation of spindles used in machine
tools and measuring machines. This Standard does not 2.7 sensitive and nonsensitive directions - the sensi-
include the subjectof angular positioning accuracy. Ap- tivedirectionisperpendicularto the idealgenerated
pendices are attached which provide advisory informa- workpiece surface through the‘ instantaneous point of
tion for the interpretation and useof the Standard. The machining or gaging (refer to Fig. 2). A nonsensitive
Appendices are not partof this Standard. direction is any direction perpendicular to the sensitive
direction. Two types of sensitive direction are recog-
nized:
2 DEFINITIONS (a) fixed sensitive direction, in which the workpiece
is rotated by the spindle and the point of machining or
The definitions in this Standard have been arranged
gaging is fixed; and
numerically to help the user develop an understanding
(6) rotating sensitive direction, in which the work-
of the terminology of axes of rotation.
piece is fixed and the point of machining or gaging ro-
2.1 axis of rotation - a line about which rotation oc- tates with the spindle.
curs COMMENTS:
COMMENT: In general this line translates and tilts with respect to (I) A lathe has a fixed sensitive direction; a jig borer has a rotat-
the reference coordinate axes, as shown in Fig. 1. ing sensitive direction.
(2) With a fixed sensitive direction, the reference coordinates are
2.2 spindle - a device which provides an axis of ro- fixed; with a rotating sensitive direction, the reference coordinates
tation. rotate with the spindle.
COMMENT: Other-named devices such as rotary tables, trunnions, 2.8 error motion t e r n - the following terms are used
live centers, and so on are included within this definition.
for special casesof error motion:
2.3 reference Coordinate axes - mutually perpendicu- (a) radial motion - error motion in a direction nor-
lar X, Y, and Z axes, fixed with respect to a specified mal to the Z reference axis and at a specified axial lo-
object cation [Fig. 2, sketch (d)];
COMMENTS: COMMENT: The term “radial runout” has an accepted meaning
( I ) For simplicity, the 2 axis is chosen to lie along the axis of which includes errors due to centering and workpiece out-of-round-
rotation, as in Fig. 1. ness and hence is not equivalent to radial motion.
(2) Examples of a specified object are “tool holder” and “indi-
cator bracket.”
(6)axial motion - error motion colinear with theZ
(3) The specified object may be jixed or roruting. reference axis [Fig. 2, sketch (b)];
COMMENT: “Axial slip, “end-camming,” and “drunkenness” are
2.4 perfect spindle - a spindle having no motion
of its nonprefemd terms for axial motion.
axis of rotation relative to the reference coordinate axes (c) face motion - error motion parallel to the Z ref-
2.5 perfect workpiece - a rigid body having a perfect erence axis at a specified radial location [Fig. 2, sketch
surface of revolution abouta center line (41;
COMMENT: The term “face runout” has an accepted meaning anal-
2.6 error motion - changes in position, ielative to the ogous to “radial runout” [see (a) above] and hence is not equivalent
reference coordinate axes, of the surface of a.perfect to face motion.
1
AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD AXES OF ROTATION
Z Reference bearings and housing, the machine slideways and frame, and the tool
workholding fixtures. See Appendix A, paras. A 2 . 1 and A4.
laxis
Errormotionof &I Axis of rotation
(at time r) 2.1 1 error motion sources - the sources of error mo-
axis of rotation tion are:
(prior to time r)
I I (a) bearing error motion, due to imperfect bearings;
I I and
I I Y Reference (b) structural error motion, due to internal or exter-
I I axis nal excitationandaffected by elasticity,mass,and
I
damping of the structural loop.
COMMENT: See Appendix A, paras. A3, A4, and A7.4.
2.12 error motion polar plot - a polar plot of error

motion made in synchronization with the rotation of the
spindle. The following terms apply to the error motion
polar plot‘and its components (see Fig.3):
(a) total error motion polar plot - the complete er-
ror motion polar plot as recorded;
(b) average error motionpolar plot- the mean con-
tour of the total error motion polar plot. averaged
...
...-
over
the number of revolutions, which can be further divided
into:
( 1 ) fundamental error motion polar plot - the
FIG. 1 REFERENCE COORDINATE AXES, best fit referencecircle fitted to the average error motion
AXIS OF ROTATION, AND ERROR MOTION polar plot;
OF A SPINDLE (2) residual error motion polar plot - the devia-
tion of the average error motion polar plot from the fun-
damental error motion polar plot.
COMMENTS:
( d ) tilt motion- error motion in an angular direc- (i) Various reference circle centers are defined in para. 2.13 and
tion relative to the Z reference axis [Fig.2, sketch (e)]; are discussed in Appendix A, para. AI 1.
COMMENTS: (2) Strictly speaking, the fundamental error motion polar plot of an
( I ) Tilt motion about the Y axis is in the sensitive direction; tilt eccentric workpiece is a limacon. This has a negligible deviation from
motion about the X axis is in the nonsensitive direction. This com- a circle if the eccentricity is small. See Appendix A, para. A7.5.
ment is equally applicable to both fixed and rotating sensitive direc- (3) The division of average error motion into fundamental and re-
tions. sidual components is not applicable to radial and tilt motions because
(2) “Coning,” “wobble,” and “swash” are nonpreferred terms the fundamental component is nonexistent.
for tilt motion. See Appendix A, para. A7.6. ( 4 ) The term “synchronous error motion” is a nonpreferred term
(3) Theterm “tilt motion” rather than “angular motion” was for average error motion since the latter includes asynchronous error
chosen to avoidconfusion with rotation about the axis or with angular motions which do not necessarily average out to zero.
positioning error of devices such as rotary tables.
(c) asynchronous error motion polar plot - the de-
2.9 error motion measurement - a measurement re- viations of the total error motion polar plot from the
cord of error motion, which shall include all pertinent average error motion polar plot;
information regarding the machine, instrumentation, and COMMENT: In this context the term “asychronous” means nonre-
test conditions as detailed in para. 3.1.1 petitive from revolution to revolution of the spindle. The previously
usedterm “random error motion” is now nonpreferred because of
(a) static error motion measurement- a special case confusion with the statistical meaning of the word “random”.
of error motion in which the error motion is sampled
with the spindle at rest at a series of discrete rotational ( d ) inner error motion polar plot - the contour of
positions the inner boundary of the totalerror motion polar plot;
(e) outer error motion polar plot - the contour of
2.10 structural loop - the assembly of physical com- the outer boundaryof the total error motion polar plot.
ponentswhichmaintain the relativepositionbetween
two specified objects 2.13 error motion centers - the following centersare
COMMENT: A typical pair of specified objects is the cutting tool and defined for the assessment of error motion polar plots
the workpiece; the stmctural loop would include the spindle shaft, (refer to Fig. 4):
2
ANWASME 889.3.4M-1985
AXES OF ROTATION AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
(a) General Case of Error Motion
(b)Axial Motion (e) Face Motion
(d) Radial Motion (e) Tilt Motion
3
ANSVASME B89.3.4M-1985
(a) Total Error Motion
(b)Average Error Motion (c) Fundamental Error Motion

(d) Residual Error Motion
(e) Asynchronous Error Motion (f)Error

Inner Motion ( 0 ) Outer Error Motion
FIG. 3 POLARPLOTS OF ERROR MOTION AND ITS COMPONENTS
4
ANSllASME 889.3.4M-1985
Error motion value Error motion value

motion center just sufficient to contain the total error
for MRS center for PC center motion polar plot;
(b) average error motion value - the scaled differ-
ence in radii of two concentric circles from a specified
error motion center just sufficient to containthe average
error motion polar plot;
(c) fundamentalerrormotionvalue - twicethe
scaled distance between the PC center and a specified
polar profile center of the average error motion polar
plot;
( d ) residual error motion value - the average error
motion value measured from a specified polar profile
center;
(e) asynchronouserrormotionvalue - themaxi-
mum scaled width of the total error motion polar plot,
measured along a radial line through the PC center;
(f)innzr error motion value - the scaled difference
in radii of two concentric circles from a specified error
motion center just sufficient to contain the inner error
FIG. 4 ERROR MOTION POLAR PLOT, motion polar plot;
SHOWING PC CENTER AND MRS CENTER ( 8 ) outer error morion value - the scaled difference
AND ERROR MOTION VALUESABOUT in radii of two concentric circles froma specified error
THESE CENTERS motion center just sufficient to contain the outer error
motion polar plot.
COMMENT:Fundamental e m r motionandresidual error motion
values are not applicable to radial motion or tilt-motion.
(a) polar chart (PC) center - the center of the polar
chart; 2.1 5 preferred centers - Table 1 gives the preferred
(b) polar projile center - a center derived from the centers for the assessmentof error motion values.If the
polar profile by one of the following methods: center is not specified, the preferred center is to be as-
( 1 ) minimum radialseparation (MRS)center - sumed.
the center whichminimizestheradialdifferencere- 2.16 axis average line - a line passing through two
quired to contain the error motion polar plot between axially separated radial motion polar plot centers
two concentric circles; COMMENT: If the center is not specified, the MRS center is to be
(2) least squares circle (LSC) center - the center assumed. See Appendix A, para. A12.
of a circle which minimizes the sum of the squares of a
sufficientnumberofequallyspacedradialdeviations 2.17 runout - the total displacement measured by an
measured from it to the error motion polar plot; instrument sensing against a moving surface or moved
(3) maximum inscribed circle (MZC) center - the with respect to a fixed surface
center of the largest circle that can be inscribed within COMMENT: The term “T.I.R.” (total indicator reading) is equiva-
lent to runout. .
the error motion polar plot;
( 4 ) minimum circumscribed circle (MCC) center 2.18 squareness - a plane surface is “square” to an
- the center of the smallest circle that will just contain axis of rotation if coincident polar profile centers are
the error motion polar plot. obtained for an axial and a face motion polar plot or for
COMMENTS: two face motion polar plots at different radii
( I ) Unless otherwise specified, the polar profile center is assumed COMMENT:Theterm“perpendicularity”isequivalenttosquare-
to be derived from the average emr motion polar plot. ness. See Appendix A, para. A1.6.
(2) Aworkpiece is centeredwith zero centering error whenthe
polar chart center coincides with the chosen polar profile center. 2.19 pure radial motion - the conceptof radial motion
2.14 error motion value - a magnitude assessmentof in the absenceof tilt motion
an error motion polar plot component. The following 2.20 compliance - thedisplacementperunitstatic
terms are defined (refer to Figs. 3 and 4): force between two objects, specified as tothe structural
(a) total error motion value - the scaled difference loop, the location and directionof the appliedforce, and
in radii of two concentric circles from a specified error the location and direction of the displacement of inter-
5
ANWASME B89.3.41M-1985
TABLE 1 MOTION TYPE-PREFERRED 2.24 thermal drijiplot - a continuous time-based re-

CENTER cord of thermal drift, as specified in para. 3.1.3
Type Motion Preferred Center 2.25 thermal driji value - the difference between the
maximum and minimum values on the thermal drift plot
Radial motion MRS Center over a specified time period
Axial motion PC Center
Residual axial motion MRS Center
motion Face PC Center 3 SPECIFICATION OR DESCRIPTION OFAN

AXIS OF ROTATION
Residual
motionface MRS Center
3.1 Necessary Information
motion Tilt MRS Center
3.1.1 Error Motion.The followinginformationis
necessary for specifyingor describing error motion:
(a) the type of motion from left column of Table 1;
est. The following special terms can be applied when (b) the axial and/or radial position(s) at which the
the structural loop includes a spindle: measurement is made (see Table 1);
(a) radial compliance - applicable when the force (c) thedirectionangle of thesensitive direction,
and displacement directionsare at 90 deg. to the Z ref- e.g., axial, radial, or intermediate angles, as appropri-
erence axis; ate;
(b) axial compliance - applicable when the force ( d ) the error motion component and type of infor-
and displacement directionsare colinear with the Z ref- mation (polar plot or value);
erence axis; ( e ) the rotational speed of the spindle;
(c) tilt compliance - applicable for a pure moment (f)the time duration i n seconds or number of spin-
and a tilt displacement in a plane containing the Z ref- dle revolutions;
erence axis; (g) the frequency response of the instrumentation,
( d ) face compliance - applicable when theforce and given as hem or cycles per revolution. In the case of
displacementdirections are parallel with theZ reference digital instrumentation, the displacement resolution and
axis and at a specified radial location. sampling rate.
COMMENT: The subject of dynamic compliance has been omitted (h) thestructural loop, includingthespecifiedob-
from the first issue of this Standard. See para. 3.1.2. jects with respect to which the spindle axes and the ref-
2.21 stifiess - the reciprocal of compliance erence coordinate axis are located and the components
connecting these objects;
2.22 play - a condition of lowor zero stiffness overa ( i ) the magnitude, direction, and locationof any ex-
limited range of displacementdue to clearance between ternal force(s);
members of a structural loop ( j ) other operating conditions which may influence
2.23 thermal drij? - a changing distance between two the error motion measurement, such as transducer hys-
objects, associated with a changing temperature distri- teresis.
bution within the structural loop due to internal or ex- 3.1.2 Compliance. Thefollowinginformationis
ternal sources, specified as to axial and radial location necessary for specifying or describing compliance:
and directionangle relative to the z reference axis. Un- ( a ) the axial and radial location and direction angle
less otherwise noted, thedirection is assumed to be the of the applied static force relative to Zthe reference axis;
sensitive direction anderror motion is not included. The
(b) the same information, but for the displacement
following special terms apply when the structural loop measurement;
includes a spindle: ( c ) the structural loop connecting the two ends of the
(a) axial thermal drij? - applicable when the dis- load measuring instrument;
placement is colinear with the Z reference axis; ( d ) the structural loop connecting the displacement
(b) radial thermal drij? - applicable when the dis- transducer and the surface against which it reads.
placement is perpendicular to the Z reference axis;
(c) tilt thermal drij? - applicable to a tilt displace- 3.1.3 Thermal Drift. The following information is
ment relative to the Z reference axis. necessary for specifying or describing thermal drift:
6
TABLE 2 COMBINATION OF ERROR MOTION TERMS

Motion
Source Type of
Motion-Component INote (1)l Motion Type Measurement
[Note Total (2)l Structural Error motion Polar plot
Radial BearingAverage motion Value [Note (211
Asynchronous Axial motion
Fundamental [Note (3)l Face motion
motion Residual
Tilt [Note (3)l
NOTES:
(1) If no term from thiscolumn is given, the combination of all sources is t o be assumed.
(2) If no term from thiscolumn is given, the designated term is to be assumed.
(3) Not applicable to radial motion or tilt motion.
(a) the axial and radial location and direction angle (h) the drift characteristicsof the displacement mea-
of the displacement measurement relativeto the Z ref- suring system, due to temperature change withzero dis-
erence axis; placement input.
(b) the structural loop connecting the displacement
transducer and the surface againstwhich it reads;
(c) the rotational speed of the spindle;
( d ) the time durationof the measurement;
(e) the frequency response of the instrumentation;
3.2 Combination of Terms
(f)the ‘mbient temperature conditions of the test
environment; Any combination of terms obtained by selecting one
(g) other operating conditions which may influence term from two or more columns of Table 2 can be em-
the thermal drift; ployed in the error motion description of para. 3.1.1.
7
APPENDIX A
DISCUSSION OF GENERAL CONCEPTS
(This Appendix is not a part of ANWASME B89.3.4M-1985 but is included for information purposes onty.)
AI Introduction ...................................................... 11
A2 PerfectAxis of Rotation ........................................... 11
A2.1 RelativeMotion ............................................. 11
A2.2 SensitiveDirection .......................................... 11
A2.3 Fixed
Workpiece ........................................... 12
A2.4 .........................................
GagesVersus Tools 12
A3 Imperfect Axis of Rotation ........................................ 12
A4 Structural Error Motion ............................................ 13
A5 ThermalDrift ..................................................... 13
A6 Error Motion Geometry ............................................ 15
A6.1 PureRadialMotion ......................................... 15
A6.2 Axial Motion .............................................. 15
A6.3 Tilt Motion ................................................ 15
A6.4 RadialMotion ............................................. 15
A6.5 FaceMotion ............................................... 15
A6.6 Error Motion - General Case ................................ 15
A7 Error Motion PolarPlots ........................................... 17
A7.1 Specific Example - RadialMotionPolarPlot .................... 17
A7.2 AverageRadialMotionandPartRoundness ..................... 20
A7.3 Asynchronous Error MotionandSurfaceRoughness .............. 20
A7.4 Bearingand Structural Error Motions .......................... 23
A7.5 Centering Error ............................................ 23
A7.6 FundamentalandResidual Error Motions ....................... 25
A8 Effect of Unbalance'.............................................. 27
A9 Test Master Errors ................................................ 28
A10 Error Motion Versus Runout or T.I.R. ............................... 28
AI1 Error Motion Values . i ............................................ 28
A1 1.1 MinimumRadialSeparationCenter ............................ 28
A1 1.2 LeastSquaresCircle Center .................................. 28
A1 1.3 Maximum Inscribed and Minimum Circumscribed
Circle Centers ............................................ 29
A1 1.4 PolarChart Center .......................................... 29
A1 1.5 Asynchronous Error MotionValue ............................. 31
A I2 AxisAverage Line ................................................ 31
9
AI3 RotatingSensitiveDirectionMeasurements ......................... 31
A14 FixedSensitiveDirectionMeasurements ............................ 32
A1 5 Considerations on the Use of the Two-Gagehead System
for aFixedSensitiveDirection ................................... 32
A1 6 DigitalComputerMeasurementSystem ............................ 35
Figures
A1 Illustration ofSensitiveDirectioninFacing.Turning.andChamfering ....... 12
A2 Second-Order Error Due to Relative Motion in the Nonsensitive Direction
Along aCurvedSurface ........................................... 12
A3 Illustration of Rotating Sensitive Direction at Two Instants in Time in Jig-
BoringaHole ................................................... 13
A4 StructuralLoopExample ............................................ 13
A5 Schematic Diagrams of the Six Basic Degrees of Freedom of An Axis of
Rotation ........................................................ 14
A6 GeometryofRadialandFaceMotion .................................. 16
A7 General Case of Error Motion ........................................ 17
A8 Schematic Test Arrangements for Radial,Axial, and Tilt Motion With a
FixedSensitiveDirection ........................................... 18
A9 Hypothetical Example of Radial Motion Measurement and Plotting .......... 19
A10 Relationship of Radial Motion of Part Roundness Using Exampleof
Fig.A9 ........................................................ 20
A1 1 Total, Average, Asynchronous, Inner, and Outer Error Motion Polar Plots .... 21
A12 RelationshipofSurfaceRoughness to AsynchronousMotion ............... 22
A13 Effectof Centering Error onRadialMotionMeasurement ................. 24
A14 Example of Polar Distortion forCentering Error Signal Amplitudeof 50%
ofBase CircleRadius ............................................. 26
A15 PolarDistortionDueto Centering Error ................................ 27
A16 Determination ofMinimum RadialSeparation ........................... 29
A17 Determination of Least Squares Center and Circle [para . Cl(f)] . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
A18 Asynchronous Motion Assessment - Constant-Amplitude Sinusoid With
Centering Error. ShowingProper Measurement Along a Radius From
PCCenter ...................................................... 31
A19 Test Method for Radial Motion With a Rotating Sensitive Direction
[Tlusty,para . Cl(d)] .............................................. 32
A20 Test Method for Radial Motion With a Fixed Sensitive Direction
[Bryan, et al., para. Cl(e)] ......................................... 33
A21 Vector DiagramforRotatingSensitiveDirection ......................... 34
10
APPENDIXA
DISCUSSION OF GENERALCONCEPTS
(This Appendix is not part of ANSllASME 889.3.4M-1985 but is included for information purposes only.)
A1 INTRODUCTION A2.2 Sensitive Direction

This Standard was developed in response to the need Assume that a flat facing cut is being made in a lathe.
of industry to specify and measure the quality of axes If imperfections of the spindle bearings cause small ax-
of rotation foundin machines used inthe fabrication and ial movements of the workpiece relative to the tool at
inspection of manufactured products. While the termi- the point of cutting, one-for-one errors will be cut into
nology and concepts of this Standard might be applied the workpiece, and hence the axial movement is in a
in other areas, no attempt will be made to do so in this sensitive direction. By contrast, small motions tangen-
Appendix. tial to the face do not cause cutting errors since these
For purposes of clarity, this Appendix uses specific motions are in a nonsensitive direction.Figure A1 shows
examples in presenting concepts, suchas the spindle of several examples. In general, the sensitive direction is
a lathe. However, it is emphasized that the concepts un- always along a line which is perpendicular to the surface
der discussion canbe applied at all rotational axes found of revolution being generated and through the point of
in machine tool or measuring machine components, such machining. Any line perpendicular to the sensitive di-
as rotary tables, trunnion bearings, live centers, and so rection is a nonsensitive direction. Relative motion in
on. the nonsensitive direction will cause some error when
dealing with a curved surface such as the cylinder of
Fig. A2. In practice, this error is very small and can
usually be neglected in returnfor a substantial reduction
A2 PERFECT AXIS OF ROTATION in effort. The following formula is useful in estimating
It is helpful to begin
by considering the requirements this error. Let
to be met by a perfect axis of rotation. While it may EN = motion in the nonsensitive direction
seem appropriate to use a simple phrase such as “ca- Es = error in the sensitive direction due toE
pable of pure rotation of a workpiece abouta line fixed R = part radius
in space,” several important points should be noted to Then
show that this description is inadequate.
Es = -(if EN is small compared to R)
(EN)2
(Al)
2R
A2.1 Relative Motion
Consider a lathe mounted aboard a ship that is rolling For example, let EN = 0.001 in. (0.025mm) and R
in the ocean. The spindle axis can clearly undergo large = 0.5 in. (12.7mm).
motions “in space” without influencing the workpiece Then
accuracy. What is’ important relative
is motion between
the workpiece and the cutting tool. This involves only E , = - (o.oo1)2
- - in. = -1 pin. (0.025pm)
the structural loop, a term that refers to the mechanical 2 x 0.5
componentswhichmaintaintherelativepositionbe-
tween the workpiece and the tool (the chuck, spindle The 1 pin. (0.025pm) error due to moving tangentially
shaft, spindlebearings,headstockframe, slides, and to the circle is 1/1OOO as large as if the same 0.001 in.
toolpost in the present example). (0.025mm) motion had occured in the sensitive d i m -
11
FIG. A 2 SECOND-ORDER ERROR DUE TO
RELATIVE MOTIONIN THE NONSENSITIVE
DIRECTIONALONGACURVEDSURFACE
a boring machine. Sincethe sensitive direction is always

normal to the workpiece surface atthe point of machin-
ing, the sensitive direction rotates withthe tool (see Fig.
A3). As will be discussed in para. A13, different test
methods are used for axes of rotationdependingon
whether the sensitive direction is fixed or rotating with
respect to the machine frame.
A2.4 Gages Versus Tools

The above examples have all referred to cutting tools.
However, all of the above concepts apply with equal
validity to measuringmachines,withanindicator or
gagehead replacingthe cutting tool.
A3 IMPERFECT AXIS OFROTATION

For a real axis of rotation, the general term error
motion will be used to refer to relative displacementsin
the sensitive direction between the tool or gagehead and
tion, i.e., it is a “second-order” error. Ignoring motion the workpiece. The physical causes oferror motion can
in the nonsensitive direction is therefore justifiedif it is be classifiedas bearing error motion due to factors such
the same order of magnitude as the motion in the sen- as nonround bearing components, and structural error
sitive direction. motion due to internal or external sources of excitation
and affected by the finite mass, compliance, and damp-
ing ofthe structural loop. The separation oferror motion
A2.3 Fixed Workpiece
test data into these two categories is not always possi-
In contrast to a machinesuch as a lathe,another basic ble, although the recording of data on synchronizedpo-
type of machine exists in which the workpiece is fixed lar charts is useful in this regard, as will be discussed
and the cutting tool rotates. An exampleof this type is subsequently in para. A7.4.
12
Structural \
FIG, A 3 ILLUSTRATION OF ROTATING

SENSITIVE DIRECTION AT TWO INSTANTS
IN TIME IN JIG-BORING A HOLE
FIG. A 4 STRUCTURAL LOOP EXAMPLE
A 4 STRUCTURAL ERROR MOTION

The term “structural error motion” is used rather user of this Standard should allowno ambiguity to arise
than “vibration” to emphasize the relationship to the regarding the structural loop associated with an error
structural loop (see Fig. A4) and to relative motion. It motion measurement or specification. It should also be
would be incorrect, for example, to measure the struc- noted that asymmetric compliance of the spindle bearing
tural error motion by attaching an accelerometer to the or rotating part of the structural loop can cause changes
toolpost of a lathe and integratingthe output twice, since of error motion as measured under various conditions of
this would yield the absolute motion. For a rigid struc- loading; load conditions of a test should therefore be
tural loop, the entire loop could undergo virtually the specified where appropriate.
same absolute vibratory motion, resulting in a negligible
structural error motion.
The decision to include structuralerror motion in an
A5 THERMAL DRIFT
axis of rotation standardis deserving of some comment.
Since only relative motion is important, the structural An additional cause of relative motion between the
loop is as important to the functional use of an axis of tool or gage and the workpiece is a changing tempera-
rotation as the C-frame and anvilare to a hand microm- ture distribution within the structuralloop. The relative
eter. To attempt to include structural error motion due motion in the sensitive direction due to the accompany-
to noisy rolling element bearings and exclude that from ing thermal expansion or contraction is referred to as
drive gears or motors, or to include resonancein a spin- , t h e m 1 drifr. Thermal drift usually occurson a slower
dle shaft but not atoolpost, seems arbitrary and unreal- time scale thanerror motion and is therefore treated sep-
istic. The approach taken in this Standard has been to arately.
include structural error motion from all sourcesas a valid The situation regarding thermal drift is similar to that
topic of discussion, but to leave to the user the choice of structural motion, in that it can be caused by heat
of the structural loop best suitedto his objectives. Thus generated in the spindle bearings or from heat entering
the present Standard can be applied to testing a spindle thestructuralloopfromsomeexternalsource.The
as a stand-alone unit on a surface plate or as an inte- choice of what to include or exclude is left opento the
grated part of a complete machine. It follows that the user of this Standard.
13
-
-
AB = Z Reference axis
CD = Axis of rotation
\ ‘k
hD B
NOTE:
(1) For the lathe example shown in sketch (a). only the motions in sketches (c), (e), and (g) are in the sensitive direction.
FIG. A5 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAMS OF THE SIX BASIC DEGREESOFFREEDOM

OF ANAXIS OF ROTATION
14
Additional advisory material on thermal drift can be a(0) allows the radial motion r(0) at another axial po-
found in ANSI Standard B89.6.2 [see para. Cl(b)]. sition to be predicted as shown in Fig. A6, sketch (a),
r(e) = ro(e) + La(e)

A6 ERROR MOTION GEOMETRY where L is the distance between the two axial locations.
A workpiece has six degrees of freedom, consisting Since radial motion varies with axial position, it is nec-
of three linear motions and three angular motions, as essary to specify the axial location of a radial motion
shown individually inFig. A5 for a given instant in time measurement.
t, corresponding to a spindle position 0. Spindle rota-
tion 8 about the Z reference axis, Fig. A5, sketch (h), A6.5 Face Motion
is the intended function of the axis of rotation. Which
is the remaining five degrees of freedom contributes sig- Another special term is face motion, which denotes
nificantly to the e m r motion depends on the sensitive error motion inthe axial direction at a specified distance
direction and the axial and radial location of the point R from theZ reference axis, as shown in Fig. A6, sketch
of machining or gaging. For the lathe operations shown (b). Face motion f(0) is related to axial and tilt motion
in Fig. Al, it can be concluded that the sensitive direc- bY
tion always lies in a plane parallel to that of the slide f ( e ) = z(e) - z w e ) (A31
travel.Examinationofotherrotatingworkpiecema-
chine tools and measuring machines shows that in vir- Since face motion varies with radial position, it is nec-
tually all cases the sensitive direction is restricted to one essary to specify the radius of a face motion measure-
plane. Calling this the X-Z plane for convenience, it ment.
follows that the motions Y(0) and P(0) are always in a
nonsensitivedirectionandcanbeignored. In other
words,theonlymotionsofconcernarethemotions A6.6 Error Motion - General Case
X(@, Z(0), and a(0) in the X-Z plane. The following The most general case of error motion involves an
terms will be used. arbitrary angle 4 of the sensitive direction with respect
to the Z reference axis, as shown in Fig. A7 for the
A6. I Pure Radial Motion spherical surface. The error motion depends on both the
axial and radial locations, which must be specified to-
Motion X(0) in Fig. A5, sketch (c), in which the axis gether with 4. The equation for error motion e(@ in
of rotation remains parallel to the Z reference axis and terms of axial, radial, and tilt motion is
moves perpendicular to itin the sensitive direction.
+
4 0 ) = r(0) sin 4 f(0) COS 4
A6.2 Axial Motion
= r,(@ sin 4 + Z(0) COS 4 + a(0)
Motion Z(8) in Fig. A5, sketch (e), in which the axis
the Z reference axis and
of rotation remains coaxial with (L sin 4 - R cos 4) (A4)
moves parallel to it.
It can be seen from Eq. A2, A3, and A4 that error
motion in general or for any of the special cases can be
A6.3 Tilt Motion obtained from a knowledge of axial motion Z@), tilt
Motion a(0)in Fig. A5, sketch (g), in which the axis motion a(@, and radial motion r,(8) at a known axial
of rotation moves angularly with respect to the Z ref- position, plus the location dimensionsL, R , and 4.
erence axis andin the plane of the axial and pure radial Figure A8 shows schematic diagramsof two test ar-
motions. rangements which can be used to measure the necessary
motions. It is assumed that the test pieces used in these
arrangements have perfect geometry and are perfectly
A6.4 Radial Motion centered. In both cases, the radial and axial motions are
In general, tilt motion and pure radial motion occur measured directly. In Fig. A8, sketch (a), tilt motion is
at the same time, and the sum at any particular axial derived from face motion by use of Eq. A3,
position is referred to asradial motion. A knowledgeof 1
radial motion ro(0)at one axial position and tilt motion
48) =E tf(@- Z(Ql 645)
(a) Radial Motion Variation With Axial Distance
r---------
r- 1
I
+=
I
J
-
I
L7
-
(b) Face Motion Variation With Radius
FIG. A 6 GEOMETRY OF RADIAL AND FACE MOTION
16
FIG. A 7 GENERAL CASE OF ERROR MOTION
In Fig. A8, sketch (b), a second radial motion mea- error motion versus the angular position of the axis. The
surement is used to obtain tilt motion from Eq. A2, following advantages for this method will be listed and
discussed in turn:
(a) prediction of thepart roundness and surface finish
potential of a machine tool;
(b)diagnosis of bearing error motion and structural
It should be noted that pure radial motion does not error motion;
appear in any of the error motion equations. It is useful (c) reduction of the required accuracy of centering
only as a concept in understanding error motion geom- the master test ball;
etry and is not a factor which needs to be measured in ( d )assessment of the error motion value.
determining the behavior of an axis of rotation.
It should also be noted that the illustrations in this
Section have progressed from line segments in Fig. A5 A7.1 Specific Example - Radial Motion '
to solid workpieces in Figs. A6, A I , and A8. These are Polar Plot
equivalent in'that the center line of a perfectly centered
A specific example of an error motion polar plot will
workpiece having ideal geometry is coincident with the
be used as a basis for discussion. Using radial motion
axis of rotation, and the latter can be viewed as a work-
for illustration, Fig. A9, sketch (a) shows a test arrange-
piece of zero diameter. It is easier to visualize the con-
ment involving a master test ball (assumed to be per-
cepts of face motion or error motion in the general case
fectly round) with a gagehead arranged to measure in
from solid workpieces rather than the lines of Fig. AS,
the sensitive direction. Figure A9, sketch (b) shows an
and of course in practice all measurements are made
enlarged view of the assumed path ofthe axis of rotation
from solid surfaces rather than abstract lines. The mo-
in the X-Y plane relative to the gagehead. The assumed
tion of an ideal solid object has been used as the basis
path consists of a repetitive figure-eight pattern which
for defining error motion in para. 2.6.
has been labelled with the angle of rotation at various
points. Figure A9, sketch (c) shows a rectilinear plot of
the radial motion measured by a gagehead versus angle
A 7 ERROR MOTION POLAR PLOTS
of rotation as a result of the figure-eight pattern, with
A very useful form for displaying error motion mea- motion of the ball toward the gagehead being positive.
surements of an axis of rotation is a polar plot of the Figure A9, sketch (d) shows the same data as Fig. A9,
17
r Radial
(a) Basic Motions Using Radial, Face and

Axial Motion Measurements
(b) Basic Motions Using Two Radial and an

Axial Motion Measurement
FIG. A8 SCHEMATIC TESTARRANGEMENTS FOR RADIAL, AXIAL, AND TILT MOTION

WITH A FIXED SENSITIVE DIRECTION
18
Master
ty 2
90 deg.
x
ball Reference
axis 135 deg.
Gagehead
315 deg.
e
270 deg.
(a) Schematic Radial (b) Enlarged End View of Assumed

Motion Test-End View Path of Axis of Rotation in the
X-Y Plane
Base
90 deg
0 45 90 135 180360
315
270
225
Rotation Angle 8, deg.
(d) Radial Motion Polar Plot

(e) Rectilinear Plot of Radial Motion
[Polar Plot of Sketch ( d l
[XComponent in Sketch (b) Versus Angle
of Rotation]
FIG. A9 HYPOTHETICAL EXAMPLE OF RADIAL MOTION MEASUREMENT AND PLOTTING
19
sketch (c), butintheformofapolarplotofradial
motion (which might, for example, be obtained by con-
necting the gagehead to a polar recorder synchronized
to the spindle). Thus the figure-eight pattern results in a
tilted elliptical radial motion polar plot.It is not neces-
sary to have a figure-eight pattern to produce an ellipse
since other motions in the nonsensitive direction could
occur without changing the radial motion.
A7.2 Average Radial Motion and

PartRoundness
(a) Radial Motion
If the gage in Fig. A9, sketch (a) were replaced by Polar Plot
an ideal cutting tool (capable of cutting in exact accor-
dance with its position, without deflection, wear, etc.),
it is clear that the figure-eight motion would result in a
nonround part. Since the part radius is influenced only
by motion of the axis in the sensitive direction, it fol-
lows that a motion defined as positive in the preceding
paragraph (toward the toolpost) will lead to a smaller
part radius and vice-versa. If the part is removed and
placed in an error-free roundness measuring machine,
the roundness chart will be identicalto that of Fig. A9,
sketch (d), except for a reversal of sign (peaksand val-
leys interchangedwithrespect to thebase circle), as
shownin Fig. A10. The out-of-roundness of the two
charts is identical, and hence the radial motion polar
(b) Part Roundness
plot of a machine tool axis of rotation predicts the best Profile
workpiece roundnessthe machine is capable of produc-
ing under ideal cutting conditions. Other factors such as
FIG. A10 RELATIONSHIP OF RADIAL
nonideal cutting (built-up edge, tool wear, variable tool
MOTION OF PART ROUNDNESS USING
deflection), feedmarks,chuckingdistortion,thermal
EXAMPLE OF FIG. A 9
distortion, residual stress relief, etc., can result in this
capability not being realized.
If the above parts were leftin place after cutting and
lutions recorded. FigureA1 1, sketch (c) shows anasyn-
the gagehead replaced on the toolpost, then under the
chronous error motion polar plot which consistsof the
present assumptionsof ideal cutting and iepetitive radial
difference between the total and the average error mo-
motion, the radial runout of the part surface would be
tion polar plots.
zero. The radial motion and the part roundness errors
It can be argued that the average error motion polar
cancel due to their equal magnitudes and opposite signs.
plot is indicative of form error (such as roundness for
This is one example of the difference between radial
radial motion). This is true to the extent that the shape
motion and radial runout measurements: see Section A10
of the total error motion polar plot for any single revo-
for a more extensive discussion.
lution is similarto the shapeof the average error motion
The above example is idealized in that the motion of
the axis of rotation was assumed to be exactly repetitive polar plot.
from revolution to revolution. Figure A 1 1 , sketch (a)
shows a more typical case error of motion which is non-
A7.3 AsynchronousError Motion and
repetitive. Figure A1 1 , sketch (a) is known as a total
Surface Roughness
error motion polar plot. Figure A1 1, sketch (b) shows
an average error motion polar plot which is obtained It can also be shown that the asynchronous error mo-
from Fig. A N , sketch (a) by averaging the radial motion polar plotcan &used to predict the surface rough-
tion at each angular position over the number of revo- ness obtained under ideal cutting conditions. Recalling
20
(a) Total Error Motion
(b) Average Error Motion (c) Asynchronous Error Motion
(d) Outer Error Motion (e) inner Error Motion
FIG. A l l TOTAL, AVERAGE, ASYNCHRONOUS, INNER, AND OUTER

ERROR MOTION POLAR PLOTS
21
(a) Theoretical Finish for Ideal Cutting
With Zero Asynchronous Motion
Asynchronous
motion
+ +
+
t
+ +
\\\ \
\
(b)Effect of Asynchronous Motion on Peak-to-Valley

Roughness With Ideal Cutting
FIG. A 1 2 RELATIONSHIP OF SURFACEROUGHNESS TO ASYNCHRONOUS MOTION
that surface roughness is ordinarily measured across the face roughness if the roughness cutoff width [usually
lay (Le., parallel to the axis fora cylinder or radially on 0.03 in. (0.8 mm)] is several times larger than the feed
a flat face), it followsthat the measurement corresponds per revolution. The sum of the asynchronous motion
to crossing a number of successive revolutions at one level and H from Eq. A7 represents the potential peak-
particular angle on the total error motion polar plot. If to-valley surface roughness for the machine under ideal
the asynchronous error motion were zero, the only ir- cutting conditions, with the AA (arithmetic average)
regularity present would be the scallop-marks associated value being approximately one-fourth as large. This po-
with the tool radius as shown in Fig. A12, sketch (a) tential can be realized for sharpchip-free diamond tools
which is referred to as the “theoretical finish.” The cutting certain nonferrous metals, but under most cut-
peak-to-valley height H of the theoretical finish associ- ting conditions, the presence of a built-up edge on the
ated with a tool radius R and the feed per revolution F tool leads to a larger surface roughness. In some situa-
is tions the tool has repeated contact with the same point
on the work over a large number of revolutions, as, for
F2 example, in turning with a flat-nosed tool, cylindrical
H = - (if F is small compared to R) (A7)
8R grinding with a flat-faced wheel, or dwell at zero feed
rate with any tool. In such a case, it can be argued that
The value of H can easily be made quite small, e.g., material will be removed to the level of the maximum
if F = 0.001 in. (0.025 mm)/rev and R = !A in. (3.1 excursions of the work toward the tool, and hence (using
mm), then H is 1 pin. (0.025 pm). However, if asyn- the sign convention of Fig. A9) the potential part round-
chronous motion is present, then the surface is cut to ness can be predicted from the outer error motion polar
varying levels on successive revolutions as in Fig. A12, plot, consisting of the contour of the total error motion
sketch @). It is evident that a given asynchronous mo- polar plot as shown in Fig. A l l , sketch (d). For oper-
tion level is translated into an equal peak-to-valley sur- ations inside a cylindrical bore, the inner error motion
22
polar plot has a similar significance [see Fig. AI 1, mately one-half of the shaft speed. Plain bearings can
sketch (e)]. The reliability of such a prediction is limited have a similar behavior due to a hydrodynamic effect
by the similarity of a succession of such plots as well as called half-speed whirl. In these cases the deviation be-
by nonideal cutting conditions. For an axis of rotation tween successive revolutions represents asynchronous
of a measuring machine, the asynchronous error motion error motion which is caused by bearing error motion.
represents the basic level to which the machine can re- Average motioncan also be caused by sources other than
peat its readings on a given workpiece from revolution axis bearings, such as a drive component operating at a
to revolution. The average error motion represents the whole number multiple of the axis rotational frequency
basic systematic error of the axis, which will still be or by a piece of equipment unrelated to the axis but hav-
present if there is noasynchronous error motion (perfect ing a chance synchronization with the axis rotational
repeatability from revolution to revolution) or if the frequency. A useful technique for locating the sources
asynchronous error motion is averaged out over a num- of error motion is to note changes as potential sources
ber of revolutions. are turned on and off or varied in speed. An alternative
approach is to vary the axis speed of rotation. At zero
axis speed, the remaining ‘cloud band’ thickness rep-
resents asynchronous error motion due to sources other
A7.4 Bearing and Structural Error Motions
than the axis bearings and drive system. The average
In addition to being useful in predicting the perfor- error motion polar plot at zero axis speed can also be
mance of a machine, the polar plot can help in diagnos- obtained from a static error motion polar plot, per-
ing the physical causes of the observed error motion. In formed by placing the nonrotating axis in a succession
this context, it is helpful to view the total error motion of discrete angular positions. It should be noted that un-
as an asynchronous error motion superimposed on a less these angular positions are closely spaced, any high
completely repetitive average error motion profile. It can frequency components (in terms of cycles per revolu-
be shown mathematically that a repetitive profile can tion) may be filtered out of the average error motion
involve only those frequencies which are equal to or polar plot. The possibility of high frequency compo-
are whole number multiples of the axis rotational fre- nents being present in the average error motion polar
quency. Thus the axis bearings and the axis drive sys- plot excludes the use of a low-pass electronic filter to
tem arethe most likely sources of average error motion. eliminate asynchronous error motion, since a portion of
Fluid film bearings (hydrodynamic, hydrostatic, aero- the average error motion may also be removed.
static) in particular show highly repetitive patterns. The reader is again reminded that this Standard does
Asynchronous error motion has, in the past, often not specify which sources of error motion are to be in-
been referred to as “random error motion.” This latter cluded in the assessment of an axis of rotation. For ex-
term is now nonpreferred since the physical causes of ample, in the case of a roundness measuring machine
synchronous error motion are frequently not random in subjected to a high level of building virbration, the ma-
the statistical sense. For example, asynchronous error chine’s performance may be adversely affectedby its
motion is often due to nonrandom sources such as mo- environment. However, itis conceivable that the ma-
tors or pumps operating at frequencies which are not chine was purchased with special design features in-
whole number multiples of the axis rotational fre- tended to deal with such an environment, in which case
quency. These frequencies are best determined by rec- the error motion tests would intentionally include build-
ords based on one or a few revolutions to avoid over- ing vibration as a source.
lapping traces. Rectilinear time base records are also
usefu! for determining frequencies, but separation of the
average and asynchronous error motion components can
A7.5 Centering Error
be difficult.
The above discussion suggests that average error mo- Returning to the radial motion example shown in Fig.
tion can be equated with bearing error motion and sim- A9, it is assumed that the master test ball is perfectly
ilarly for asynchronous and structural error motions. centered on the axis of rotation (as well as being per-
This is usually an oversimplification. Asynchronous er- fectly round). An off-center test ball adds an unwanted
ror motion can originate in a rolling element bearing due component to the radial motion, which can be examined
to imperfect balls, rollers, or raceways. Ball and roller most simply by assuming a perfect axis of rotation. As
bearings sometimes exhibit a pattern which is repetitive shown in Fig. A13, the consequence of centering error
only every other revolution and this behavior is associ- is a once-per-revolution sinusoidal wave in rectilinear
ated with the rolling elements travelling at approxi- coordinates. In polar coordinates, Fig. A13, sketch (c),
23
Eccentric
d master ball
(a) Radial Motion Test

With Centering Error
Base circle
/ Polar plot
90 deg. 270 deg.

180 deg. 360 deg.
(b) Effect of Centering Error ( c ) Polar Plot of sketch (b)

for a Perfect Axis
Rectilinear Plot
90 deg. 270 deg.

180 deg. 360 deg.
\
(d) Radial Motion With (e) Polar Plot of sketch (d)

Superimposed Centering
Error
FIG. A 1 3 EFFECT OF CENTERING ERROR ON RADIAL MOTION MEASUREMENT
24
the sinusoid is very nearly acircle having its center off- thrust bearing components. An excellent illustration of
set from the center of the polar chart. When radial mo- results of this motion, shownin exaggerated detail on a
tion and centering error are both present, it is difficult model, is given in Fig. 17 of reference given in para.
todeterminethesinusoidalcomponent of thetotal Cl(e).
waveform in rectilinear coordinates, as is evidentin Fig. Regarding face motion, reference to Eq. A3 shows
A13, sketch (d). In contrast, the sinusoid can be elimi- that fundamental face motion does exist and is equal to
nated from the polar plot of Fig. A13, sketch (e) by fundamental axial motion. This can be understood by
choosing an offset ‘best fit’ center (using methods to be visualizing a perfectly flat disk mounted on a perfect
discussed in the following paragraph. Since it is time axis of rotation. Mounting error can result in a once-
consuming and often virtually impossible to reduce cen- per-revolution sinusoidal face motion (increasing in di-
tering error toanegligiblelevel in themechanical rect proportionto radius), but this will vanish if the disk
mounting of a testball, the ability to eliminate its effect is perfectly square to the axis of rotation. Assuming per-
represents another advantagefor polar plots. fect squareness and then changing from a perfect axisto
It should be noted that the amountof centering error an axis having fundamental axial motion, it follows that
must be limited when using polarcharts. Strictly speak- the same fundamental motion will occur at all radii. Thus
ing, the polar plot of a pure sinusoid is a limacon, which a perfectly flat disk is square to an imperfect axis of
ranges from a circular shape to a ‘heart’ shape as the rotation if the fundamental face motion is the same at
centering error increases, as shown in Fig A14. This all radii. It is possible to cancel the fundamental face
causes a fictitious average radial motion to appear on motion by mounting the disk out-of-square to the axis
the polar chartof a perfect axisof rotation due to an off- of rotation, but this cancellation can onlyoccur at one
center test ball. Figure A15 [from ANSI B89.3.1; see radius. The out-of-squareness angle necessary for this
para. Cl(a)] showsthedistortionwhichoccurs for a cancellationbecomeslarger as theradiusbecomes
given eccentricity of the best fit center and a given min- smaller, reaching an impossible situation at zero radius.
imum radius of the polar plot. A conservative rule is to The existence of fundamental face motion has an in-
limit the offset of the best fit center on the recording teresting consequence in machining and measuring flat
chart to0.1 in. (2.5 mm) plus 5% of the minimum polar faces. If a flat disk is faced on an axis which is perfect
plot radius, which limits the limacon error to 0.01 in. except for the presence of fundamental axial motion,
(0.25 mm) (approximately the limit of graphical reading then the part can be viewed as made up of many flat-
accuracy). faced thin rings, each of which is out-of-square with the
axis of rotation by an amount which increases with de-
creasing radius. Such a part is not flat over its full area.
A7.6 Fundamental and Residual Error Motions
However, if the part is mounted in a roundness measur-
The term used to refer to the once-per-revolution si- ing machine with the transducer sensing axially, then
nusoidal component ofan error motion polar plot isfun- the part can be tilted so that no flatness error is sensed
ahmental error motion. Since a test ball is perfectly cen- during a trace around a circular path concentric with the
tered when this component vanishes, it follows that fun- part center. Such a part is said to have circular flatness.
damental radial motion of an axis of rotation does not Since it does not have area flatness, it follows that cir-
exist. cular flatness measurements can be misleading if they
Similarly,fundamentaltiltmotiondoesnot exist. are not properly understood.
This can be understoodby visualizing a perfect cylinder Residual error motion is the gened term applied to
mounted on an imperfect axisof rotation. If the mount- the difference between average and fundamental error
ing is adjustedso that the cylinder has no centering error motion. The consequences of residual e m r motion are
at either end, then there can be no once-per-revolution analogous to those of average radial motion. For ex-
tiltmotion.Sincefamiliartermssuchas “coning,” ample, residual face motion during machining leads to
“wobble,” and “swash” suggest a once-per-revolution errors in circular flatness in the same way that average
component,theiruse is inappropriatetodescribetilt radial motion leads to errorsin roundness.
motion. In the general case of error motion with an arbitrary
In contrast,fundamentalaxial motion doesexist, and sensitive direction angle from theZ reference axis, the
is not caused by a master ball mounting error as with fundamental e m r motion is proportional to cos 4 times
centering error.It consists of a once-per-revolution axial the fundamental axial motion (see Eq. A4). Thus a 45
sliding motion of theaxis of rotation along the 2 refer- deg. taper involves 70.7% as much fundamental error
ence axis and can arise, for example, from out-of-square motion as a flat face.
25
Centering error signal
I I I 1
0 deg. 90 deg. 180 deg. 270 deg. 360 deg.
(a) Rectilinear Plot of Centering Error Signal
(b)Polar Plot of sketch (a), Showing Polar Distortion
FIG. A 1 4 EXAMPLE OF POLAR DlSTORTlON FOR CENTERING ERROR SIGNAL AMPLITUDE

OF 50% OF BASE CIRCLE RADIUS
26
FIG. A I 5 POLAR DISTORTION DUE TO CENTERING ERROR
A 8 EFFECT OF UNBALANCE
' In the case of surface finish it can be demonstrated
that, in single point turning, there is no relationship be-
Unbalance of the rotating elements introduces a once- tween surface finish and unbalance. This is difficult for
per-revolution sinusoidal force with maximum ampli- some people to believe since the necessity of a smooth,
tude varying as the square of the spindle speed, in a quiet, vibration-free machine for achieving mirror fin-
rotating sensitive direction. In machining, the conse- ishes seems obvious. It is, in fact, absolutely essential
quence of this for an otherwise perfect axis is that al- for a cylindrical grinding machine. To understand why
though a perfectly round part can be machined at a given it is not necessary for a lathe requires insight into
speed it will exhibit a centering error at other speeds. If the difference between synchronous and asynchronous
two cylindrical sections are machined on the same part vibration. Unbalance introduces synchronous motion
at different speeds, their geometric center lines will not which, in single point turning, does not affect finish
be coaxial. If the shift of the axis
of rotation with respect since the relative position of the tool with respect to the
to the rotating object involves a tilt as well as a radial axis of rotation at each complete revolution is the same.
component, then the center lines of the above two cyl- An otherwise perfect lathe with a large amount of un-
inders will not be parallel. Shifts in tilt also change the balance will achieve theoretical finish [see Fig. A12,
parallelism or squareness of the axis of rotation to the sketch (a)]
machine slideways, causing cylinders to be machined Asynchronous motion, on the other hand, is motion
with a taper and flat faces to be machined conical. of the tool with respectto the spindle at frequencies other
In the above discussion, unbalance is assumed to than whole number multiples of the spindle frequency.
cause a circular orbit of aninitially centered test ball. If It affects the position of the tool with respect to the axis
the structud loophas nonlinear and/or asymmetric of rotation at each complete revolution and therefore af-
compliance, unbalance may excite higher harmonic mo- fects surface finish [see Fig. A12, sketch (b)]. The sur-
tions which lead to roundness and flatness errors. Bal- face finish achieved by cylindrical grinders is influenced
ancing of rotating elements can be as important for this by unbalance because the wheel spindle rotates at a dif-
reason as any other. ferent speed than the work spindle and synchronous mo-
2;
tion of the wheel spindle automatically becomes asyn- methods are recognized inthis Standard for locating po-
chronous motion with respectto the work spindle. lar plot centers:
(a) minimum radial separation (MRS) center;
(b) least squarescircle (LSC)center;
A9 MASTER
TEST
ERRORS . . maximum
(c) inscribed circle (MIC) center;
Thus far it has been assumed that a geometrically ( d )minimum circumscribed circle(XlCC) center.
perfect master test ballor equivalent was being used in These centersare the sameas those recognizedby ANSI
the various error motion measurement examples. It is B89.3.1 [para.Cl(a)] which is logical in view ofthe pre-
clear that the geometry errors in a master will causeer- viously discussed relationship between radial motion and
roneous error motion measurements, and it cannot al- roundness.
ways be assumed that the master has negligibleerrors, In addition, a fifth center, the polar chart (PC) cen-
since high quality axes of rotationmay have error mo- ter, is used in establishing error motion values which
tions of the order of l pin. (0.025 pm). Appendix B include fundamental axial motion(see para. A1 1.4).
describes methodsfor separating the errors of the master
from the average error motion component ofthe a x i s of A11.1 Minimum Radial Separation Center
rotation.
The concept of the minimum radial separation cen-
ter is, as the name implies, that of a center chosen so as
A10 ERROR MOTION VERSUSRUNOUT to make the difference in radii of the two concentric
cir-
ORT.I.R. cles which contain the error motion polar plot an abso-
lute minimum. By definition, the MRS center yields the
It should be noted that error motion measurements smallest possible number for the error motion value.
differ from measurements of runout or T.I.R. (total in- There is no direct method of locating this center and
dicator reading) in several respects. It is important to some form of iterative trial and error must be used. In
understandthesedifferences, since runouttestshave unusual cases, more than one such centermay exist. Fig-
been used extensively in the past in assessing the accu- ure A16 shows three successive trials using a bow com-
racy of rotational axes. Runout is defined as “the total pass; further reductionis still possible as the reader may
displacement measuredby an instrument sensing against wish to verify. In general, the minimum has not been
a moving surface or moved with respect to a fixed sur- found until the inner and outer circles both touch the
face.” Under this definition, a radial runout measure- polar profile at two points; in unusual cases more than
ment includes both the roundness error and the centering two points percircle may occur. In the commoncase of
error of the surface that the gagehead senses against, two points per circle, the points must also alternate be-
and hence radial runout will be identical to radial motion tween the inner andouter circles. The time required for
only if both of these errors are zero. As noted previ- trial and error searching can be reduced by use of a
ously, neither of theseconditionsiseasilyaccom- transparent template having engraved concentric circles.
plished. While centering error unavoidably makes the Further reductions in time, together with improved ac-
xunout larger than the error motion, it is possible for curacy, can be obtained with computer-aided systems
roundness errors to make the runout either larger or (see Section A15) using iterative algorithms.
smaller than the error motion. The latter situation can The MRS center has been chosen as the preferred
arise if the surface against whichthe displacement trans- polar plot center for error motion assessment in the pres-
ducer is sensing was machinedin place on the a x i s bear- ent Standard and is to be understood as the method to
ings, as discussedpreviouslyinpara.A7.2.Similar be used if no methodis specified.Any of the other three
comments applyto face motion versus face runout; the methods can be used provided that the method is spec-
latter measurement includes nonsquareness and circular ified.
flatness errors (seealso para. A7.5).
A11.2 Least Squares Circle Center

A l l ’ ERROR MOTION VALUES
The least squares circle cenrer is based on the math-
In most cases, an error motion value is equal to the ematical approachof choosing a center which will min-
difference in radii
of two concentric circles that will
just imize the sum of the squares of the polardeviations
plot
enclose the corresponding error motion polar plot, and from a circle about thatcenter. The error motion values
the value obtaineddependsuponthelocation of the obtained by the LSC method canbe expected tobe about
common center of these twocircles. The followingfour 10% larger than the MRS values on the average. Since
28
First Trial Second Trial Third Trial
FIG. A16 DETERMINATION OF MINIMUM RADIALSEPARATION
it canbedefinedmathematically,the LSC center is analogous to centeringe m r . As a consequence, the to-

unique and can be found without trial and error meth- tal and average axial motion values are always measured
ods. The method is well suited to digital computer anal- using concentric circles drawn from the polar chart (PC)
ysis and the LSC center can also be located by analog center. If it is desired to break the average axial motion
electroniccircuits. For handcalculations,the LSC values into fundamental and residual axial motion com-
method is slower and more subjectto gross errors than ponents, thenany of the above four methods can be used
the MRS method. Figure A17 is a description of the to find the best fit center of the residual axial motion
LSC method, abstracted from Section A3 of the British polar plot. The radial distance between this best-fit cen-
Standard 3730: 1964 [para. Cl(f)]. A proof of the for- ter and the PC center is the fundamental axial motion
mulae and guidance on the effect ofthe number of radial value (also referred to as the axial motion center offset).
ordinates used canbe.found in the same reference. The MRS center is the preferred center and is to be as-
sumed unless another centeris specified.
Since face motioninvolvesthesamefundamental
A11.3 Maximum Inscribed and Minimum
component as axial motion, it follows that total and av-
Circumscribed Circle Centers
erage face motion should also be based on the PC cen-
These items are self-explanatory. The error motion ter. However, if face motion is measured directly from
value is the difference .in radii to a second circle drawn amasterflatmountedontheaxisofrotation,then
about the same centerso as to just contain the polar plot. squareness error of the fiat to the axis of rotation will
These centers are sometimes used in roundness mea- introduce a second fundamental motion component. This
surement andare included in this Standard for complete- component cannot be separated from that due to the axis
ness in view of the relationship already discussed be- unless the fundamental axial motion value is known.If
tween radial motion and part roundness. For example, the latter is known, the simplest procedure isto assess
assume a circular parthas a machined profile in accor- the residual portion of the face motion polar plot from
dance with the total radial motion polar plot and that it the appropriate polar plot center and then addthe fun-
is placed in a perfectly round ring gage of the smallest damental axial motion value to obtain the desired result.
diameter that will acceptthe part. Then the total radial In the general case of error motion at an arbitrary
motion value aboutthe MCC center represents the larg- angle 4 to the Z reference axis, the fundamental error
est gap between the part and gage, and, if the part is motion is equal to cos 4 times the fundamental axial
rotated in the ring gage, it will rotate about the MCC motion. Therefore the addition procedure of the preced-
center. ing paragraph canbe used, except that the added quan-
tity is the fundamental axial motion times cos4.
Finally, for tilt motion, the nonexistence of funda-
A11.4 Polar Chart Center
mental tilt motion requires the use of one of the four
As noted previously, fundamental axial motion is a polar plot centers, with the polar chart center never being
red property of an axis of rotation rather than an error used.
29
In determining the least squares center and circle, the position of thecenter of
the least squares circle and the value of its radius can be calculated from simple
approximate formulae.
Referring t o the figure below, the practical procedure is as follows:
Least squares circle
Least squares
10
Y
Determination of Least Squares Centerand Circle
From the center of the chart, draw a sufficient even number of equally spaced
radial ordinates. In the illustration they are shown numbered 1-1 2. Two of these
at right angles are selected to provide a system of rectangular coordinates X-X
and Y-Y.
The distances of thepoints of intersection ofthe polar graph with these radial
ordinates, P1 to P,,, are measured from the axes X-X and Y-Y, taking positive
and negative signs into account.
The distances a and b of the least squares center from the center of the paper
are calculated from thefollowing approximate formulae:
2 X sum of x values 2 x sum of y values

a = b= - 2Cy
number of ordinates n number of ordinates n
The radius R of theleast squares circle, if wanted, is calculated as the average

radial distance of thepoints P from thecenter; that is:
R=
sum of radial values - Er
numbers of ordinates n
In practice, if it is required to know only the radial width of the zone enclosing
the curve, there is no point in finding R, and it is sufficient to draw the inscribing
and circumscribing circles from theleast squares center.
FIG. A17 DETERMINATION OF LEAST SQUARESCENTER AND CIRCLE [para. C l ( f 11

lExtrsa horn BS 3730:1964.bpodue
edby parmiuionof the British Standards Instinkh.NOTE BS
37301964h s been wpMseded by BS 37301982.)
30
A11.5 Asynchronous Error Motion Value
The asynchronous motion value if found from the to-
tal error motion polar plot as the maximum radial width
of the “cloud band” at any angular position around the
circumference. It is the only measurement which does
not employ concentric circles, since it involves the ra-
dial variation at a particular angle rather than the radial
variation around the full circumference.
To be strictly correct, the asynchronous error motion
value should be measured along a radial line from the
polar chart (PC)center rather than from a best-fit center,
even though this is contrary to what seems intuitively
correct. Figure A18 illustrates this point by means of a
computer generated plot of a high frequency sinusoid of
uniform amplitude which is superimposed on a limacon.
The sinusoid amplitude is constant if it is measured ra-
dially from the PC center, as it should be, but is up to
8% smaller (in this case) if it is measured radially from
the MRS center.
A12 AXIS AVERAGE LINE FIG. A I 8 ASYNCHRONOUS MOTION

ASSESSMENT - CONSTANT-AMPLITUDE
The definition given in para. 2.1 for an axis of rota-
SINUSOIDWITH CENTERING ERROR,
tion is descriptive rather than technical, serving as a
SHOWING PROPER MEASUREMENT ALONG
starting point in developing a more rigorous set of def-
RADIUS FROM PC CENTER
initions for e m r motions and their measurement. How-
ever, a definition that specifies the precise location of
an axis of rotation is desirable. For this purpose, the
axis average line is defined as the line passing through Axial motion is the only measurement which is in-
two axially separated radial motion polar plot centers dependent of whether the sensitive direction is fixed or
(see para. 2.16). rotating, and hence is most easily measured by a fixed
gagehead sensing along the Z reference axis.
For low speed rotary axes such as rotary tables, trun-
nions, etc., both fixed and rotating sensitive direction
A13 ROTATING SENSITIVE DIRECTION
cases can be dealt with by use of a polar recorder whose
MEASUREMENTS
angular drive is mechanically or electrically synchro-
As noted inpara. A2.3, the sensitive direction rotates nized to the axis of rotation. For the rotating sensitive
with respect to the machine frame in those cases in which direction, the master test ball is supported from the ma-
the workpiece is supported from the machine frame and chine frame and the gagehead is supported on the axis
the tool or gagehead is supported from the axis of ro- of rotation. For one or a few revolutions of the axis, it
tation. Boring machines and certain roundness measuring is usually possible to coil the gagehead cable around the
instruments are examples of machines having a rotating axis in a noninfluencing manner; for continuous rota-
sensitive direction. tion, slip rings or their equivalent are necessary.
In principle, the same concepts regarding error mo- For high speed axes, the frequency response of polar
tion of an axis of rotation apply for a rotating sensitive recorders is usually inadequate since the polar plot may
direction as for a fixed sensitive direction. This can be contain frequencies that are orders of magnitude higher
understood by placing the observer on the tool or gage- than the axis rotational frequency.
head, so that the workpiece appears to rotate. It will be The oscilloscope with a camera attachment is a more
assumed that the reader is already familiar with these suitable instrument, but since it employs rectilinear
concepts from the preceding Sections of this Appendix, rather than polar coordinates, means must be provided
and this Section deals with the differences involved in to generate a base circle and to cause the error motion
measuring and displaying the error motion polar plot. to appear as a radial deviation from the base circle.
31
FIG. A19 TEST METHOD FOR RADIAL MOTIONWITH AROTATING
SENSITIVEDIRECTION [TLUSTY, para. C1(dl1
The use of the oscilloscopeis simplest in the case of directions, are sensed by comparatively low magnifica-
radial motion measurement with a rotating sensitive di- tion gageheads to generate sine and cosine signals for
rection, using a method described by Tlusty [see para. the basecircle; a single cam with the gageheads 90 deg.
C 1(d)]. FigureA19 is a schematic diagram showing hori-apart could also be used. Radial motion is detected by
zontalandverticalgageheadswhich-senseradially a third high magnification gagehead sensing against a
against a master test ball. The gagehead signalsare am- master test ball which is centered (as closelyas possible)
plified and fed to the respective horizontal and vertical on the Z reference axis. The sine and cosine signals are
axes of the oscilloscope. By use of a wobble plate, the each multiplied by the radial motion signal using Hall-
master ball is made eccentric to the Z reference axis. effect multipliers and are then fed into the two axes of
For a perfectaxis of rotation,the result would be a per- the oscilloscope. The modulation of the base circle by
fect circle as the axis rotates. For an imperfect axis, ra- the signal from the fixed radial motion gagehead yields
dial motion in the direction of the master ball eccentric- a polar plotof radial motion versus the angular position
ity alters the shape of the oscilloscope display. Motion of the axis of rotation. Vanherck [see para. Cl(g)] has
at right angles to the master ball eccentricity moves the tested a modification in which a small (2 oz.) commer-
oscilloscope pip along a tangent to the base circle, caus- cial synchro unit is physically attached to the axis of
ing a negligible effect on the shape. Thus the arrange- rotation to replace the eccentric cams andlow magnifi-
ment yields a measurementof radial motion along aro- cation gageheadsas the sinecosine signal generator. The
tating sensitive direction which is parallel to aline from advantages are lower cost, less difficulty in obtaining an
the Z reference axis to the geometric center of the ec- accurately round base circle, and simplification of the
centric master ball. If the tool or gage can be mounted test setup, with negligible influence on the axis from the
on the a i s in only one angular orientation, the master synchro attachment except in the most exacting situa-
ball must be eccentric in this direction. If the orientation tions.
is arbitrary, then the axis shouldbe tested with the ball
eccentric in a numberof different directions.
A15 CONSIDERATIONS ONTHE USE OF THE
TWO-GAGEHEAD SYSTEM FOR AFIXED
A14 FIXEDSENSITIVEDIRECTION SENSITIVEDIRECTION
MEASUREMENTS
Since the oscilloscope test method of Fig. A20 re-
Use of an oscilloscope for radial motion measure- quires special electronic equipment thatis not commer-
ment with a fixed sensitive direction requires a separate cially available, it is natural to consider substituting the
means for generating the basecircle. Figure A20 shows two gagehead system of Fig. A19 for measuring radial
amethoddescribedbyBryanetd. [seepara. Cl(e)]. Two motion with a fixed sensitive direction. If this substitu-
circular cams, eccentric by 0.005 in. in perpendicular tion is made, the resulting radial motion polar plot will
32
/-
Wobble plate
Circle generating cams
Spherical master
f
MultiplierDemodulator
Summing
amplifier
FIG. A20 TEST METHOD FOR RADIAL MOTIONWITH A FIXED SENSITIVE DIRECTION
[BRYAN, ET AL., para. Cl(e)l
(Courtesy of University of California, Lawrence Livermore National Library and
U.S. Department of Energy)
not be representative of the potential part out-of-round- AX(@ = A COS 28 (AS)

ness as discussed in para. A7.2. If 8 = 0 deg. is the
fixed sensitive direction, then the polar plot reflects ra-
AY(8) =
(A9)
A28sin
dial motion in this direction only in the vicinity of 8 =
0 deg. and 8 = 180 deg. Moreover,if a given localized
movement of the axisof rotation occuring at8 = 0 deg. whel): the coordinate system is that of Fig. A9, sketch
appeam as a peak onthe polar plot, the same movement (a). With a fixed sensitive direction along the X axis,
occumng at 8 = 180 deg. will have an undesired sign the radial motion polar plot has the equation
reversal and will appearas a valley. At 8 = 90 deg. and
8 = 270 deg. the same movement will not register on
the polar plot.
Despite the above observations, it still appears intu- where r, is the base circle radius. Eq. A10 represents
itively plausible that the radial motion value should be an elliptical shape, having a value r, + A at 8 = 0 deg.
roughly the same for both fixed and rotating sensitive and 8 = 180 deg. and a value of r, - A at 8 = 90 deg.
directions, even if the details of the polar plot are dif- and 8 = 270 deg. The radial motion value based on any
ferent. This view appears reasonable if the factor of con- of the polar profile centersis 2 A . If the sensitive direc-
cern is asynchronous radial motion. However, for’av- tion rotates with angle 8, the radial motion is given by
erageradialmotion,Donaldson[seepara. Cl(h)] has the equation
notedacasegivingpreciselytheopposite result, in
which an axis which exhibits an elliptical pattern when r(8) = r, + AX(@ COS 8 + AY(8) sin 8 (All)
tested in a fixed sensitive direction isfree of radial mo-
tion when tested in a rotating sensitive direction. The Figure A21 shows the resolution AX(@ of and AY(8)
case occursfor the following motions: into components along the rotating sensitive direction
33
Sensitive direction
\
\
\
Y
-
AB = AX@) cos 8 -
-
- -
AD = AY ( 0 ) sin B = A’D’
A F = A B + ~
\
= AX(0) cos B + AY(8) sin 0 \
1
F
1’
/
D’
1
\
\ awe)
\
\
FIG. A21 VECTOR DIAGRAM FOR ROTATING SENSITIVEDIRECTION
34
that leads to Eq. A l l . Combining Eqs. A8 and A16 DIGITAL COMPUTER MEASUREMENT
A9 with Eq. A1 1 and using the trigonometric identities SYSTEM
A digital computer provides an alternative basis for
a system to collect, manipulate, and present data from
axis of rotation measurements. Vanherck and Peters [see
para. Cl(g)] describe a system in which the signal from
a radially sensing gagehead [as in Fig. A9, sketch (a)]
is sampled at closely spaced angular intervals, using a
perforated disk mounted on the axis and a photoelectric
1
sin CY sin 0 = - COS(^ - 0) - COS (a + 0>] trigger. The samples are converted to digital form and
2 stored for subsequent calculation and display of the to-
tal, average, and asynchronous radial motion polar plots
with elimination of the centering error; location of the
MRS, LSC, MIC, and MCC centers, and the radial mo-
the result is tion values from these centers. In addition, three-di-
mensional representation (in the form of a helix over
successive revolutions), master ball roundness error
r(0) = r, + A-2 [cos 0 + cos 381 storage and automatic correction (after measurement by
one of the methods of Appendix B), frequency content
of the radial motionsignal by the Fast-Fourier transform
method, and zero-phase-shift filtering are features of the
digital measurement system which would be difficult to
incorporate in an analog system.
Another potential advantage of the digital system is
the ease with which it can deal with arbitrary fixed or
rotating sensitive directions. By adding a second radi-
Equation A14 is the equation of a circle which is offset ally sensing gagehead at 90 deg. to the first, similar to
from the origin by a distance A (aside from a second- that shown in Fig. A19, the radial motion along a sen-
order limacon distortion as discussed in para. A7.5), and sitive direction at any angle 4 to the first gagehead can
hence the axis would be perfect if tested by the two be calculated by the computer from the equation
gagehead system.
Two additional comments can be made on the above
finding. First, it can be argued that if the offset circle is
r(0) = r, + AX(@ cos 4 + AY(8) sin d, (A15)
assessed by concentric circles from the polar chart (PC) where AX(@ and AY(8) are the two gagehead signals.
center, then a value of 2 A is obtained, as with the fixed For a rotating sensitive direction having any angle d, rel-
sensitive direction. However, there is no way to carry ative to 8 = 0, the radial motion using the same signals
out the initial electronic zeroing to locate the PC center, is given by
since the base circle cannot be generated independently
of the polar profile using the test method of Fig. A19. r(8) = r, + AX(@ cos (8 + 4)
Secondly, the view might be taken that the above ex-
ample is a mathematical oddity which is unlikely to oc-
cur in practice. In this regard it can be noted that radial
motion polar plots commonly exhibit an elliptical pat- By adding a second pair of 90 deg. gageheads in a dif-
tern, and that to the extent that the overall patterns in ferent axial plane, a similar generality is obtained in the
. the X and Y directions contain components as given in measurement of tilt motion; with a fifth gagehead sens-
Eqs. A8 and A9, these components will not contribute ing axially, the error motion can be calculated in any
to the measured radial motion value. direction at any location (refer to Fig. A7).
35
APPENDIX B
ELIMINATION OF MASTER BALL ROUNDNESS ERROR
(This Appendix is not a part of ANSllASME B89.3.4M -1985 but is included for information purposes only.)
B1 Introduction ....................................................... 39
B2 The
ReversalMethod ................................................. 39
B2.1 ProcedureP ................................................. 39
B2.2 Procedures ................................................. 41
B3 The
MultistepMethod ................................................ 41
B4 Practical
Considerations .............................................. 41
Figures
B1 Schematic
Test
Setups ............................................... 40
B2 Error Separation by ProfileAveraging ................................... 40
B3 The Multistep
Method ............................................... 42
Table
B1 Procedure P andProcedure S .......................................... 41
37
APPENDIX B
ELIMINATION OF MASTER BALL ROUNDNESS ERROR
(This Appendix is notpart of ANSllASME 689.3.4M-1985 but is included for information purposes only.)
B1 INTRODUCTION B2.1 Procedure P

Measurements of radial motion are directly influ- Procedure P begins by recording an initial polar plot;
enced by the out-of-roundness of the test ball or other the deviations from the base circle will be designated at
circular master against which the gagehead senses. This T,(8). Figure B1, sketch (a) shows a schematic diagram
Appendix describes methods for separating the out-of- of the test arrangement with the arbitrary initial posi-
roundness of the master from the radial motion of the tions being marked as 8 = 0 deg. by coincident marks
axis of rotation. These methods can be described as on the master, the gagehead, the shaft, and the housing
“multi-orientation” error separation techniques since of the axis of rotation. The recorded value of Ti(@is
they involve taking two or more measurements with dif- the sum of the master roundness profile P ( 8 ) and the
fering relative orientations between master and spindle. radial motion S(8)
When correctly applied, they are a very effective means
of accurately determining test ball errors. The two most
widely used techniques, the “reversal” and “multi-
step” methods, are described here. It is assumed that the sign convention for roundness
measurement is used so that hills and valleys on the po-
lar plot correspond to hills and valleys on the master.
B2 THE REVERSAL METHOD The second step of Procedure P is to make a second
The reversal method has been described by Donald- polar plot T 2 @ ) using the arrangement of Fig. B1,
son [ para. C1@) ] and is also contained in Appendix sketch (b), in which the shaft and housing marks are
D2.5 of ANSI B89.3.1 [para. Cl(a)] The methodre- coincident at 8 = 0 deg., but the master and gagehead
quires two profile measurements to be taken, in the sec- positions are reversed (rotated 180 deg. about the axis
the orientations of both the part and the gagehead are of rotation). The same sign convention must be used as
reversed by 180 deg. relative to the spindle. The relative for TI(@.Comparison of Figs. B1, sketch (a) and B1,
position of part and gagehead is unchanged while the sketch (b) shows that theout-of-roundness of the master
effect of the spindle radial motion on the gagehead at is recorded in the same manner since the relative posi-
any position is equal and opposite. Thus the part or mas- tion of the gagehead and the master is unchanged. How-
ter ball roundness error can be extracted as the mean of ever, radial motion is recorded with a reversed sign in
the two traces while the difference gives the spindle ra- Fig. B1, sketch (b) since a movement of the spindle to-
dial motion. ward the gagehead in Fig. B1, sketch (a) becomes a
The method is described in detail below. In the in- movement away from the gagehead in Fig. B1, sketch
terest of consistency, the same notation is used here as (b). Expressed as an equation,
in AppendixD2.5 of ANSIB89.3.1,with P ( 8 ) (for part)
representing the out-of-roundness of the master and S(8)
(for spindle) representing the radial motion. Itis as-
sumed that the axis of rotation is free of asynchronous Adding Eqs. (BI) and (B2) causes S(8) to cancel.
radial motion; means of dealing with asynchronous mo-
Solving for P ( 6 ) gives
tion will be discussed in Section EM. The method canbe
divided into two procedures: Procedure P , which yields
the roundness error of the master, and Procedure S,
which yields the radial motion.
39
(a) For TI (e) (b) For T W ( 8 ) and Ta (e)
FIG. B1 SCHEMATIC TEST SETUPS
T1 7 T2P 1 f p(e’
(a) Master Out-of-Roundness, P (e) (b)Radial Motion, S (8)
FIG. B2 ERROR SEPARATION BY PROFILE AVERAGING

40
Equation B3 states that the out-of-roundness profile TABLE B1 PROCEDURE P AND
of the master, P ( 0 ) , is the average of the first and second PROCEDURE S
polar plots. If T,(@and T2p(0)are recorded on the same
polar chart, P ( 0 ) can be obtained by drawing a third Reverse
Procedure for Record 2 Average
polar plot halfway between the first two as shown in
Fig. B2, sketch (a). P
Master Master,
gagehead out-of-roundness
B2.2 Procedure S S Master, Radial motion

gagehead, sign
Procedure S begins by recording an initial profile
T,(0) as in Procedure P . The second step of Procedure
S is also identical to the second step of Procedure P
except that the sign convention must be reversed. Call-
ing the second polar plot T2S(6)it follows that
the case of the reversal method, the technique can, in
principle, be applied to either rotating workpiece (fixed
sensitive direction) or rotating stylus (rotating sensitive
direction) roundness instruments.
If Eqs. (Bl) and (B4)are added, P ( 8 ) cancels; solv-
ing for S(0) gives
B4 PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Several practical considerations arise in obtaining ac-
curate results with error separation techniques. A crucial
Equation B5 states that a third polar plot drawn halfway assumption in these techniques is that the part and spin-
between T,(0)and T2S(0)will be the radial motion polar dle error profiles are highly repeatable. In the case of
plot s(e). the part profile, this involves ensuring that the plane of
Table B1 summarizes the above two procedures. Both measurement remains constant in each orientation with-
procedures are equally valid with either a fixed or a ro- out axial shift or tilt of the measurement track. Sensitiv-
tating sensitive direction. ity to track iocation can be tested by examining the re-
peatability of the measured profile as the track is shifted
by small amounts in the first setup of each.method.
In the presence of asynchronous radial motion, the
B3 THE MULTISTEP METHOD
spindle error must be interpreted as the average radial
The multistep method [Spragg and Whitehouse, para. motion polar plot, and the resulting accuracy depends
Cl(i)] entails taking a whole series of roundness profile upon being able to obtain a repeatable average radial
measurements in each of which the part is stepped motion in each orientation. This can be tested by suc-
through equal angles relative to the spindle. The most cessive recordings of the measured profile in the first
effective way of implementing the method is to take n setup. Repeatability over a single revolution is some-
separate but equi-angled orientations adding up to 360 times improved by turning the spindle backward to the
deg. as illustrated schematically in Fig. B3. It is then same starting point, particularly with rolling element
possible to separate the part error, which rotates with bearings. With digital computer-aided measurement
each step, from the spindle error, which remains sta- systems, averaging over several profiles in each orien-
tionary. To obtain the part error, it is necessary to pick tation can be used to minimize the effects of asynchron-
one angle of the spindle’s rotation and to identify the ous spindle motion.
changes in gagehead signal at this angle for all the dif- Both the reversal and multistep methods have their
ferent orientations in sequence. To obtain spindle er- respective advantages and disadvantages. The reversal
rors, a fixed angle on the part has to be chosen instead. method may require modification of some commercial
Before the error separation can be carried out, the profile instruments and only works for radial error motions.
sets from each orientation have to be normalized, i.e., Other error motions can be computed by measuring ax-
they have to be adjusted so that the profile eccentricity ial motion and tilt motion as well and then combining
and radius are always the same. Because of the large the three error profiles according to Eq. A4, which is
amount of data processing, the method is much more practical only with the aid of a digital computer. The
conveniently carried out using a digital computer. As in multistep method is directly applicable to any error mo-
41
Gaaehead / /
Step 0 1 2 0.. n
FIG. B3 THEMULTISTEPMETHOD
tion but requires a digital computer for effective imple- given agreement to within 0.04 pin. (0.001 pm) stan-
mentation. It also suffers to some extent from harmonic dard deviation.
distortions and is therefore limited to errors involving Once the test ball e m r s are known it is a simple mat-
only low numbers of undulations per revolution. Both ter, in a digital system, to store them in memory. By
methods are, however, capable of giving excellent re- subtracting them point-for-point from the measurement,
sults. A comparison of the two methods, using com- the spindle radial motion can be evaluated accurately in
puter-aided roundness equipment [see para. Cl(i)], has one step.
42
APPENDIX C
REFERENCES
(This Appendix is not a pan of ANWASME B89.3.4M-1985 but is included for information purposes only.)
C1 REFERENCES ( f ) British Standard 3730:1964, Assessment of De-

partures from Roundness
In the case of ANSI Standards, referto the most
recent edition.
(g) Vanherck, P., and Peters, J., Digital Axis of Ro-
(a) ANSI B89.3.1, Measurement of Out-of-Round- tation Measurements, CZRP Annals, vol. 22/1, 1973
ness
(h) Donaldson, R. , A Simple Method for Separating
(b) ANSI B89.6.2, Temperature and Humidity En-
Spindle Error from Test Ball Roundness Error, CZRP
vironment for Dimensional Measurement
Annals, VOl. 21/1, 1972
(e) Schlesinger, G., Testing Machine Tools, Ma-
chinery Publishing Co. ( i ) Spragg, R., and Whitehouse, D., Procedures of
( d ) Tlusty, J., System and Methods of Testing Ma- the Institute of Mechanical Engineers, 182, 1968
chine Tools, Microtechnic, vol. 13, 1959 ( j ) Chetwynd, D. G. and Siddall, G.,Improving the
(e) Bryan, J. B., Clouser, R. W., and Holland, E., Accuracy of Roundness Measurement, Journal of Phys-
Spindle Accuracy, American Machinist, Dec. 4, 1967 ics,'E:Sci. Instrum. 9, 1976
43
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS
RELATED TO
DIMENSIONAL METROLOGY
Measurement of Qualified Plain Internal Diameters for Use

as Master Rings and Ring Gages ................................... B89.1.6M-1984
Precision Gage Blocks for Length Measurement
.
(Through 20in and 500 mm) .................................... B89.1.9M-1984
DialIndicators (for LinearMeasurements) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B89.1.10-1978
Methods for Performance Evaluation of Coordinate
Measuring Machines ........................................... B89.1.12M-1985
Measurement of Out-of-Roundness............................. .B89.3. 1.1972(R1979)
Axes of Rotation ................................................ B89.3.4M-1985
Temperature and Humidity Environmentfor
Dimensional Measurement .................................. B89.6.2-1973(R1979)
Gages and Gaging for Unified Inch Screw Threads ........................... 81.2-1983
Gages and Gagingfor Metric M Screw Threads ........................... .B1.16 M.1984
Preferred Limits and Fits for Cylindrical Parts ....................... B4.1-1967(R 1979)
Surface Texture (Includes ANSI Y14.36-1978) ............................ B46.1-1978
The ASME Publications Catalog shows a complete list of all the Standards published by the
Society .
The catalog and bindersfor holding these Standardsare available upon request .

B89-3-4M R1992 E1985

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Date of Issuance: January 31, 1986

No part of this document may be reproduced in any form,

(This Foreword is not a part of ANWASME 889.3.4M-1985)

'Schlesinger, G . , Testing Machine Tools. Machinev Publishing Co.

AEROSPACE INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED

AMERICAN MEASURING TOOL MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

NATIONAL MACHINE TOOL BUILDERS ASSOCIATION

SOCIETY OF MANUFACTURING ENGINEERS

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE AIRFORCE

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OFTHE ARMY

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY

PERSONNEL OF SUBCOMMITTEE 3 - GEOMETRY

PERSONNEL OF WORKING GROUP 889.3.4 - AXES OF ROTATION

- Chairman, Hewlett Packard Co., Palo Alto,California

A Detailed Contents Precedes Each Appendix

Foreword ............................................................... iii

AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

2.12 error motion polar plot - a polar plot of error

(a) General Case of Error Motion

(b)Axial Motion (e) Face Motion

(d) Radial Motion (e) Tilt Motion

(a) Total Error Motion

(b)Average Error Motion (c) Fundamental Error Motion

(e) Asynchronous Error Motion (f)Error

FIG. 3 POLARPLOTS OF ERROR MOTION AND ITS COMPONENTS

Error motion value Error motion value

TABLE 1 MOTION TYPE-PREFERRED 2.24 thermal drijiplot - a continuous time-based re-

Residual axial motion MRS Center

motion Face PC Center 3 SPECIFICATION OR DESCRIPTION OFAN

TABLE 2 COMBINATION OF ERROR MOTION TERMS

[Note Total (2)l Structural Error motion Polar plot

Radial BearingAverage motion Value [Note (211

Asynchronous Axial motion

Fundamental [Note (3)l Face motion

A1 INTRODUCTION A2.2 Sensitive Direction

a boring machine. Sincethe sensitive direction is always

A2.4 Gages Versus Tools

A3 IMPERFECT AXIS OFROTATION

FIG, A 3 ILLUSTRATION OF ROTATING

A 4 STRUCTURAL ERROR MOTION

FIG. A5 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAMS OF THE SIX BASIC DEGREESOFFREEDOM

r(e) = ro(e) + La(e)

FIG. A 6 GEOMETRY OF RADIAL AND FACE MOTION

(a) Basic Motions Using Radial, Face and

(b) Basic Motions Using Two Radial and an

FIG. A8 SCHEMATIC TESTARRANGEMENTS FOR RADIAL, AXIAL, AND TILT MOTION

(a) Schematic Radial (b) Enlarged End View of Assumed

(d) Radial Motion Polar Plot

FIG. A9 HYPOTHETICAL EXAMPLE OF RADIAL MOTION MEASUREMENT AND PLOTTING

A7.2 Average Radial Motion and

(b) Average Error Motion (c) Asynchronous Error Motion

(d) Outer Error Motion (e) inner Error Motion

FIG. A l l TOTAL, AVERAGE, ASYNCHRONOUS, INNER, AND OUTER

(b)Effect of Asynchronous Motion on Peak-to-Valley

FIG. A 1 2 RELATIONSHIP OF SURFACEROUGHNESS TO ASYNCHRONOUS MOTION

(a) Radial Motion Test

90 deg. 270 deg.

(b) Effect of Centering Error ( c ) Polar Plot of sketch (b)

90 deg. 270 deg.