Dam failure - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.

org/wiki/Dam_failure

Dam failure
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A dam is a barrier across flowing water that obstructs,

directs or slows down the flow, often creating a
reservoir, lake or impoundments. Most dams have a
section called a spillway or weir over or through which
water flows, either intermittently or continuously, and
some have hydroelectric power generation systems
installed.

Dams are considered "installations containing

dangerous forces" under International Humanitarian
Law due to the massive impact of a possible destruction
on the civilian population and the environment. Dam
failures are comparatively rare, but can cause immense
damage and loss of life when they occur. In 1975 the The reservoir emptying through the failed Teton
failure of the Banqiao Reservoir Dam and other dams in Dam
Henan Province, China caused more casualties than any
other dam failure in history. The disaster killed an estimated 171,000 people[1] and 11 million people lost
their homes.

Contents
1 Main causes of dam failure
1.1 Deliberate dam failure
2 List of major dam failures
3 See also
4 References
5 External links

Main causes of dam failure

Common causes of dam failure include:

Sub-standard construction materials/techniques (Gleno Dam)

Spillway design error (South Fork Dam, near failure of Glen International special sign
Canyon Dam) for works and installations
Geological instability caused by changes to water levels during containing dangerous
filling or poor surveying (Malpasset Dam). forces
Sliding of a mountain into the reservoir (Vajont Dam not
exactly a dam failure, but caused nearly the entire volume of said
reservoir to be displaced and overtop the dam)
Poor maintenance, especially of outlet pipes (Lawn Lake Dam, Val di Stava dam collapse)
Extreme inflow (Shakidor Dam)
Human, computer or design error (Buffalo Creek Flood, Dale Dike Reservoir, Taum Sauk
pumped storage plant)
Internal erosion or piping, especially in earthen dams (Teton Dam)

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Earthquakes

Deliberate dam failure

A notable case of deliberate dam failure (prior to the Humanitarian Law rulings) was the British Royal Air
Force Dambusters raid on Germany in World War II (codenamed "Operation Chastise"), in which three
German dams were selected to be breached in order to impact on German infrastructure and manufacturing
and power capabilities deriving from the Ruhr and Eder rivers. This raid later became the basis for several
films.

Other cases include the Chinese bombing of multiple dams during Typhoon Nina (1975) in an attempt to
drain them before their reservoirs overflowed. The typhoon produced what is now considered a 1-in-2000
years flood, which few if any of these dams were designed to survive.

List of major dam failures

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Unknown causes,
possibly neglect. The
consequent failure of
Marib Dam 575 Sheba, Yemen Unknown the irrigation system
provoked the migration
of up to 50,000 people
from Yemen.
1,800 houses and
Puentes Dam 1802 Lorca, Spain 608 40,000 trees
destroyed.[2]
Holme Valley, United Failed due to heavy
Bilberry reservoir 1852 81
Kingdom rain.
Defective construction,
small leak in wall grew
South Yorkshire, United
Dale Dike Reservoir 1864 244 until dam failed. More
Kingdom
than 600 houses were
damaged or destroyed.
Under the influence of
heavy rain from late
April, this soil dam
collapsed on May 13.
Water accumulated in
Lake Iruka overflowed
Inuyama, Aichi Prefecture downstream, causing
Iruka Lake Dam 1868 941
(then Owari Province), Japan severe damage to
Inuyama, Iwakura,
Kasugai, Tsushima
Yatomi, and to
Komaki. 807 houses
were destroyed, with
another 11709 flooded.
Lax regulations and
cost cutting led to an
insufficient design,
which fell apart when
the reservoir was full.
600 million gallons of
Mill River Dam 1874 Williamsburg, United States 139 water were released,
wiping out 4 towns and
making national
headlines. This dam
break led to increased
regulation of dam
construction.
Blamed locally on poor
South Fork Dam 1889 Johnstown, United States 2,209 maintenance by
owners; court deemed

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it an "Act of God".
Followed exceptionally
heavy rainfall. Caused
Johnstown flood. 1,600
homes were destroyed.
Heavy snow and rain
following public calls
Walnut Grove Dam 1890 Wickenburg, United States 100 by the dam's chief
engineer to strengthen
the earthen structure.[3]
Failure of a landslide
dam. Authorities had
Gohna Lake dam 1894 Garhwal, India 1
been able to evacuate
the valley.
Extreme current caused
McDonald Dam 1900 Texas, United States 8
failure.
Heavy flooding
coupled with poor
foundation quality.
Hauser Dam 1908 Helena, United States 0
Workers managed to
warn people
downstream.
Design flaw. Four
downstream dams and
Broken Down Dam 1908 Fergus Falls, United States 0 bridge destroyed.
Mills, homes and farms
flooded. No fatalities.
Poor design, use of
dynamite to remedy
structural problems.
Austin Dam 1911 Austin, United States 78
Destroyed paper mill
and much of the town
of Austin.
Czech Republic
Construction flaws
Desn Dam 1916 (then Desn, Austria- 62
caused the dam failure.
Hungary)
Heavy rains caused the
Transylvania County, United dam to give way. Dam
Lake Toxaway Dam 1916 0
States was later rebuilt in the
1960s
Over-topped from
San Diego County, United
Sweetwater Dam 1916 0 flooding; partial
States
failure.
San Diego County, United Over-topped from
Lower Otay Dam 1916 14
States flooding.

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Failed due to water
infiltrating through
Tigra Dam 1917 Gwalior, India 1,000
foundation. Possibly
more fatalities.
Poor construction and
Gleno Dam 1923 Province of Bergamo, Italy 356
design.
The outflow from Llyn
Eigiau destroyed
Coedty reservoir.
Llyn Eigiau dam and Contractor blamed
1925 Dolgarrog, United Kingdom 17
Coedty reservoir cost-cutting in
construction but 25" of
rain had fallen in
preceding 5 days.
Geological instability
of canyon wall that
St. Francis Dam 1928 Santa Clarita, United States 600 could not have been
detected with available
technology of the time.
Geological unstable
Secondary Dam of
1935 Molare, Italy 111 base combined with
Sella Zerbino
flood.
A torrential rain struck
around Horonai River
area. This is the dam
collapse in the wake,
Horonai Dam 1941 mu, Hokkaido, Japan 60
and according to
official confirmed, the
lost houses reached to
32.
Destroyed during
preparation for
Nant-y-Gro dam 1942 Elan Valley, United Kingdom 0
Operation Chastise in
World War II.
Destroyed by bombing
during Operation
Edersee Dam 1943 Hesse, Germany 70 Chastise in World War
II. Widespread
destruction.
Destroyed by bombing
during Operation
Chastise in World War
Mhne Dam 1943 Ruhr, Germany 1,579
II. 11 factories were
destroyed, 114
seriously damaged.

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In heavy rain, it
swallowed the muddy
stream of the village of
the downstream
portion and collapse
Kameoka, Kyoto Prefecture, the peace pond of
Heiwa Lake Dam 1951 117
Japan irrigation ponds,
Kameoka and damage
in the surrounding area
of 80 houses damaged,
according to local
official confirmed.
Whangaehu River, New Failure of Mount
Tangiwai disaster 1953 151
Zealand Ruapehu's crater lake.
Under the influence of
heavy rain, outburst
Taisho Lake Dam 1951 Ide, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan 108
with a Ninotani Lake
Dam.
According to dam
workers testimonies,
the grounds had serious
structural deficiencies
due to poor
construction. On the
night of January 9, a
Vega de Tera 1959 Ribadelago, Spain 144
150 meters long
portion of the
contention wall
collapsed letting out
nearly 8 million cubic
meters of stored
water.[4]
Geological fault
possibly enhanced by
explosives work during
Malpasset dam 1959 Cte d'Azur, France 423 construction; initial
geo-study was not
thorough. Two villages
were destroyed.
Impoundment of the
clay slurry reservoir
(storing the waste of
Kiev, Ukraine (then the local brick
Kurenivka mudslide 1961-03-13 Ukrainian SSR of the Soviet 1,500 factories) failed after
Union) heavy rains, inundating
the Kurenivka
neighborhood with

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meters of mud, up to
2,000 fatalities.
Dam wall burst due to
Panshet Dam 1961 Pune, India 1,000 pressue of accumulated
rain water.[5]
Subsidence caused by
Baldwin Hills over-exploitation of
1963 Los Angeles, United States 5
Reservoir local oil field. 277
homes destroyed.
Spaulding Pond Dam More than $6 million
1963 Norwich, United States 6
(Mohegan Park) estimated damages.
Strictly not a dam
failure, since the dam
structure did not
collapse and is still
standing. Filling the
reservoir caused
geological failure in
valley wall, leading to
Vajont Dam 1963 Monte Toc, Italy 2,000
110 km/h landslide into
the lake; water escaped
in a wave over the top
of dam. Valley had
been incorrectly
assessed stable. Several
villages completely
wiped out.
Swift Dam 1964-06-10 Montana, United States 28 Caused by heavy rains.
A tailings dam at
Plakalnitsa copper
mine near the city of
Vratsa failed. A total
450,000 cu m of mud
and water inundated
Vratsa and the nearby
Mina Plakalnitsa 1966 Vratsa, Bulgaria 107
village of Zgorigrad,
which suffered
widespread damage.
The official death toll
is 107, but the
unofficial estimate is
around 500 killed.[6]
Flash floods
Central Java Province,
Sempor Dam 1967 2,000 over-topped the dam
Republic of Indonesia
during construction.[7]

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A tailings dam built
too tall collapsed,
Certej dam failure 1971 Certej Mine, Romania 89
flooding Certeju de Sus
with toxic tailings.[8]
Unstable loose
constructed dam
created by local coal
mining company,
Buffalo Creek Flood 1972 West Virginia, United States 125
collapsed in heavy
rain. 1,121 injured, 507
houses destroyed, over
4,000 left homeless.
Flooding, dam outlets
clogged with debris.
Canyon Lake Dam 1972 South Dakota, United States 238 3,057 injuries, over
1,335 homes and 5,000
automobiles destroyed.
Extreme rainfall,
beyond the planned
design capability of the
dam, dumped on China
Banqiao and by Typhoon Nina. 11
1975 Zhumadian, China 171,000
Shimantan Dams million people lost
their homes. Dam
would later be rebuilt
between 1986 and
1993.
Water leakage through
earthen wall, leading to
Teton Dam 1976 Idaho, United States 11
dam failure. 13,000
head of cattle died.
Heavy rainfall and
flooding that
over-topped the dam.
Laurel Run Dam 1977 Johnstown, United States 40
Six other dams failed
the same day, killing
five people.
Unknown, possibly
design error as dam
was raised several
Kelly Barnes Dam 1977 Georgia, United States 39
times by owners to
improve power
generation.
Heavy rain and
flooding beyond
Machchu-2 Dam 1979 Morbi, India 5,000
spillway capacity. Old

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estimates were
1,80025,000 but a
2011 book by
Sandesara & Wooten
refined the bracket to
5,00010,000.[9]
Flooding beyond
discharge and storage
capacity damaged the
Wadi Qattara Dam 1979 Benghazi, Libya 0 main dam and
destroyed the
secondary dam in the
scheme.
Outlet pipe erosion;
Rocky Mountain National
Lawn Lake Dam 1982 3 dam under-maintained
Park, United States
due to location.
Heavy flooding
coupled with poor
quality of the dam
wall, lack of qualified
staff and negligence of
a warning of heavy
rain in the area. On the
next day, newspapers
Tous Dam 1982 Valencia, Spain 25
reported possibly 40
fatalities and 25
disappeared but in the
coming days the count
went down to 8 or 9.
One year later,
LaVanguardia spoke of
25.
Poor maintenance and
low margin for error in
Val di Stava dam 1985 Tesero, Italy 268 design; outlet pipes
failed leading to
pressure on dam.
Lightning struck power
system, turbines shut
down. Water rose
behind dam while
Washington state, United trying to restart.
Upriver Dam 1986 0
States Backup power systems
failed, could not raise
spillway gates in time.
Dam
overtopped(rebuilt).

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Poor maintenance,
leakage, and
consequent failure.
Kantale Dam 1986-04-20 Kantale, Sri Lanka 180
Destroyed over 1600
houses and 2000 acres
of paddy fields.
Not strictly a dam
failure as there was a
Perua Dam Split-Dalmatia County, detonation of
1993 0
detonation Croatia pre-positioned
explosives by
retreating Serb Forces.
Dam failed after a
heavy thunderstorm.
The dam was in an
Merriespruit tailings unacceptable condition
1994 Free State, South Africa 17
dam prior to failure.
Widespread
devastation and
environmental damage.
Problems started after
two weeks of constant
rain, which severely
engorged soils, rivers
and reservoirs.
Saguenay Flood 1996 Quebec, Canada 10 Post-flood enquiries
discovered that the
network of dikes and
dams protecting the
city was poorly
maintained.
Design and
construction
New Hampshire, United
Meadow Pond Dam 1996 1 deficiencies resulted in
States
failure in heavy icing
conditions.
Heavy rain during
construction caused
Opuha Dam 1997 Canterbury, New Zealand 0
failure, dam was later
completed.
Over-steepened dam
failed by sliding on
weak clay foundation,
Doana disaster 1998-04-25 Andalusia, Spain 0 releasing 45 million
cubic metres of acidic
mine tailings into the
River Agrio, a tributary

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of the River
Guadiamar, which is
the main water source
for the Doana
National Park, a
UNESCO World
Heritage Site.
Caused by damage
Shihgang Dam 1999-09-21 Taiwan 0 sustained during the
921 earthquake.
Failure of a coal slurry
impoundment. The
water supply for over
27,000 residents was
contaminated. The spill
Martin County coal was 30 times larger
2000-10-11 Martin County, United States 0
slurry spill than the Exxon Valdez
oil spill and one of the
worst environmental
disasters ever in the
southeastern United
States
Extreme rainfall during
Vodn ndr Sobnov 2002 Sobnov, Czech Republic 0 the 2002 European
floods.
2,000 individuals
displaced and over
Zeyzoun Dam 2002 Zeyzoun, Syria 22
10,000 directly
affected.[10][11]
Strictly not a dam or
dike failure. The
original Peat soil
surrounding a polder
(where peat had
subsidized due to
oxidization) was
pushed away by the
Ringdijk Groot- water in the canal. The
2003 Wilnis, Netherlands 0 peat became lighter
Mijdrecht (nl)
than water during the
2003 drought. The real
cause was new wooden
piling along the canal.
This new piling was
water tight and
therefore the peat soil
dried out. Around

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1,500 residents had to
be evacuated.
Caused by heavy rains.
North Carolina, United
Hope Mills Dam 200305 0 1,600 people
States
evacuated.
Heavy rains caused
earthen dam and bank
Silver Lake Dam 2003-05-14 Michigan, United States 0
to wash away. 1,800
people evacuated.
A small hole in the
dam grew and
Big Bay Dam 2004 Mississippi, United States 0 eventually led to
failure. 104 buildings
damaged or destroyed.
Poor maintenance.
3000 people homeless.
Camar Dam 2004-06-17 Paraiba, Brazil 3
A second failure
happened 11 days after.
Sudden and extreme
Shakidor Dam 2005 Pasni, Pakistan 70 flooding caused by
abnormally severe rain.
Computer/operator
error; gauges intended
to mark dam full were
not respected; dam
continued to fill. Minor
Taum Sauk reservoir 2005 Lesterville, United States 0 leakages had also
weakened the wall
through piping. The
dam of the lower
reservoir withstood the
onslaught of the flood.
Campos Novos Dam 2006 Campos Novos, Brazil 0 Tunnel collapse.
Heavy flooding.
Approximately 500
Gusau Dam 2006 Gusau, Nigeria 40 homes were destroyed,
displacing 1,000
people.
Heavy rain and
flooding. Several
possible specific
Ka Loko Dam 2006 Kauai, United States 7 factors to include poor
maintenance, lack of
inspection and illegal
modifications.[12]

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Failure due to June
Lake Delton 2008-06-09 Lake Delton, United States 0
2008 Midwest floods.
Heavy rain. The flood
affected over 2.3
Koshi Barrage 2008 Koshi Zone, Nepal 250
million people in the
northern part of Bihar.
Kingston Fossil Plant Failure of a fly ash
2008-12-22 Roane County, United States 0
coal fly ash slurry spill slurry pond.
Heavy rain.[13] 80
Algodes Dam 2009-05-27 Piaui, Brazil 7 people injured, 2000
homeless.
Not a dam failure, but
rather the power station
accident where the
turbine 2 broke apart
violently due to the
metal fatigue caused by
SayanoShushenskaya overlooked vibrations,
2009-08-17 Sayanogorsk, Russia 75
Dam flooding the turbine
hall and causing the
ceiling to collapse. The
dam itself was
unaffected, and the
power station rebuilt
within 5 years.
Poor maintenance and
Situ Gintung Dam 2009 Tangerang, Indonesia 98
heavy monsoon rain.
Heavy rain and
snowmelt. 300 people
Kyzyl-Agash Dam 2010 Qyzylaghash, Kazakhstan 43 were injured and over
1000 evacuated from
the village.
Sinkhole caused dam
North Carolina, United failure. Second failure
Hope Mills Dam 2010 0
States of the dam, will be
replaced.
Heavy Rain, low
maintenance.
Testalinda Dam 2010-06-13 Oliver, Canada 0 Destroyed at least 5
homes. Buried
Highway 97.
Heavy rain, flooding.
Delhi Dam 2010-07-24 Iowa, United States 0 Around 8,000 people
had to be evacuated.

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Heavy rain,
Lower Silesian Voivodeship,
Niedow Dam 2010-08-07 1 over-topped from
Poland
flooding.[14]
Failure of concrete
impound wall on
alumina plant tailings
dam. One million cubic
Ajka alumina plant
2010-10-04 Ajka, Hungary 10 meters of red mud
accident
contaminated a large
area, within days the
mud had reached the
Danube.
Failure of tailings dam
Kenmare Resources at titanium mine. 300
2010-10-08 Topuito, Mozambique 1
tailings dam homes had been
rebuilt.
Failed after 2011
Thoku earthquake. 7
dead and 1 unknown.
Japanese authorities
state that the dam
Fujinuma Dam 2011-03-11 Sukagawa, Japan 8
failure was caused by
the earthquake, whose
death toll is not
reported worldwide
since 1930.[15]
Failed after a period of
Campos dos Campos dos Goytacazes,
2012-01-04 0 flooding.[16] 4000
Goytacazes dam Brazil
people displaced.
Failed after a period of
heavy snowmelt. A
crack in the dam went
Ivanovo Dam 2012-02-06 Biser, Bulgaria 8 un-repaired for years.
Eight people killed and
several communities
flooded.[17]
A gate in the diversion
tunnel broke after a
period of heavy rain
Kpr Dam 2012-02-24 Adana Province, Turkey 10 during the reservoir's
first filing. The
accident killed ten
workers.[18][19]
Poor design, Typhoon
Dakrong 3 Dam 2012-10-07 Qung Tr Province, Vietnam 0
Gaemi flood surge.

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Downstream slope
failure on a 90.3 m
(296 ft) tall
Masvingo Province, embankment dam,
Tokwe Mukorsi Dam 2014-02-04 0
Zimbabwe possibly as the
reservoir was being
filled. Residents
evacuated upstream.
One tailings dam
collapse. One village
destroyed, 600 people
evacuated, 19 missing.
Germano mine tailings Mariana, Minas Gerais,
2015-11-05 17 Sixty-million cubic
dams Brazil
meters of iron waste
sludge polluted Doce
River, and the sea near
the river's mouth.

See also
Grout curtain
List of hydroelectric power station failures
Structural integrity and failure

References
1. Osnos, Evan. "Faust, China, and Nuclear Power," The New Yorker, Wednesday October 12, 2011. Retrieved at
http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/evanosnos/2011/10/faust-china-and-nuclear-power.html on October 12,
2011
2. La rotura del pantano de Puentes (http://www.regmurcia.com/servlet/s.Sl?sit=c,373,m,1096&r=ReP-16664-
DETALLE_REPORTAJES)
3. "Arizona's 1890 dam disaster killed more than 100 people" The Daily Courier. http://dcourier.com
/main.asp?SectionID=1&SubSectionID=1&ArticleID=48987 Retrieved 30 January 2015.
4. 40 aos de la tragedia de Ribadelago, en la que murieron 144 personas (http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana
/ZAMORA/anos/tragedia/Ribadelago/murieron/144/personas/elpepiesp/19990110elpepinac_18/Tes) (Spanish)
5. July 12, 1961 Lest We Forget (http://www.sakaaltimes.com
/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=5671671830883101811&SectionId=5171561142064258099&SectionName=Pune&
NewsDate=20100711&NewsTitle=July%2012,%201961...)
6. http://zgorigrad.com/tragediata
7. Wohl, Ellen (2013). Mountain Rivers Revisited. John Wiley & Sons. p. 338. ISBN 1118671562.
8. "Certej 1971, tragedia uitat a 89 de viei ngropate sub 300 de mii de metri cubi de nmol". Adevrul. 31 August
2013. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
9. "No One Had a Tongue to Speak". 12 May 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
10. "Syria Collapse of Dam/floods OCHA Situation Report No. 4" (PDF). ReliefWeb. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
11. Chanson, Hubert Chanson Hubert (2009). "Embankment Overflow Protection Systems and Earth Dam
Spillways" (PDF). Dams: Impacts, Stability and Design.
12. "Kauai Dam Breach Killed 7 People Five Years Ago, But Criminal Charges Against Dam Owner Still Pending."
Hawaii Reporter. http://www.hawaiireporter.com/kauai-dam-breach-killed-7-five-years-ago-but-criminal-
charges-still-pending/123 Retrieved 24 July 2013.
13. "Breaching of the Algodes dam and the threat of mega-projects". Movement of Dam Affected People. 29 May
2009. Retrieved 6 January 2012.

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14. Ereignisanalyse Hochwasser im August und September 2010 und im Januar 2011 in Sachsen, chapter 9 (pdf,
16,34 MB) (https://publikationen.sachsen.de/bdb/artikel/12162)
15. http://www.kahoku.co.jp/spe/spe_sys1072/20110518_01.htm (JPN)
16. "Brazil dam burst forces thousands from homes". BBC. 5 January 2012. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
17. "Bulgarian Dam Collapsed over Unrepaired Crack since 2003". NoVinite. 6 February 2012. Retrieved
26 February 2012.
18. "Cover Kozan Dam Explosion" (in Turkish). Haberler. 8 March 2012. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
19. "Holding Ozaltin conscience" (in Turkish). Emlak Kulisi. 10 March 2012. Retrieved 11 March 2012.

External links
A list of dam failures and incidents in the United States (http://www.damsafety.org/media/Documents
/PRESS/US_FailuresIncidents.pdf) Dam Safety.org
Chronology of major tailings dam failures from 1960 (http://www.wise-uranium.org/mdaf.html)
WISE Uranium Project
Chanson, H. (2009) Application of the Method of Characteristics to the Dam Break Wave Problem
(http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:164021) Journal of Hydraulic Research, IAHR, Vol. 47, No.
1, pp. 4149 doi:10.3826/jhr.2009.2865 (https://dx.doi.org/10.3826%2Fjhr.2009.2865) (ISSN
0022-1686). Available as a pdf at [1] (http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/eserv/UQ:164021
/jhr09_01b.pdf)
Dam Failure and Flood Event Case History Compilation (http://www.usbr.gov/ssle/damsafety
/documents/RCEM-CaseHistories20140731.pdf) Bureau of Reclamation

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