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    D (T) QT,: (E, D, B H. - M (E

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    Eddie
    This document discusses Maxwell's equations in macroscopic systems and the Lorentz force. It states that Maxwell's equations can be applied to macroscopic systems by making substitutions: replacing E with D and B with H. This accounts for polarization P and magnetization M as macroscopic averages of atomic properties. It also notes that in inertial frames with no forces, the acceleration of a particle is zero, but in curvilinear coordinate systems there can be fictitious forces from the metric coefficients.

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    D (T) QT,: (E, D, B H. - M (E

    Uploaded by

    Eddie
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    This document discusses Maxwell's equations in macroscopic systems and the Lorentz force. It states that Maxwell's equations can be applied to macroscopic systems by making substitutions: replacing E with D and B with H. This accounts for polarization P and magnetization M as macroscopic averages of atomic properties. It also notes that in inertial frames with no forces, the acceleration of a particle is zero, but in curvilinear coordinate systems there can be fictitious forces from the metric coefficients.

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    417

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    This document discusses Maxwell's equations in macroscopic systems and the Lorentz force. It states that Maxwell's equations can be applied to macroscopic systems by making substitutions: replacing E with D and B with H. This accounts for polarization P and magnetization M as macroscopic averages of atomic properties. It also notes that in inertial frames with no forces, the acceleration of a particle is zero, but in curvilinear coordinate systems there can be fictitious forces from the metric coefficients.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    6 views1 page

    D (T) QT,: (E, D, B H. - M (E

    Uploaded by

    Eddie
    This document discusses Maxwell's equations in macroscopic systems and the Lorentz force. It states that Maxwell's equations can be applied to macroscopic systems by making substitutions: replacing E with D and B with H. This accounts for polarization P and magnetization M as macroscopic averages of atomic properties. It also notes that in inertial frames with no forces, the acceleration of a particle is zero, but in curvilinear coordinate systems there can be fictitious forces from the metric coefficients.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 1

    17.

    9 Examples 417

    dpo E.v E-v


    - d t- -
    4 c
    , i.e. d(T)=qT,
    dt c

    and so
    (17.80)

    We see that the 4-form


    K" = qFap,p
    is the Lorentz force supplemented by the power as the additional fourth
    component.
    In the case of the macroscopic Maxwell equations we have to distinguish
    between (E,B) and (D,H). Evidently we need only to make the following
    substitutions in the above equations: E -+ D,B -+ H. The equations then
    describe macroscopic averages of the atomic properties. In this reformulation,
    the polarisation P and magnetisation -M can be combined like (E,3) and
    (D,H) to form an antisymmetric tensor of the second rank, and acquire their
    physical significance as macroscopic averages of atomic properties in the rest
    frame of the medium.
    Comment
    In the force-free case
    du" d2x"
    -= 0 , i.e. -= 0
    dr dr2
    in agreement with d2x"/dr2 = 0 for constant velocity of a particle in an
    inertial frame. In curvilinear coordinate systems we have (also for K = 0)
    d2u"/dT2 # 0, and one says, the coefficients of the metric act as potentials
    of fictitious forces.

    17.9 Examples
    Example 17.1: Gauge invariance
    Is the theory defined by the Lagrangian

    1
    L= -munu"
    2
    + euuAa
    gauge invariant?

    Solution: The gauge transformation is

    A" + A" - sax, x = x(&) arbitrary.

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