12EC6C2

USN

R. V. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Autonomous Institution affiliated to VTU
VI Semester B. E. Examinations April/May-16
Electronics and Communication Engineering
OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKS
(ELECTIVE)

Time: 03 Hours Maximum Marks: 100

Instructions to candidates:
1. Answer all questions from Part A. Part A questions should be answered
in the first three pages of the answer book only.
2. Answer FIVE full questions from Part B.

PART-A

1 1.1 A silica optical fiber has a core refractive index of 1.50 and a cladding
refractive index of 1.47. Calculate the critical angle and numerical
aperture for the fiber. 02
1.2 An optical fiber in air has an of 0.4. Compare the acceptance angle
for meridional rays with that of skew rays which change direction by
100° at each reflection. 02
1.3 The dBm equivalent of 1 optical power level is _________. 01
1.4 A fiber has an average attenuation of 3 / at 900 . Calculate
the distance over which the power decreases by 50%. 01
1.5 The type of dispersion mechanism in a single mode fiber is_________. 01
1.6 The expression for the normalized frequency of a single mode step
index optical fiber is_____________. 01
1.7 For a step index fiber with indices 1.5 and 1.48 with a core radius of
20 , if the wavelength of the optical signal propagation in fiber is
1300 , then the number of modes is_____________. 02
1.8 A GaAS photodiode has a band gap energy of 1.43 at 300 . Then the
long wavelength cut-off is_____________. 01
1.9 The Fresnel reflection at a butt joint with an air gap in a multimode
step index fiber is 0.46 . Determine the refractive index of the fiber
core. 02
1.10 A silicon avalanche photodiode has a quantum efficiency of 65% at a
wavelength of 900 . Suppose 0.5 of optical power produces
multiplied photocurrent of 10 , then multiplication factor
is___________. 02
1.11 In optical receiver, inter symbol interference is due to_____________. 01
1.12 The splitting loss for a 32 ! 32 star coupler is__________. 01
1.13 The fundamental "# $% wave has a ____________ duration. 01
1.14 What are the two problems that arise in broadcast-and-select network
when extended to ? 02
 PART-B

2 a With a neat functional diagram, explain the operation of an #&'

system. Also list the merits and limitations of such a system. 10
b Determine the cut-off wavelength for a step index fiber to exhibit
single mode operation when the core refractive index and radius are
1.46 and 4.5 respectively, with the relative index difference being
0.25%. 03
c Briefly indicate with the aid of suitable diagrams the difference
between meridional and skew ray paths in step index fibers. 03

OR

3 a Compare the following:

i) Single mode versus multimode
ii) Step index versus graded index fibers. 06
b A multimode step index fiber has a relative refractive index difference
of 1% and a core refractive index of 1.5. The number of modes
propagating at a wavelength of 1.3 is 1100. Estimate the diameter of
the fiber core. 04
c Derive the expression for numerical aperture of a step index fiber from
Snell’s law. 06

4 a Discuss absorption losses in optical fibers, with respect to intrinsic

and extrinsic mechanisms. 06
b The mean optical power launched into an optical fiber link is 1.5
and the fiber has an attenuation of 0.5 / . Determine the
maximum possible link length without repeaters (assuming lossless
connectors) when the minimum mean optical power level required at
the detection is 2 ? 06
c What are the causes for attenuation in optical fibers? 04

OR

5 a What is intermodal dispersion? Derive an expression for the rms

impulse response due to intermodal dispersion with respect to
multimode step index fibers. 06
b Write notes on:
i) Rayleigh scattering
ii) Mie scattering. 06
c A long single mode optical fiber has an attenuation of 0.5 / when
operating at a wavelength of 1.3 . The fiber core diameter is 6
and the laser source bandwidth is 600 (). Compare the threshold
optical powers for stimulated Brillouin and Raman scattering. 04

6 a Explain with a neat diagram the schematic of a high radiance surface

emitting *$+. 06
b A double Hetrojunction InGaAsP *$+ emitting at a peak wavelength of
1310 has radiative and non radiative recombination times of 30 ,
and 100 , respectively. The drive current is 40 . Calculate the bulk
recombination lifetime and internal power level. 04
 c Explain the operation of an Avalanche photodiode with a schematic
diagram and also define absorption coefficient and multiplication
factor. 06
OR

7 a Describe the different types of noise which occur in photo detectors. 06

b Draw a model of photodetector receiver and its equivalent circuit. Give
an expression for the circuit bandwidth, if -. is the combination of the
load and amplifier input resistances and '. is the sum of the
photodiode and amplifier capacitances. 05
c An InGaAs pin photodiode has the following parameters at a
wavelength of 1300 : /0 4 , 0.90, -1 1000 2 and the surface
leakage current is negligible. The incident optical power is 300
(335 ), and the receiver bandwidth is 20 (). Calculate the
photocurrent, shot noise current, dark current, thermal noise current
of the receiver. 05

8 a With a neat block diagram, explain the fundamental receiver

operation. 06
b A 2 length of multimode fiber is attached to an apparatus for
spectral loss measurement. The measured output voltage from the
photo receiver using the full 2 fiber length is 2.1 at a wavelength
of 0.85 . When the fiber is then cut back to leave a 2 length, the
output voltage increase to 10.7 . Determine the attenuation per km
for the fiber and estimate the accuracy of the result. 04
c Explain the different methods of fiber dispersion measurement. 06

OR

9 a Explain the structure and functioning of a distributed feedback * "$-

diode. 05
b What are the two broad categories of the front end amplifiers? Discuss
each one of them using the generic structure. 06
c Discuss the measurements of fiber scattering loss by describing the
use of two common scattering cells. 05

10 a With neat diagrams, explain "# $% and "+( frame structures. 06

b What is + ? Briefly explain the advantages of + . 04
c Illustrate the two different types of broadcast-and-select +
networks with an architecture. 06

OR

11 a A digital fiber optical link operating at 1310 requires a maximum

$- of 10456 . Calculate the photons per pulse required for this $-. 04
b Explain the functioning of an optical isolator with the sketches of the
different components involved. 06
c Write a notes on:
i) Optical cross connects
ii) Crosstalk in + networks. 06
 12EC64

USN

R. V. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Autonomous Institution affiliated to VTU
VI Semester B. E. Examinations April/May-16
Electronics and Communication Engineering
COMPUTER COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
Time: 03 Hours Maximum Marks: 100
Instructions to candidates:
3. Answer all questions from Part A. Part A questions should be answered
in the first three pages of the answer book only.
4. Answer FIVE full questions from Part B.

PART-A

1 1.1 Compare Dialup modems and +"* modems. 02

1.2 Determine the propagation time and transmission time for a 2.5 789
email message, if the bandwidth of the network is 1 :7 ,, assuming
the distance between the nodes to be 12000 and light velocity as
2.4 ! 10; /, <. 02
1.3 In a stop and wait -= system, the bandwidth of the line is 1 Mbps
and 1 bit takes 20 , to make a round trip. If the system data frames
are 1000 bits long, what is the link utilization factor? 02
1.4 A slotted *#( network transmits 200 bit frames using a shared
channel with a 200 kbps bandwidth. What is the throughput, if the
system produces 500 frames/sec. 02
1.5 If a network using '" /'+ has a bandwidth of 10 Mbps and a
maximum propagation time of 25.6 µsecs, what is the minimum size of
the frame? 02
1.6 If 5 31, find the chips for a network with four stations. 02
1.7 What is the type of the destination addresses given below:
4 : 30: 10: 21: 10: 1 , 47: 20: 1 : 2$: 08: $$ 02
1.8 A packet has arrived in which the offset value is 100, (*$ 5 and
total length field 100. What are the numbers of the first byte and the
last byte? 02
1.9 If a receiving machine has buffer size of 6000 bytes and 2000 bytes of
unprocessed data, what is advertised for the sending machine? 02
1.10 Distinguish the terms: Security and Error control as applied to
computer networks. 02

PART-B

2 a What are the criteria necessary for an effective and efficient network?
Compare telephone and cable networks for data transmission. 08
b What are the features provided by layering? Group the #"/ layers by
function. 08
OR
3 a How does &$' differ from -= systems? Briefly discuss the three
popular -= mechanisms with flow diagrams. 08
b Define cyclic property in error control codes. The message 11001001 is
to be transmitted using the '-' polynomial @ A B 1 to protect it from
errors. Discuss the process. 08

4 a Distinguish between multiplexing and multiple access. Discuss the

different access techniques used in networks. 08
b How throughput is improved in:
Slotted *#( over pure *#(
'" /'+ over '" . 08

OR

5 a Discuss the major interconnecting devices used in computer

networks. 08
b Write the significance of:
i) * ,
ii) Backbone networks. 08

6 a Differentiate between classful addressing and classless addressing.

Explain how % helps in address depletion. 08
b An internet service provider ha the following chunk of '/+--based /C
addresses available with it: 245.248.128.0/20. The /"C wants to give half
of its chunk of addresses to organization , and a quarter to
organization , while retaining the remaining with itself. What are the
valid allocation addresses to and ? 05
c An organization has a class network and wishes to form subnets for
64 departments. What is the subnet mask to be used? 03

OR

7 a Give a summary of header changes between /CD4 and /CD6.What are

the criteria for transition from the former to the latter? 08
b A fragment packet has arrived in which the offset value is 100. What is
the number of the first byte? Can we know the number of the last
byte? 03
c It is required to send a 2400 byte datagram into a link that has an
%E of 700 bytes and the original datagram is stamped with the
identification number 422. How many fragments are possible and
what are the values in the various fields in the /C data grams
generated related to fragmentation. 05

8 a Define the terms:

i) Delivery
ii) Forwarding
iii) Routing. 06
 b Consider a network with 6 routers -1 to -6 connected with links
having weights as shown in the diagram below.

All the routers use the distance vector based routing algorithm to
update their routing tables. Each router starts with its routing table
initialized to contain an entry for each neighbour with the weight of
the respective connecting link. After all the routing tables stabilize,
how many links in the network will never be used for carrying any
data? 10
OR

9 a Compare any two intradomain routing protocols. 06

b A super net has a first address of 205.16.32.0 and a super net mask of
255.255.248.0. A router receives three packets with the following
destination addresses: 205.16.37.44, 205.16.42.56, 205.17.33.76

Create a system of three LANs with four bridges ( 1 to 4) for the

Which packet belongs to the super net? 04
c

1 connects * 1 and * 2
following configuration:

2 connects * 1 and * 3
i)

3 connects * 2 and * 3
ii)

4 connects * 1, * 2, * 3
iii)

Choosing 1 as the root bridge, show the forwarding and blocking

iv)

ports after minimum spanning tree procedure. 06

10 a Compare and contrast data link layer and transport layer. Name one

Consider a %'C connection which is transferring a file of 6000 bytes

protocol for each of these. 04

with the first byte being numbered as 10010. Determine the sequence
b

first four segments carrying 1000 bytes and the last segment carrying
numbers for each segment if data are sent in five segments with the

2000 bytes? 07
c Briefly discuss the congestion control strategies adopted by the
transport layer. 05
OR

11 a What are the main components of a Domain name system? Explain

the two techniques of resolution. 07
b Distinguish between:
i) Public key and private key cryptography

Explain the -" algorithm with an example.

ii) Transposition and substitution. 04
c 05
 12EC6C3

USN

R. V. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Autonomous Institution affiliated to VTU
VI Semester B. E. Examinations April/May-16
Electronics and Communication Engineering
CAD TOOLS FOR VLSI (ELECTIVE)
Time: 03 Hours Maximum Marks: 100
Instructions to candidates:
1. Answer all questions from Part A. Part A questions should be answered
in the first three pages of the answer book only.
2. Answer FIVE full questions from Part B.

PART-A

Write " C algorithm for scheduling.

1 1.1 Outcome of architectural level synthesis are _________ & _________. 02

For a graph :F , $G shown in figure 1.3, obtain maximum matching

1.2 02

F G.
1.3

In Simulated Evolution method of partitioning, the EC+ %$ procedure

Figure 1.3 02

changes the value of control parameter ‘ ’ such that _________.

1.4
02
1.5 The two objectives of floor planning of a *"/ chip are _________ &
_________. 02
1.6 Write slicing chip floor plan for the slicing tree given in figure 1.6.

Figure 1.6 02
1.7 List the basic steps involved in Simulated Evolution algorithm. 02
 1.8 For the channel routing problem shown in figure 1.8, route " to %
based on Hadlock’s Router algorithm.

The different phases of global routing of *"/ chip are _________,

Figure 1.8 02
1.9
_________ and _________. 02
1.10 Tree based clock routing algorithms are used to reduce _________. If
the clock pins are arranged in asymmetric fashion, _________ based
routing algorithm is feasible. 02

PART-B

2 a Explain different types of constraints and resources used in

architectural level synthesis. 06
b Explain the different steps involved in Integer Linear based
Programming for scheduling with the help of an example. 10

OR

@5 @ B @
3 a For a given set of computations.

J5 J 3 F3 K @ K J K @ G 3 F3 K 8 K @G
85 8 B J K @
< @5 L M

M5 2 multipliers, M6 2 *E,. Execution delay of multiplier and *E

Using list scheduling algorithm, schedule the sequencing graph for

is 2 unit and 1 unit respectively. 10

b Write a short note on compatibility and conflict graph. 06

4 a Mathematically list the objectives and constraints of *"/ partitioning

and explain the same. 06
b Develop an algorithm for chip level partitioning by taking the analogy
of gene evolution process and explain. 10

OR

5 a With the help of an example, explain bin based neighbor finding

Develop an algorithm for *"/ partitioning using * procedure and

algorithm. List the advantages and disadvantages of the same. 08
b
illustrate the same with the help of an example. 08

6 a Define Chip planning. Briefly explain concentric circle mapping pin

assignment technique. 06

channel pin assignment considering FN, O, G solutions.

b What is the main goal of pin assignment? Write an algorithm for linear
10
 OR

7 a Write an algorithm for simulated annealing based *"/ placement. 06

b What are the main objective functions of Breuer’s algorithm? Explain
placement procedures that Breuer presented with different sequences
of cut lines. 10

8 a With the help of a flow chart, explain the two phases of *"/ routing. 06
b Develop an algorithm for routing on a grid graph based on Soukup’s
router and explain the same with an example. 10

OR

9 a Write left edge algorithm for single layer channel routing. 06

b Describe the different steps involved in general river routing
algorithm. Develop an algorithm for net ordering employed in the
same and explain with the help of an example. 10

for -' delay.

10 a Define Elmore’s delay constant. Using the same derive an expression
08
b Explain algorithm for clock three routing. 08

OR

11 a Explain (-tree and P-tree routing algorithms. 08

b Highlight the use of Geometric Matching Algorithm in clock tree
routing and explain the same. 08
 12EC6C5

USN

R. V. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Autonomous Institution affiliated to VTU
VI Semester B. E. Examinations April/May-16
Electronics and Communication Engineering
AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS (ELECTIVE)
Time: 03 Hours Maximum Marks: 100
Instructions to candidates:
1. Answer all questions from Part A. Part A questions should be answered
in the first three pages of the answer book only.
2. Answer FIVE full questions from Part B.

PART-A

1 1.1 A ratio that tells how much power it takes to move an object across a
surface is _________. 01
1.2 The mass of air-flow is related to the manifold absolute pressure by
the equation _________. 01
1.3 _________ valve prevents the rear wheels from locking up when the
height shifts forward on stopping. 01
1.4 The up and down motion of the individual window motors in power
window of car is controlled by _________ switches. 01
1.5 The fuel inject period modification factor is between _________ and
_________. 02

What are the common uses of :C"?

1.6 _________ rpm is the operating speed of electronic fuel injection engine. 01

_________ -%$ acts as a communication centre for inter and intra-$'E

1.7 02
1.8

A high speed '

information exchange. 01

Wide area augmentation system provides :C" _________ correction

1.9 bus may be employed for _________. 01
1.10

One complete cycle in the (-stroke/cycle.SI engines requires _________

data for visible satellites. 01
1.11
complete rotations of the crankshaft. 01
1.12 _________ is a device that receives a signal or stimulus and responds
with an electrical signal. 01
1.13 In spark plug the spark is produced by applying a high voltage pulse
from _________ to _________ between the centre electrodes and
ground. 02
1.14 _________ converts the up and down motion of the piston to rotary
motion. 01
1.15 The engine cylinder head contains an _________ and _________ valve. 01
1.16 _________ is the smallest change in the signal that can be detected and
accurately indicated by a sensor. 01
1.17 The intake valve of the cylinder is closed after the position reaches the
bottom, which is normally called as _________. 01
 PART-B

2 a Briefly explain the various automotive systems of an automobile. 10

b With a neat diagram, demonstrate the working of the Ignition system. 06

OR

3 a With a block diagram, explain the working of a 4 stroke diesel /'

engine. 08
b With basic principle explain the working of an Alternator. 08

4 a Discuss the various attributes and characteristics which can be used

" system.
to classify sensors in automotive systems. 10
b Explain the major components used in an 06

OR

5 a Explain about the factor used for traction control. 08

b Classify the cooling system types in automotive systems. 08

6 a Briefly discuss about the different brake linings used in automotive

systems. 08
b With working principle, explain accelerometer based airbag system. 08

OR

7 a With a neat block diagram, explain the automatic clutch and throttle
system used in an automotive control system. 10
b Describe how keyless remote can be reprogrammed? 06

What is onboard diagnostics? Explain the benefits of # +.

With the help of signal format, explain '
8 a 08
b message signal. 08

OR

Discuss the features of blue tooth and /$$$ 802.11 P standard.

9 a Explain about car infotainment embedded software. 08
b 08

10 a Discuss briefly about eight step diagnostic procedure used in

automotive systems. 10
b Explain the :C-" characteristics. 06

OR

11 a Briefly discuss about automotive industry standards committee ( /"')

for safety norms. 10
b Describe the types of networks and serial communications used on
vehicles. 06
 12EC6D1

USN

R. V. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Autonomous Institution affiliated to VTU
VI Semester B. E. Examinations April/May-16
Electronics and Communication Engineering
ADVANCED PROCESSORS (ELECTIVE)

Time: 03 Hours Maximum Marks: 100

Instructions to candidates:
5. Answer all questions from Part A. Part A questions should be answered
in the first three pages of the answer book only.
6. Answer FIVE full questions from Part B.

PART-A

Why system clock of 80186 is divided by 4, 8 and 16?

What are the additional instructions that are added to 80186
1 1.1 01

instructions set to form 80286 instructions set?

1.2
01

How access to the descriptors is accomplished in 80286?

1.3 Which technique is used to achieve virtual memory machine? 01

How much memory space the 80186 can address in protected mode?
1.4 01

What is the significance of cache memory system in 80386?

1.5 01

What is the purpose of &*E"( pin in 80486?

1.6 01

What does %"" contain?

1.7 01
1.8 01
1.9 In what way Pentium processor differs from its predecessor? 01

What are E pipes and pipes?

1.10 What is the use of branch prediction logic? 01
1.11 01

The full forms of #', "/' & C"#' are _________, _________ & _________.
1.12 What is meant by cache coherence problem? 01
1.13 01
1.14 What is a local bus in a hierarchical bus system? 01
1.15 What are the units of Fixed point and Floating point execution speed
in Digital Signal Processors? 01
1.16 The instructions "R"$ %$- & "R"$P/% in C 3 // are meant for
_________. 01
1.17 What are the versions of C 3 ///? 01
1.18 Which processor requires modified version of %P power supply? 01
1.19 Why snoopy bus protocols are used? 01
1.20 What is C/# ? 01

PART-B

2 a What are the features of 80186? Explain. 08

b Explain + controller of 80186 with register structure. 08

OR
3 a With a block diagram, explain the architecture of 80286

Explain the operation of the following C/ " of 80386 microprocessor.

microprocessor. 08

SSSSSS
+"
b
i)

-$ +R
ii) RESET
iii) SSSSSSSSSSS
iv) SSSSSSSS
*#'
v) + ⁄' T 08

4 a Explain the control register of 80386. 08

b Write the steps needed to place the 80386 into protected mode
operation. 08

OR

5 a Explain the memory system of 80486. 08

b Explain non-burst read timing for 80486. 08

6 a Explain control register of Pentium processor. 08

b Explain internal structure of Pentium processor. 08

OR

7 a Explain the structure of C 3 //. 08

b Explain Dual processor system and hyper threaded system with a
block diagram. 08

8 a Explain the need for parallel architecture. 08

b Explain the shared memory principle in parallel programming. 08

OR

9 a Explain cache-coherent multiprocessor by snooping method. 08

b What are the layers of abstraction in parallel computer architecture?
Explain. 08

10 a What is the need for +"C processors? Explain its function with an
example. 08
b What is the difference between "#' and "/'? 08

OR

11 a What is C"#'? What is its usage in industrial environment? 08

b What hardware and software issues are faced and surmounted in
internet of things? 08
 12EC6D2

USN

R. V. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Autonomous Institution affiliated to VTU
VI Semester B. E. Examinations April/May-16
Electronics and Communication Engineering
ATM NETWORKS (ELECTIVE)
Time: 03 Hours Maximum Marks: 100
Instructions to candidates:
7. Answer all questions from Part A. Part A questions should be answered
in the first three pages of the answer book only.
8. Answer FIVE full questions from Part B.

PART-A

1 1.1 _________ and _________ are the parameters defined in :'- . 02

1.2 _________ and _________ signals used to control the transmission
capacity and physical link. 02
1.3 Three basic components of a switch are_________, _________ and
_________. 02

A banyan network composed of 7 ! 7 cross point switches, then the

1.4 What is bar state? 02
1.5
total number of stages in a banyan network is _________ with _________
cross point switches in each stage. 02
1.6 The two different parts of " C are _________ and _________. 02
1.7 The two logical parts of E$ are _________ and _________. 02
1.8 If there is congestion, the network discards the cells with '*C bit
_________. 01
1.9 Define peer group leader. 01
1.10 What are border nodes? 01
1.11 What is the significance of ""'#C layer? 02
1.12 $" is based on _________ format. 01

PART-B

2 a Explain protocol reference model. If #"/ model is used, what is the

layer in which % resides? 08
b Explain the following terms:
i) Cell delineation
ii) Cell rate decoupling. 08

OR

3 a What is utopia? What is the motivation behind its standardization?

What are the improvements in various E%#C/ levels? 08
b How are % cells mapped on the physical layer interfaces, +"/ & $3? 08
4 a With respect to *1, write notes on the following:
i) Correction and detection modes

%
ii) Clock recovery. 08

header of both E / and /.

b With the help of a neat diagram, explain the structure of cells
08

OR

5 a What are the factors that affect the % =#" parameters? Discuss in
brief the impact of these factors on various =#" parameters. 08
b What are the main differences between * ¾ and *5? 08

6 a What is a banyan network? What are the key problems in a banyan

network and how are they solved? 08
b Explain $++ and -$+ schemes. 08

OR

7 a Why is rate based flow control chosen over credit based flow control? 08
b Explain shared medium architecture. 08

8 a Which are the different $" formats? Explain. 08

b Differentiate '- and $- . 08

OR

9 a Describe the key attributes of C / protocol. 08

b Explain the functions of ""'#C. 08

10 a Discuss the requirements and proposed solutions for the following

aspects in * emulation:
i) Address resolution
ii) Broadcast/multicast services. 08
b What are the key aspects of classical /C over % ? Explain with
reference to the caching % size? 08

OR

11 a Explain encapsulation over *5. What are the various options for
carrying different C+E over *5? 08
b Explain the three subsystems of an % network. 08
 12EC6D3

USN

R. V. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Autonomous Institution affiliated to VTU
VI Semester B. E. Examinations April/May-16
Electronics and CommunicationEngineering
LOW POWER VLSI DESIGN (ELECTIVE)
Time: 03 Hours Maximum Marks: 100
Instructions to candidates:
9. Answer all questions from Part A. Part A questions should be answered
in the first three pages of the answer book only.
10. Answer FIVE full questions from Part B.

PART-A

A 32 bit off chip bus operating at 3 and 66 () clock rate is driving a

capacitance of 25 &/7N9. Each bit is estimated to have a toggling
1 1.1

probability of 0.2 at each clock cycle. What is the power dissipation in

operating the bus? 02
1.2 Mention the techniques to reduce the static current at circuit level
design. 01
1.3 How is the static power dissipation determined using gate level
simulation? 01

has been observed to have V18% fluctuations from the mean. How
1.4 The standard deviation of the power samples measured from a circuit

many samples are required so that there is 95% confidence that the
error of sample mean is within V5%? Given WXY6 1.96.
Compute the static probability of 8 M7 B < given FMG 0.2,
02
1.5
F7G 0.3 and F<G 0.4. 01
1.6 How is the selection of inputs made for power saving using pre
computation logic? 01
1.7 Calculate the total power dissipation of the ' 6 #" circuit shown in
fig 1.7.

Fig 1.7 02
1.8 Mention at least two techniques to reduce the clock power dissipation. 01
1.9 How an Adaptive filter is designed to achieve less power consumption
based on the noise energy level of the input signal? 01
1.10 What should be the ratio between ZZ and [ , so that speed will not be
degraded in ' #" circuits? 01
1.11 Draw all the phases of adiabatic logic inverter and name them. 02
 1.12 What is meant by strength reduction transformation for reducing the
inherent dissipation at algorithm level? Give any one example. 02

1.14 Using %" = encoding, the number of distortion comparison reduces to

1.13 Draw the various logic implementations of signal gating. 02

_________ as compared to &" = encoding. 01

Describe the sources of power dissipation in ' #" digital circuits.

PART-B
2 a 08
b Explain the effects of input signal slope and output loading
capacitance on the short circuit current. 08

OR

Derive an equation for power dissipation in digital *"/ circuits, taking

into account the charging and discharging of capacitor in ' #"
3 a

Explain the need for low power *"/ design.

circuits. 06

List out the possible measures of power efficiency in a *"/ system.

b 06
c 04

4 a With a neat diagram, explain dual bit type signal model for a +"C

with one input and one output such as a &/&# queue with relevant
system. Explain how data path module is characterized for a module

capacitance and power expressions. 10

b Define entropy. Discuss how power estimation of a combinational
circuit is carried out using entropy analysis. 06

OR

5 a Discuss Monte Carlo simulation technique and derive an expression

for the sample size required to decide the stopping criteria. List the

List the advantages and limitations of "C/'$ power analysis method.

precautions to be taken in this method. 10
b 06

6 a With the help of neat graphs and equations, explain the impact of
transistor sizing and gate oxide thickness on low power electronics. 08

speed low power *"/ devices.

b Write a brief note on technology and device innovation for novel high
08

OR

What is the principle of pre-computation logic? Compute \F@G for a

7 a Explain the concept of Bus invert encoding with relevant expressions. 08

function 8 ] .
b
08

8 a Draw the following full adder circuits and comment on their suitability

Static ' #" full adder

for use in low power, high-performance arithmetic units:

No race dynamic ' #" logic( #- ) & .

i)
ii) 08
 b Explain the power minimization techniques at algorithm level. 08

OR

9 a What is double Edge Triggered flip-flop? Compare its power

dissipation with that of a single edge triggered flip-flop. 08
b What is vector quantization? Explain full search vector quantization
and tree search vector quantization method. 08

efficiency with ' #" inverter logic.

10 a Explain Adiabatic logic with a neat diagram. Compare its power

Draw the low power "-

08
b circuit and explain its operation. 08

OR

11 a Discuss any one of the techniques used to reduce the power

dissipation in communication bus with diagram and expressions. 08
b Explain the purpose of using Tristate keeper circuit and blocking gate
for low-power designs. 08
 12EC6D4

USN
R. V. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Autonomous Institution affiliated to VTU
VI Semester B. E. Examinations April/May-16
Electronics and CommunicationEngineering
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (ELECTIVE)
Time: 03 Hours Maximum Marks: 100
Instructions to candidates:
11. Answer all questions from Part A. Part A questions should be
answered in the first three pages of the answer book only.
12. Answer FIVE full questions from Part B.

PART-A

1 1.1 Identify the entities from the following:

i) Shop ii) Time
iii) Billing iv) Grocery. 01

Attributes in $- diagrams are presented by ___________.

1.2 Explain data model of Data Base management System. 01
1.3 01
1.4 The database layer accessed by the user is ___________. 01
1.5 In a relational algebra model, the operator used in Cartesian product
is ___________. 01
1.6 In a database management system, an entity without key is called

A set of functional dependencies for the relation -^ , , ', +, $, &_ is

___________. 01

` ', ' ` , ' ` +, '+ ` , $ ` ', $' ` & , '& ` +, + ` $. Find a

1.7

minimum cover for this set of functional dependencies. 02

1.8 Write a query using relational algebra to find the instructor name
whose department name is same as building name for a given

abcdefgdhe ijkledmjbd
following relational schemas.

/+ M + 9_ M "MoMp8 + 9_/+ + 9_ M JNo N \_ M 02

duplication) who teach a course in the “Spring 2010” semester for a

1.9 Write an SQL query to find the total number of instructors (avoid

qjlgrje
teacher relation.

/+ 'sJp, _/+ " <9Ns _/+ " ,9 p R Mp 02

1.11 Decompose the following relation in 2 & (2tZ Normalization form).

1.10 Explain multi valued dependency with an example. 02

1.12 Write an "=* query to create a view relation for the attributes
02

course_Id and semester of a teacher schema, given in question 1.9. 02

1.13 What is meant by recursive relationship? Give an example. 02
 PART-B

Discuss three schema architectures in a + " with diagrams.

2 a What is a database? Describe its advantages and applications. 06
b 05
c Select the appropriate primary and foreign keys for the bank database
given below:

pM <u F7pM <u_ M . 7pM <u_<N98, M,, 9,G

'J,9s p F<J,9s p_ M , <J,9s p_,9p 9, <N98G
*sM FosM _ J 7 p, pM <u_ M , M sJ 9G
spps pF<J,9s p_ M , osM _ J 7 pG
<<sJ 9FM<<sJ 9_ J 7 p, 7p <u_ , 7MoM < G
+ s,N9sp F<J,9s p_ M , M<<sJ 9_ J 7 pG 05

OR

3 a Explain the concept of physical and logical data independence and its
importance in database systems. 08
b Describe the concepts of domains, attributes, tuples and relations in a
relational database. 08

4 a Explain the cardinality ratio and participation constraint for binary

relationship types with examples. 08
b For the given bank database shown below, write an expression in the
relational algebra for the following queries:

pM <u F7pM <u_ M . 7pM <u_<N98, M,, 9,G

'J,9s p F<J,9s p_ M , <J,9s p_,9p 9, <N98G
*sM FosM _ J 7 p, pM <u_ M , M sJ 9G
spps pF<J,9s p_ M , osM _ J 7 pG
<<sJ 9FM<<sJ 9_ J 7 p, 7p <u_ , 7MoM < G
+ s,N9sp F<J,9s p_ M , M<<sJ 9_ J 7 pG
i) Find all loan number with loan value greater than 15,000.
ii) Find the names of all customers who have an account with an
amount greater than 55,000.
iii) Find the city name at the ‘uptown’ branch.
iv) Find the customer name who has both loan number and
account number in the same branch. 08

OR

5 a Discuss with examples the basic operations in relational algebra. 08

b Design an $- diagram, a set of relational schemas, list of constraints,
including primary and foreign key for a FedEx, a worldwide package
delivery company. The database must be able to keep track of
customers (who ship items) and customers (who receive items); some
customers may do both. Each package must be identifiable and
trackable, so that the database must be able to store the location of
the package and its history of locations. Locations include truck,
planes, airports and warehouses. 08
6 a Describe ivwx qyz{| command in "=* with }y~}yi| and v|~qva}q
options. 06
b Consider the bank data given below. Write the "=* query for the
following:
pM <u F7pM <u_ M . 7pM <u_<N98, M,, 9,G
'J,9s p F<J,9s p_ M , <J,9s p_,9p 9, <N98G
*sM FosM _ J 7 p, pM <u_ M , M sJ 9G
spps pF<J,9s p_ M , osM _ J 7 pG
<<sJ 9FM<<sJ 9_ J 7 p, 7p <u_ , 7MoM < G
+ s,N9sp F<J,9s p_ M , M<<sJ 9_ J 7 pG
i) Find the names of all customers who have an account but not
having loan in bank.
ii) Find the names of all customers who live on the same street
and in the same city as “Smith” (customer) lives.
iii) Find the names of all branches of a customer who have an
account in the bank and who lives in “Harrison “(branch name).
iv) Find the customer name whose balance is maximum. 10

OR

7 a Write the output for the "=* for the data given below:
+ Mp9 9F 9_ M , 7JNo N \, 7J \ 9G
'sJp, F<sJp, _N , 9N9o , 9_ M , <p N9,G
/ ,9pJ<9sp FN , M , 9_ M , ,MoMp8G
~j•jgd 9_ M , l€• F,MoMp8G lc MD pM\ _,MoMp8
‚ehm / ,9pJ<9sp
ƒehfk „… 9_ M
†l€‡b• l€•F,MoMp8G ] 15,000; 05
b Explain the impedance mismatch problem in database programming.
Give solutions to minimize the problem. 05
c Explain the concept of virtual table in "=*. 06

8 a Describe the informal quality measures employed for a relational

schema design. 10
b For a given relation -^ , , ', +, $, &_ and set of &+,
^ 3] ', '3] +, +3] , $3] &}, find the candidate key for a relation -. 06

OR

9 a Explain the purpose of Boyce-Codd normal form and describe how

' & differs from 3 & with examples. 10
b For the given relation schema $ C_+$C% and the set of functional
dependencies on $ C_+$C% are
& ^,, ` ^$ M , M9 , p ,,, + J 7 p_,
+ J 7 p 3] ^+ M , + \p_,, __.
Calculate the closures ^,, _‰ M ^+ J 7 p_‰ with respect to &. 06

10 a What are transactions? Explain the '/+ properties. 08

b Explain the need for check points in database recovery. 08
OR
11 a Explain with examples the problems faced when concurrent
transactions are executed in an uncontrolled manner? 06
b Differentiate between binary lock and shared lock used in concurrency

Explain -/$" recovery algorithm.

control. 04
c 06
 12EC6D5

USN
R. V. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Autonomous Institution affiliated to VTU
VI Semester B. E. Examinations April/May-16
Electronics and CommunicationEngineering
FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS (ELECTIVE)
Time: 03 Hours Maximum Marks: 100
Instructions to candidates:
13. Answer all questions from Part A. Part A questions should be
answered in the first three pages of the answer book only.
14. Answer FIVE full questions from Part B.

PART-A

The electron concentration in a piece of Si maintained at 300 under

equilibrium condition is 10Š ⁄< A . What is the hole concentration?
1 1.1
01

doped sample of Si when % 300 , ‹ Œ 0 , 0 105Š ⁄< A are _________

1.2 The equilibrium electron and hole concentration inside a uniformly

& _________. 01
1.3 Why is the resistivity of -type material is typically smaller than the

% is equal to how many eV at 450 ?

resistivity of comparable doped -type material? 01

An average hole drift velocity of 10A < /, < results when 2 is applied
1.4 01

across a 1< long semiconductor bar. What is the hole mobility inside
1.5

the bar? 01

Prior to processing, a silicon sample contains 0 105• ⁄< A donors

1.6 What is the algebraic statement of low level injection? 01

1055 ⁄< A - 3 : centers. After processing (say in the

1.7
.
fabrication of a device), the sample contains 0 105Ž ⁄< A donors mid
and

. 105• ⁄< A - 3 : centers. Did processing increase or decrease the

minority carrier lifetime? 01

If electron life time •t 3.094 ! 1045• , <, the diffusion length at room
1.8 Define Drift velocity. 01
1.9
temperature is _________. 01
1.10 Fill Factor (&&) of solar cell is _________. 01
1.11 In hetero junction solar cell, top cell has _________ band gap and

The photon energy and wavelength of GaAs($\ 1.42 ) based solar

bottom cell has _____. 01
1.12

Calculate built-in potential barrier in a pn junction at % 300 with

cell are _________ and _________. 01

doping densities ‘ 1 ! 105; < 4A and Z 1 ! 105Š < 4A . Assume that

1.13

’ 1.5 ! 105• < 4A

-channel Si “&$% has 24 , * 4 , M 1.2 , and
01
1.14 An
5” 4A 5Š 4A
‘ 10 < , Z 5 ! 10 < , and t 1200< 6 /F . ,G. Assume the
gate voltage is 33 . Determine the drain current at saturation. 01
1.15 Write any two differences between chemical Vapour deposition (' +)
and Physical Vapour Deposition (C +). 01
 1.16 What are the four types of configurations of a Thin Film Transistor
(%&%)? 01
1.17 What are the levels in the energy band structure of Organic
semiconductor? 01

1.19 The / characteristics equation of Solar Cell is _________.

1.18 Name any two flexible electronics devices. 01
01
1.20 Give any one example of organic and dye-sensitized solar cells. 01

PART-B

Calculate the intrinsic concentration in GaAs at % 300 and % 450 .

The values of < and D at 300 are 4.7 ! 105Ž ⁄< A and 7.0 ! 105; ⁄< A .
2 a

The energy band gap of GaAs is 1.42 . 03

dopant concentrations of 0 1 ! 105A < A , and ‹ 2.5 ! 105A < A , at

b Assume that silicon, germanium and gallium arsenide each have

% 300 . For each of these materials:

i) Is this material type or type?
ii) Calculate • and • 05
c A uniformly donor doped silicon wafer maintained at room temperature
is suddenly illuminated with light at time 9 0. Assuming
0 105Š /< A , •– 104— , <, and a light induced creation of
105Ž electrons and holes per < A 3 , < throughout the semiconductor.
Determine Δ t F9G for 9 ] 0. 08

OR

3 a Two ideal ‰ - step junction diodes maintained at room temperature

are identical except 05 105Š ⁄< A and 06 105— ⁄< A . Compare / 3
characteristics on single set of axes. 03
b A Si step junction maintained at room temperature under equilibrium
condition has p-side doping of ‹ 2 ! 105Š ⁄< A and 3side doping of
0 105Š ⁄< A . Compute:
i) ™’
ii) P– , Pt and
iii) Electric field š at @ 0
iv) at @ 0. 06
c Show that, under steady state conditions
@
∆Ct F@G ∆Ct• œ1 3 • … F0 Ÿ @ Ÿ *G
*
Is the special-case solution of the minority carier diffusion equations
that will result if
i) One assumes all recombination-generation process are negligible
within on n-type semiconductor of length *, and
ii) One employs the boundary condition
∆Ct• F#G ∆Ct• F*G 0 (Neglecting recombination- generation is an
excellent approximation when * is much less than minority
carrier diffusion length). 07
4 Write short notes on:

Working principles of &$%.

a) Driving force of flexible electronics 08
b) 08

OR

5 a With neat figure and necessary expressions, explain the stress and
built in strain in flexible devices. 08
b Explain about working of Thin Film Transistor with necessary
diagrams. 08

What is the Chemical Vapor Deposition (' +) technique? Explain about

6 a Explain about general characteristics of thin film deposition. 08

Low power ' ' F*C' +G experimental setup with necessary diagram.
b
08

OR

7 a What is the sputtering process? Explain about advantages and

disadvantages sputtering process. 08
b Briefly explain about sol gel technique and screen printing with
necessary diagrams. 08

8 a Photodiodes and solar cells are both specially designed C junction

diodes packaged to permit light to reach the vicinity of the junction.
Consider a C‰ step junction diode where incident light is uniformly
absorbed throughput the region of the device producing photo
generation rate of :1 electron-hole pairs/< A ,. Assume that low-level
injection prevails so that the minority drift current is negligible.
i) What is the excess minority carrier concentration on the side
at a large distance F@3] ∞G from the junction
[Note : F@3] ∞G ¡ 0. Far away from the junction, the
recombination rate is equal to the photocarrier generation rate].
ii) Using revised boundary condition derive the expression for the
/3 characteristics of the ‰ 3 diode under the stated
condition of illumination.
Sketch the / 3 characteristics of photo generation when
:1 0, :1¢ , 2:1¢ and 4:1¢ 10
b Briefly explain about photo electric conversion efficiency and loss
mechanism of photo voltaic devices. 06

OR

9 a What are the advantages of thin film solar cell? Briefly explain about
working principle of thin film solar cell. 08
b Briefly explain about differences of mono crystalline and amorphous
solar cells. 08
10 a What are the applications and various manufacturing process of Thin

Explain about life cycle analysis of %&%.

Film Transistors? Briefly explain with necessary diagram. 10
b 06

OR

11 a Explain about reliability and policies of %&% with necessary case

Explain about markets and major driving force of %&%.

studies information. 10
b 06
 12EC62

USN

R. V. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Autonomous Institution affiliated to VTU
VISemester B. E. ExaminationsApril/May-16
Electronics and CommunicationEngineering
ANALOG AND MIXED MODE VLSI
Time: 03 Hours Maximum Marks: 100

Instructions to candidates:
15. Answer all questions from Part A. Part A questions should be
answered in the first three pages of the answer book only.
16. Answer FIVE full questions from Part B.

PART-A

⁄* 50⁄0.5 and /0 0.5 , calculate the transcondcutance and

#" device. £ <s@ 60 / 6 ¤, t 0.1/D.
1 1.1 For
output impedance of 01
1.2 Calculate the pole associated with input node in fig 1.2

Calculate the small signal gain of the circuit in fig 1.3 F ¥ 0G

Fig 1.2 01
1.3

Fig 1.3 01
1.4 In fig 1.4 find the locations of the poles at the input and output.

#" current source, compute the total thermal noise in drain

Fig 1.4 02

current for a band from 1() to 1 () at room temp for a given

1.5 For an

\ 2 ⁄ . 01
1.6 Find the drain current of • , if all the transistors in fig 1.6 are in
saturation.
 A + ' has a reference voltage of 1 and its maximum / * measures
Fig 1.6 01

2.5
1.7
. What is the maximum resolution of the converter? 02

in a 16-bit +'. ¦§¨ 5 .

1.8 Determine the maximum droop allowed in a sample /Hold circuit used

In fig 1.9, calculate the small signal gain, if the bias values of N 5 and
01

N 6 are equal.
1.9

1.10 An amplifier has a forward gain, • 1000 and two poles at

Fig 1.9 02
5 and 6.
5 1 (), 6 2 5 . Calculate the phase margin of a unity gain

1.11 What is the total output noise voltage of the '" stage shown in fig 1.11.
feedback loop. 02

1.12 Calculate -•©[ in fig 1.12.

Fig 1.11 02

Fig 1.12 02
1.13 Define the gain margin and phase margin. 02

PART-B

2 a Derive an expression for the output impedance of a '" amplifier with

source degeneration, using its small signal model. 06
b The circuit of fig 2b uses a resistor rather than a current source to
define a tail current of 1 . Assume F /*G5.6 25⁄0.5,
6
<s@ 50 / , [ª 0.6 , ¥ 0, 00 3 .
i) What is the required input ' for which -"" sustains 0.5 ?
ii) Calculate -0 for a differential of 5.
iii) What happens at the output, if the input ' level is 50
higher than the value calculated in (i).
 Fig 2b 06
c Explain any two limitations of a common drain amplifier. 04

OR

swing of 1.9 with a bias current of 0.5 . if ¥ 0 and F ⁄*G54• ⁄* ,

3 a The cascode amplifier shown in fig 3a is designed to provide an output

calculate 75, 76 and ⁄*.

«
350 ! 383.3 ! 104”
«
100 ! 383.6 ! 104”

Fig 3a 08
b Derive an expression for the small signal differential voltage gain of a
differential amplifier shown in fig 3b at equilibrium condition.

Fig 3b 08

the following specifications: 00 3 , differential output swing 3 ,

4 a Design a fully differential telescopic opamp circuit shown in fig 4a with

10 2000. Assume <s@

A•¬‹
® -
0.1 , 0.2 . [Leff
power dissipation , voltage gain ,
45 45
t – 0.5 ]¥ 0, [ªt ¯ [ª– ¯ 0.7 .
 Fig 4a 10
b What is the purpose of gain boosting circuit? Calculate the gain of the
circuit in fig 4b.

Fig 4b 06

OR

5 a Calculate the overall voltage gain of the circuit shown in fig 5a

.
Fig 5a 06
 b Design a folded cascade opamp with an #" input pair as shown in
fig 5b to satisfy the specifications as given in question 4a.

Fig 5b 10

Calculate the input-referred noise voltage of a '" amplifier with resistive

F-0 G load.
6 a

In fig 6b, estimate the poles at P and R. Calculate the phase margin for
06

F ⁄* G54• 50/0.5. /°° /5 0.5 .

b

'± '² 0.5 &. t« 1.34 ! 104• . t 0.1 45 – 0.2 45

unity gain feedback. Given that

Fig 6b 06
c Explain frequency compensation technique with an example. 04

OR

7 a Calculate the input-referred thermal noise voltage of the amplifier as

shown in fig 7a, assuming the transistors are in saturation. Determine

capacitance '1 . What is the output signal to noise ratio, if a

also the total output thermal noise, if the circuit drives a load

low-frequency sinusoid of amplitude ³ is applied to the input?

Calculate the total thermal and 1/´ noise in the drain current for a
Fig 7a 10

band from 1 () to 1 ().

b
06
8 a Define channel charge injection. Discuss the techniques to minimize
this error. 08
b Draw parasite insensitive switched capacitor Integrator circuit and
explain its mode of operation. 08

OR

9 a Determine the / * and + * for + ' that has a transfer curve shown in
fig 9a.

An +' has a stated " - of 94 . Determine the effective number of

Fig 9a 08
b
bits of resolution of the converter. 03
c Explain clock feed through in "/( circuit and explain the technique to
cancel out clock feed through error in the circuit. 05

10 a A 3-bit, resistor string + ' was designed with a desired value of 500Ω.
After fabrication, mismatch caused the actual value of the resistor to be
-5 500Ω, -6 480Ω, -A 470Ω, -• 520Ω, -Š 510Ω, -— 490Ω,
-Ž 530Ω, -; 500Ω. Determine the maximum 1 * and + * for + '
assuming ¦§¨ 5 . 08
b Explain the working of " - +' with a block diagram. Explain the steps
required to convert an input voltage of 3.00 to equivalent digital output.
Assume ¦§¨ 5 , 3-bit +'. 08

OR

11 a Compare oversampled +' and Nyquist rate +'. Explain first order ΣΔ
modulator with necessary diagram and expressions. 08
b Draw the block diagram of a two step +' and explain its operation
with an example considering ¦§¨ 16 , and ’t 7.5 . It has 4 bits of
resolution. 08
 12EC63

USN

R. V. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Autonomous Institution affiliated to VTU
VI Semester B. E. Examinations April/May-16
Electronics and Communication Engineering
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS - II
Time: 03 Hours Maximum Marks: 100
Instructions to candidates:
1. Answer all questions from Part A. Part A questions should be answered
in the first three pages of the answer book only.
2. Answer FIVE full questions from Part B.

PART-A

1 1.1 Name the three synchronization operations performed by a digital

A signal has a band spread between 195 () and 210 (). The allowed
receiver. 01
1.2
sampling rates upto the Nyquist sampling rate are __________. 02
1.3 Unipolar Pulses of ‘ ’ volts over clock period % secs are detected using
clock sampling at the center of pulse and using a matched filter. Which
detection schemes perform better when % ] 1 and when % L 1, why? 01
1.4 Consider the sequence ^101100000110000100_ draw the waveforms for
/ -W and (+ 3. 02
1.5 If there are symbols which are orthogonal, how many basis functions
are needed to represent them? 01
1.6 Which symbol shaping filter would you use at the transmitter and
receiver to satisfy minimum /"/ criterion and best " - requirement
obtained from a matched filter. 01
1.7 Arrange the three basic digital modulation techniques namely
&" , C" and " in the worsening order of probability of error with
reasons. 01
1.8 What is coherent and non coherent detection? 01
1.9 Which one exhibits a lower probability of error for the same average
symbol energy 64 3 = or 64 C" . Why? 01
1.10 Write a simple expression top show how coding reduces the C . What is
the cost for this benefit? 01
1.11 Given a satellite link, which one of the three options would be preferred
16 3 C" , 16 3 = , 16-tone &" ? Why? 01
1.12 Mention the two disadvantages of Duo binary correlative coding. 01
1.13 In the eye pattern, the width and height of the eye opening indicates
__________ and __________ respectively. 01
1.14 A modulation scheme has two orthogonal symbols "1( with energy $1)
and "2 (with energy $2). Show how to increase the rate by keeping the
average symbol energy same while maintaining the same probability of
error. 01
1.15 Why does coherent &" perform poorer than coherent C" ? 01
 1.16 For a rate 1/3 convolution code with constraint length 4, what is the
length of code word sequence for an input 1010? Assume that the
encoder has to start and return to the all 0 states.
" signal has a smaller or a larger bandwidth compared to =C" ?
01
1.17
Why? 01
1.18 What is the meaning of the term catastrophic code? How to find a code
as catastrophic? 01

PART-B

ideal C"+ for a line code? Explain with reasons.

2 a What are the considerations for the choice of line codes? What is an

/ code for
04

transmission with -W rectangular pulses of FB/3G volts over % secs for

b A random user binary stream employs Bipolar

every symbol. Obtain the power spectral density and use the expression
to explain about the +' content in the waveform and how timing
recovery at the receiver can be managed. What is the probability of
error? 06
c Three signals of bandwidth 3 (), 5 () and 6 () are multiplexed.
Each signal is sampled and encoded into 256 levels. The multiplexed
rate should include a 2% overhead for signaling and framing. The
resulting signal is to be transmitted over a channel of 20 () band
width employing raised cosine pulses with a roll off factor of 0.5.
Determine the minimum size ‘ ’ of an 3 C constellation to support
this transmission. 06
OR

3 a Obtain the C"+ for the Unipolar -W and Unipolar -W and compare
them. 08
b Express the bandpass signal with a bandwidth fu-fl in terms of a
set of low pass components and clearly show with a block diagram.
Show how to extract the analog low pass components and then sample
them. State the expressions for reconstruction of a band pass signal
from these low pass samples. 08

4 a In M-symbol signaling, explain with expressions the following:

i) The two received vectors ri and rj are statistically independent.
ii) The noise outside the Euclidean space spanned by the basis
functions does not impact the estimation at the receiver. 08
b Consider the signal
F ⁄%G9 cos 2»´¼ 9 F0 Ÿ 9 Ÿ %G½
,F9G ·
0 s9u p N,
i) Determine the impulse response of the matched filter for the
signal.
ii) Determine the output of the matched filter at 9 %.
iii) Suppose the signal s(t) is passed through a correlator output
that correlates the input ,F9G with ,F9G. Determine the value of
the correlator output at 9 %. 08

OR
5 a State the properties of a Matched filter. Reason why it performs better

that the maximum " - obtained at the matched filter output is 2$,/ • .
than clock sampling or hard limited rectangular filter. And also show

Fig 5(b) displays the waveforms of signals ,5 F9G, ,6 F9G, ,A F9G & ,• F9G
06
b

i) Using the Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization procedure, find an

orthonormal basis for this set of signals.
ii) Use the basis functions to represent the four waveforms by
vectors ,1, ,2, ,3 and ,4.
iii) Determine the minimum distance between any pair of vectors. 10

6 a Express an " signal as a continuous phase &" signal. Using

rectangular weighting of width equal to symbol period, draw the phase
trellis fort the sequence £1110010¤. With the help of diagrams show how
to generate an " signal and demodulate it. 06
b In on-off keying a carrier modulated signal, the two possible signals are
,• F9G 0, between 0 to %7 and ,5 F9G F2 $7⁄%7G0.5 <s, F2»´¼ 9G between
0 to %7, where $7 and %7 are the energy and the time duration of the bit
respectively.
i) Write the block diagram of the receiver (demodulator and
detector) that employs non coherent detection.
ii) Derive the probability error for the detector. 06
c With a block diagram, explain the +C" modulator and demodulator
with relevant expressions. 04

OR

7 a Consider two orthogonal &" signals F2 $7⁄%7G•.Š and <s, F2»´5 9G and
F2 $7⁄%7G0.5 and <s, F2»´6 9G. Obtain an expression for the probability
of error when they are coherently demodulated. What is the minimum
frequency separation for this case? Obtain the C"+ of this signal.
Reason why coherent &" does not perform as well as coherent C" . 08
 b For the signal constellation shown in fig 7b,

Fig 7b

and optimistic union bound for the probability of error in terms of -5 , -6

obtain the average energy of the constellation. Find the conservative

and No. Obtain the average energy per bit assuming only : . 08

8 a The block diagram of a binary convolution code is shown in fig. 8a

Find the transfer function of the code, %F+, “G

i) Draw the state diagram for the code.
ii)
iii) What is ¨¦§§ , the minimum free distance of the code
iv) Verify whether or not this code is catastrophic.

Fig 8a 08
b Assume that message has been encoded by the above encoder and
transmitted over a binary-symmetric channel. If the received sequence
is p F110,110,110,111,010,101,101G, using the Viterbi algorithm, find the
transmitted bit sequence. 08

OR

9 a Draw the block diagram for a 1/3 convolution code with constraint
length 3 and generators are given by \1 £1 0 1¤, \2 £ 1 1 1¤, \3 £1 1 1 ¤.
i) Draw the state transition diagram for the code.
ii) Find the encoded message for the input message F1 0 1 0 1 0 0G
iii) Verify the encoded message obtained from the state diagram,
using transfer domain approach. 08
b Assume that a message has been encoded by the above encoder and
transmitted over a binary-symmetric channel. If the received sequence
is p F111,111,111,111,010,111,001G, using the Viterbi algorithm , find
the transmitted bit sequence. 08
10 a Explain with a block diagram, Duo-binary signaling scheme along with
frequency and domain response with sketches. State the disadvantages
of this scheme. Construct the duo binary coder output with pre coding

following binary sequence F00101110G.

and without pre coding and corresponding receiver output for the
08
b For the given discrete time channel shown in fig. 10b, determine the tap

pulse. And also find out the residual /"/ for both the cases.
coefficients for the zero forcing linear equalizer and the Duo binary

08
OR

11 a Explain with expressions the Nyquist criteria for distortion free

the Sinc pulse and how raised cosine filtering with a roll off factor ¾
transmission for a line rate Rs symbol/sec. What are the draw backs of

Binary C
helps mitigate the draw back. 05
b is used to transmit information over an unequalized linear

0.2 F
filter channel. The noise free output of the demodulator is
1G
¿
0.9 F 0G ½
30.3 F 31G
0 Fs9u p N, G
Design a three-tap zero forcing linear equalizer and obtain the
coefficients. Also determine the coefficients if duobinary signaling is
employed. Determine the residual /"/ for V2, V3. 08
c A communication system for a voice-band (3 (W) channel is designed
for a received " - at the detector of 30 when the transmitter power is
C, 33 . Determine the value of C,, if it is desired to expand the
bandwidth of the system to 10 (), while maintaining the same " - at
the detector. 03