ENGLISH TEACHING

Vol. I, Issue 1 (2012), PP 121-131

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THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FAN-N-PICK METHOD IN TEACHING READING
COMPREHENSION VIEWED FROM STUDENTS’ SELF-CONFIDENCE

Vera Kristiana, 2Ngadiso, 3Sujoko

1

1
(Student of Magister Program of English Education of Pascasarjana UNS)
([email protected])
2
(Teacher of English Education of Pascasarjana UNS)
2
(Teacher of English Education of Pascasarjana UNS)

ABSTRACT
The objective of the research are: (1) to prove whether or not fan-n-pick method is more
effective than grammar translation method in teaching reading comprehension, (2) to prove
whether or not students who have high self-confidence have better reading skill than those
who have low self-confidence, and (3) to prove whether or not there is an interaction between
teaching methods and students’ self-confidence on the students’ reading skill.
The research was conducted at SMPN 2 Kejobong, Purbalingga. The research belongs to
experimental study. The population was the eighth grade students of SMPN 2 Kejobong in the
academic year of 2012/ 2013. The technique used to get the sample was cluster random
sampling. Test (reading test) and non test (self-confidence questionnaire) techniques were used
to collect the data. They were tried-out to be a valid and reliable instrument. The data of
reading test were analyzed by using multifactor analysis of variance 2 x 2. Then, they were
analyzed by using Tukey test.
The result of inferential analysis of the data shows that fan-n-pick method is more effective
than grammar translation method to teach reading. Second, the students having high self-
confidence have better reading skill than those who have low self-confidence. Third, there is
an interaction effect between the teaching methods used and students’ self-confidence in
teaching reading. Fan-n-pick method is more effective than GTM for teaching reading for
students having high self-confidence and GTM is more effective than fan-n-pick method for
teaching reading for students having low self-confidence.
Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that fan-n-pick method is an effective
method to teach reading, and the effectiveness of this method is affected by the level of the
students’ self-confidence.

Keywords: experimental, fan-n-pick, reading skill, and self-confide

INTRODUCTION people in some sectors. It is used for

Nowadays, many people learn the obtaining successful jobs, promotions,
international languages. One of the academic function, and business
international languages is English. interactions. Many people tend to master
English is an international language English to compete in globalization.
which has an important role in Therefore, English is taught as the first
communication by people to interact with foreign language which is as one of the
others in the world. As international important subjects in Indonesia from
language, English is used to conduct elementary to university level.
communication, in almost the entire Reading skill is one of the four
world in many countries. According to English language skills in addition to
Broughton (1980: 1), English is an listening, speaking, and writing. Reading
international language which is used by is not simply a matter of interpreting
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words, but also an important activity in Besides that reason, there is another
language class and a means of factor that makes reading difficult. The
consolidating and extending knowledge other reason is that there are many kinds
of the language. Learning reading in of texts in English, such as narrative,
schools has not been done through the descriptive, recount, spoof and many
correct process. Teachers often teach more. Each text has different
reading to the students unsystematically. characteristics. They are generic
They do not know the nature of teaching structure, social function, and language
reading. Teaching reading means helping features. Usually the student cannot
students to comprehend words, differentiate each text from another and
sentences, or texts easily. they mix all kinds of texts. This will be a
Burn, Roe, and Ross (1984: 10) state challenge for the teacher to find out how
that reading is a thinking process. It the student can distinguish each kind of
involves the process of recognizing text.
words which requires interpretation of To solve that problem, a teacher
graphic symbols. Meanwhile, Aebersold must find out how to make them able to
and Field (1997: 15) say that reading is distinguish each kind of text, the teacher
what happens when people look at a text must also try to develop the students’
and assign meaning to the written reading skill which includes identifying
symbols in that text. It means that word meaning, main idea of the text,
reading is a thinking process to give explicit information, implicit information,
interpretation to the printed text based and reference. They must also find out an
on their knowledge. interesting method to teach reading, so
Reading is one of English skills that the students will be interested in reading
should be taught integratedly, but it is class.
regarded as the most difficult language According to Kagan (1994: 118),
skill to learn for learners. According to there are some interesting methods to
Patel (2008: 113), reading is the most teach reading under cooperative learning
useful and important skill for students. It structures like fan-n-pick. This method is
is often perceived as the most difficult used to check the students’
language skill. In fact, the students are understanding about the content of the
not capable to read and comprehend the text they read, to introduce a new topic,
content of text correctly. The reason is review material that has been delivered
that they are poor in identifying word by the teacher, increase the students’
meaning, main idea of the text, detail mastery of reading skills, thinking skills,
information, implicit information, and communication skills, and information
reference. sharing. Fan-n-pick method also gives the
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students new venues to express According to Dornyei (2005: 211), self-
themselves, practice self-control, learn in confidence shares a common emphasis
different ways, and master and retain the on the individual’s beliefs about his or
lessons they have learned. They have her attributes and abilities as a person. It
come to realize that learning effectively is the expected probability that a person
takes more forms than they were will achieve a goal in a certain situation
introduced to before. From the because it is relative to the prescribed
explanation above, it can be said that fan- situation, task, and expectations. The
n-pick is an interesting method to teach most important factor that determines
reading effectively in the classroom. It the performance of students in school is
can build the students’ self-confidence in neither intellect, nor energy or talent. It is
expressing their opinion in reading the amount of self-confidence that a
activity. student has which decides how much he
Another teaching method which is will be able to use his talent, energy, and
used in the research is grammar intellect. In reading activity, the students
translation method. According to who have high self-confidence are more
Richards (2001: 5-6), GTM dominated focused and not ashamed to ask
language teaching from the 1840s to the questions that they cannot answer.
1940s (and is still being used in some of Meanwhile, the students who have low
today’s classrooms). It approaches the self-confidence are more passive.
language first through detailed analysis This research consists of some
of its grammar rules, followed by variables. They are dependent,
application of this knowledge to the task independent, and attributive variables.
of translating sentences and texts into The dependent variable here is the
and out of the target language. Reading students’ reading skill. The independent
and writing are the major focus; little or variables of this research are more than
no systematic attention is paid to one because it uses factorial design. They
speaking and listening (oral language). are fan-n-pick and grammar translation
There is no discussion in this method. methods. The attributive variable of this
The students cannot share their ideas to research is students’ self-confidence.
answer the questions of the text. As Those variables which consist of
explained above, the focus of this experimental and attributive, are hoped
method is on reading and writing, there to influence the students’ reading skill
is no chance for the students to discuss especially fan-n-pick as the cooperative
their answers. method in teaching reading. This method
Another factor that influences the will also make the students’ self-
students’ reading skill is self-confidence. confidence in reading comprehension
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higher. If they have high self-confidence He also states that research designs are
in expressing their opinion about the invented to enable researchers to answer
content of the text they read, their research questions as validly, objectively,
reading skills will be better. The students accurately, and economically as possible.
finally can be good readers. There are about five kinds of
This study is aimed at finding out: (1) research method, they are one shot case-
whether fan-n-pick method is more study, single group pre- and post-tests
effective than grammar translation experimental design, experimental and
method in teaching reading control groups post-test only design, two
comprehension, (2) whether students experimental groups post-test only
who have high self-confidence have design, and factorial designs (Hartoyo,
better reading skill than those who have 2010). In this research, the writer used
low self-confidence, and (3) whether the fifth design what’s called factorial
there is an interaction between teaching designs. According to Tuckman (1972:
methods and students’ self-confidence on 133), factorial designs are modifications
the students’ reading skill. of the true experimental designs, with the
further complication that additional
METHODS independent variables (usually moderator
According to Kerlinger (1992: 449), variables) are included in addition to the
research design is the plan and structure treatment variables.
of investigation, conceived so as to In this design there are some steps
obtain answers to research questions. which should be done to get the data.
The plan is the overall scheme or Firstly, the writer chose the population,
program of the research. It includes an then, she took the sample randomly. She
outline of what the investigator will do, got two groups as the samples,
from writing the hypotheses and their experimental and control. Then, she gave
operational implications to the final treatments to the students. After giving
analysis of data. some treatments to the students for nine
Kerlinger (1992: 450) states that times, she gave post-test to them.
research design has two basic purposes: The research was conducted from
(1) to provide answers to research July to December 2012. This point
questions and (2) to control variance. presents about population, sample, and
Design helps investigators obtain sampling of the research.
answers to the questions of research and Best (1981: 8) points out that a
also to control the experimental, population is any group of individuals
extraneous, and error variances of the that has one or more characteristics in
particular research problem under study. common that is of interest to the
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research. A population is a set (or sample of study randomly by taking
collection) of all elements processing one certain classes that have similar
or more attributes of interest (Arikunto, characteristic. So, among the four classes,
2007: 130). In this research, the the writer decided to take only two
population are the eighth grade students classes (VIII-B and VIII-D) as the samples
of SMPN 2 Kejobong in the academic year of the study, which consists of 48
of 2012/2013. There are four classes of students. In this case, 24 students were
eighth grade students in SMPN 2 taken from class VIII-B and 24 students
Kejobong. Those are the population of from class VIII-D. This number of
this research. samples was considered representative
According to Best (1981: 8) a sample enough used as a subject of research.
is a small proportion selected for To measure the students’ self-
observation and analysis. By observing confidence, the writer used
the characteristics of the sample, the questionnaire. There were 50 questions
researcher can make certain inference related to the students’ self-confidence.
about the characteristic of the. The These questions were formulated based
sample is made up of the students from on the indicators of self-confidence. To
the population who are chosen to measure the students’ reading skill, the
participate in the study. The samples of writer used reading test.
the research are two classes of eighth Arikunto (2007: 139) defines that test
grade students of SMPN 2 Kejobong is a set of questions or exercises or other
which consist of 24 students each class. means used to measure skill, knowledge,
According to Kerlinger (1992: 180), intelligence, ability, or talent of an
cluster sampling as the most often used individuals or group of people. Based on
method in surveys, is the successive the definition above, test is a profile of
random sampling of units, or sets and the study results in the written form.
subsets. A cluster can be defined as a This profile is then used to know
group of things of the same kind. It is a standard of students’ achievement. For
set of sample elements held together by educators, this profile will be used to
some common characteristics. In cluster determine the next learning process. In
random sampling, the universe is administering a test, it is important to set
partitioned into clusters. Then, the and determine an understandable
clusters are sampled randomly. In this instruction. It is necessary since there
case, all members of selected groups have been some cases in which students
have similar characteristic. Based on this failed to do the test due to their inability
idea cluster random sampling is a to understand the given instruction. From
sampling technique that chooses the the explanation above, the writer gave
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test to the students in form of multiple There are two requirements dealing
choices. There were 50 numbers of with ANOVA test. They are normality and
questions. The students were asked to homogeneity tests. According to
answer the questions in 60 minutes. Kerlinger (1992: 415), it is assumed in
According to Kerlinger (1992:192), using the t- and F-tests (and thus the
data means research results from which analysis of variance), for example, that
inferences are drawn, while analysis the samples with which the researchers
means the categorizing, ordering, work have been drawn from populations
manipulating and summarizing of data to that are normally distributed. It is said
obtain answers to research questions. that if the population from which
The purpose of the analysis is to find out samples are drawn are not normal, then
whether the experiment is successful or statistical tests that depend on the
not to answer the research problem. Data normality assumption are vitiated. As a
analysis explains the kind of statistics result, the conclusions drawn from
analysis which is used. There are two sampled observations and their statistics
kinds of data analysis methods. First, will be in question. The sample is in
descriptive statistics (to analyze data by normal distribution if Lo is lower than Lt
using frequency distribution: mean, or Lo < Lt. The next important point is that
median, modus, deviation standard, of homogeneity. It is assumed, in analysis
histogram and polygon) and second is of variance, that variances within the
inferential analysis. groups are statistically the same. That is,
The research belonged to quasi variances are assumed to be
experimental which used factorial design, homogeneous from group to group,
because the independent variable in the within the bounds of random variation. If
research was more than one. They were this is not true, the F-test is vitiated
fan-n-pick method and GTM in teaching (Kerlinger, 1992: 416). The data are
reading comprehension. According to homogeneous if χo2 is lower than χt2. The
Tuckman (1972: 262), analysis of writer decided to use ANOVA (analysis of
variance, however, can be used for almost variance) to analyze the research data.
any number of independent variables, but Besides ANOVA test, Tukey’s test was
it is typically used for two, three, or four. used to find the level of mean difference.
When using a factorial design that The finding of q is found by dividing the
includes an independent variable, the difference between the means by the
size of the analysis of variance is equal to square root of the ratio of the within
the number of independent and group variation and the sample size.
moderator variables, called factors.

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION score is 62 up to 74, the mean is 69.5, the
The description of the data is based on mode is 69.17, and the standard
the groups which are divided into eight deviation is 3.415; (7) descriptive analysis
as follows: (1) descriptive analysis of the of the data of reading test of the students
data of reading test of the students as having low self-confidence as
experimental group taught by using fan- experimental group taught by using fan-
n-pick method (A1) shows that score is 58 n-pick method (A1B2) shows that score is
up to 84., the mean is 73.3, the median is 58 up to 74, the mean is 68.3, the mode
73.5, the mode is 70.83, and the standard is 69.50, and the standard deviation is
deviation is 6.338; (2) descriptive analysis 4.658; and (8) descriptive analysis of the
of the data of reading test of the students data of reading test of the students
as control group taught by using GTM having low self-confidence as control
(A2) shows that score is 62 up to 78, the group taught by using GTM (A2B2) shows
mean is 70.8, the median is 70.50, the that score is 62 up to 78, the mean is
mode is 69.5, and the standard deviation 72.0, the mode is 72.70, and the standard
is 3.837; (3) descriptive analysis of the deviation is 4.221.
data of reading test of the students Then, based on the result of
having high self-confidence (B1) shows normality test it was found that the
that score is 62 up to 84, the mean is sample was on normal distribution
73.9, the median is 74, the mode is 72, because Lo (L obtained) is lower than Lt (L
and the standard deviation is 5.688; (4) table) at the level of significance α = 0.05.
descriptive analysis of the data of The data were homogenous because χo2 is
reading test of the students having low lower than χt2 at the level of significance α
self-confidence (B2) shows that score is 58 = 0.05. Furthermore, the Ho was rejected
up to 78, the mean is 70.2, the median is because Fo was higher than Ft (Fo > Ft).
71.28, the mode is 72, and the standard Based on the above result it can be
deviation is 4.669; (5) descriptive analysis stated that (1) Fan-n-pick method is more
of the data of reading test of the students effective than GTM to teach reading. Fan-
having high self-confidence as n-pick is one of the cooperative methods
experimental group taught by using fan- that can make the students more
n-pick method (A1B1) shows that score is enjoyable in learning activity. Reading
70 up to 84, the mean is 78.33, the mode activity is more fun if it uses this
is 77.75, and the standard deviation is method. One of the characteristics of
3.729; (6) descriptive analysis of the data cooperative methods is that there is a
of reading test of the students having group discussion during learning activity.
high self-confidence as control group It makes the students more active in the
taught by using GTM (A2B1) shows that classroom. According to Skidmore (2008:
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117), fan-n-pick is a method that helps all information sharing in answering the
students in the learning process. Fan-n- questions related to the content of the
pick uses a set of cards for each group of text they read. Richards (2001: 5-6) also
four students. These cards consist of says that this method approaches the
some questions about the content of the language first through detailed analysis
text the students read. The students are of its grammar rules, followed by
asked to answer the question on the card application of this knowledge to the task
one by one in their group. Although it is of translating sentences and texts into
frightening to answer the question of the and out of the target language. It can be
text orally in front of the class, it is easy said that the method requires students to
for students to talk with a supportive translate whole texts word-for-word. It
teammate. It can build their self- just focuses on grammar pattern and
confidence. And it can be said that fan-n- translation, not the content of the text
pick is used to check the students’ the students read. Questions and answer
understanding about the content of the during learning activity are also very
text they read, to introduce a new topic, limited. The answer of the questions is
review material that has been delivered not various and it is almost the same
by the teacher, increase the students’ because the teacher gives the correct
mastery of reading skills, thinking skills, answer just based on the text. The
communication skills, and information students cannot express their opinion
sharing. According to Kagan (1994: 15- freely in answering the question because
17) there are some advantages of fan-n- they are not given a chance to discuss
pick method. Fan-n-pick method gives with other during learning activity. It
the students new venues to express makes reading a boring activity in the
themselves, practice self-control, learn in classroom. Based on the explanation
different ways and master and retain the above, it can be concluded that fan-n-pick
lessons they have learned. Another method is more effective than GTM to
method that can be used to teach reading teach reading especially to eighth grade
is grammar translation method (GTM), students; (2) Students who have high self-
but it is an old method. According to confidence have better reading skill than
Richards (2001: 5-6), there are some those who have low self-confidence.
characteristics of grammar translation Having high self-confidence is necessary
method. One of the characteristics of this for students. Confident students trust
method is that the teacher has authority their own abilities, have a general sense
in the classroom. It makes the students of control in their lives, and believe that,
more passive in learning activity. There is within reason, they will be able to do
no group discussion, so there is no what they wish, plan, and expect. If they
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have high self-confidence, they will be answers without giving any comments or
able to perform their personal attributes different answers. Based on the
such as assertiveness, optimism, explanation above, it can be concluded
enthusiasm, affection, pride, that the students who have high self-
independence, trust, the ability to handle confidence are more active in reading
criticism and emotional maturity. activity than those who have low self-
Students who have high self-confidence confidence. When they are active in
pay more attention in class, get along reading activity, their reading skill will be
better with their peers and generally have better. That is why the students who have
a more focused and inquisitive attitude high self-confidence have better reading
because they feel good or comfortable skill than those who have low self-
with who they are. They are more focused confidence; and (3) There is an
and do not hesitate to ask questions. interaction between teaching methods
Asking questions in the classroom and self-confidence. The students who
requires certain courage to stand up and have high self-confidence are active
interrupt the teacher to ask a question, enough in reading activity. They have
and it requires self-confidence to do that. high willingness to read the text without
They can do that if they feel capable, being guided too hard by their teacher.
competent, and energetic in the When they are taught by using fan-n-pick
classroom. They trust their own abilities method, they can share idea each other in
and don’t fear failure in learning process. a group discussion. High self-confidence
In contrast, the students who have low students make a lot of friends and
self-confidence tend to study lazy or they engage themselves in a group discussion.
are not able to solve their problem, and Discussion brings various viewpoints to
they do not commit something with their the forefront in a common place, thereby
new ideas. Students having low self- enriching everyone by giving a multi-
confidence cannot express their answers angle view of the topic. In this situation,
of the questions freely. They might not teacher just helps the students to have a
stand up and ask the teacher to explain good understanding about the content of
once more even though they are the text they read. By using fan-n-pick
struggling to get a concept right. This method, students can adjust their
creates obstacles to their learning. They reading skills to the level of their partner
are not able to share the information they because they are working together. They
get from the text. During the discussion, also encourage and support each other in
they are passive. They just listen what language use (Kagan, 1994: 15-17). It
others say about the answers of the means that teaching steps of this method
questions. Then they agree with their can build the students’ self-confidence in
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the classroom because there is an CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
interaction among students especially Based on the findings, it can be
when they share the answers of the concluded that fan-n-pick is an effective
questions related to the text given by the method to teach reading. The
teacher. That is why fan-n-pick method is effectiveness of the method is
more effective than GTM to teach determined by the level of the students’
students who have high self-confidence. self-confidence. Fan-n-pick is more
In contrast, GTM is more effective to effective than GTM to teach students who
teach students who have low self- have high self-confidence. For the
confidence. Teaching reading using GTM students who have low self-confidence,
is easier to do than using fan-n-pick, but GTM is more effective than fan-n-pick to
it is boring. Larsen (2001: 17-18) states teach reading. The writer hopes that it
that the weak point of grammar can be a reference for the English
translation method is that the teacher teachers to teach reading creatively and it
has authority in the classroom. It can be can be references for other researchers to
said that the teacher plays a bigger role conduct further research.
than students in learning activity. There
is no group discussion activity. It means BIBLIOGRAPHY
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