Introduction To Madm

BSNL Junior Engineer Introduction to NGSDH and MADM
Module 8
Lesson No -1
Introduction to NGSDH and MADM
Module 8: New Trends in OF Systems Page 1 of 42

For Restricted Circulation
1. INTRODUCTION TO NGSDH AND MADM

OBJECTIVE:
After completion of this module Trainee will be able to understand the difference
between SDH and NGSDH. New Components used for NGSDH.MADM System of STM
16.
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Innovation, the lifeline to survival in the telecommunication market, has spurred the
telecommunication industry to adopt NGSDH as the most economic and technologically
feasible solution for transmitting voice & data over carrier network. The new applications,
mostly relying on data packet technology, offer easy implementation and access to
applications based on the Internet, Mobile, Multimedia, Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB),
Storage area Network (SAN), Ethernet or Virtual Private Network (VPN). The architectures
are increasingly demanding long haul transport that today can only be provided by
SDH/SONET. These technologies have a massive installed base, developed over recent
decades. SDH/SONET has now evolved, and is ready to adapt to the new traffic
requirements.
Next Generation SDH enables operators to provide more data transport services
while increasing the efficiency of installed SDH/SONET base, by adding just the new edge
nodes, sometime known as Multi Service Provisioning Platforms (MSPP) / Multi Service
Switching Platforms (MSSP), can offer a Combination of data interfaces such as Ethernet,
8B/10B, MPLS (Multi Protocol Label Switching) or RPR(Resilient Packet Ring), without
removing those for SDH/PDH. This means that it will not be necessary to install an overlap
network or migrating all the nodes or fiber optics. This reduces the cost per bit delivered,
and will attract new customers while keeping legacy services. In addition, in order to make
data transport more efficient, SDH/SONET has adopted a new set of protocols that are
being installed on the MSPP/MSSP nodes. These nodes can be interconnected with the old
equipment that is still running.
1.2 WHAT IS NEXT GENERATION SDH?

Following major issues that exist in the legacy SDH :
Difficulty of mapping newer (Ethernet, ESCON, FICON, Fiber Channel etc)
services to the existing SDH transport network.
Inefficient use of the transport network in delivering data services.
Inability to increase or decrease available bandwidth to meet the needs of data
services without impacting traffic.
Three mature technologies

Generic Framing Procedure (GFP), ITU-T G.7041
Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS), ITU-T G.7042
Virtual Concatenation (VCAT), ITU-T G.707
-Together in Next generation SDH solved the above issues and adding three main
features to traditional SDH:

1. Integrated Data Transport i.e. Ethernet tributaries in addition to 2Mb, 140 Mb,
STM-1,4,16 ----GFP
2. Integrated non blocking, wide-band cross connect (2Mb granularity) making the
efficient use of the transport network in delivering data services ---VCAT
3. Dynamic Bandwidth allocation,
Intelligence for topology discovery, route computation and mesh based

restoration------LCAS
Figure. 1: Block Diagram of NGSDH
Next Generation SDH is Packet Friendly and have IP router like capabilities. It
does not matter if the client stream has constant or variable bit rates.
VCAT provides more granularity, LCAS provides more flexibility and GFP
efficiently transports asynchronous or variable bit rate data signals over a synchronous or
constant bit rate.
Hence,
Next Generation SDH = Classic SDH + [GFP+VCAT+LCAS]
1.3 COMPONENTS OF NEXT GENERATION SDH:-

1.3.1 GENERIC FRAMING PROCEDURE (GFP):
Generic Framing Procedure (GFP), an all-purpose protocol for encapsulating packet
over SONET (POS), ATM, and other Layer 2 traffic on to SONET/SDH networks. GFP is
defined in ITU-T G.7041 along with virtual concatenation and link capacity adjustment
scheme (LCAS) transforms legacy SDH networks to Next generation SDH networks.
GFP adds dynamism to legacy SDH. GFP is most economical way of adopting
high-speed services, constant bit rate and variable bit rate, in SDH networks and can

provide basis for evolving RPR. It provides a flexible encapsulation for both block-coded
and Packet oriented data units (PDU) as shown in figure 2.
Figure. 1: Functional Model of GFP

There are actually two types of GFP mechanisms;-
1. Packet oriented data unit (PDU)-oriented known as Frame mapped GFP (GFP-F)
2. Block-code-oriented known as Transparent GFP (GFP-T)
1.3.2 GFP-F: -
GFP-F (Framed) is a layer 2 encapsulation in variable sized frames. Optimized for
data packet protocols such as Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) and Ethernet, MPLS etc Frame
mode supports rate adaptation and multiplexing at the packet/frame level for traffic
engineering. This mode maps entire client frame into one GFP frames of constant length but
gaps are discarded. The frame is stored first in buffer prior to encapsulation to determine its
length. This introduces delay and latency.
1.3.3 GFP-T:
GFP-T is useful for delay sensitive services. GFP-T (Transparent) is a layer 1
encapsulation in constant sized frames. Optimized f or traffic based on 8B/10B codification
such as VoIP, DVB-ASI, 1000BASE-T, SAN, Fibre Channel, and ESCON.
Figure. 1: GFP-F & GFP-T

Transparent mode accepts native block mode data signals and uses SDH frame
merely as a lightweight digital wrapper. GFP-T is very good for isocronic or delay sensitive
protocols &SAN (ESCON). GFP-T is used for FC, Gigabit Ethernet etc.
1.4 CONCATENATION (V-CAT & C-CAT) :

SDH concatenation consists of linking more than one VCs to each other to obtain a
rate that does not form part of standard rates. Concatenation is used to transport pay loads
that do not fit efficiently into standard set of VCs.
Two concatenation schemes are:
Contiguous concatenation
Virtual concatenation
Figure. 1: VCAT Efficiency

1.4.1 Contiguous concatenation:
The traditional method of concatenation is termed as contiguous. This means that
adjacent containers are combined and transported across the SDH network as one container.
Contiguous concatenation is a pointer-based concatenation. It consists of linking N number
of VCs to each other in a logical manner within the higher order entity i.e. VC4 and above.
The concatenated VCs remain in phase at any point of network. The disadvantage is that it
requires functionality at every N/E adding cost and complexity. Lower order VCs (VC-12,
VC3) concatenation is not possible in contiguous concatenation as shown in Fig 5.
1.4.2 Virtual Concatenation:
Virtual concatenation maps individual containers in to a virtually concatenated link.
Any number of containers can be grouped together, which provides better bandwidth
granularity than using a contiguous method. It combines a number of lower/higher order
VCs (VC-12, VC3 & VC4 payload) that form a larger concatenation Group, and each VC is
treated as a member. 10 Mb Ethernet would be made up of five VC-12s, creating these
finely tuned SDH pipes of variable capacities improve both, scalability and data
handling/controlling ability as per SLA (service level agreement).
The transport capacity with or without VC is shown in Fig. 4

VCs are routed individually and may follow different paths, within the network,
only the path originating and path terminating equipment need to recognize and process the
virtually concatenated signal structure as shown in Fig. 5
Figure. 1: Virtual & Contiguous Concatenation
1.4.3 Virtual concatenation Benefits:

Use the same core NEs, modify only edge NEs.
Low investment and fast ROI (return on investment).
Efficient & scalable i.e. fine granularity and multi-path capability.
SDH gives best QoS, well engineered and reliable.
1.5 LINK CAPACITY ADJUSTMENT SCHEME (LCAS):
Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS) is an emerging SONET/SDH standard
and is defined in ITU-T G.7042 having capability to dynamically change the amount of
bandwidth used in a virtually concatenated channel i.e. bandwidth management flexibility.
LCAS is bi-directional signaling protocol exchanged over the overhead bytes, between
Network Elements that continually monitors the link. LCAS can dynamically change
VCAT path sizes, as well as automatically recover from path failures. LCAS is the key to
provide bandwidth on demand.
LCAS enables the payload size of VCG (group of VCs) to be adjusted in real time
by adding or subtracting individual VCs, from VCG dynamically, without incurring hits to
active traffic. In LCAS, signalling messages are exchanged between the two VCs end
points to determine the number of concatenated payloads and synchronize the
addition/removal of SDH channels using LCAS control packets.
1.5.1 Benefits of LCAS:-
a. Call by call bandwidth (Bandwidth on demand)
Customer
rents a 6Mb Internet connection (VC-12-3v)
calls to get additional 2Mb

Operator
will provision additional VC-12 path
and will hitless add it to existing connection via LCAS
Figure. 1: Bandwidth call by call

b. Bandwidth on Schedule
A customer is offered a fixed bandwidth of 100 Mb (VLAN) Ethernet, allotting 46

VC-12 ( 0ne VC12 = 2.176 Mb x 46 = 100.1 Mb). Every night for one hour additional 900
Mb ESCON service is provisioned by LCAS. New revenue opportunity at low traffic hours.
Figure. 2: Bandwidth on scheduled Time

LCAS is not only used for dynamic bandwidth adjustment but also for survivability
options for next generation SDH. LCAS is a tool to provide operators with greater
flexibility in provisioning of VCAT groups, adjusting their bandwidth in service and
provide flexible end-to-end protection options. LCAS is defined for all high and low order
payloads of SDH.
1.6 INTRODUCTION TO MADM SYSTEM (STM-16) (M/S TEJAS)

MADM (Multi-Add Drop Multiplexer) capabilities allow a single Network Element
to replace multiple ADMs (Add Drop Multiplexers), allowing the service provider to build
a simplified network. Next-generation SDH/SONET equipment offer state-of-the-art STM-
1, STM-4 and STM-16 multiplexers with full-drop capabilities in each product. All
products are based on the same software base, thus simplifying network management and
share the same tributary cards, thus easing inventory management. The above features
allow the service providers to build the most optimal network to suit their current
requirements and to make easy upgrades (software and hardware) to their network in the
future.
The TJ100MC-16 MADM belongs to a family of products aimed to provide multi-

service aggregation and transport of client services over SDH networks. TJ100MC-
16MADM is a 19U high product with integrated E1 services in the base and a hot-
pluggable service slot, where users can insert an additional service card. It also has

redundant power supply modules enabling power supply redundancy as well as power
source redundancy.
1.7 CARDS INTRODUCTION

Figure 8 shows the card slot view of TJ100MC-16MADM and Figure 9 shows the
front view of TJ100MC-16MADM.
Figure. 1: Card slot view of TJ100MC-16MADM
The power dissipation of fully loaded configuration of TJ100MC-16MADM system

is around 500 Watts. TJ100MC-16MADM has redundant power filter units to supply
power.
1.8 MADM CARD DETAILS

1.8.1 Multifunction Interface Card (MFC3)
The MFC3 in TJ100MC-16MADM is used to implement miscellaneous interfaces.
This card supports the following interfaces along with the visual alarm indicators:
Order-wire interface
10/100 Mbps NMS Ethernet interface
One serial interface for craft/F1 interfaces
One BITS (Building Integrated Timing Supply) clock interface
Alarm input and output interfaces

Reset alarm buzzer button
Figure. 1: Front view of TJ100MC-16MADM

1.8.2 Cross-connect and Control Card (XCC05)
XCC05 card is cross-connect controller card designed to implement 20G VC-
12/VC-3/VC-4 granularities cross-connects for TJ100MC-16MADM system. This card
provides 20G strict sense non-blocking switch capacity. It also has the main processing
power to perform Automatic Protection Switching / In-band Control (APS/IBC)
routing/inter-card communication/node management etc. functions required for the
TJ100MC-16MADM system. The TJ100MC-16MADM chassis has provision to use two of

such cards to provide the cross-connect redundancy and processor redundancy. The XCC05
card also supplies system timings/system frame signals to all line cards in the system.
1.8.3 252xE1, 3xE3/DS3 Card (COM01)
The COM01 card provides E1 interfaces for the TJ100MC-16MADM system. The
card maps and demaps these 252xE1 and 3xE3/DS3 channels in SDH mode with AU4
mapping for the cross-connect card to do the cross-connection. The E3/DS3 channels are
terminated on this card. The E1 is terminated on E1-BIP2 (Bit Interleaved Parity) card for
which COM01 card provides the physical connectivity.
1.8.4 1xSTM-16 Aggregate Card (A010000) with XCEXT Card
The A010000 card provides one STM-16 interface to the TJ100MC-16MADM
system. The optical ports have provision of small form-factor optics and are thus field
configurable for the type of interface required. The card can be slotted in any of the line
slots 9 to 12 of the TJ100MC-16MADM system. The XCEXT is the extended cross-
connect card designed to provide the power, clocks and the control signals to the A010000
cards. There is an STM-16 optical port on the front panel. The interface is provided with
LC type connectors.
1.8.5 8xSTM-1o/e Aggregate Card (AGG06)
The AGG06 card provides eight STM-1o and eight STM-1e interfaces to the
TJ100MC-16MADM system. The card is port configurable for STM-1e for the electrical
ports. The optical ports have provision of small form-factor transceivers. There are eight
STM-1 optical ports and eight STM-1 electrical ports on the front panel. The eight STM-1
e-interface is provided with BNC type connectors. The eight STM-1o interfaces are
provided with LC (Lucent Connector) type connectors.
1.8.6 32xFE, 32xFX, 8xGE (ELAN05D)
ELAN05D is a tributary interface card, which supports a total of 64 FE ports which
are split as 32x10/100Base-T ports and 32x100Base-FX ports. It also supports eight GE
fiber ports (1000Base-LH) Ethernet ports. ELAN05D is capable of switching at Layer 2
level.
1.8.7 Fan Tray Unit (FTU7)
The Fan Tray Unit (FTU7) is used in the TJ100MC-16MADM network element to
cool the equipment. There are two fans on this FTU7, one is work (default) and the other
protect
CONCLUSION:
The biggest advantage of Next Generation SDH is that it allows network operators
to introduce new technology into their existing SDH networks by replacing only the edge
NEs. New technologies now allow service providers to bring greater efficiency and
flexibility to these existing networks for data transport. With this capability, both TDM and
packet oriented services are handled efficiently on the same wavelength. Using GFP to map
data services to the SONET/SDH infrastructure is the first step in using this investment by
making it data friendly. The injection of VCAT further increases the value of the network by
right-sizing network capacity to match native data rates and using what otherwise would be
stranded bandwidth. VCATs capability to provide very granular bandwidth. The addition
of LCAS further enhances the value of VCAT by allowing service providers to make

bandwidth adjustments to meet customers changing needs in a manner transparent to

customers.

BSNL Junior Engineer DWDM Technology
Module 8
Lesson No -2
DWDM Technology

2. DWDM TECHNOLOGY
OBJECTIVE:
This lesson provides the insight into various types of WDM Technology used in
Transmission Network. Advantages of DWDM and the DWDM system components.
2.1 INTRODUCTION
The emergence of DWDM is one of the most recent and important phenomena in
the development of fiber optic transmission technology. Dense wavelength-division
multiplexing (DWDM) revolutionized transmission technology by increasing the capacity
signal of embedded fiber. One of the major issues in the networking industry today is
tremendous demand for more and more bandwidth. Before the introduction of optical
networks, the reduced availability of fibers became a big problem for the network
providers. However, with the development of optical networks and the use of Dense
Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) technology, a new and probably, a very
crucial milestone is being reached in network evolution. The existing SONET/SDH
network architecture is best suited for voice traffic rather than todays high-speed data
traffic. To upgrade the system to handle this kind of traffic is very expensive and hence the
need for the development of an intelligent all-optical network. Such a network will bring
intelligence and scalability to the optical domain by combining the intelligence and
functional capability of SONET/SDH, the tremendous bandwidth of DWDM and
innovative networking software to spawn a variety of optical transport, switching and
management related products.
2.2 DEVELOPMENT OF DWDM TECHNOLOGY

Early WDM began in the late 1980s using the two widely spaced wavelengths in the
1310 nm and 1550 nm (or 850 nm and 1310 nm) regions, sometimes called wideband
WDM. The early 1990s saw a second generation of WDM, sometimes called narrowband
WDM, in which two to eight channels were used. These channels were now spaced at an
interval of about 400 GHz in the 1550-nm window. By the mid-1990s, dense WDM
(DWDM) systems were emerging with 16 to 40 channels and spacing from 100 to 200
GHz. By the late 1990s DWDM systems had evolved to the point where they were capable
of 64 to 160 parallel channels, densely packed at 50 or even 25 GHz intervals.
As fig. 1 shows, the progression of the technology can be seen as an increase in the
number of wavelengths accompanied by a decrease in the spacing of the wavelengths.
Along with increased density of wavelengths, systems also advanced in their flexibility of
configuration, through add-drop functions, and management capabilities.

Figure. 1: Evolution of DWDM

2.3 VARIETIES OF WDM
Early WDM systems transported two or four wavelengths that were widely spaced.
WDM and the follow-on technologies of CWDM and DWDM have evolved well beyond
this early limitation.
2.3.1 WDM
Traditional, passive WDM systems are wide-spread with 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16 channel
counts being the normal deployments. This technique usually has a distance limitation of
less than 100 km.
2.3.2 CWDM
Today, coarse WDM (CWDM) typically uses 20-nm spacing (3000 GHz) of up to
18 channels. The CWDM Recommendation ITU-T G.694.2 provides a grid of wavelengths
for target distances up to about 50 km on single mode fibers as specified in ITU-T
Recommendations G.652, G.653 and G.655. The CWDM grid is made up of 18
wavelengths defined within the range 1270 nm to 1610 nm spaced by 20 nm.
2.3.3 DWDM
Dense WDM common spacing may be 200, 100, 50, or 25 GHz with channel count
reaching up to 128 or more channels at distances of several thousand kilometers with
amplification and regeneration along such a route.
2.4 DWDM SYSTEM FUNCTION

DWDM stands for Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing, an optical technology
used to increase Band width over existing fiber optic backbones. Dense wavelength
division multiplexing systems allow many discrete transports channels by combining and
transmitting multiple signals simultaneously at different wavelengths on the same fiber. In
effect, one fiber is transformed into multiple virtual fibers. So, if you were to multiplex 32
STM-16 signals into one fiber, you would increase the carrying capacity of that fiber from
2.5 Gb/s to 80 Gb/s. Currently, because of DWDM, single fibers have been able to transmit
data at speeds up to 400Gb/s.

A key advantage to DWDM is that it's protocol and bit rate-independent. DWDM-
based networks can transmit data in SDH, IP, ATM and Ethernet etc. Therefore, DWDM-
based networks can carry different types of traffic at different speeds over an optical
channel. DWDM is a core technology in an optical transport network. Dense WDM
common spacing may be 200, 100, 50, or 25 GHz with channel count reaching up to 128 or
more channels at distances of several thousand kilometers with amplification and
regeneration along such a route.

1 2 .. 32
2
32
Figure. 1: Block Diagram of a DWDM System

The concepts of optical fiber transmission, loss control, packet switching, network
topology and synchronization play a major role in deciding the throughput of the network.
2.5 TRANSMISSION WINDOWS

Today, usually the second transmission window (around 1300 nm) and the third and
fourth transmission windows from 1530 to 1565 nm (also called conventional band) and
from 1565 to 1620 nm (also called Long Band) are used. Technological reasons limit
DWDM applications at the moment to the third and fourth window.
The losses caused by the physical effects on the signal due by the type of materials
used to produce fibres limit the usable wavelengths to between 1280 nm and 1650 nm.
Within this usable range the techniques used to produce the fibres can cause particular
wavelengths to have more loss so we avoid the use of these wavelengths as well.
2.6 DWDM SYSTEM COMPONENTS

Figure 3 shows an optical network using DWDM techniques that consists of five
main components:
Figure. 1: DWDM System Components

2.6.1 Transmitter (transmit transponder):

Changes electrical bits to optical pulses
Is frequency specific
Uses a narrowband laser to generate the optical pulse
2.6.2 Multiplexer/ demultiplexer:

Combines/separates discrete wavelengths
2.6.3 Amplifier:
Pre-amplifier boosts signal pulses at the receive side
Post-amplifier boosts signal pulses at the transmit side (post amplifier) and on
the receive side (preamplifier)
In line amplifiers (ILA) are placed at different distances from the source to
provide recovery of the signal before it is degraded by loss.
EDFA (Eribium Doped Fiber Amplifier) is the most popular amplifier.
2.6.4 Optical fiber (media):

Transmission media to carry optical pulses
Many different kinds of fiber are used
Often deployed in sheaths of 144256 fibers
2.6.5 Receiver (receive transponder)

Changes optical pulses back to electrical bits
Uses wideband laser to provide the optical pulse
2.7 BENEFITS OF DWDM

Increases bandwidth (speed and distance)
Does not require replacement or upgrade their existing legacy systems
Provides "next generation" technologies to meet growing data needs
Less costly in the long run because increased fiber capacity is automatically
available; don't have to upgrade all the time
CONCLUSION:
DWDM promises to solve the "fiber exhaust" problem and is expected to be the
central technology in the all-optical networks of the future. This increase means that the
incoming optical signals are assigned to specific wavelengths within a designated frequency
band, then multiplexed onto one fiber. This process allows for multiple video, audio, and
data channels to be transmitted over one fiber while maintaining system performance and
enhancing transport systems. This technology responds to the growing need for efficient
and capable data transmission by working with different formats, such as SONET/SDH,
while increasing bandwidth.

Module 8
Lesson No - 3
Resilient Packet Ring

3. RESILIENT PACKET RING (RPR)
OBJECTIVE:
This Lesson describes the protection mechanism used in NGSDH. Difference
between the Shared Protection (SPR) and Resilient Packet Ring (RPR). Features of RPR.
3.1 INTRODUCTION
Ethernet can be transported over SDH using one of the two possible mechanism or a
combination of both:- 1) SPRs and 2) RPRs
RPR is a technology similar to SDH and optimizes the sharing of fiber optic rings
for packet data traffic. RPR uses a single ring technology in order to overcome multi-drop
limitations of the point-to-point nature of Ethernet. However, RPR supports only ring
configuration and is a single ring protocol. It does not support mesh and star topology. Also,
RPR is not competent with the low cost of the equivalent Ethernet products.
3.2 SHARED PROTECTION RING (SPR)

Shared Protection Ring MSPPs supports SPRs to provide Ethernet and packet
transport over SDH infrastructure. The implementation of this technology varies from
vendors to vendors. It allows the provisioning of bandwidth on the SDH ring for packet
transport by statistical multiplexing Ethernet traffic on to a shared packet ring (Circuit) that
each MSPP node can access.
SPR technology is a precursor to true RPR. SPR processes inherent deficiencies that
limit the scalability of the SPR solution. At every node on the SPR ring, a router or switch
will process each packet which can be time consuming for a large network rings. As a result
Ethernet will have trouble meeting the jitter and latency requirement for voice and video.
Conventional SDH has implemented improvements, such as VCAT and LCAS, to suite data
application. However, SDH transport creates point to point circuits that are not particularly
suited for data applications. SDH also reserves bandwidth for every source on the ring and
prevents nodes from claiming unused bandwidth.
Over few years demand for Internet protocol is growing at a fast pace while voice
demand is remaining more or less stable. Circuit switched voice traffic has to be converted
into packet switched data traffic. This does not match with the present SDH technology.
Protocols like Frame relay, ATM &PPP are inefficient, costly and complex to scale the
increasing demand for data services.
One of major advantages of RPR is that it protects existing investments in fibre and
other transmission infrastructure. Most of the metro area fibre is ring based; therefore RPR
will best utilising existing fibre facilities. Moreover, apart from dark fibre, RPR can also
operate over SDH or DWDM equipment, allowing smooth and efficient migration.
3.3 RESILIENT PACKET RING (RPR)

RPR is a Media Access Control (MAC) layer, ring based protocol that combines
intelligence of IP routing and statistical multiplexing with the bandwidth efficiencies and
resiliency of optical rings. RPR network consist of two counter rotating fibre rings that are
fully utilized for transport at all times for superior fibre utilisation. RPR permits more
efficient use of bandwidth using statistical multiplexing. It also eliminates the need for
manual provisioning, because the architecture lends itself to the implementation of
automated provisioning. Moreover, there is no need for channel provisioning as each ring
member can communicate with every other member based on MAC address. RPR also
provides two priority queues at the transmission level, which allow the delivery of delay
and jitter sensitive application, such as voice and video.
RPR is fibre based ring network architecture. Data is carried in packets rather than
over TDM circuits. RPR networks retain many of the performance characteristics, such as
protection, low latency and low jitter on SDH. RPR architecture is highly scalable, very
reliable and easy to manage in comparison to legacy point to point topologies. RPR
achieves a loop free topology across the rings with rapid re-convergence on ring break.
RPR supports auto discovery of other RPR network elements on the ring. New RPR nodes
announce themselves to their direct neighbours with control messages and distribute
changes in their settings or topologies.
The emerging solution for metros data transport applications is Resilient Packet
Ring (RPR). RPR is a newly proposed standard of Ethernet transport. The goal of RPR is to
increase the manageability and resiliency of Ethernet services while providing maximum
capacity and usage over an established SDH ring. It has two features:
Efficient Ring Topology
Less than 50 ms recovery time from fibre cut i.e. resilience.
RPR is originated from a protocol called dynamic packet transport (DPT). RPR can
be seen as a way towards simpler n/w architecture for packet transport because
management is centralized and controls both switching and transport. Protection and
restoration in transport layer (SDH or WDM) can be switched off reducing cost and
complexity. Next-generation SDH devices such as MSPPs (multi-service provisioning
platforms) are evolving to support RPR.
RPR is a dual ring network:
Packet based
Data and control traffic flow on both ringlets
Spatial re-use through destination stripping
RPR is intended for use in MAN & WAN
RPR is standardized as IEEE 802.17
Defines a MAC protocol, introducing the concept of a transit path.
Physical layer agnostic
RPR effectively transforms a chain of point-to-point SDH paths between nodes to a

single virtual shared medium. The shared transport ring created by RPR can then be used
over multiple SDH nodes to carry connection-oriented transport services, and enable
optimal and fair use of bandwidth for busty services through highly efficient statistical
multiplexing, overbooking and spatial reuse transport mechanisms. RPR has many virtues
of Ethernet like data efficiency, simplicity and cost advantage. SDH & Ring topology is
perfect match for each other, but they are best suited for TDM n/w with circuit switched
applications like voice traffic. Each circuit is allocated fixed bandwidth that is wasted when
not in use.
Figure. 1: Resilient Packet Ring
RPR is a MAC protocol supporting dual counter rotating rings that can potentially
replace traditional SDH rings. RPR MAC introduces the concept of a transit path. At each
node on an RPR ring, traffic is not destined for the node, simply passes through, avoiding
the queuing and scheduling on a hop-by-hop basis.
CONCLUSION:
From this Lesson trainee is able to understand the importance of Resilient Packet
Ring. Features of RPR and how RPR is used in Ring Topology for transporting the packets.
BSNL Junior Engineer Passive Optical Network (GPON/GEPON)
Module 8
Lesson No - 4
Passive Optical Network

(GPON / GEPON)
4. PASSIVE OPTICAL NETWORK (GPON /

GEPON)
OBJECTIVE:
This lesson provides the insight about the introduction to FTTH. Technological
options used for FTTH Architecture.PON Architecture and its Features.
4.1 INTRODUCTION TO FIBER TO THE HOME

The Department of Telecom (DOT) formulated a comprehensive Broadband policy
in the year 2004 and the year 2007 had also been declared as the Year of Broadband. By
2010, the total Internet users in the country are estimated to be around 40 millions out of
which 20 millions are expected to be Broadband users. To meet the Government of Indias
goal, it is essential to drive Fiber To The Home (FTTH) technology along with other
broadband access technologies for providing broadband access. Today, majority of
broadband connectivity is offered through Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), Cable Modem
and to the limited extent with Wireless technology. FTTH provides enormous bandwidth
and long reach offering multi-play services (Data, Voice, Video etc.) on a single fiber.
FTTH is future proof solution for providing add-on services such as Video on demand,
Online Gaming, HDTV etc. Growing demand for high speed internet is the primary driver
for the new access technologies which enable experiencing true broadband. Today, there is
an increasing demand for high bandwidth services in market around the world. However,
traditional technologies, like Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) and cable modem technologies,
commonly used for broadband access, which have access speeds to the order of a
megabit per second, with actual rates strongly dependent on distance from the exchange
(central office) and quality of the copper infrastructure, can not fulfill todays customer
demand for bandwidth hungry applications such as high-definition TV, high-speed Internet
access, video on demand, IPTV, online gaming, distance learning etc. Amongst various
technologies, the access methods based on the optical fiber has been given extra emphasis
keeping into long term perspective of the country. It has many advantages over other
competing access technologies of which Being Future Proof and providing True
Converged Network for high quality multi-play are the salient ones. The stable and long
term growth of Broadband is, therefore, going to be dependent on robust growth of fiber in
the last mile.
However, for providing multi-play services (voice, video, data etc.) and other
futuristic services fiber in the local loop is must. The subscriber market for multi-play is
large and growing and includes both residences and businesses. Businesses need more
bandwidth and many of the advanced services that only fiber can deliver. All view Multi-
Play as a strong competitive service offering now and into the future and are looking at
fiber as the way to deliver. Optical fiber cables have conventionally been used for long-
distance communications. However, with the growing use of the Internet by businesses and
general households in recent years, coupled with demands for increased capacity, the need
for optical fiber cable for the last mile has increased. A primary consideration for providers
is to decide whether to deploy an active (point-to-point) or passive (point-to-multipoint)
fiber network.
4.2 FIBE TO THE X (FTTX)

Today, fiber networks come in many varieties, depending on the termination point:
building (FTTB), home (FTTH), curb (FTTC) etc. For simplicity, most people have begun
to refer to the fiber network as FTTx, in which x stands for the termination point. As
telecommunications providers consider the best method for delivering fiber to their
subscribers, they have a variety of FTTx architectures to consider. FTTH, FTTB, and FTTC
each have different configurations and characteristics.
4.2.1 FTTH (Fiber To The Home):
FTTH is now a cost-effective alternative to the traditional copper loop. Fiber to the
Home is defined as a telecommunications architecture in which a communications path is
provided over optical fiber cables extending from an Optical Line Terminal (OLT) unit
located in telecommunications operators switching equipment connects to an Optical
Network Terminal (ONT) at each premise. Both OLTs and ONTs are active devices. This
communications path is provided for the purpose of carrying telecommunications traffic to
one or more subscribers and for one or more services (for example Internet Access,
Telephony and/or Video-Television). FTTH consists of a single optical fiber cable from the
base station to the home. The optical/electrical signals are converted and connection to the
users PC via an Ethernet card. FTTH is the final configuration of access networks using
optical fiber cable.
Figure. 1: FTTH Configuration

4.2.2 FTTB (Fiber To The Building):
Fiber to the Building is defined as a telecommunications architecture in which a
communications path is provided over optical fiber cables extending from an Optical Line
Terminal (OLT) unit located in telecommunications operators switching equipment
connects to an Optical Network Unit (ONU) or Remote Terminal(RT) at the boundary of
the apartment or office or building enclosing the home or business of the subscriber or set
of subscribers, but where the optical fiber terminates before reaching the home living space
or business office space and where the access path continues to the subscriber over a
physical medium other than optical fiber (for example copper loops).
Figure. 1: FTTB Configuration

FTTB regarded as a transitional stage to FTTH. By introducing fiber cables from

the fiber termination point to the home living space or business office space FTTB can be
converted to full FTTH. Such a conversion is desirable as FTTH provides better capacity
and longevity than FTTB. Optical fiber cable is installed up to the metallic cable installed
within the building. A LAN or existing telephone metallic cable is then used to connect to
the user.
4.2.3 FTTC (Fiber To The Curb):
A method of installing optical fiber cable by the curb near the users home. An
optical communications system is then used between the remote unit (optical
signal/electrical conversion unit) installed outside (such as near the curb or on Street Cabinet)
from the installation center. Finally, coaxial or other similar cable is used between the
remote unit and user.
Figure. 1: FTTC Configuration

4.3 WHY FTTH?
FTTH is a true multi-service communications access which simultaneously handles
several phone calls, TV/video streams, Internet users in the home/office. There are several
advantages of deploying FTTH over other traditional access technologies as given below:
FTTH provides end-users with a broad range of communications and entertainment
services, and faster activation of new services.
Competition is beginning to offer a multi-play (i.e., voice, video, data etc) bundle.
FTTH provides Service Providers with the ability to provide cutting edge technology
and best-in-class services.
Deploying a fiber optic cable to each premises will provide an extraordinary amount of
bandwidth for future services.
FTTH provides carriers with an opportunity to increase the average revenues per user
(ARPU), to reduce the capital investment required to deliver multiple services, and to
lower the costs of operating networks (fewer outdoor electronics, remote management)
will result in less operational expense.
FTTH provides the community in which its located with superior communications
which enhance the efficiency of local business and thus deliver economic advantage for
the community.
Around the world FTTH is viewed as strategic national infrastructure similar to roads,
railways, and telephone networks.
4.4 TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR FTTH ARCHITECTURE:
When deciding which architecture to select a provider has many things to consider
including the existing outside plant, network location, the cost of deploying the network,
subscriber density and the return on investment (ROI). At present different technology
options are available for FTTH architecture .The network can be installed as an active
optical network, or a passive optical network (PON.
4.4.1 Active Optical Network

The active optical network implementation is known as the Active Node and is
simply described as a point-to-point solution. Subscribers are provided a dedicated
optical cable and the distribution points are handled by active optical equipment. These
active architectures have been setup as either Home Run Fiber or Active Star
Ethernet.
a. Home Run Fiber (Point-to-Point) Architecture
A Home Run Fiber architecture is one in which a dedicated fiber line is connected at
the central office (CO) to a piece of equipment called an Optical Line Terminator (OLT). At
the end user location, the other side of the dedicated fiber connects to an Optical Network
Terminal (ONT). Both OLTs and ONTs are active, or powered, devices, and each is
equipped with an optical laser The Home Run fiber solution offers the most bandwidth for
an end user and, therefore, also offers the greatest potential for growth. Over the long term
Home Run Fiber is the most flexible architecture; however, it may be less attractive when
the physical layer costs are considered. Because a dedicated fiber is deployed to each
premise, Home Run Fiber requires the installation of much more fiber than other options,
with each fiber running the entire distance between the subscriber and the CO.
Figure. 1: Home Run Fiber (Point-to-Point) architecture

b. Active Star Ethernet (Point-to-Multi Point) Architecture
Active Star Ethernet (ASE) architecture is a point-to-Multi-point architecture in

which multiple premises share one feeder fiber through a Ethernet switch located between
the CO and the served premises.
Figure. 2: Active Star Ethernet (ASE) architecture

With Active Star Ethernet (ASE) architecture, end users still get a dedicated fiber to
their location; however, the fiber runs between their location and Ethernet switch. Like
Home Run Fiber, subscribers can be located as far away from the Ethernet switch and each
subscriber is provided a dedicated pipe that provides full bidirectional bandwidth. Active
Star Ethernet reduces the amount of fiber deployed; lowering costs through the sharing of
fiber.
4.4.2 Passive Optical Network (Point-to-Multipoint) Architecture

A Passive Optical Networks (PON) is based on the premise of a point-to-multipoint
architecture. Passive Optical Network is essentially a cost effective optical fiber based
access system for providing multi-play (voice, video, data etc) services, being rolled out by
BSNL shortly, to both business and residential customers. A Passive Optical networks
(PON) use optical fiber and optical power splitters to connect the Optical Line Terminal
(OLT) at the local exchange (CO) to the subscribers Optical Network Unit (ONU) on his
premises. Passive splitters are located downstream from the CO and can split the fiber
signal up to 32 or more times over a maximum distance of 10-20 km. This means that the
bandwidth is split, or shared, between users as well. The architecture is called passive
because all splitters and intermediate equipment located between the CO and the ONT is
passive; that is, it has no active electronics and therefore does not need separate power. This
approach greatly simplifies network operation & maintenance, and reduces the cost.
Another advantage is that much less fiber is required than in point-to point topologies.
There are two common splitter configurations are being used for PON architecture
i.e. centralized and the cascaded approaches
a. Centralized Splitter Approach
In Centralized Splitter Approach typically uses a 1x32 splitter in an outside plant

enclosure, such as a fiber distribution terminal. In the case of a 1x32 splitter, each device is
connected to an OLT in the central office. In this approach, optical splitters are concentrated
in a single location from which all customers optical network terminals (ONTs) at 32
homes are connected.
Figure. 1: Centralized Splitter Approach

b. Cascaded Splitter Approach
A cascaded split configuration results in pushing splitters deeper into the network as
shown in fig.7. Passive Optical Networks (PONs) utilise splitter assemblies to increase the
number of homes fed from a single fibre. In a Cascaded PON, there will be more than one
splitter location in the pathway from central office to customer. Currently, standard splitter
formats range from 1 x 2, 1 x 4, 1 x 8, 1 x 16 and 1 x 32 so a network might use a 1 x 4
splitter leading to a 1 x 8 splitter further downstream in four separate locations. Optimally,
there would eventually be 32 fibers reaching the ONTs of 32 homes.
Figure. 2: Cascaded Splitter Approach

There are several flavors of PON technology, i.e. new access technology named
APON (ATM Passive Optical Network), BPON (Broadband Passive Optical Networking),
EPON (Ethernet Passive Optical Networking) and GPON (Gigabit Passive Optical
Networking) which delivers gigabit-per-second bandwidths while offering the low cost and
reliability.
4.4.3 The features of different PON standard
Features BPON GPON EPON

Responsible FSAN & ITU-T FSAN & ITU-T IEEE 802.3ah
Standard body SG15 SG15
(G-983 Series) (G-984 Series)
Bandwidth Down Stream up to Down Stream up to Down Stream up to
622 Mbps 2.5 Gbps 1.25 Gbps
Up Stream up to Up Stream up to 2.5 Up Stream up to 1.25
155.52 Mbps Gbps Gbps
Downstream 1490 nm & 1550 nm 1490 nm & 1550 nm 1490 nm
Upstream 1310 nm 1310 nm 1310 nm
Layer-2 ATM ATM, Ethernet, Ethernet
Protocols TDM over GEM
Frame ATM GPON Ethernet Frame
Encapsulation
Method
Max. Distance 20 km 20 Km(supports 10 and 20 Km.
(OLT to ONU) logical reach up to 60
Km)
Split Ratio 1:16, 1:32 and 1:64 1:16, 1:32 and 1:64 1:16 and 1:32
Line Codes NRZ (Scrambled) NRZ (Scrambled) 8B/10B
Downstream AES: Advanced AES: Advanced Not Defined
Security Encryption Standard Encryption Standard
-128 bit key (Counter mode)
FEC None Yes Yes
No. of fibers 1 or 2 1 or 2 1
Protection Support multiple Support multiple None
Switching protection protection
configuration configuration
4.5 USER CATEGORIES

FTTH / FTTB Networks may deliver services to the following categories of users:
Residential refers to private users in their homes. Residential users may live in
MDU (multi-dwelling units such as apartments/condominiums) or SFU (single
family dwelling units such as stand-alone houses/villas/landed property).
Business refers to large (corporate), medium, and small (Small Business, Small
Office Home Office) business users. Businesses may occupy MTU (multi-tenanted units
such as office blocks/towers) or STU (single-tenanted units such as a stand-alone office
building or warehouse).
4.6 PON ARCHITECTURE:

The key interface points of PON are in the central office equipment, called the OLT
for optical line terminal, and the CPE, called ONU for optical network unit (for EPON) and
ONT for optical network terminal (for GPON). Regardless of nomenclature, the important
difference between OLT and ONT devices is their purpose. OLT devices support
management functions and manage maximum up to 128 downstream links. In practice, it is
common for only 8 to 32 ports to be linked to a single OLT in the central office. On the
other hand the ONT (or ONU) devices in the CPE support only their own link to the central
office. Consequently, the ONT/ONU devices are much less expensive while the OLTs tend
to be more capable and therefore more expensive.
a. OLT: The OLT resides in the Central Office (CO). The OLT system provides
aggregation and switching functionality between the core network (various network
interfaces) and PON interfaces. The network interface of the OLT is typically connected
to the IP network and backbone of the network operator. Multiple services are provided
to the access network through this interface,.
b. ONU/ONT: This provides access to the users i.e. an External Plant / Customer
Premises equipment providing user interface for many/single customer. The access
node installed within user premises for network termination is termed as ONT. Whereas
access node installed at other locations i.e. curb/cabinet/building, are known as ONU.
The ONU/ONT provide, User Node Interface (UNI) towards the customers and uplink
interfaces to uplink local traffic towards OLT.
c. PON: Distributed or single staged passive optical splitters/combiners provides

connectivity between OLT & multiple ONU/ONTs through one or two optical fibers.
Optical splitters are capable of providing up to 1:64 optical split, on end to end basis.
These are available in various options like 1:4, 1:8, 1:16, 1:32 and 1:64.
d. NMS: Management of the complete PON system from OLT.
o One OLT serves multiple ONU/ONTs through PON

o TDM/TDMA protocol between OLT & ONT
o Single Fiber/ Dual Fiber to be used for upstream & downstream
o Provision to support protection for taking care of fiber cuts, card failure etc.
o Maximum Split Ratio of 1:64
o Typical distance between OLT & ONT can be greater than 15Km (with unequal
splitting - up-to 35Km)
o Downstream transmission i.e. from OLT to ONU/ONT is usually TDM
o Upstream traffic i.e. from ONU/ONT to OLT is usually TDMA
o PON system may be symmetrical or asymmetrical
o PON and fiber infrastructure can also be used for supporting any one way
distributive services e.g. video at a different wavelength
Figure. 1: PON Architecture

PON is configured in full duplex mode in a single fiber point to multipoint (P2MP)
topology. Subscribers see traffic only from the head end, and not from each other. The OLT
(head end) allows only one subscriber at a time to transmit using the Time Division
Multiplex Access (TDMA) protocol. PON systems use optical splitter architecture,
multiplexing signals with different wavelengths for downstream and upstream.
4.7 EPON & GPON APPLICATIONS:

Residential or Business Services
o High Speed Internet
o Transparent LAN Service
o Broadcast Video
o Multi-Play (Voice, Video, Data etc.)
o TDM Telephony
o Video on Demand
o On line Gaming
o IPTV etc
o Wireless Services
o Wireless backhaul over PON
CONCLUSION:
PON is a leading new technology for broadband access that promises to deliver
bandwidth for a new generation of bandwidth-intensive applications such as HDTV,
interactive gaming, distance learning etc. As it uses passive network components, that
simplifies and reduces the cost and maintenance challenges associated with active network
technologies. Japan, Korea, China, Taiwan and other regions, where PON has already been
deployed, it has quickly gained a reputation for high performance, low cost, and
exceptional stability.
BSNL Junior Engineer Optical Transport Network (OTN)
Module 8
Lesson No - 5
Optical Transport network

(OTN)
5. OPTICAL TRANSPORT NETWORK (OTN)

OBJECTIVE:
This lesson provides the insight about Optical Transport Network used in BSNL
Network. How the OTN Frame is transported in the Network.OTN mapping and
multiplexing structure.
5.1 OPTICAL TRANSPORT NETWORK(OTN)

OTN provides robust transport services that leverage many of the benefits of
SONET/SDH such as resiliency and performance monitoring, while adding enhanced
multi-rate capabilities in support of packet traffic, plus the transparency required by
DWDM networks. OTN is the ideal technology to bridge the gap between next generation
IP and legacy time division multiplexing (TDM) networks by acting as a converged
transport layer for newer packet-based and existing TDM services
5.1.1 OTN FRAME FORMAT
Similar to the use of a SDH frame, access to the Optical Channel (OCh) is expected
to be through an OCh frame, which is currently defined. The basic frame size corresponds
to STM-16 speed or 2488.32 Mbps, which constitutes the basic OCh signal. Figure 1
depicts OCh frame format.
Figure. 1: An Optical Channel Frame

The leftmost region of the frame is reserved for overhead bytes. These bytes are to
be used for OAM&P functions, similar to the overhead bytes of the SDH frame. However,
additional functions are likely to be supported, such as the provision of dark fibres
(reservation of a wavelength between two end points for a single user) and wavelength-
based APS. The rightmost region of the frame is reserved for a forward error correction
(FEC) scheme to be exercised on all payload data. An FEC over an optical transmission
layer increases the maximum span length, and reduces the number of repeaters. A Reed-
Solomon code can be used. The optical client signal is placed within the OCh payload
signal. Client signal is not constrained by the OCh frame format.
5.2 OPTICAL TRANSPORT NETWORK (OTN):

OTN consists of the following parts, which are often referred to as layers:
o Optical Transport Section (OTS)
o Optical Multiplex Section (OMS)
o Optical Channel (OCh)
o Optical Transport Unit (OTU)

o Optical Data Unit (ODU)
o Optical Channel Payload Unit (OPU)
Each of these elements and their functions are distributed along the network and
activated when they reach their termination points, which are illustrated in below Figure 2
Figure. 1: OTN layer termination points

The termination of the OTS, OMS and OCh layers is performed at the optical level
of the OTN. It is at the termination of the OTU layer that further functionality can be added.
This layer is the digital layeralso known as the digital wrapperand offers specific
overhead to manage the OTNs digital functions. The OTU also introduces a new
dimension to optical networking by adding forward error correction (FEC) to the network
elements, allowing operators to limit the number of required regenerators used in the
network, which, in turn, lowers its cost. FEC allows an increase in the optical link budget
by providing a method to correct errors, thereby reducing the impact of network noise and
other optical phenomena experienced by the client signal traveling through the network. As
shown in Figure 2, the OTU also encapsulates two additional layersthe ODU and the
OPUwhich provide access to the payload (SONET, SDH, etc.). These layers are normally
terminated at the same location. The OTU, ODU (including the ODU tandem connection
monitoring) and OPU layers can all be analyzed and monitored.
5.3 OTN MAPPING STRUCTURE

Figure. 1: OTN Mapping

As per ITU G.709, the three line rates below are offered; test solutions are currently offered
for OTU1 and OTU2:
o OTU1 (255/238 x 2.488 320 Gb/s 2.666057143 Gb/s) also referred to as 2.7 Gb/s
o OTU2 (255/237 x 9.953280 Gb/s 10.709225316 Gb/s) also referred to as 10.7 Gb/s
o OTU3 (255/236 x 39.813120 Gb/s 43.018413559 Gb/s) also referred to as 43 Gb/s
Each line rate is adapted to service different client signals:
o OC-48/STM-16 is transported via OTU1
Null Client (All 0s) is transported via OTUk (k = 1, 2, 3)
o PRBS 231-1 is transported via OTUk (k = 1, 2, 3)
As depicted above, to create an OTU frame, a client signal rate is first adapted at the
OPU layer. The adaptation consists of adjusting the client signal rate to the OPU rate. Its
overhead contains information to support the adaptation of the client signal. Once adapted,
the OPU is mapped into the ODU. The ODU maps the OPU and adds the overhead
necessary to ensure end-to-end supervision and tandem connection monitoring (up to six
levels). Finally, the ODU is mapped into an OTU, which provides framing as well as
section monitoring and FEC.
Following the OTN structure presented in Figure 4, OTUks (k = 1, 2, 3) are

transported using the OCh; each channel is assigned a specific wavelength of the ITU grid.
Several channels can be mapped into the OMS and then transported via the OTS layer. The
OCh, OMS and OTS layers each have their own overhead for management purposes at the
optical level. The overhead of these optical layers is transported outside of the ITU grid in
an out-of-band channel called the optical supervisory channel (OSC). When the OTU frame
structure is complete (OPU, ODU and OTU), ITU G.709 provides OAM&P functions that
are supported by the overhead.
5.4 OTN MAPPING AND MULTIPLEXING STRUCTURE
Figure. 1: OTN Mapping & Multiplexing
CONCLUSION:
After completing this lesson trainee will be able to understand how OTN Frame is
transported in the Network. Mapping and Multiplexing structure of OTN. Different
capacity bit rates that can be transported over OTN.
BSNL Junior Engineer FSO Communication
Module 8
Lesson No - 6
FSO Communication
6. FSO COMMUNICATION
OBJECTIVE:
This lesson provides the insight into Free Space Optics (FSO). Why FSO
communication is required. Its working wavelength and the Network Architecture of FSO.
6.1 INTRODUCTION
Free Space Optics (FSO) communication technology can be deployed in many
enterprise applications including building-to-building connectivity, disaster recovery,
mobile carrier backhaul, network redundancy and temporary connectivity for applications
such as data, voice and data, video services, fixed-line carrier bypass etc. The technology
does not require any spectrum licensing and protocol-independent so will happily carry
Ethernet, SDH, ATM signals etc. FSO technology delivers cost-effective optical wireless
connectivity and a faster return on investment (ROI) for Service providers. ITU-T is also
going to publish the first ITU-T Recommendation in the area of free-space optics.
Communications using light is not a new technology. Historically, the first Free
Space Optics (FSO) or optical wireless communications occurred more than 120 years ago
and was demonstrated by Alexander Graham Bell with his "Photophone" (prior to his
demonstration of the telephone). Bell's "Photophone" was used for voice communications
only by converting voice sounds into telephone signals and transmitted them between
receivers through free space along a beam of light for a distance of some 600 feet.
6.2 WHAT IS FSO?

Free-space optics (FSO), also called free-space photonics (FSP), is a line-of-sight
(LOS) technology that transmits a modulated beam of visible or infrared light through the
atmosphere. Like fiber, Free Space Optics (FSO) uses lasers to transmit data, but instead of
enclosing the data stream in a glass fiber, it is transmitted through the space and can
function over distances of several kilometers. As long as there is a clear line of sight
between the source and the destination, and enough transmitter power, Free Space Optics
(FSO) communication is possible. Free Space Optics (FSO) works on the same basic
principle as Infrared television remote controls. Free Space Optics (FSO) is protocol
independent and transmits any higher-layer protocol including Ethernet, SDH, ATM and
TCP/IP.
Free space optical communications offer data rates comparable to fiber optical
communications at a fraction of the deployment cost while extremely narrow laser beam
widths provide no limit to the number of free space optical links that may be installed in a
given location. Commercially available systems offer capacities in the range of 100 Mbps
to 2.5 Gbps, and demonstration systems report data rates as high as 160 Gbps.
6.3 HOW FSO WORKS?

FSO systems comprise paired transmitter and receiver and working in the full
duplex mode as shown in Fig. 1. At transmitter Network traffic is converted in to pulses of
infrared light representing 1s and 0s. Transmitter projects the carefully aimed light pulses
into air. A receiver at the other end of the link collects the light on a receiving lens
connected to a high sensitivity receiver through an optical fiber. Received signal are
converted back in to fibre and connected to the network. Reverse direction data is
transported in the same way.
The transmitted light beam is not perfectly collimated (i.e., parallel). Rather, it
naturally spreads out from the transmitting terminal at a divergence angle and may well be
several meters wide by the time it reaches the receiving terminal as shown in Fig. 1.
Therefore, only a small amount of the transmitted light signal strikes the receive aperture,
with the balance of the signal being wasted.
Figure. 1: Principle of Working of FSO
6.4 OPERATING WAVELENGTH FOR FSO

FSO networks are based on either 780-nm to 850-nm or 1,550-nm laser wavelength
systems, which have very different power and distance characteristics. Lasers of much
higher power can safely by used with 1,550-nm systems than with 780-to-850-nm systems.
This is because wavelengths less than about 1,400 nm are focused by the cornea into a
concentrated spot falling on the retina, which can cause damage to eyes while 1550-nm
systems are less likely to cause damage to the eye, even at much higher power levels.
6.5 WHY FSO COMMUNICATION?

Only very few percentage of commercial buildings in our country have fiber optics
to their door, although most are within a mile of a fiber-optic connection. This "last mile" is
proving to be a major bottleneck to expanding broadband and other high bit rate services to
many potential customers. Free-space optics (FSO) systems could be a viable option for
many applications as well as supplement to the fiber optic connectivity. They can be
installed along any line of sight up to a little more than a mile.
While bandwidth is available on most metro fiber rings, carriers often cant justify
laying fiber to each and every building in an area, which can limit revenue potential, and
frustrate business customers. FSO technology allow service providers to increase their fiber
ring revenue base by installing lateral links to off-net buildings, responding quickly and
cost efficiently to the need of any customer.
The technology is protocol-independent. FSO systems commonly support data rates

of 1.25G bit/sec, and systems up to 160G bit/sec are being developed. Transceivers can be
located on a rooftop, on a corner of a building or indoors behind a window. The range for
optical wireless systems varies depending upon local weather conditions. FSO operates in
an unregulated section of the spectrum, so no spectrum licenses are required. Because
there's no need to dig trenches to lay cable, so the deployment is very fast.
The business advantages of FSO technology for network extensions include

deployments at an average of one-fifth the cost of fiber-optic cable and in one-tenth the
time. Optical wireless systems are a flexible investment that can be re-deployed to meet
changing customer needs.
6.6 NETWORK ARCHITECTURE OF FSO

A common configuration involves a central hub, or node, positioned on the roof of a
high-rise building with good lookdown for achieving line-of-sight to buildings of lesser
stature within the coverage area. The hub building can be connected to the service
provider's backbone via FSO or point-to-point microwave. Transceivers can be located on a
rooftop, on a corner of a building or indoors behind a window
Figure. 1: FSO Configuration

More commonly the hub building is a node of the backbone fiber optic network as
shown in Fig. 2. The buildings served by the high-speed FSO links may be single user or
multi-user and even mixed use in nature. Within the building, the bandwidth can be
subdivided to serve individual users or user groups. BTS can also be connected through the
FSO link to the hub building. The network can even assume a mesh or partial mesh
configuration, perhaps in consideration of redundancy and media diversity, which yields
considerably enhanced network resiliency.
6.7 TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANTAGES OF FSO

FSO and fiber are the two optical technologies today that deliver high-speed optical
bandwidth to meet market needs. The FSO offers several technological advantages.
o Because of cost-effective and high-bandwidth qualities, FSO technology is an
alternative transport technology to interconnect high capacity networking
segments.
o Free Space Optics (FSO) is protocol independent and transmits any higher-layer
protocol including Ethernet, SDH, ATM and TCP/IP
o Use of infrared light for communication means no interference issues.
o FSO is unaffected by EMI (Electro-Magnetic Interference). This is a great
advantage when compared with RF systems, which definitely suffer from EMI.
o Data rates comparable to optical fiber transmission can be carried by Free Space
Optics (FSO) systems with very low error rates, while the extremely narrow
laser beam widths ensure that there is almost no practical limit to the number of
separate Free Space Optics (FSO) links that can be installed in a given location.
o Can transmit at distances around 4 km (almost 2 and one half miles).
o FSO technology and fiber can utilize the same system components such as
lasers, receivers and amplifiers.
o FSO technology can transmit digital information using a range of protocols.
o Since Free Space Optics (FSO) transceivers can transmit and receive through
glass windows, it is possible to mount Free Space Optics (FSO) systems inside
buildings, reducing the need to compete for roof space, simplifying wiring and
cabling, and permitting Free Space Optics (FSO) equipment to operate in a very
favorable environment.
o Free Space Optics (FSO) technology is highly secured as the laser beams
generated by Free Space Optics (FSO) systems are narrow and invisible,
making them harder to find and even harder to intercept and crack as well as
data can be transmitted over an encrypted connection adding to the degree of
security available in Free Space Optics (FSO) network transmissions.
o Highly reliable, some manufacturers claiming 99.999% availability.
o Because there's no need to dig trenches to lay cable, the permits associated with
digging up streets, disrupting traffic and the like also are eliminated, and
installation normally is complete in a few days.
o FSO systems can be deployed in a wide variety of network architecture
applications, including point-to-point, ring architecture and mesh systems. They
can be installed roof to roof, window to window or window to roof.
6.8 APPLICATIONS OF FSO
As a transmission technology, FSO systems are agnostic when it comes to the
underlying applications supported. Voice, fax, data, video, image and even multimedia all
can ride over the system. FSO systems can effectively be used in short-haul, bandwidth-
intensive applications where cabled systems either are not available or are too costly.
FSO technology can be used for different type of applications:
o Interconnect high-speed LAN segments
o Metro network extension
o Fiber backup
o Enterprise connectivity
o Building to building computer data links; supporting very high data rates.
o In local loop applications as an alternative to RF-based systems to extend the
reach of optical fiber.
o Ship to ship communications; high data rates with complete security.
o Disaster recovery applications, and for temporary connectivity
o Campus wide computer networks
o Inter-office data links etc.
6.9 LIMITATION OF FREE SPACE OPTICAL COMMUNICATION

The fundamental limitation of free space optical communications arises from the
environment through which it propagates. Although relatively unaffected by rain and snow,
free space optical communication systems can be severely affected by fog and other
environmental factor as shown in Fig 3. The main design challenges in free space optical
communications are as follows:
(A) Fog: Fog is vapor composed of water droplets, which are only a few hundred microns
in diameter but can modify light characteristics or completely hinder the passage of
light through a combination of absorption, scattering, and reflection which causes a
decrease in the power density of the transmitted beam and hence decreasing the
effective distance of a free space optical link.
(B) Physical Obstruction: Since light can't penetrate trees, hills or buildings or any
physical obstruction. As the clear Line-of-sight is an absolute requirement between
the light transmitter and the receiver for FSO so any physical obstruction will
completely absorb, deflect, reflect and otherwise render the signal useless.
(C) Scintillation: Scintillation is the variation in light intensity caused by atmospheric

turbulence. Such turbulence is caused by temperature gradients that create air pockets
of varying temperature, density, and index of refraction. These air pockets act like
lenses with time-varying properties and can lead to sharp increases in the bit-error-
rates of free space optical communication systems but not complete outage,
particularly in the presence of direct sunlight.
(D) Beam Wander: Beam wander arises when turbulent wind current (eddies) larger than
the diameter of the transmitted optical beam cause a slow, but significant,
displacement of the transmitted beam. Beam wander may also be the result of seismic
activity that causes a relative displacement between the position of the transmitting
laser and the receiving photo-detector.
(E) Low Clouds: The effect is very much similar to fog and may accompany rain and
snow.
(F) Rain: Relatively unaffected by rain as drop sizes of water larger than fog and
wavelength of light but extremely heavy rain (cant see through it) can take a link
down. (Severe rain may have up to 100 dB/km attenuation)
Figure. 1: Environmental factors

(G) Heavy Snow: A heavy ice build-up on windows may cause a link failure.
(H) Building movement: Movement of the building due to thermal expansion, wind, and
vibration can affect a FSO transceivers alignment and interrupt communication.
Each of these factors can attenuate (reduce) the signal. However, there are ways
to mitigate each environmental factor.
6.10 ITU-T DEVELOPMENT IN FSO

ITU-T will publish the first ITU-T Recommendation in the area of free-space
optics. FSO is an area dominated by proprietary solutions, the new Rec. means that users of
FSO systems will be able to co-locate FSO solutions provided by different manufacturers
for the first time. FSO systems use lasers or LEDs to transmit data between two points with
line of sight up to 2 km. Typically this means between the top of buildings. Data rates of up
to 1.25 Gbps are available
As well as use in fixed settings like between tall office buildings, FSO systems have
proven useful in disaster relief where telecoms infrastructure has been damaged and a quick
fix is necessary. Equally FSO systems are used where there is no existing infrastructure as a
way of avoiding disruptive and expensive cable laying. They are spectrum license free
and protocol independent so will happily carry Ethernet, SDH signals etc.
The ITU-T Rec. G.640 will allow the co-location of FSO systems without
interference with each other.
Free-space optical networking provides easy, fast deployment and lower link costs
for service providers spell better service to homes and businesses. Many of the benefits are
experienced through better, faster, more ubiquitous service. Free-space optical networking
provides freedom from licensing requirements and government regulations, freedom from
digging restrictions and freedom from waiting for fiber. Indeed, waiting for bandwidth can
become a thing of the past as the path with the advent of FSO systems
CONCLUSION:
After learning this chapter trainee will understand the concept of FSO. Importance
of FSO communication in Network. Its working wavelength and the Network
Architecture of FSO.

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BSNL Junior Engineer Introduction to NGSDH and MADM

Introduction to NGSDH and MADM

Module 8: New Trends in OF Systems Page 1 of 42

1. INTRODUCTION TO NGSDH AND MADM

1.2 WHAT IS NEXT GENERATION SDH?

Three mature technologies

Module 8: New Trends in OF Systems Page 2 of 42

Intelligence for topology discovery, route computation and mesh based

Figure. 1: Block Diagram of NGSDH

1.3 COMPONENTS OF NEXT GENERATION SDH:-

Module 8: New Trends in OF Systems Page 3 of 42

Figure. 1: Functional Model of GFP

Figure. 1: GFP-F & GFP-T

Module 8: New Trends in OF Systems Page 4 of 42

1.4 CONCATENATION (V-CAT & C-CAT) :

Figure. 1: VCAT Efficiency

The transport capacity with or without VC is shown in Fig. 4

Module 8: New Trends in OF Systems Page 5 of 42

Figure. 1: Virtual & Contiguous Concatenation

1.4.3 Virtual concatenation Benefits:

Module 8: New Trends in OF Systems Page 6 of 42

Figure. 1: Bandwidth call by call

A customer is offered a fixed bandwidth of 100 Mb (VLAN) Ethernet, allotting 46

Figure. 2: Bandwidth on scheduled Time

1.6 INTRODUCTION TO MADM SYSTEM (STM-16) (M/S TEJAS)

The TJ100MC-16 MADM belongs to a family of products aimed to provide multi-

Module 8: New Trends in OF Systems Page 7 of 42

1.7 CARDS INTRODUCTION

Figure. 1: Card slot view of TJ100MC-16MADM

The power dissipation of fully loaded configuration of TJ100MC-16MADM system

1.8 MADM CARD DETAILS

Module 8: New Trends in OF Systems Page 8 of 42

Reset alarm buzzer button

Figure. 1: Front view of TJ100MC-16MADM

Module 8: New Trends in OF Systems Page 9 of 42

Module 8: New Trends in OF Systems Page 10 of 42

bandwidth adjustments to meet customers changing needs in a manner transparent to

Module 8: New Trends in OF Systems Page 11 of 42

Module 8: New Trends in OF Systems Page 12 of 42

2.2 DEVELOPMENT OF DWDM TECHNOLOGY

Module 8: New Trends in OF Systems Page 13 of 42

Figure. 1: Evolution of DWDM

2.4 DWDM SYSTEM FUNCTION

Module 8: New Trends in OF Systems Page 14 of 42

Figure. 1: Block Diagram of a DWDM System

2.5 TRANSMISSION WINDOWS

2.6 DWDM SYSTEM COMPONENTS

Figure. 1: DWDM System Components

Module 8: New Trends in OF Systems Page 15 of 42

2.6.1 Transmitter (transmit transponder):

2.6.2 Multiplexer/ demultiplexer:

2.6.4 Optical fiber (media):

2.6.5 Receiver (receive transponder)

2.7 BENEFITS OF DWDM

Module 8: New Trends in OF Systems Page 16 of 42

Resilient Packet Ring

3.2 SHARED PROTECTION RING (SPR)

3.3 RESILIENT PACKET RING (RPR)