Industry Oriented Mini Project Report on

CONSTRUCTION OF SURFACE DRAINAGES

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement of the degree of Bachelor of

Technology in Civil Engineering, to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological
University, Hyderabad.

Submitted by
Megavath Suresh (16R11A01A3)
Gaini Saikumar (17R15A0121)
Kankipati Pavan Kalyan (16R11A0197)

Under the Guidance of

V.Abdul Raffi
Associate Professor

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

GEETHANJALI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AND TECHNOLOGY
(An Autonomous Institution)
Approved by AICTE, Permanently Affiliated to JNTUH
Cheeryal (V), Keesara (M), Medchal (D)-501301
2019-20

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 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
GEETHANJALI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY
HYDERABAD

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that it is a bonafide report of industry oriented mini project entitled
“CONSTRUCTION OF SURFACE DRAINAGES” carried out by Megavath Suresh
(16R11A01A3), Gaini Saikumar(17R15A0121) & Kankipati PavanKalyan
(16R11A0197) of the final year B. Tech. Civil Engineering during the academic year
2019-2020 in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor
of Technology (Civil Engineering) offered by Jawaharlal Nehru Technological
University, Hyderabad.

Dr. R.Prasanna Kumar Guide Name: V.Abdul Raffi

Professor & HOD Designation: Associate Professor

Date: September, 2019

Place: Hyderabad

External Examiner

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Certificate (from Industry)

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, we would like to extend the most sincere thanks to our Guide V.Abdul Raffi,
Associate Professor. We truly appreciate and value his esteemed guidance and
encouragement from the beginning. We indebted to him for having helped us shape the
problem and providing insights towards the solution.

We are also thankful to our project coordinator Rajashekar Reddy, for spending his/her
valuable time, discussing and critically examining the research work carried out during
this course.

We wish to express our sincere thanks to Dr. R.Prasanna Kumar, Head of Civil a
Engineering Department who has been constant source of inspiration for us
throughout this work.

We would gratefully acknowledge Dr. Udaya Kumar Susarla, Principal, Geethanjali

college of Engineering & Technology, Hyderabad for extending his support to carry out
this work.

We sincerely express our deepest and heartfelt gratitude to Sri. G. R. Ravinder Reddy,
Chairman, Geethanjali College of Engineering & Technology, for the wonderful
guidance and encouragement given to us to move ahead in the execution of this project.

Finally, it gives us a great pleasure to acknowledge all our friends who helped us in
successful completion of this work.

Megavath Suresh (16R11A01A3)

Gaini Saikumar (17R15A0121)
Kankipati Pavan Kalyan (16R11A0197)

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 INDEX

S.No. Contents Page.No.

1 Certificate 2
2 Certificate from industry 3
3 Acknowledgement 6
4 Abstract 9
CHAPTER 1: INTRODCTION
1.1 Description of project 10
1.2 Ownership details 12
1.3 Organisation details 12
CHAPTER 2: DETAILS OF THE PROJECT
2.1 Introduction 14
2.2 Structural details 15
2.3 Design details 15
CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS
3.1 Introduction 21
3.2 Material used 21
3.3 Source of material 23
3.4 Equipment used 23

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CHAPTER 4: HUMAN RESOURCES
4.1 Introduction 28
4.2 Classification 28
4.3 Wages 29
CHAPTER 5: WORK EXPERIENCE
5.1 Introduction 30
5.2 Daily activities 30
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION 31

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 ABSTRACT

This mini project report shows the observation and experience at

CONSTRUCTION OF SURFACE DRAINAGES for 630 members and the length
of construction is 360m in Bobbiliveedhi, Peddhabazar, Nizamabad city during 18-
05-2019 to 01-06-2019 for about two weeks.

This report includes the description of project ownership details, structural details,
materials used, equipments used, the details of the people who involved in
construction is presented. Finally the details of the work experience during the
training period are described in the report.

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Description of the project :

A sanitary sewer or foul sewer is an underground or surface system for transporting

sewerage from houses and commercial buildings to treat facilities or disposal.
Sanitary systems are part of an overall system called a sewage system or sewerage.

Fig.1 drainage for residential building

Hygienic sanitation facility is one of the basic amenity, the community needs on a
top priority for healthy living. The construction of drainages should no longer be
allowed to lag behind, as about 70%of water used by the community comes out of
houses in the form of waste water which unless properly collected, conveyed,
treated and safely disposed of may eventually pollute our precious water resources
and cause environment degradation.
Sewers are extremely important components of urban infrastructure that helps keep
the urban environment safe from flooding and prevents the spread of water-borne
diseases by safely conveying waste water and rainwater from urban surfaces.

This project involves the construction of 360m of open surface drainage in division-
2 of peddhabazar, Nizamabad which serves 630 people in that community. The cost
of project is 6 lakhs and duration of project is 2 weeks.

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 1.1.1 Maintenance of drainages

Fig 2 drainage blocking due to plastic bags

The drainages may block due to the illegal dispose of solid materials, plastic bags,
vegetable waste etc. from residential or from any other sources. The disposal of
these materials in drainages obstructs the flow of water and results in blocking of
drainage.

The blocking of drainages results in overflow of wastewater, breeding of

mosquitoes, foul smell, and results in spread of diseases. So the maintenance of
drainages is very important to avoid such problems. The local municipalities take
the charge of cleaning the drainages once or twice in a week to avoid blocking of
drainages.

1.1.2 Advantages of surface drainages:

  Low-cost drain-off solution if drains already exist

  Simple to construct
  Construction materials are often locally available
 Creates employment (construction and maintenance)

1.1.3 Disadvantages of surface drainages:

  High health risk due to risk illegal discharge of wastewaters and solid waste
  Blockages can cause spill-over and flooding
  Foul odour source establishment
  Breeding ground for insects and pests
 Regular cleaning service required to remove solids

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1.2 Ownership details :

The Nizamabad municipal corporation is the local governing body, administering

the city of Nizamabad in the Indian state of Telangana. It is the third largest city in
the state after Hyderabad and Warangal. As of 2011 census the municipal
corporation had a population of 3,10,467. The municipal corporation consists of
democratically elected members, is headed by a mayor.

Fig.3 Nizamabad municipal corporation office

The municipality was constituted in 1931 and upgraded as special grade

municipality in 1987 and the Nizamabad municipality was upgraded as
Nizamabad municipal corporation on 5-03-2005.

1.3 Company details

In 2017 Mrs.Jalaja Reddy established Jalaja Reddy infrastructures pvt. ltd in

Nizamabad. They take small to medium size projects in public and private sectors.

They are one of the fastest growing infrastructure organization with rich and
varied experience in executing landmark projects across Nizamabad. Their
efficient well trained team ensure that all projects meet customer requirements and
specifications to perfection.

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1.3.1 List of projects completed by J.R Infrastructures:

1.Constructed a C.C road of length 850m in Adarshnagar, Nizamabad.

2.Constructed a C.C road of length 600m in Gouthamnagar, Nizamabd.
3.Constructed a C.C road of length 450m in Dubba, Nizamabad.
4.Constructed a drinage of length 750m in SBI colony, Nizamabad.
5.Constructed a compound wall for community hall near Raithubazar

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 CHAPTER-2
PROJECT DETAILS

2.1 Introduction :

Nizamabad city is not fully covered by an integrated underground sewerage system. The
drainages in peddhabazar of Nizamabad is in worn out condition due to completion of its
design life insufficient design capacity. To overcome from this problem the Nizamabad
municipal corporation of Nizamabad proposed for the new construction and
reconstruction of drainages in bobbiliveedhi, peddhabazar, Nizamabad.

The Nizamabad municipal corporation invited bidding for the construction of 360m
drainage and Jalajareddy infrastructures pvt. Ltd cracked the project to built the 360m
drainage which serves 630 members of that locality.

Fig.4 during construction

The operation and maintenance of the sewerage system is being looked after by
Nizamabad municipal corporation. The amount of estimation for this project is 5
lakhs and the period of completion is 3months

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 2.2 Structural details

The structural details of the rectangular drain is as follows

Fig.5 excavation work during construction

2.2.1 Excavation work

Since the old drainages are already there in that area they are collapsed and increased the
depth, width of sewer line to meet the required design population. The depth of
excavation is 0.6m and the width of excavation is 0.85m

2.2.2 Depth of sewer drainage

  The depth of excavation is 0.6m.

  A layer of 0.1m thickness is filled with fine aggregate
  A layer of 0.1m thickness is filled with cement concrete bed in 1:5:10 proportion
 The available depth for flow of waste water in drainage is 0.4m

2.2.3 Width of sewer drainage

  The total width of excavation is 0.85m

  A thickness of side walls provided on both sides is 0.2m
  The cement concrete proportion in the construction of sidewalls is 1:3:6
 The available width of drainage is 0.45m

2.3 Design details

2.3.1 Population forecasting: Design of water supply and sanitation scheme is based on
the projected population of a particular city, estimated for the design period. Any
underestimated value will make system inadequate for the purpose intended; similarly
overestimated value will make it costly.

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Changes in the population of the city over the years occur, and the system should be
designed taking into account of the population at the end of the design period. Factors
affecting changes in population are:

increase due to births

decrease due to deaths
increase/ decrease due to migration
increase due to annexation.

The present and past population record for the city can be obtained from the census
population records. After collecting these population figures, the population at the
end of design period is predicted using various methods as suitable for that city
considering the growth pattern followed by the city.

2.3.2. ARITHMETICAL INCREASE METHOD:

This method is suitable for large and old city with considerable development. If it is
used for small, average or comparatively new cities, it will give lower population
estimate than actual value. In this method the average increase in population per
decade is calculated from the past census reports. This increase is added to the present
population to find out the population of the next decade. Thus, it is assumed that the
population is increasing at constant rate.
Hence, dP/dt = C i.e., rate of change of population with respect to time is constant.
Therefore, Population after nth decade will be Pn= P + n.C (1)
Where, Pn is the population after ‘n’ decades and ‘P’ is present population.

2.3.2 GEOMETRICAL INCREASE METHOD:

In this method the percentage increase in population from decade to decade is

assumed to remain constant. Geometric mean increase is used to find out the future
increment in population. Since this method gives higher values and hence should be
applied for a new industrial town at the beginning of development for only few
decades. The population at the end of nth decade ‘Pn’ can be estimated as: Pn = P (1+
IG/100) n (2)
Where, IG = geometric mean (%)
P = Present population
n = no. of decades.

2.3.3. INCREMENTAL INCREASE METHOD:

This method is modification of arithmetical increase method and it is suitable for an

average size town under normal condition where the growth rate is found to be in

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 increasing order. While adopting this method the increase in increment is
considered for calculating future population. The incremental increase is
determined for each decade
from the past population and the average value is added to the present population
along with the average rate of increase.

Hence, population after nth decade is Pn = P+ n.X + {n (n+1)/2}.Y (3)

th
Where, Pn = Population after n decade
X = Average increase
Y = Incremental increase

2.3.4 GRAPHICAL METHOD:

In this method, the populations of last few decades are correctly plotted to a suitable
scale on graph . The population curve is smoothly extended for getting future
population. This extension should be done carefully and it requires proper experience
and judgment. The best way of applying this method is to extend the curve by
comparing with population curve of some other similar cities having the similar
growth condition.

2.3.5 COMPARATIVE GRAPHICAL METHOD:

In this method the census populations of cities already developed under similar
conditions are plotted. The curve of past population of the city under consideration is
plotted on the same graph. The curve is extended carefully by comparing with the
population curve of some similar cities having the similar condition of growth. The
advantage of this method is that the future population can be predicted from the
present population even in the absence of some of the past census report.

2.3.6 MASTER PLAN METHOD:

The big and metropolitan cities are generally not developed in haphazard manner, but
are planned and regulated by local bodies according to master plan. The master plan is
prepared for next 25 to 30 years for the city. According to the master plan the city is
divided into various zones such as residence, commerce and industry.
The population densities are fixed for various zones in the master plan. From this
population density total water demand and wastewater generation for that zone can be
worked out. By this method it is very easy to access precisely the design population.

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 2.3.7 LOGISTIC CURVE METHOD:

This method is used when the growth rate of population due to births, deaths and
migrations takes place under normal situation and it is not subjected to any
extraordinary changes like epidemic, war, earth quake or any natural disaster, etc.,
and the population follows the growth curve characteristics of living things within
limited space and economic opportunity. If the population of a city is plotted with
respect to time, the curve so obtained under normal condition looks like S-shaped
curve and is known as logistic curve.

The population of Nizamabad city of eight decades from 1941 to 2011 are
given below and the design period of drinage is 10 years. By studying the
growth rate from 1941 to 2011 the future population in the year 2031 is
estimated by using incremental increase method.

year population Increase in %increase Incrementalincrease

population per in population in population per decade
decade
1941 32741 - - -
1951 55195 22454 68.58% -
1961 79093 23898 43.3% 23898
1971 115649 36547 46.2% 36547
1981 183061 67421 58.3% 67421
1991 241034 57973 31.7% 57973
2001 288722 47688 19.8% 47688
2011 311152 22430 7.8% 22430

 ARITHMETIC INCREASE METHOD

Population in the year 2021; P2021 = P2011 + n*d

P2021 = 311152 +1*39773
P2021 = 350925

Population in the year 2031; P2031 = P2011 + n*d

= 311152+2*39773
= 390698
The estimated population of city in the year 2031 by using arithmetic increase method
is 390698

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 GEOMETRIC INCREASE METHOD

Population in the year 2021; P 2021 = P2011 [1+ r ÷100]

r = 39.38%
P2021 = 311152[1 + 39.38 ÷ 100]
=433684
2
Population in the year 2031; P 2031 = P2011 [1+ r ÷100]
= 311152[1 + 39.38 ÷
2
100] =604469

The estimated population of city in the year 2031 by using geometrical increase method is
604469

 INCREMENTAL INCREASE METHOD

Population in the year 2021; P2021 = P2011 (39773+42660)*1

= 311152 (39779+42660)*1
= 393585
Population in the year 2031; P2031 = P2011
(39773+42660)*2 P2031 = 311152 (39779+42660)*2
= 476018

The estimated population in the city for the year 2031 by using incremental increase
method is 476018.

Result:

Incremental increase
Expected populationArithmetical Geometrical method
s.no in the year increase method increase method

1 2021 350925 433684 393585

2 2031 390698 604469 476018

Comment
If we observe the table we can state that the expected population is least value using
arithmetical increase method and maximum using geometrical method. Method the
population is in between the two values. Hence if the town is old, ancient and large city
the arithmetical increase method can be recommended. If the town is young and rapidly
grown city, geometrical method can be used. For normal cities most appropriately
incremental increase method can be adopted.

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The present population in that area is 450 members and the average % of increase in
population is 39.38
The increase in population of that area in the year 2031 is = 450*39.38%
=178 members
The total design population in 2031 is = 450+178
= 630 members(approximately);
Estimation of flow of sewage:
The contribution to sewer has been adopted as 70% of the per capita water supply. The
per capita contribution has been adopted as 150lpcd.
Flow of sewage = (630*150*70 ÷ 24*60*60*1000) = 0.07 cubic meter per second.

Design period:
The design period for this project is 10 years

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 CHAPTER 3
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS USED FOR
CONSTRUCTION OF DRAINAGE

3.1 INTRODUCTION

Engineering structures are built with both natural and processed materials. Materials
used in construction, in one form or the other are known as Construction Materials or
Engineering Materials or Building Materials. Stones, bricks, timber, steel, lime, cement,
metals, paints, etc. are some commonly used materials by civil engineers. Selection of
the right material is the first and most important step to achieve economy in
construction. Selection of building material, to be used in a particular construction, is
done on the basis of their important properties like strength, durability, appearance, etc.
The construction professionals should have the knowledge of properties of various
engineering materials for the selection of right material to be used in the engineering
applications.

3.2 Materials used in construction

3.2.1 Cement: Cement is a binding material. It is made by grinding calcined limestone

and clay to a fine powder. Cement can be described as a material with adhesive and
cohesive properties which make it capable of bonding materials into a compact whole.
For construction purposes, cement is restricted to bonding with materials like stones,
bricks, building blocks, aggregate etc. Natural cement is obtained by burning and
crushing the stones containing clay, carbonate of lime and some amount of carbonate of
magnesia. Natural cement is brown in color. It sets very quickly after addition of water.
It is not as strong as artificial cement.

Fig.5 cement bags

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 Artificial cement is obtained by burning at a very high temperature, a mixture of
calcareous and argillaceous materials. Common variety of artificial cement is ordinary
Portland cement. This cement was invented by a mason Joseph Aspdin of Leeds in
England. After setting, this cement resembles a type of sandstone in Portland in
England. It is therefore popular as Portland cement.

3.2.2 Aggregates: Aggregate in general designates both fine and coarse inert materials
used in the manufacture of concrete. Aggregates are also used as base material under
foundations, roads, and railroads. Aggregate is the component of a composite material
used to resist compressive stress. Aggregates are derived from igneous, sedimentary
and metamorphic rocks, etc. The properties of concrete are directly related to those of
its constituents. Aggregates should be hard, strong, durable, and free from clay, loam,
vegetables and other such foreign matters. The presence of clay or dirt coating prevents
the adhesion of cement on the surface of aggregates and ultimately retards the setting
and hardening of cement and reduces the strength, durability and soundness of
concrete. Sometimes, artificial aggregates, such as blast-furnace slag or specially
burned clay, are also used. Depending upon their size, the aggregates are classified as
(i) Fine Aggregates and (ii) coarse aggregates.

(i) Fine Aggregates: The material, most of which passes through 4.75mm I.S. sieve
size, is termed as fine aggregates. It should not contain more than 1 to 8% of fine
particles, which may be obtained from sea, river, lake or pit may be used as fine
aggregates but care should be taken and all its impurities must be removed.

Fig.6 fine aggregate (river sand)

(ii) Coarse Aggregates: The material whose particles are of such size as are retained on
4.75mm, I.S sieve are called coarse aggregates. The size of the coarse aggregates used
depends upon the nature of work. The maximum size may be 23mm for mass concrete such
as dams etc. and 63mm for plain concrete. In this project 12mm size aggregates are used for
concrete mix. Crushed hard stone and gravel is the common materials used as coarse
aggregates for structural concretes. Coarse aggregates usually obtained by crashing granite,
gneiss, crystalline lime stone and good variety of sandstone etc.

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 Fig.7 coarse aggregate

3.3 Source of materials :

The materials like fine aggregates, coarse aggregates and bricks for this project was supplied
by Ramulu quarry which is 18kms away from construction site. Cement was supplied by
Bhavani traders which is 4 kms away from construction site.

3.4 Equipements and tools used :

 Wheel barrow
 Concrete mixer
 Hand hoe
 Tape
 Trowel
 Concrete mixer
 Safety gloves and shoes
 Drilling machine

 Wheel barrow :
Wheel barrow is uesd in construction site for transporting the fresh concrete from
mixing machine to site. During the construction there are 2 wheel barrow are used.

Fig.9 wheel barrow

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 Concrete mixer:

Concrete mixer is machine which mixes the ingredients water, fine aggregate, coarse
aggregate and cement to deliver the perfectly mixed concrete. It is used to mix the concrete at
site for 5 days in the proportion of 1:3:6 for the construction of side walls of drinage.

Fig 10 concrete mixer at site

 Handhoe

Hoe is also used to excavate the soil but in this case the metal plate is provided with
acute angle to the wooden handle. The helpers in the site used handhoe to fill fine and
coarse aggregates in headpans for concrete mix

Fig.11 hand hoe

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 Trowel :

Trowel is used to lift and apply the cement mortar in small quantities. It is made of steel
and wooden handle is provided for holding. The ends of trowel may be pointed or bull
nosed. Trowel is used at site in this project by first class and second class masons for
plastering the side walls of the concrete drainage walls.

Fig12.trowel

 Headpan

Head pan is made of iron which is used to lift the excavated soil or cement or concrete
to the working site etc. it is more commonly used in construction sites. Headpans are
used by labours for transporting the fine and coarse aggregates to the concrete mixer

Fig13.head pan

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 Float :
A wooden float is a tool used to finish a concrete surface by making it smooth. A float
is used after the surface has been made level using a screed. A float can be a small hand
tool, a larger bull float with a long handle

Fig.14 float
 Tape :

Measuring tape is used to check the thickness, length, widths of masonry walls,
foundation beds, excavated trenches etc. In this project it is used for measuring the
thickness of side walls of drainage, length if sewer line, depth of drainage.

Fig15.measuring tape

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 Rubber Boots

During construction works, legs may damage due to contact with chemical materials
like cement or physical accidents. So, for safety rubber shoes are required.

Fig.16 rubber boots

Digging bar :

A digging bar is a long, staright metal bar used for various works, including post hole
digger, to break up or loosen hard or compacted materials such as soil, rock, concrete
and ice or as a lever to move objects.

Fig.17 digging bar

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 CHAPTER 4
HUMAN RESOURCES

4.1 Introduction:

Organization is a group of people established either formally or informally for the

attainment of certain objectives. So, people are the foundation of any organization. In
societal context, organization need people and people need organization. It is people
who staff, lead and control organizations. Persons involved in an organization are
referred as human resource.

4.1.1 Employees details:

Currently there are 9 members working for this organization and their names and
designations are given below

SLNO NAME DESIGNATION

1 N.RAJASHEKAR REDDY SITE ENGINEER
2 M.MAHENDER SUPERVISIOR
3 K.RAMULU FIRST CLSS MASON
4 V.PRASHANTH SECOND CLASS MASON
5 S.NARASIMHA HELPER
6 K.SHYAM RAO HELPER
7 M.RAMESH HELPER
8 MD. BASHA MILLER OPERATOR
9 V.GANGAMMA HELPER

Not only the members listed above, other workers are also worked as daily wage
labours to complete the project within a short duration.

4.2 Classification of human resources:

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4.2.1 Responsibilities of each person

 CEO: A chief executive officer (CEO) is the highest-ranking executive in a company,

whose primary responsibilities include making major corporate decisions, managing the
overall operations and resources of a company.

 Site engineer: A site engineer is part of the site management team, and takes some of the
responsibility for security, health and safety, and organising and supervising materials
and people. Site engineers mark out the site, make sure designs are applied correctly and
liaise with main and sub-contractors and the site manager.

 First class mason: The first class mason has very good construction skills and
responsible for executing the difficult construction works.

 Second class mason: The second class has less construction skills compared to first class
mason and he works under the guidance of firstclass mason.

 Helpers: The helpers in the construction field are responsible for carrying fine
aggregates, coarse aggregates to concrete mix machine and other small works in the site.

4.3 Wages of employees involved in this project :

Sl.No Designation Wages per day (in rupees)

1 Site engineer 1200
2 First class mason 750
3 Second class mason 600
Drilling machine
4 750
operator
5 Concrete mix operator 500
6 Helpers 400
7 Excavation labours 400
8 Curing worker 300

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 CHAPTER 5
WORK EXPERIENCE

5.1 Introduction:

During my work experience at site, I was fortunate enough to have experienced

firsthand and learned, many different sides of what goes into a project, the general
process of how a project is initially planned, developed and completed. As well as how
much work and detail goes into every stage. Another valuable lesson I have learned
during these 2 weeks, were the many different types of work an Site Engineer has to
perform, which in turn, have provided me with more insight into the different types of
roles and responsibilities that I could perform, as a Civil Engineer.

5.2 Daily activities :

The total length of construction of drainage is 360mts and this work is divided into
3parts. In every part of work 2days is for collapsing existing drainage and earth
excavation, one day for providing shuttering, one day for construction, one day for
plastering. Our daily activity is to observe the dimensions of excavation of earth,
observing the shuttering dimensions. On the day of construction we observed the
proportions of aggregates to obtain desired concrete mix.

30
 CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION

We are greatful for the opportunity given to work on construction site. We learnt a lot about
the importance of communication between an engineer and worker

We learnt about the organisation required for a project such as the contract
documentation, ordering of materials, and organising the plant and men to undertake the
work.

Through this project, we have gained a lot of experience in problem solving and
applying the theoretical knowledge in practical works.

Since,the drainages in bobbiliveedhi of Nizamabad has no proper functioning for

transporting the sewage, It is necessary to construct a sewer line to meet the future
expansion for the next 10 years

The main key features of this project are as follows:

  The length of sewer line 360 m

  The population to be served 630
 The cost of project is 6 lakhs

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