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Effect of Substitution of Soybean Meal with Cottonseed Meal on the Performances of

Broiler Chicken

Article · January 2016

DOI: 10.5455/ijlr.20160306102626

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 Vol 6(03) Mar’16
International Journal of Livestock Research ISSN 2277-1964 ONLINE

Effect of Substitution of Soybean Meal with Cottonseed Meal on the

Performances of Broiler Chicken
P. M. G. S. K. Attanayaka1, A. P. D. G. Pathirana2, N. Priyankarage2, S. S. P. Silva2 and
W. A. D. Nayananjalie1*
1
Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka,
Puliyankulama, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
2
Veterinary Research Institute (VRI), Gannoruwa, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Rec. Date: Feb 18, 2016 03:12

Accept Date: Mar 06, 2016 22:26
Published Online: March 15, 2016
DOI 10.5455/ijlr.20160306102626

Abstract
This study was carried to investigate the possibility of replacing Soybean meal (SBM) with Cottonseed
meal (CSM) in commercial broiler rations. Day old broiler chicks were allotted into dietary treatments,
replacing SBM at the levels of 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% CSM. Birds fed with 0% and 15% CSM showed the
highest and lowest weight gains respectively (P < 0.05). Feed intakes and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of
birds were similar (P > 0.05) regardless of the diets. Dressing percentage of birds fed 15% CSM was
significantly lower (P < 0.05) than the control. The least cost of production per bird was observed in the
diet containing 15% CSM and feed cost per 1 kg of live weight gain was not differed with treatments. In
conclusion, CSM can be used to replace SBM up to 10% of the diet safely and would be significant in
commercial perspective especially when the price of SBM is unusually high.

Key words: Broilers, Cottonseed Meal, Weight Gain, Soybean Meal

How to cite: Attanayaka, P., Pathirana, A., Priyankarage, N., Silva, S. & Nayananjalie, W. (0) Effect of
Substitution of Soybean Meal with Cottonseed Meal on the Performances of Broiler Chicken. International
Journal of Livestock Research, 6 (3), 24-30.doi:10.5455/ijlr.20160306102626

Introduction

Feed cost accounts about 60 - 70% of the total cost of production in broiler industry (Samarasinghe,
2007). In Sri Lanka, Soybean meal (SBM), a by-product of the extraction of soybean oil, serves as the
major source of protein in the formulation of poultry diets. It has become so important in poultry feeding
because of its unique high protein and low fibre contents. Unfortunately, all the requirement of SBM is
24

being imported and the cost of SBM has been increased in recent past spending lots of foreign exchange
(DAPH, 2014). This is urging poultry producers to pursue alternative protein sources, which may reduce
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 Vol 6(03) Mar’16
International Journal of Livestock Research ISSN 2277-1964 ONLINE

the feeding cost thereby providing opportunities to maximize their profit. Further, there are some
problems associated with SBM and the main limiting factor of SBM use in poultry feeds is deficiency of
sulfur amino acids. Also, SBM contains anti-nutritional factors such as trypsin inhibitors and phytate
(Johnson et al., 2009) and can also predispose birds for enteric diseases such as Necrotic enteritis
(Fernando et al., 2011). Sri Lanka’s quest for finding local production of SBM (Chandana et al., 2014;
Jayasinghe et al., 2014) or local alternatives for SBM such as poultry offal meal (Silva et al., 2002; Silva
et al., 2000) have shown only a limited success. Cottonseed meal (CSM) is a by-product of the process of
extracting the oil from cottonseeds and has long been considered as an alternative to SBM in many of the
Asian countries (Tang et al., 2012). It is considered as the second highest plant protein source after SBM
(Njike, 1977). Cottonseed meal is being used in poultry rations in many countries for years, but there is
no evidence of research carried out in Sri Lanka to see if that can be used economically. Considering the
above context, this study was carried out to investigate the possibility of replacing SBM with CSM in
commercial broiler rations to assess growth performance and feed utilization of broilers.

Materials and Methods

Experimental Animals, Design and Management
The study was conducted at Veterinary Research Institute (VRI) Gannoruwa, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. Two
hundred and forty Hubbard F15, day old broiler chicks were randomly allotted into four treatments
designated as T1, T2, T3 and T4 incorporating, CSM at the levels of 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% respectively.
Each of the treatment was replicated six times, with ten birds per each replicate in a Completely
Randomized Design (CRD). Day old chicks were introduced to pre-heated brooder pens and brooded up
to the second week. Electrical bulbs (100W) and paddy husks were used as heat source and litter
material, respectively. Just after chicks were introduced to brooder pens, glucose and vitamin (Supervit)
were supplied with drinking water and vitamin supplement was continued for first five days. Thereafter,
Selvit E was supplied with drinking water from d 12 - d 15.

Feed Preparation and Feeding

Four experimental diets were formulated by replacing SBM with CSM according to the NRC (1994)
recommendations in a two tier (starter and finisher rations) feeding program (Table 1). Ingredients were
weighted separately and macro and micro ingredients were mixed well. Then, oil was incorporated in to
the mixture. Treatment diets were mixed weekly and stored properly until feeding. Feeds and water were
made available to the birds ad libitum throughout the experiment. Broiler starter and finisher rations were
25

fed from d 1 - d 21 and d 22 – d 42 respectively.

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Table 1: Ingredient Proportions of the Experimental Diets

Treatment Diets (% of CSM)
Ingredient (%)
0 5 10 15
Starter ration
Maize 60.3 59.4 58.5 57.6
Soybean meal 33.7 29.4 25.0 20.6
Cottonseed meal 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0
Oil 1.8 2.0 2.1 2.3
L-Lysine 0.36 0.43 0.51 0.58
DL-methionine 0.36 0.37 0.38 0.38
Thrionine 0.14 0.17 0.19 0.22
Shell grit 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
DCP 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7
Salt 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.39
Vit/min 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
Finisher ration
Maize 67.3 66.1 64.0 61.8
Soybean meal 26.0 21.8 18.5 15.2
Cottonseed meal 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0
Oil 2.5 2.7 3.1 3.5
L-Lysine 0.27 0.34 0.39 0.43
DL-methionine 0.27 0.28 0.28 0.28
Thrionine 0.1 0.12 0.13 0.15
Shell grit 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3
DCP 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.7
Salt 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35
Vit/min 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Analysis of Feed Samples

Feed samples (100 g) were collected randomly after the mixing of feeds. Those samples were grinded and
stored in plastic bottles until further analysis. The proximate composition of the experimental diets and
CSM were determined according to the procedures of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists
(AOAC, 2005).
Slaughtering of Birds
At the end of the study period (42 days), five chicks were randomly selected from each pen and each
chick was weighted. Birds were sacrificed and hanged until complete bleeding. Then, carcasses were
26

scalded, defeathered and eviscerated and each carcass was weighed.

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Data Collection and Analysis

Amount of feed allocated per pen, refusals and body weights were measured weekly throughout the study
period. Feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and dressing percentage of the birds were
calculated. The costs of different feed ingredients (Rs/kg) were recorded to calculate the feeding cost.
Data were analyzed using one way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) procedure of Statistical Software for
Data Analysis (SAS, ver. 9.0) to evaluate the best incorporation level of CSM. Mean separation was done
by Tukey’s Studentized Range Test (TSRT) and statistical significance was declared at P < 0.05.

Results and Discussion

Proximate Compositions of the Cottonseed Meal and Treatment Diets
Observed proximate compositions of the CSM were more or less similar to the values reported by
Ojewola (2006). Crude protein content of CSM used in the experiment diets was 37.51% and it was lower
compared to the many reported values (42 - 56%). However, the observed crude fat content (4.27%) was
higher than the reported values (1 - 2%) (Mujahid et al., 2000). Moreover, CSM used in the study
contained 13.12% of crude fiber which was greater than the many reported values (5 - 8%). The CSM
used in the study contained 7.49% and 89.56% ash and dry matter respectively. There is considerable
variation in the proximate compositions of the cottonseed varieties (Nergiz et al., 1997) and this may be
the reason for observed variations in composition of cottonseed meal. Diets containing 15% of CSM
showed high amount of crude protein and fiber than other diets. However, calculated metabolisable
energy contents were same for all treatment diets (starter rations = 2950 Kcal/kg and finisher rations =
3050 Kcal/kg).

Table 2: Proximate Composition of Treatment Diets

Treatment diets (% of CSM)

Composition
0 5 10 15
Starter ration
Crude protein 19.3 20.3 20.7 21.1
Ether extract 4.4 4.8 5.2 5.2
Crude fiber 5.4 5.7 6.0 6.2
Ash 6.5 7.1 7.2 6.8
Dry matter 88.1 89 89.2 89.2
Finisher ration
Crude protein 18.4 18.8 18.9 19.1
Ether extract 5.2 5.6 6.2 6.9
27

Crude fiber 3.8 3.9 4.1 4.2

Ash 6.3 6.3 6.6 6.5
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Dry matter 88.1 88.9 88.7 89.4

GIF 2015 – 0.667 [email protected] DOI 10.5455/ijlr.20160306102626

 Vol 6(03) Mar’16
International Journal of Livestock Research ISSN 2277-1964 ONLINE

Effect of Treatments on Broiler Performances

Birds fed with 0% and 15% CSM in the ration showed the highest and lowest (P < 0.05) weight gains,
respectively (Table 3). This may be due to presences of high amount of fiber and existence of gossypol in
15% CSM incorporated diets, that can decrease feed efficiency and body weight gain in birds (Toghyani
et al., 2005). However, there were no differences in weight gain of birds fed with 0%, 5% and 10% CSM
in their diets. Further, when we consider the weight gain of birds fed with starter rations and finisher
rations separately and daily weight gain, same trend was observed. Tang et al. (2012) and Toghyani et al.
(2005) observed that broilers fed with 8% fermented CSM, gain the highest body weight during 42 d
study period. They also showed that, increasing levels of CSM up to 10.5% had no significant effect on
body weight gain of broilers and current study also confirmed their findings.

Table 3: Performance Characteristics of Broiler Chickens Fed with Different Levels of Cottonseed Meal
(CSM) in Feed Rations
Treatments (% of CSM)
Parameter
0 5 10 15 SE
Growth performances
Initial body weight (g) 39 40 40 40 0.3
Weight gain (g/bird) 2377a 2284ab 2233ab 2150b 39
Starter period 631a 638a 595ab 555b 14
Finisher period 1746a 1645ab 1638ab 1594b 33
a ab ab b
Daily weight gain (g) 57 54 53 51 1
Feed intake (g/bird) 4068 3995 3905 3820 73
Starter period 939a 927a 884ab 855b 17
Finisher period 3129 3068 3021 2965 62
Daily feed intake 97 95 93 91 2
(g/bird)
FCR 1.71 1.75 1.75 1.78 0.03
Starter period 1.49 1.46 1.49 1.54 0.03
Finisher period 1.79 1.87 1.85 1.86 0.04
Carcass quality
Live weight (g) 2950a 2876ab 2800ab 2679b 64
a ab ab
Carcass weight (g) 2047 1996 1924 1829b 44
a a ab b
Dressing percentage (%) 69.4 69.4 68.8 68.2 0.4
Economic analysis
Feed cost/kg live weight gain 113.19 115.18 115.62 117.39 1.3
(SLR)
abc
means within the same row with different superscripts are significantly different (P < 0.05)
SLR = Sri Lanka Rupees

Feed intakes of birds fed with four treatment diets were similar (P > 0.05, Table 3). Numerically, birds
fed with control diet were shown the highest feed intake and birds fed with diet containing 15% CSM
28

showed the lowest feed intake. This may be also due to high amount of fibre present in CSM, because
when the amount CSM in diets was increased, it can be attributed to an increase in fibre content of diet
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 Vol 6(03) Mar’16
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(Fernandez et al., 1995) which was also evident in the experimental diets (Table 2). Feed intake of birds
during the finisher period were similar (P > 0.05) for all treatment diets however, during starter period,
significantly lower (P < 0.05) feed intakes were observed with 15% CSM incorporated treatment diets
compared to 0% or 5% CSM incorporation. The FCR of birds was similar regardless of the treatment
diets (P > 0.05, Table 3). These results were also similar to the findings reported by Tang et al.(2012) and
Toghyani et al.(2005).

Live weight and carcass weight were significantly different in birds fed with different treatment diets (P
< 0.05, Table 3). Birds fed with 15% CSM were shown the lowest value for average live and carcass
weights. However, there were no differences in live and carcass weights of birds fed with 0%, 5% and
10% CSM in their diets. Further, dressing percentage of birds fed with 15% CSM was significantly lower
(P < 0.05) than that of birds fed 0% CSM or 5% CSM containing diets (Table 3).

Cost per bird was greater (P < 0.05) when fed with diets containing 0% CSM in the diets compared to
10% and 15% CSM incorporated diets during starter period. However, total feed cost, feed cost for
finisher ration and feed cost per 1 kg of live weight gain were not significantly differed (P > 0.05) with
the replacing CSM with SBM up to 15% at the market prices prevailing at the time of the experiment.

Feed cost per bird was numerically decreased with increasing levels of CSM in the diet and these results
were in line with findings of Ojewola et al. (2006). Because, 0% or 5% CSM were incorporated in the
diets in which CSM is relatively cheaper compared to SBM in the market. However, when feed cost per
live weight gain was considered, with increasing levels of CSM in the ration, the cost is also increasing.
Because weight gain of birds was greater with 0% incorporation of CSM and it was decreased with
increasing levels of CSM in the ration.

Conclusion
Cottonseed meal can be incorporated up to 10% of the broiler chicken diet safely without any adverse
effects.

Suggestion
One of the major problems associated with CSM is presence of anti-nutritional component called
gossypol which reduces the growth performances of broiler chicken. Hence, further research should be
focused to exploit better use of CSM using broiler diets incorporated with iron salt added CSM.
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