Journal of Animal Science and Technology 53(6) 517~523, 2011

http://dx.doi.org/10.5187/JAST.2011.53.6.517

Organic Water Additive on Growth Performances, Hematological Parameters

and Cost Effectiveness in Broiler Production
Munmun Saha , Sachidananda Das Chowdhury1, Md. Elias Hossain1,2*, Md. Kamrul Islam3 and Bishwajit Roy4
1

1 2
Department of Poultry Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, Department of Animal
3
Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 540-742, South Korea, Department of Physiology,
4
Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh, Renata Animal Health, Dhaka, Bangladesh

ABSTRACT

The experiment was conducted with 144 broiler chicks from day-old to 5 weeks of age to investigate the efficacy of a water
additive in broiler production. The chicks were randomly distributed into four different treatments namely T1 (control), T2 (water
additive as per recommendation level), T3 (25% less than recommendation) and T4 (25% more than recommendation). Body weight
of control group was higher in 2nd week of age, but at the end of the experiment additive groups showed higher values compare
to control (p<0.05). Body weight gain was increased and feed conversion ratio was improved in the additives groups during the
finishing and total period, although feed intake was different among the additive groups (p<0.05). When the hematological
parameters were evaluated, packed cell volume and total erythrocytes counts were increased in the additive group that received
25% more than recommendation, and hemoglobin in 25% less than recommendation group. Mean cell volume and mean cell
hemoglobin of the additive groups showed lower (p<0.05) values compare to the control, but other parameters were not affected.
Sales price and profit were significantly higher in the additive groups compare to the control, although total production cost was
increased in the additive groups (p<0.05). All levels of water additive increased profit in comparison with the control but 25%
less than recommendation level appeared to be most profitable and cost effective. It also suggests that any additive considered for
poultry, must undergo trial for determining efficacy as well as its cost effectiveness for application.
(Key words : Water additive, Growth performances, Hematological parameters, Cost effectiveness, Broiler)

INTRODUCTION al., 2004), antioxidant (Ertas et al., 2005; Cross et al., 2007),
and are able to improve digestibility (Rao et al., 2003),
The routine use of in-feed antibiotics in animal feeding stimulate enzyme activity (Platel et al., 2002) and immune
has created growing public concern regarding bacterial functions (Watzl et al., 2005, Ko and Yang, 2008). The
resistance and residues in animal products such as meat, egg results of previous studies indicated that the addition of plant
and milk (Domig, 2005). It is a growing challenge for feed product as feed additive might be considered as a potential
manufacturers to design and manufacture products that are NGP in broiler production (Alcicek et al., 2003; Cabuket al.,
safe and efficacious as well as acceptable to increasingly 2006; Ertas et al., 2005). Lysozyme, also known as
attentive consumers. The use of natural growth promoters muramidase is a non-antibody protective enzymes that can
(NGP) such as acidifier, probiotics, prebiotics, phytogenic etc. reduce or replace antibiotics used for growth promotion in
are regarded as key strategy to support gut health, to broiler chicks by its antibacterial properties and improve feed
counteract pathogenic germs and to optimize digestive efficiency (Sotirov et al., 2000). On the other hand, both
functions (Steiner, 2006). muramidase and peroxidase decrease intestinal harmful
Plant extracts contain a vast source of different molecules bacteria, and animals therefore could have a better feed
which have intrinsic bio-activities on animal physiology and conversion. Fructooligosaccharide (FOS) increases the number
metabolism. Such extracts are the ingredients of many and activity of beneficial bacteria in the colon of animals
commercial preparations currently used in animal production and poultry. It can be substituted for antibiotics to enhance
that have antimicrobial (Jamroz et al., 2003, Manzanilla et the growth performance (Wu et al., 1999) and to significantly

* Corresponding author : Md. Elias Hossain, Department of Animal Science and Technology Sunchon National University, Suncheon
540-742, South Korea. Tel: 010-3705-3276, Fax: 061-750-3239, E-mail: [email protected]

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increase average daily gain of broilers (Xu et al., 2003). Table 1. Ingredients and chemical composition of the
Vitamin E and Vitamin C promote improved resistance of diet
body against infection and stress that improved feed Starter Finisher
Items
utilization and feed conversion ratio as well as decrease (0~3 week) (4~5 week)
broiler mortality (Villar-Patino et al., 2002; Sosnowka- Czajka Ingredients (%, as feed basis)
et al., 2005). Yellow corn 57.37 59.44
Most of the studies on feed or water additive have dealt Soybean meal 26.50 25.40
with either single or a combination of two or three active Rice polish 5.00 4.70
principles. Therefore, information regarding the efficacy of a Soybean oil 2.00 2.20
blend of a number of active principles is scanty in the Protein concentrate 5.50 5.00
literature. The current study was an attempt to investigate Salt 0.25 0.25
the effect of an organic water additive lisovit, which Dicalcium phosphate 1.64 1.50
containing muramidase, peroxidase, oligosaccharide, vitamin Limestone 0.92 0.88
E, vitamin C and plant extract on the productive Vitamin-Mineral premix1) 0.30 0.30
performances, hematological parameters and cost effectiveness Choline 0.08 0.07
of floor reared commercial broilers. L-lysine 0.24 0.16
Methionine 0.20 0.10
MATERIALS AND METHODS Total 100 100
Chemical composition (%, dry matter basis)
1. Broilers and experimental design Crude protein 22.50 21.00
Crude fat 4.00 4.50
The study was conducted with 144 day-old commercial
Crude fiber 6.00 6.00
broiler chicks (Cobb 500) for a period of 5 weeks. The
Methionine 0.79 0.70
chicks were randomly distributed into four different treatment
Calcium 0.90 0.85
groups namely, T1 (control), T2 (water additive as per
Available phosphorus 0.54 0.52
recommendation level), T3 (25% less than recommendation),
ME (kcal/kg) 3100 3150
T4 (25% more than recommendation) with three replications 1)
Provided the following nutrients per kg of diet: Vitamin A,
in each treatment. The number of birds in each replication 6,000 IU; vitamin D3, 800 IU; vitamin E, 20 IU; vitamin K3, 2
was 12. All birds received a starter diet from 0~3 weeks mg; thiamin, 2 mg; riboflavin, 4 mg; vitamin B6, 2 mg; vitamin
and a finisher diet from 4~5 weeks. The water additive B12, 1 mg; pantothenic acid, 11 mg; niacin, 10 mg; biotin, 0.02
mg; Cu, 21 mg; Fe, 100mg; Zn, 60 mg; Mn, 90mg; I, 1.0 mg;
lisovit consist (per kg) of muramidase (lysozyme, 5X108 SU),
Co, 0.3 mg; Se, 0.3 mg.
peroxidase (120 g), fructooligosaccharide (30 g), herbal extract
(390 g), vitamin E (2.5 g) and vitamin C (150 g) (Biomin, drinking water twice in a week at 1st, 3rd and 5th week of
Austria). All diets were formulated to meet or exceed the age according to manufacturer instruction. Fresh, clean and
nutrient requirements of broiler chickens (NRC, 1994). The dried rice husk was used as litter materials at a depth of
ingredients composition and estimated nutrients content of the about 3cm. The litter and housing area were disinfected with
diets are shown in Table 1. a safe and suitable disinfectant in every alternate day. Care
was taken to ensure proper ventilation with the advancement
2. Broilers management of age of birds. The birds were exposed to a continuous
lighting of 23 hours and a dark period of 1 hour in 24
The house and necessary equipments were properly hours. They were vaccinated against Gumboro and Newcastle
cleaned, washed and disinfected, subsequently dried and left Diseases.
them empty for a week before the arrival of chicks. Water
additive was properly mixed with fresh, cool and clean 3. Growth performance measurement
drinking water and supplied to the experimental birds once
in the morning and again in the afternoon. It was added to The body weight of broilers was measured every week

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from the initial day to the final day of the experiment to using the general linear models of SAS (2003) to estimate
calculate the body weight gain. The feed intake of broilers variance components with a completely randomized design.
was recorded by offering a weighed quantity of feed and Duncan's multiple comparison tests were used to examine
weighing their residues on a weekly basis. The feed significant differences among the treatment means. The level
conversion ratio (FCR) was calculated based on amount of of significance was set at p<0.05. Data are presented as
feed consumed to the body weight gain of the broilers. mean values ± standard error.

4. Hematological analysis RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Five ml of blood was collected from jugular vein from 1. Growth performance
three birds considering randomly from each group and stored
in a sterilized test tube containing 0.5 ml anticoagulant Body weight was affected when the additive was added
sodium citrate (4%) at a ratio of 1:10. The hematological with the water of broilers (Fig. 1). Body weight of the
studies were performed within two hours of blood collection. control group was increased in 2nd week of age, but at the
The hematological parameters such as total erythrocyte count end of the experiment, 25% less and 25% more than recom-
(TEC), hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), erythrocyte mendation group exhibited a higher body weight compare to
sedimentation rate (ESR), mean cell volume (MCV), mean the control group (p<0.05). Body weight gain in the total
cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and mean cell period was same as body weight, but the additive groups
hemoglobin (MCH) were determined by routine methods as had higher value than the control in finishing period
previously described (Jain, 1986). (p<0.05) (Table 2). The water additive tested in this study
improved weight gain over control by 6.8, 7.7 and 7.5% due
5. Cost analysis and statistical analysis to its addition at recommended level, a level of 25% less
and 25% more respectively. Table 2 shows that feed intake
Cost analysis was performed considering market price of was significantly reduced (p<0.05) in the finishing period
inputs and outputs. Profitability was determined considering when the water additive was applied 25% more than
the cost incurred for water additive. Data were analyzed recommended, but when considered the whole period, birds

Table 2. Growth Performance of broilers treated with different levels of water additive

Treatment1)
Parameters
T1 T2 T3 T4
Body weight gain (g/bird)
Starter (0~3 weeks) 641.11 ± 4.44 613.95 ±19.20 619.39 ±14.91 628.34 ± 1.39
Finisher (4~5 weeks) 795.56b±11.79 a
920.61 ±31.18
a
927.83 ±28.66
a
916.67 ±22.05
Total (0~5 weeks) 1436.67b±15.78 1534.56ab±47.12 1547.22a±29.29 1545.00a±22.05
Feed intake (g/bird)
Starter (0~3 weeks) 922.78 ± 5.05 922.64 ± 1.18 930.83 ± 6.14 937.78 ± 6.74
a a a
Finisher (4~5 weeks) 1886.11 ± 6.81 1880.70 ± 1.41 1886.53 ± 7.82 1857.36b± 6.12
Total (0~5 weeks) 2808.89b± 2.02 2803.34c ± 0.42 2817.36a± 2.24 2795.14d± 0.85
Feed conversion ratio (feed/gain)
Starter (0~3 weeks) 1.44 ± 0.01 1.51 ± 0.05 1.50 ± 0.03 1.49 ± 0.01
a b b b
Finisher (4~5 weeks) 2.37 ± 0.04 2.05 ± 0.07 2.04 ± 0.07 2.03 ± 0.05
Total (0~5 weeks) 1.95a± 0.02 b
1.83 ± 0.06
b
1.82 ± 0.04
b
1.81 ± 0.03
a,b,c,d
Means with uncommon superscripts in a same row are significantly different (p<0.05).
1)
T1: control; T2: water additive as per recommendation; T3: water additive 25% less than recommendation; T4: water additive 25%
more than recommendation.

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1800 T1 T2 T3 T4 aba a
b control diet and was effective in improving feed efficiency
1500 as antibiotics. In contrast, Sosnowka-Czajka et al. (2005) and
1200 Sirbue et al. (1986) found no significant difference in feed
(g)

900 conversion in birds fed vitamin E, while Villar-Patino et al.

600 a bb b (2002) stated that diets containing vitamin C decreased feed
consumption and FCR. In addition, Lower feed intake was
300
also reported by Williams et al. (2008) and Cabuk et al.
0
(2006), who observed that the birds given FOS and essential
Initial 1st wk 2nd wk 3rd wk 4th wk 5th wk
oil mixtures (herbal extract) had a lower feed intake as
Fig. 1. Body weight of broilers treated with different compared to control. It is assumed that the cumulative affect
levels of water additive. Data are presented as of the additive components increase the weight gain and
mean ± standard error. Means within a time improve the feed efficiency.
class not sharing a common superscript are
significantly different (P < 0.05). T1: control; T2:
2. Hematological parameters
water additive as per recommendation; T3:
water additive 25% less than recommendation;
T4: water additive 25% more than recom- The results of hematological parameters are displayed in
mendation. Table 3. The values of TEC in all treated birds were
significantly (p<0.05) higher than the values of control group.
receiving 25% less than recommended showed higher value The highest value of TEC was in 25% more than
compare to other treatments. A decreasing (p<0.05) trend in recommendation group and lowest in the control group. The
values of FCR was observed in all water additive treated difference in Hb content between recommended and 25%
groups from the control in finishing and total periods, less than recommendation groups was statistically significant
indicating that the additive improves the feed efficiency. (p<0.05) and 25% less than recommendation group showed
It appears from such a result that increasing or decreasing the highest value. The highest PCV value was found in 25%
the level of the water additive by 25% from recommended more than recommendation group which differed from that
level may be equally effective for growth promotion of of the control (p<0.05) group. MCV and MCH in birds
broilers. Results of the application of phytobiotics in the receiving additive at different doses differed significantly
nutrition of broiler chickens are not completely consistent. (p<0.05) from the control, but MCHC was not affected.
Some authors state significant positive effects on broiler Lysozyme plays an important role in the non-specific
performance (Ertas et al., 2005) whereas others found no immunity. Extracts from medicinal plants had a stimulatory
differences (Cross et al., 2007). In addition, Alcicek et al. effect on the levels of lysozyme and properdine in the blood
(2003) evaluated an herbal extract and stated that it may be serum (Lavinia et al., 2009). WBC, RBC, PCV and Hb
considered as a potential growth promoter in broiler content were improved when broiler fed diets contain plant
production. Fukata (1999) and Wu et al. (1999) reported extracts derived from thyme and cinnamon (Al-Kassie, 2009).
increased growth rate as a consequence of FOS inclusion in However, Basavaraj et al. (2011) reported no significant
broiler diets, whereas Williams et al. (2008) reported that effect of turmeric rhizome powder on PCV, Hb. TEC, TLC
FOS reduced daily live weight gain. However, Sosnowka- in broilers. Vitamin C increase WBC and may improve
Czajka et al. (2005) and Bhat et al. (1999) found no immunity, facilitate the adaptation response to against stress
significant difference on growth rate between treatment group and decrease negative effects on production in chickens
and control due to addition of vitamin E and C in the diet. (Cinar et al., 2006). In addition, Shlig (2009) found an
Although feed intake was higher in birds, receiving 25% less improvement of hematological parameter by the supplement-
than recommended, but it was not affected FCR of this ation of vit E to aflatoxin challenged broilers. Although
group. The improvement of FCR by the additive component MCV and MCH decreased in additive groups, but the values
lysozyme was previously reported by Humphrey et al. of these parameters are in line with the report by Talebi et
(2002), who stated that lysozyme significantly reduced feed al. (2005). The hematological parameters of present findings
intake and improved feed efficiency than those fed the are not in agreement with the findings of Tras et al. (2000)

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Table 3. Hematological parameters of broilers treated with different levels of water additive

Treatment1)
Parameters2)
T1 T2 T3 T4
b ab ab a
PCV (%) 23.99 ± 0.66 24.87 ± 1.28 26.87 ± 1.07 27.78 ± 0.49
3 3 c b b a
TEC (10 /mm ) 1.64 ± 0.09 2.18 ± 0.05 2.14 ± 0.05 2.47 ± 0.03
Hb (g/dL) 8.07ab ± 0.09 b
7.33 ± 0.03
a
8.75 ± 0.37
ab
8.21 ± 0.48
ESR (mm in 1st h) 1.80 ± 0.06 2.00 ± 0.01 1.78 ± 0.40 1.89 ± 0.11
a b b b
MCV (fL) 147.07 ± 7.75 113.88 ± 4.60 125.63 ± 7.14 112.69 ± 3.20
MCH (pg) 49.48a ± 2.50 c
33.62 ± 0.62
b
40.88 ± 1.94
c
33.33 ± 2.28
MCHC (g/dL) 33.68 ± 0.91 29.64 ± 1.53 32.59 ± 0.84 29.55 ± 1.55
a,b,c
Means with uncommon superscripts in a same row are significantly different (p<0.05).
1)
T1: control; T2: water additive as per recommendation; T3: water additive 25% less than recommendation; T4: water additive 25%
more than recommendation.
2)
PCV: packed cell volume; TEC: total erythrocyte count; Hb: hemoglobin; ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate; MCV: mean cell
volume; MCH: Mean cell hemoglobin; MCHC: mean cell hemoglobin Concentration.

and Al-Rawashdeh et al. (2000), who found no significant The results of cost analysis are presented in Table 4.
effect of vitamin E, ascorbic acid and oligosaccharide Production cost involved cost of bird, feed, water additive
supplementation of any of hematological parameters in and maintenance (disinfectant, vaccine, transport, labor, water
broiler. The changes as observed in this study might be due and electricity). The additive cost varied significantly
to the initiative effects on hemopoitic organ that were more (p<0.05) among the additive groups. Total production cost,
active and developed in additive groups than that of control sales price and profit of broilers receiving additive
and the digestive system became well balanced to absorb significantly varied from the control (p<0.05) group, but not
proper level of essential nutrients which are needed for different among the additive groups. Lowest cost ($1.882)
erythropoiesis. The increase in TEC, PCV and Hb was found in the control group while additive groups
concentration of blood also indicate the good condition of showed the higher cost ($1.913-1.921) as would be expected.
broiler health (Elangovane et al., 2001). When sales price/bird was considered, it was found that the
additive groups had higher values than the control as
3. Cost analysis because birds of these groups had better body weight. In
case of profit/broiler and profit/kg broiler, higher profit was

Table 4. Cost analysis of broilers treated with different levels of water additive
1)
Treatment
Parameters
T1 T2 T3 T4
Feed cost ($/broiler) 1.073 ±0.005 1.073 ±0.006 1.079 ±0.005 1.069 ±0.005
b c
Additive cost ($/broiler) ＆＆ 0.032 ±0.001 0.024 ±0.001 0.040a±0.001
b a a a
Total production cost ($//broiler) 1.882 ±0.006 1.913 ±0.007 1.913 ±0.006 1.921 ±0.005
Sales price ($/broiler) 2.164b±0.011 a
2.313 ±0.011
a
2.333 ±0.011
a
2.327 ±0.012
Profit ($/broiler) 0.283b±0.017 a
0.400 ±0.005
a
0.420 ±0.017
a
0.406 ±0.017
Profit ($/kg broiler) 0.192b±0.012 a
0.254 ±0.0034
a
0.265 ±0.011
a
0.256 ±0.011
Profit over control ($/kg broiler) 0.063 ±0.015 0.073 ±0.022 0.065 ±0.022
a,b,c
Means with uncommon superscripts in a same row are significantly different (p<0.05).
1)
T1: control; T2: water additive as per recommendation; T3: water additive 25% less than recommendation; T4: water additive 25%
more than recommendation.

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found in additive groups, and 25% less than recommended Cabuk, M., Bozkurt, M. and Alcicek, A. 2006. The effect of a
group exhibited highest values ($0.420 and $0.265). Profit mixture of herbal essential oils on the performance of broiler
over control among the additive groups was not statistically chicks originated from young and old broiler breeder flocks.
different, but 25% less than recommended group earned S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci. 36:135-141.
higher profit ($0.073) compare to others. The result is an Cinar, A., Belge, F., Donmez, N., Tas, A., Selcuk, M. and Tatar,
agreement with the previous study by Oh and Max (1980), M. 2006. Effects of stress produced by adrenocorticotropin
who found a higher income over feed cost per bird ($0.13) (ACTH) on ECG and some blood parameters in vitamin C
in additive group. In addition, Rahman et al. (2005) and treated and non-treated chickens. Vet. Arhiv. 76:227-235.
Hosamani et al. (2001) also reported an increased profit by Cross, D. E., Mcdevitt, R. M., Hillman, K. and Acamovic, T.
addition of enzyme mixture to broilers diet. 2007. The effect of herbs and their associated essential oils on
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