University of San Carlos of Guatemala

College of Engineering
Technical Language School
Area of technical language
Intensive technical language I
Taught by: Gabriel Molina

Large hadron collider

Ana Gabriela Valdés Argueta

Particle beams is initially accelerated in a substring anilllos lower until they reach tera energy of
0.45 electron volts. From there they go to great accelerator LHC, where they reach energies of
up to seven tera electron volts. A tera electron volt is approximately the kinetic energy of a flying
mosquito.

Although it seems a little energy, the extraordinary thing is that particles concentrate that energy
at the LHC have a volume a billion times smaller than a mosquito.

Introduction

It is an accelerator and collider located at CERN (CERN, acronym for its former name in French:
Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire), near Geneva, on the Franco-Swiss border. It
was designed to collide beams of hadrons, more precisely proton, up to 7 Terra electron volts
(TeV) of energy, its main purpose to examine the validity and limits of the Standard Model, which
is currently the theoretical framework of particle physics , which rupture to high energy levels is
known.

Inside the collider two beams of protons are accelerated in opposite directions to reach 99.99%
the speed of light and makes them collide producing high energies (although subatomic scales)
that would allow simulate some events occurring immediately after the big bang.
 Content development
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world’s largest and most powerful particle
accelerator. It first started up on 10 September 2008, and remains the latest
addition to CERN’s accelerator complex. The LHC consists of a 27-kilometre ring
of superconducting magnets with a number of accelerating structures to boost the
energy of the particles along the way.
Inside the accelerator, two high-energy particle beams travel at close to the speed
of light before they are made to collide. The beams travel in opposite directions in
separate beam pipes – two tubes kept at ultrahigh vacuum. They are guided
around the accelerator ring by a strong magnetic field maintained
by superconducting electromagnets. The electromagnets are built from coils of
special electric cable that operates in a superconducting state, efficiently
conducting electricity without resistance or loss of energy. This requires chilling the
magnets to -271.3°C – a temperature colder than outer space. For this reason,
much of the accelerator is connected to a distribution system of liquid helium,
which cools the magnets, as well as to other supply services.

The Large Hadron Collider is the world's largest and most powerful particle accelerator (Image: CERN)

Thousands of magnets of different varieties and sizes are used to direct the beams
around the accelerator. These include 1232 dipole magnets 15 metres in length
which bend the beams, and 392 quadrupole magnets, each 5–7 metres long,
which focus the beams. Just prior to collision, another type of magnet is used to
"squeeze" the particles closer together to increase the chances of collisions. The
particles are so tiny that the task of making them collide is akin to firing two
needles 10 kilometres apart with such precision that they meet halfway.
All the controls for the accelerator, its services and technical infrastructure are
housed under one roof at the CERN Control Centre.
From here, the beams inside the LHC are made to collide at four locations around
the accelerator ring, corresponding to the positions of fourparticle detectors –
ATLAS, CMS, ALICE and LHCb.

Computer network

The network computing (Grid Computing in English) of the LHC is a distribution

The data stream provided from the detectors is estimated at 300 Gb / s, which is
filtered looking for "interesting events", resulting in a flow of 300 Mb / s. The
computer center at CERN, considered "Tier 0" network, dedicated connection 10
Gb / s.

It is expected that the project will generate 27 terabytes of data per day, plus 10 TB
of "summary". This data is sent out of CERN to eleven academic institutions in
Europe, Asia and North America, which constitute the "row 1" processing. Another
150 institutions are the "row 2".

LHC is expected to occur between 10 to 15 years Petabytes data.

Budget
The construction of the LHC was approved in 1995 with a budget of 2.6 billion
Swiss francs (about 1.7 billion euros), with 210 million francs (€ 140 million) for the
experiments. However, this cost was surpassed in the 2001 review of 480 million
francs (€ 300 million) on the accelerator, and 50 million francs (€ 30m) more
experimentos.11 paragraph for 180 additional million francs ( € 120m) more have
had to allocate to increased costs of superconducting magnetic coils. And there are
still technical problems in building the last tunnel underground where the Compact
Muon Solenoid (CMS) will be located. The budget of the institution approved for
2008 is 660 515 000 euros for a total of 53,929,422 euros.
Funding cuts planned for 2011 is 15 million Swiss francs in the 1,100 million euros
of the total budget, representing less than 1.5 percent of annual investment; the
following year two percent; so to save 262 million euros by 2015.
The scientific delegate from Spain at CERN, Carlos Pajares, has said that the
Large Hadron Collider or LHC will not be affected by the funding cuts planned by
the scientific institution before the economic crisis.
"All countries said they had not touch the LHC program and what was done. The
CEO has sent a message to the entire scientific community saying that CERN has
also tightened their belts but the LHC will not suffer "said Carlos Pajares. Alarms
about potential disasters
Since projected the Relativistic Ion Collider (RHIC), American Walter Wagner and
Luis Sancho14 denounced Spanish court of Hawaii at CERN and the US
government, claiming that there is the possibility that triggered operation processes
According to them, they would be capable of causing the destruction of Earth. But
his position is rejected by scientific lacomunidad, since it lacks any mathematical
backing to support it.
The catastrophic processes are reported:
• The formation of a stable black hole.
• The formation of supermassive foreign matter, as stable as ordinary matter.
• The formation of magnetic monopoles (under the theory of relativity) that could
catalyze proton decay.
• Enabling the transition to a state of quantum vacuum.
In this respect, CERN has studied the possibility of disastrous events occur as
unstable negros16 microholes, networks, or dysfunctions magnéticas.17 The
conclusion from these studies is that "no reasonable grounds leading to these
threats are". 18 19
In short:
• In the unlikely event that a black hole is created, it would be so infinitely small you
could cross the Earth without touching a single atom, since 95% of these are
empty spaces. Because of this, it could not grow and reach the space where your
chance of hitting something and grow, it is even smaller. [Citation needed]
• The planet Earth is exposed to similar natural phenomena or worse than those to
be produced at the LHC.
• Cosmic rays reach Earth continuously at speeds (and therefore energy) huge,
even several orders of magnitude greater than those produced at the LHC.
• the sun, due to its size, has received 10,000 times.
• Whereas all the stars in the visible universe receive a number equivalent of about
1031 as the LHC experiments are reached and has not been observed any event
as postulated by Wagner and Sancho.
• During operation of relativistic heavy ion collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven (USA)
was not observed even one strangelet. Strangelet production at the LHC is less
likely that the RHIC, and experience in this accelerator has validated the argument
that can not be produced strangelets.

Experimentation
Part of the LHC tunnel beneath the LHC P8, near the LHCb.

Protons are accelerated to have an energy of 7 TeV each (the total collision energy
of 14 TeV). They are building five experiments for the LHC. Two of them, ATLAS
and CMS, are large particle detectors general purpose. The other three, LHCb,
ALICE and TOTEM are smaller and specialized. The LHC can also be used to
collide heavy ions such as lead (the collision will have an energy of 1150 TeV).
Physicists hope that the LHC will provide answers to the following questions:
• The meaning of the mass (we know how to measure it but do not know what it
really).
• The mass of the particles and their origin (in particular if the Higgs boson).
• The origin of the mass of the baryons.
• Number of total particles of the atom.
• Namely why elementary particles have different masses (ie, if the particles
interact with Higgs aField).
• 95% of the mass of the universe is not made of matter is known and is expected
to know what dark matter.
• The existence of supersymmetric particles.
• If there are extra dimensions, as predicted by various models inspired by string
theory, and, if so, why they have failed to perceive.
• If more violations of symmetry between matter and antimatter.
• Recreate the conditions that caused the Big Bang
The CMS detector at the LHC.

Conclusions
The LHC is a project of immense size and huge engineering task. While on the
total energy stored in the magnets is 10 gigajoules and the beam 725 megajoules.

References
• [1] http://lta.reuters.com/article/topNews/idLTASIE48M1TC20080923(08/12/2011)

• [2] http://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/ciencia_tecnologia(08/12/2011)

• [3] http://www.oei.es (08/12/2011)