PARTICLE

ACCELERATOR

SUBMITTED BY: MONICA PRADHAN

ROLL NO: PH17A24
 CONTENTS
• ACCELERATION OF CHARGED PARTICLES
• COCKROFT ACCELERATORS
• CYCLOTRON
• SYNCHROTRON
• BETATRON
• MODERN ACCELERATORS
• CONCEPT OF FUTURE ACCELERATORS
• ELECTRON ION COLLIDER
 Accelerators of charged particles
• Only sources of high energy charged particles required for the study of nuclear
transmutation were the naturally radioactive substances emitting α and β particles.
- Cockroft and Walton built a high voltage generator, based on the principle of voltage
multiplication (first proposed by H. Greinacher in 1921)
i) With this machine they produce nuclear transmutation with artificially accelerated
charged projectiles (protons) and produced the disintegration of the lithium (Li)
nucleus into two α particles, using protons of 770 keV energy.
• Accelerators classified into two classes:-
- electrostatic accelerators
- cyclic accelerators
1. electrostatic accelerators- charged particles accelerated by applying a constant
voltage difference between the ion source and target.
E.g. Cockroft – Walton and Van de Graff generators
limitations- voltage breakdown due to discharge between high voltage terminal and
walls of the accelerator chamber.
2. Cyclic accelerators- accelerate the particles in the multiple steps, imparting a small
amount of energy at each successive step.
٠trajectory of particles in these machines can be curved as in the cyclotron , betatron
,synchrotron .
 Cockroft Accelerators
• Consists of two columns of capacitor connected in series
• A chain of diode rectifiers R1,R2,R3, etc.. Connect the capacitors C1,C2 etc.., in the left
column to the capacitors C1’, C2’, etc.. In the right column.
• Diodes conduct in the directions of arrows.
• A transformer T generating an ac voltage V(t) feeds the generator.
• Peak ac voltage is about 100 kV.
• Diodes are replaced by the chain of switches S1,S2,S3,
 Cyclic Accelerators; CYCLOTRON
• First built and operated by E.O.Lawrence and M.S Livingston at the university of California
around 1930-31.
 Principle:- 1.M is an electromagnet between the pole pieces of which are placed two
electrodes denoted by D1 and D2.
2.Have appearance of two flat, hollow semicircular metal boxes of the same size and are known
as ‘dees’. Diameter of ‘dees’ is less than the diameter of magnetic pole pieces.
3. Two dees insulated from each other with small gap between their diametrical plane faces.
4. An rf voltage is applied between the dees.
 Synchro Cyclotron
• Known as frequency modulated cyclotron.
• Frequency of rf accelerating field decreased as particles becomes relativistic.
• Operation for accelerating the ions in the relativistic energy range depends on principle of
phase stability.
• Principle:- - particles accelerated at a series of gap by an alternating electric field.
- suitable arrangement of fields tend particles to cross the gaps easily when they receive energy
to keep them in resonance.
Voltage time graph shown here represents:-
- Point A represents a Case of an ion crossing the gap when phase of rf field=0
- Oscillating voltage decreases through zero at this point.
- point A’ represents another ion crossing gap at
an earlier instant and gains energy due to which its
mass increases relativistically.
. Moves more slowly during next revolution and
takes longer time than the rf period to arrive at the
gap next time so that its phase moves towards the
zero phase point at the next crossing.
. Process continues till the ion crosses the dee gap
exactly at zero phase after a few turns and thus falls
in step with other ions which were originally
crossing the gap at zero phase.
 Betatron
• Electrons cannot be accelerated in a cyclotron.
(being very light , increase of relativistic mass of the electron becomes important at
relatively much lower energies)
• New instrument devised by D.W.Kerst, known as betatron (1940) for acceleration of
electrons.
Velocity of the electrons at 1 MeV or higher is closer to the velocity of light c. With
increasing energy ,electron velocity doesn’t increase, only its mass increases.
Acceleration of electron in betatron takes place due to changing magnetic flux through the
area enclosed by the electron trajectory.
 Modern Accelerators
• The figure shows the charged particles fly from the source(left) via an optical glass grating to a
detector(right).
• Red laser light is beamed from below through the optical grating. Evanescent light waves, which run
parallel to the surface of the grating ,break away from this beam at the grating.
• They accelerate electrons with a stronger electric field than electric field in microwaves, currently used
for this purpose.
Physicists at the MaxPlanck institute have developed a new
Method that uses light to accelerate charged particles ,leading
The way for more compact particle accelerators.
( modern particle accelerators measure upto several kilometres
In size and cost billions. But physicists at the Max Planck institute
Of quantum optics in Garching developed a new method that
Could shrink to less than 10 meters and cost 10 times less,
Accelerated electrons directly using a light wave.)

 John Breuer and Peter Hommelhoff obtained an accelerating

Force that was equally as strong as the force achieved in conventional particle accelerators.
 Unique feature of the Garching based procedure- modular and can be expanded into a multi level
system capable of accelerating charged particles which could be protons or ions, as well as electrons –
around 100 times faster than current systems.
 Non conducting (dielectric) materials such as glass withstand electric fields that are 100 times stronger
than those found in metals, provided that light is the source of the electric field.(this suggests that
dielectric materials should be used for the next generation of particle accelerators and that particles
should be driven by light waves).
Concept study of a future accelerator:- (John Breuer and Peter Hommelhoff, now with Friedrich
Alexander University Erlangen, used glass and laser light pulses in their experiment so that
the accelerating force can potentially be increased to a hundredfold)
(a team of researchers from Stanford university and the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
in Menlo Park, California, were also working on electron accelerator at the same time, and
both teams were the first to accelerate electrons using light in the below given way)
 electrons can be accelerated to the speed of light in several layers and charged with
relativistic energies.
 Electrons from source A initially flow through sections B1 to B3, where they are not
relativistically accelerated. In section C they no longer become faster, but they gain even
more energy.
 For the non relativistic acceleration in sections B1 to B3, the gaps between the grooves in
the grating must become bigger
To facilitate continues acceleration.
 In the background, the acceleration
in giga electron volts per meter
Experienced by the electrons is shown
In red. Blue line shows the energy of the
Particles at the relevant point in the
Channel.
 Electron – Ion Collider
• The case for an ambitious new particle accelerator to be built in the united states has just gotten a major
boost.
• The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine have endorsed the development of the
Electron Ion Collider ,or EIC. The proposed facility, consisting of two intersecting accelerators, would
smash together beams of protons and electrons travelling at nearly the speed of light.
• After the collision scientists should see “snapshots” of the particles inner structures, much like a CT scan
for atoms. From these images , scientists hope to piece together a multidimensional picture ,with
unprecedented depth and clarity ,of the quarks and gluons that bind together protons and all the visible
matter in the universe.
(figure shows “in an EIC ,a beam of electrons would scatter off a
Beam of protons or atomic nuclei, generating virtual photons-
Particles of light that penetrate the proton or nucleus to tease out
The structure of the quarks and gluons within”).
 The EIC, if built , would significantly advance the field of
quantum chromodynamics, which seeks to answer fundamental
Questions in physics, such as how quarks and gluons produce the
Strong force-the “glue” that holds all matter together.
If constructed , the EIC would be the largest accelerator facility in
The U.S. And, worldwide , second only to the Large Hadron Collider at CERN.
 RECENT NEWS
 There is a good chance that soon a new door will open to physicists, offering them
new insights into the mysteries of the universe.
 The international AWAKE collaboration has made a breakthrough in its efforts to
build a new type of particle accelerator.
 The experiment in which electrons surf on a plasma wave, accelerates particles
with far less effort than is required with the LHC or with other particles used till
date.
 Physicists could bring about particle collision
With significantly more energy than has been
Possible so far.
 Studying the traces of these collisions may help
Scientists to gain new insights into the BIG BANG
And the structure of matter.
THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE SOUL IS KNOWLEDGE
OF THE UNIVERSE.

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