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    Notes: Pages 1-7 Translation:: Translatio Which Means "To Carry Across"

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    Saber Salem
    The document discusses translation studies and provides background on the etymology and history of translation. It outlines several translation theories, including the ancient Greek distinction between literal translation (metaphrase) and paraphrase. It notes that Western translation traditions have largely replaced other traditions due to colonialism and cultural dominance, though earlier traditions are still used for texts from their periods. It also briefly discusses translation traditions in the ancient Near East involving various civilizations, as well as the importance of translating material into Arabic with the rise of Islam and Islamic empires.

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    Notes: Pages 1-7 Translation:: Translatio Which Means "To Carry Across"

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    Saber Salem
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    The document discusses translation studies and provides background on the etymology and history of translation. It outlines several translation theories, including the ancient Greek distinction between literal translation (metaphrase) and paraphrase. It notes that Western translation traditions have largely replaced other traditions due to colonialism and cultural dominance, though earlier traditions are still used for texts from their periods. It also briefly discusses translation traditions in the ancient Near East involving various civilizations, as well as the importance of translating material into Arabic with the rise of Islam and Islamic empires.

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    Translation

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    The document discusses translation studies and provides background on the etymology and history of translation. It outlines several translation theories, including the ancient Greek distinction between literal translation (metaphrase) and paraphrase. It notes that Western translation traditions have largely replaced other traditions due to colonialism and cultural dominance, though earlier traditions are still used for texts from their periods. It also briefly discusses translation traditions in the ancient Near East involving various civilizations, as well as the importance of translating material into Arabic with the rise of Islam and Islamic empires.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    84 views2 pages

    Notes: Pages 1-7 Translation:: Translatio Which Means "To Carry Across"

    Uploaded by

    Saber Salem
    The document discusses translation studies and provides background on the etymology and history of translation. It outlines several translation theories, including the ancient Greek distinction between literal translation (metaphrase) and paraphrase. It notes that Western translation traditions have largely replaced other traditions due to colonialism and cultural dominance, though earlier traditions are still used for texts from their periods. It also briefly discusses translation traditions in the ancient Near East involving various civilizations, as well as the importance of translating material into Arabic with the rise of Islam and Islamic empires.

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    Notes: pages 1-7

    Translation: Is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by


    means of an equivalent target-language text. It began only after the appearance of written
    literature. Translation studies deal with the systematic study of the theory, the description
    and the application of translation.

    Etymology
    The word translation derives from the Latin translatio which means "to carry across"
    or "to bring across". At the very beginning, the translator keeps both the source
    language and target language in mind and tries to translate carefully. But it becomes
    very difficult for a translator to decode the whole text... literally; therefore he takes
    the help of his own view and translates accordingly.

    Theory

    1- Western theory
    The ancient Greeks distinguished between metaphrase (literal translation) and
    paraphrase. This distinction was adopted by English poet and translator John Dryden
    (16311700), who described translation as the judicious blending of these two modes of
    phrasing when selecting, in the target language, "counterparts," or equivalents, for the
    expressions used in the source language. Despite occasional theoretical diversity, the
    actual practice of translation has hardly changed since antiquity. Translators have
    generally shown flexibility in seeking equivalents "literal" where possible,
    paraphrastic where necessary for the original meaning.

    When a target language has lacked terms that are found in a source language,
    translators have borrowed those terms, thereby enriching the target language.
    Generally, the greater the contact and exchange that have existed between two
    languages, the greater is the ratio of metaphrase to paraphrase that may be used in
    translating among them.
    2- Other traditions:
    Due to Western colonialism and cultural dominance in recent
    centuries, Western translation traditions have largely replaced other traditions
    . The Western traditions draw on both ancient and medieval
    traditions, and on more recent European innovations . Although earlier
    traditions were old-fashioned, we still return to use them when dealing with texts of
    their periods.

    3- Ancient Near East:


    It is the traditions of translating material among Egypt, Syria, Southeast and East Asia
    (primarily of texts from the Indian and Chinese civilizations), especially connected with
    the matters of religious texts and with the policy of the Chinese empire. It also covers
    many other cultures of the Orient as in the Treaty of Kadesh.

    4- Islamic world:
    Translation of material into Arabic gained great importance with the rise of Islam and
    Islamic empires. Arab translation focused primarily on politics as well as the (Persian,
    Greek, Chinese and Indic) text into Arabic for scholarly study at major
    Islamic learning centers, such as Al-Azhar and Al-Nizamiyya of Baghdad.

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