Question Bank (Module 1-LASERs & Optical Fibers)

GLOBAL ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY
APPLIED PHYSICS FOR

CSE/EEE STREAM(INTEGRATED)
BPHYS24102/ BPHYE24102
QUESTION BANK
SEPTEMBER 2024
1
Module 1: LASERs & optical fibers
Questions:
1. Build the expression for energy density in terms of Einstein’s A & B coefficients.
2. Discuss the requisites and condition for a laser system.
3. Summarize the construction and working of semiconductor LASER.
4. How is LASER used in the measurement of pollutants in the atmosphere?
5. How is LASER used in bar code?
6. Develop the expression for the angle of acceptance and numerical aperture in an optical
fiber.
7. Distinguish between single mode, step-index multi-mode and GRaded INdex (GRIN)
multimode fibers.
8. Discuss the mechanisms involved in attenuation of the signal in optical fibers.
9. Discuss the merits and de-merits of optical communication.
Formulae:
ℎ𝑐
𝑁2
= 𝑒 − 𝜆𝑘𝑇
𝑁1
𝐴21 8𝜋ℎ𝜐3
Einstein coefficients, =
𝐵21 𝑐3
𝑁ℎ𝑐
Wavelength 𝜆 =
𝑃𝑡
Numerical Problems
1. Find the ratio of population of two energy levels in a medium in thermal equilibrium, if
the wavelength of light emitted at 330K is 632.8 nm.
2. Find the ratio of population of two energy levels of a medium in thermal equilibrium the
transition between which results in the spontaneous emission of photons of wavelength
694.3nm. Assume the ambient temperature as 270 C.
3. The transition to the ground state from the upper and lower energy states in a laser result
in emission of photons of wavelengths 6928𝑨° and 6943𝑨° respectively. Estimate the
energy values of two energy levels in eV.
4. The ratio of population of two energy levels is 𝟏. 𝟎𝟓𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟎 . Find the wavelength of
light emitted at 330K.
5. A pulse from laser with power 1mW lasts for 10ns. If the number of photons emitted per
second is 3.491 × 107 , calculate the wavelength of laser.
6. Calculate on the basis of Einstein’s theory, the number of photons emitted per second by a
He-Ne source emitting light of wavelength 6328𝐴°with an optical power of 10mW.
7. A He-Ne laser is emitting a laser beam with an average power of 4.5mW , find the number
of photons emitted per second by the laser. The wavelength of emitted radiation is 6328𝐴°
2
8. A ruby laser emits pulses of 20ns duration with average power/pulse being 0.1MW. If the
number of photons in each pulse is 6.981 × 1015 , calculate the wavelength of photons.
9. A pulsed laser has an average power output 1.5mW per pulse and pulse duration is 20ns.
The number of photons emitted per pulse is estimated to be 1.047x108. Find the
wavelength of the emitted laser.
10. Calculate the ratio of (i)Einstein coefficients, and (ii) stimulated to spontaneous emissions,
for a system in thermal equilibrium at 300K in which radiations of wavelength 1.39µm are
emitted.
11. A semiconductor LASER has a peak emission radiation of wavelength of 1.24µm. What is
its band gap value in eV?
3
Optical fibers
Formulae:
n12 − n22
1. Numerical aperture: N . A = sin  =
n0
n1 − n2
2. Fractional index change:  =
n1
d
3. V-number: V = n12 − n 22

v2
4. Number of modes 
2
10  Pout 
5. Attenuation coefficient:  = − log   dB/km
L  Pin 
Numerical problems
1. Calculate the numerical aperture and angle of acceptance for an optical fiber having refractive
indices 1.563 and 1.498 for the core and cladding respectively.
2. Calculate the numerical aperture, acceptance angle, V-number and number of modes in an
optical fiber of core diameter 50 m , core and cladding refractive indices 1.41 and 1.40 at
wavelength 820nm.
3. Calculate the numerical aperture of the given optical fiber if the refractive indices 1.623 and
1.522 for the core and cladding respectively.
4. numerical aperture 0.39. Find the refractive index of core and the acceptance angle.
5. The numerical aperture of an optical fiber is 0.2 when surrounded by air. Determine the
refractive index of its core given the refractive index of cladding as 1.59. Also find the
acceptance angle when it is in a medium of refractive index 1.33.
6. An optical glass fiber of refractive index 1.450 is to be clad with another glass to ensure total
internal reflection that will contain light travelling with in 50 of the fiber axes. What maximum
index of refraction is allowed for the cladding.
7. A glass clad fiber is made with core glass refractive index 1.5 and cladding is doped to give a
fractional index difference of 0.0005, determine the cladding index and the critical internal
reflection angle, the external critical acceptance angle and numerical aperture.
8. Calculate the number of modes that can propagate inside an optical fiber, given n1=1.53,
n2=1.50, core radius 50 m ,  = 1 m .
9. The attenuation of light in an optical fiber is estimated at 2.2dB/km. What fractional initial
intensity remains after 2km and 6km.
10. An optical signal loses 85% of its power after traversing a fiber length 400m. What is the fiber
loss.
11. An optical fiber 500m long has an input power of 8.6mW and output power 7.5mW. What is
the loss specification in cable.
12. Calculate the number of modes that can propagate inside an optical fiber, given n1=1.50,
n2=1.48, core radius 50 m ,  = 1 m .
13. A multimode step-index fiber with core diameter 80µm and relative refractive index difference
of 1.5% is operating at 0.85µm. If the core refractive index is 1.48, calculate the number of
guided modes.
14. Calculate the numerical aperture, V-number, number of modes in an optical fiber of core
diameter 50µm, core and cladding refractive indices 1.41 and 1.4 at wavelength 820nm.
4
15. The angle of acceptance of an optical fiber is 30o when kept in air. Find the angle of acceptance
when it is in a medium of refractive index 1.33.
16. The refractive indices of the core and cladding of a step index optical fiber are 1.45 and 1.40
respectively and its core diameter is 45µm. Calculate its relative refractive index difference, V-
number at wavelength 1000nm and the number of modes.
17. The RI of core and cladding is 1.55 and 1.50 respectively. Calculate the acceptance angle of an
optical fiber.
18. An optical fiber of 600 m long has input power of 120 mW which emerges out with power of
90 mW. Find the attenuation in the fiber.

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