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    Large Hadron Collider

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    tamarai selvan24
    The Large Hadron Collider is the world's largest and most powerful particle collider located at CERN near Geneva, Switzerland. Built between 1998 and 2008 by over 10,000 scientists and engineers from over 100 countries, it lies in a 27-kilometer tunnel up to 175 meters underground. Physicists use the LHC to study the fundamental particles and forces of nature by colliding opposing particle beams at very high energies to simulate the conditions that existed shortly after the Big Bang. Notable discoveries made using the LHC include the Higgs boson particle and evidence supporting the Standard Model of particle physics.

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    Large Hadron Collider

    Uploaded by

    tamarai selvan24
    27 views26 pages
    The Large Hadron Collider is the world's largest and most powerful particle collider located at CERN near Geneva, Switzerland. Built between 1998 and 2008 by over 10,000 scientists and engineers from over 100 countries, it lies in a 27-kilometer tunnel up to 175 meters underground. Physicists use the LHC to study the fundamental particles and forces of nature by colliding opposing particle beams at very high energies to simulate the conditions that existed shortly after the Big Bang. Notable discoveries made using the LHC include the Higgs boson particle and evidence supporting the Standard Model of particle physics.

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    The Large Hadron Collider is the world's largest and most powerful particle collider located at CERN near Geneva, Switzerland. Built between 1998 and 2008 by over 10,000 scientists and engineers from over 100 countries, it lies in a 27-kilometer tunnel up to 175 meters underground. Physicists use the LHC to study the fundamental particles and forces of nature by colliding opposing particle beams at very high energies to simulate the conditions that existed shortly after the Big Bang. Notable discoveries made using the LHC include the Higgs boson particle and evidence supporting the Standard Model of particle physics.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    27 views26 pages

    Large Hadron Collider

    Uploaded by

    tamarai selvan24
    The Large Hadron Collider is the world's largest and most powerful particle collider located at CERN near Geneva, Switzerland. Built between 1998 and 2008 by over 10,000 scientists and engineers from over 100 countries, it lies in a 27-kilometer tunnel up to 175 meters underground. Physicists use the LHC to study the fundamental particles and forces of nature by colliding opposing particle beams at very high energies to simulate the conditions that existed shortly after the Big Bang. Notable discoveries made using the LHC include the Higgs boson particle and evidence supporting the Standard Model of particle physics.

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    of 26

    Large Hadron Collider

    Background

     The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest and most powerful
    particle collider, most complex experimental facility ever built, and the
    largest single machine in the world.

     It was built by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)


    between 1998 and 2008 in collaboration with over 10,000 scientists and
    engineers from over 100 countries, as well as hundreds of universities and
    laboratories.

     It lies in a tunnel 27 kilometres (17 mi) in circumference, as deep as 175


    metres (574 ft) beneath the France–Switzerland border near Geneva,
    Switzerland
    Background

     The term hadron refers to composite


    particles composed of quarks held
    together by the strong force (as
    atoms and molecules are held
    together by the electromagnetic
    force).
     The best-known hadrons are :
     baryons
     protons
     Neutrons
     mesons such as the pion and kaon.
    Background

     Quarks combine to form composite


    particles called hadrons, the most
    stable of which are protons and
    neutrons.
    Type :
     Up
     Down
     Strange
     Charm
     Top
     Bottom
    Background

     A collider is a type of a particle accelerator with two directed beams of


    particles. In particle physics, colliders are used as a research tool:
     they accelerate particles to very high kinetic energies and let them impact
    other particles.
     Analysis of the byproducts of these collisions gives scientists good evidence of
    the structure of the subatomic world and the laws of nature governing it.
     Many of these byproducts are produced only by high-energy collisions, and
    they decay after very short periods of time. Thus many of them are hard or
    nearly impossible to study in other ways
    Purpose
     Physicists hope that the LHC will help answer some of the fundamental open
    questions in physics, concerning the basic laws governing the interactions
    and forces among the elementary objects, the deep structure of space and
    time, and in particular the inter-relation between quantum mechanics and
    general relativity, where current theories and knowledge are unclear or
    break down altogether.
     Data is also needed from high-energy particle experiments to suggest which
    versions of current scientific models are more likely to be correct – in
    particular to choose between the Standard Model and Higgsless models
    and to validate their predictions and allow further theoretical development.
    Issues possibly to be explored by LHC
    collisions include:
     Are the masses of elementary particles actually generated by the Higgs
    mechanism via electroweak symmetry breaking? It was expected that the
    collider experiments will either demonstrate or rule out the existence of the
    elusive Higgs boson, thereby allowing physicists to consider whether the
    Standard Model or its Higgsless alternatives are more likely to be correct.The
    experiments found a particle that appears to be the Higgs boson, strong
    evidence that the Standard Model has the correct mechanism of giving mass to
    the elementary particles.
     Is supersymmetry, an extension of the Standard Model and Poincaré symmetry,
    realized in nature, implying that all known particles have supersymmetric
    partners?
     Are there extra dimensions,as predicted by various models based on string
    theory, and can we detect them?
     What is the nature of the dark matter that appears to account for 27% of the
    mass-energy of the universe?
    Design

     The LHC is the world's largest and


    highest-energy particle
    accelerator.

     The collider is contained in a


    circular tunnel, with a
    circumference of 27 kilometres
    (17 mi), at a depth ranging from
    50 to 175 metres (164 to 574 ft)
    underground.
    Design

     1,232 dipole magnets


     392 quadrupole magnets
     10,000 superconducting magnets
     operating temperature of 1.9 K
    (−271.25 °C)
     the field of the superconducting
    dipole magnets : 7.7 teslas (T)
    Detectors

     ATLAS
     Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS),
     ALICE
     LHCb
     TOTEM,
     MoEDAL and
     LHCf,
    Detectors

     ATLAS  One of two general purpose


    detectors. ATLAS will be used to look
    for signs of new physics, including
    the origins of mass and extra
    dimensions.

     CMS  The other general purpose detector


    will, like ATLAS, hunt for the Higgs
    boson and look for clues to the
    nature of dark matter.
    Detectors

     ALICE  ALICE is studying a "fluid" form of


    matter called quark–gluon plasma
    that existed shortly after the Big
    Bang.

     LHCb  Equal amounts of matter and


    antimatter were created in the Big
    Bang. LHCb will try to investigate
    what happened to the "missing"
    antimatter.
    Computing and analysis facilities

     approximately 15 petabytes per year.

     140 computing centres

     35 countries
    First run of LHC

     The first beam was circulated through the collider on the morning of 10
    September 2008.[41] CERN successfully fired the protons around the
    tunnel in stages, three kilometres at a time. The particles were fired in a
    clockwise direction into the accelerator and successfully steered around it
    at 10:28 local time.
     The LHC successfully completed its major test: after a series of trial runs,
    two white dots flashed on a computer screen showing the protons
    travelled the full length of the collider. It took less than one hour to guide
    the stream of particles around its inaugural circuit.CERN next successfully
    sent a beam of protons in an anticlockwise direction, taking slightly
    longer at one and a half hours due to a problem with the cryogenics,
    with the full circuit being completed at 14:59.
    LHC
    Quench Incident

     On 19 September 2008, a magnet


    quench occurred in about 100
    bending magnets in sectors 3 and 4,
    where an electrical fault led to a loss
    of approximately six tonnes of liquid
    helium (the magnets' cryogenic
    coolant), which was vented into the
    tunnel.
     The escaping vapour expanded with
    explosive force, damaging over 50
    superconducting magnets and their
    mountings, and contaminating the
    vacuum pipe, which also lost vacuum
    conditions
    Operational Runs

     On 20 November 2009, low-energy beams circulated in the tunnel for


    the first time since the incident
     July 2012 discovery of the Higgs boson.
     Till 2014 LHC was shut down for upgrades.
     On 13 July 2015, the LHCb collaboration at CERN reported results
    consistent with pentaquark states in the decay of bottom Lambda
    baryons
    What is Higgs Boson?

     After the Big Bang ,for only next


    trillionth of a second, a field
    existed.
     Peter Higgs in 1964 gave a theory
    that this field is higgs field
     Any particle in contact with this
    field was said to be Higgs Boson
    Particle.
    How to confirm Higgs Boson

     In order to confirm the higgs


    Boson,the energy same as that of Big
    Bang ,should be used.
     Thus ,Large Hadron Collider was
    used that used an amount of 14TeV.
     This particle is main element that
    makes mass in any other element.
    Working of LHC (Animation)
    Latest Discoveries

     Each of the five particles were found


    to be excited states of Omega-c-
    zero, a particle with three quarks.
    These particle states are named,
    according to the standard
    convention,
     Ωc(3000)0
     Ωc(3050)0
     Ωc(3066)0
     Ωc(3090)0
     Ωc(3119)0
    India at CERN

     India became an Associate member  CMS experiment:


    of CERN with the Indian government
     Universities that are participating:
    completing its internal approval
    procedures in respect of the  BARC
    agreement it had signed with CERN  TIFR
    on November 21, 2016.
     SINP
     NISER
     Delhi University
     Punjab University
    Future Scope

     DARK MATTER

     After the big bang, niverse started


    expanding and is still expanding but
    not in the way it is supposed to be.
     According to a theory there is some
    matter in space that is interactin with
    it which we can’t see known as dark
    matter.
     LHC will also help in resolving this
    matter.
    Future Scope

     ANTI MATTER
     As matter is existing ,antimatter
    should also exist.
     This matter is also ooked upon
    and experiments are running at
    LHC.
    Future Scope

     EXTRA DIMENSION

     As,gravity is a weak force compared


    to other forces , the reason is
    assumed that we are experiencing
    only a fraction of it and remaining is
    going in other dimension
     Thus, LHC experiments can also help
    in concluding that.
    Thank you

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