CHAPTER 1:

INTRODUCTION

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1.1 RESEARCH BACKGROUND

Electricity supply plays an important role in the economic development and technology
advancement throughout the world. The quality and reliability of power supplies relates closely
to the economic growth of a country. However, power quality disturbances such as sags, swells,
flicker, harmonics, voltage imbalance etc., create a lot of problem in achieving a reliable and
quality of power supply. These power quality problems are very common in the electrical
distribution systems.

Power quality depends

upon the factors affecting, and the standard of the received electrical

power supply. The concern about power quality is growing rapidly. There are four

major

reasons, about the growing concern, which are described as follows.

1) Load equipment is more sensitive to power quality variations than equipment applied in the
past. Many new load devices contain microprocessor-based controls and Power electronic
devices that are sensitive to many types of disturbances.
2) The increasing emphasis on overall power system efficiency has resulted in a Continued
growth in the application of devices such as high -efficiency, speed motor drives and shunt
capacitors for power factor correction to reduce losses. Thus concerned about the future impact
on system capabilities.
3) Increased awareness of power quality issues by the end users. Utility customers are becoming
better informed about power quality problems.
4) Many things are now interconnected in a network. An integrated process means that the
failure of any component has much more economic consequences.
From the four

major

reasons stated above it can be deduced that

the responsibilities and

Challenges of the utility sector are great in providing quality of supply to the end users.

The custom power term was proposed to designate a new generation of power quality
improvement devices in distribution systems. It is a power electronics based device, designed to
operate at medium and low voltage levels and whose main objective is to improve the service
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quality of distribution networks. A good distribution control system is therefore expected to

enhance the overall system efficiency through loss reduction and power quality control.
The practical scope of this work is restricted to studying harmonic distortion. This is solvable
through DSTATCOM. Note that when DSTATCOM is inclusively used in harmonic correction it
is often referred to as a shunt-active filter (Sannino et al. 2003).

1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW:

Large fluctuating loads such as arc furnaces steel rolling mills, electric traction cause current
unbalance and large variations in the reactive power demand .the load compensation by shunt
connected compensators that are fast acting .helps to maintain unity power factor while
balancing the load.
The unbalance load currents with large reactive components results in voltage fluctuations and
unbalance due to the source (system) impedances .a shunt compensator also helps to reduce
voltage fluctuations at the point of common coupling. if the source voltages are unbalance and
varying it is also possible for a shunt compensator to achieve this.
The first power electronics based static compensator applied for load compensation was SVC
using thyristor controlled reactor in parallel with fixed or thyristor switched capacitors. The
emerging technology of high power voltage source converters using PWM is replacing thyristor
based controllers. The application of VSC also permits multifunction (or composite)
compensator that includes active filtering to prevent the flow of harmonic currents on the source
side.
Bhim Singh, Sabha Raj Arya* .[2012] This paper presents the design of a three phase
DSTATCOM (Distribution Static Compensator) and its control algorithm based on correlation
and cross correlation function approach for power quality improvement under linear/ nonlinear
loads in a distribution system.. The DSTATCOM is modelled under linear and nonlinear loads
and its performance is simulated in the MATLAB environment using SIMULINK and
SimPowerSystem (SPS) toolboxes. The performance of DSTATCOM is found satisfactory under
time varying and unbalanced loads. [14]

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V. Kamatchi Kannan, N Rengarajan[2014] [17]. This paper proposed a new type of controller
for the DSTATCOM the I cos algorithm. In this paper a photovoltaic DSTATCOM i.e the DC
source of the DSTATCOM is taken from the photovoltaic source. The DSTATCOM consists of a
three-leg Voltage Source Converter (VSC) with a DC-link capacitor. The PV array or battery
operated boost converter is used to maintain the desired voltage across the DC bus capacitor to
provide continuous compensation. The proposed DSTATCOM provides continuous source
harmonic reduction, reactive power compensation and load compensation throughout the day.
The I cosU controlling algorithm is proposed for three-phase three-wire DSTATCOM. The
performance of the Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) is compared with the conventional
Proportional Integral (PI) controller at AC voltage controller in I cosU algorithm. The fuzzy
controller further reduces the source current Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) when compared
with the conventional PI controller. The main advantage of this proposed system is to provide
continuous compensation for the whole day. The switching of VSC will occur by comparing the
reference source current with the sensed source current using hysteresis based Pulse Width
Modulation (PWM) current controller. The performance of the DSTATCOM is validated using
MATLAB software with its simulink and Power System Blockset (PSB) toolboxes.

Ch. Venkata Krishna Reddy, Dr. K.Krishna Veni, Dr.G.Tulasiram Das[2011] and Sampath Pulla
discussed that the majority of power consumption has been drawn in reactive loads. These
excessive reactive power demand increases feeder losses and reduces the active power flow
capability of distribution system where as unbalancing affects the operation of transformers and
generators. DSTATCOM can be used for the compensation of reactive power and unbalance
loading in distribution system. The performance of the DSTATCOM depends on the control
algorithm i.e. the extraction of the current components. In this paper DSTATCOM is controlled
by IRP and SRF theory for compensation of reactive power and unbalance and these methods are
compared with a new Adaline based algorithm. An Adaline based control technique has resulted
inconsiderable improved performance of DSTATCOM [16]

Kanagaraj Pillay, Mohamed S.A. Dahidah and Norman B. Mariun, [2010] introduces the
utilization of PWM voltage source converters in Distribution Static Synchronous Compensator
(D-STATCOM) for voltage sag mitigation. Three different voltage source converter topologies
based DSTATCOM; namely the two level, three level neutral point clamped and the three level
flying capacitor are investigated and compared. The comparison is drawn based on harmonic
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profile, response time and the steady state time of the point of common coupling voltage for
different VSCs based D-STATCOM. The investigation is carried out using MATLABSIMULINK Power System Block set for different operating points and a comparison between
the different topologies is provided.[19]

Bhim Singh, Senior Member, IEEE, and Jitendra Solanki ,[2009] in their paper has proposed a
Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM)

for compensation of reactive power and

unbalance caused by various loads in distribution system. An evaluation of three different

methods is made to derive reference currents for a DSTATCOM. These methods are an
instantaneous reactive power theory, a synchronous reference frame theory, and a new Adelinebased algorithm. The Adaline-based algorithms an adaptive method for extracting reference
current signals. These schemes are simulated under MATLAB environment using SIMULINK
and PSB toolboxes. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate the performance of these
schemes for the control of DSTATCOM [15]

Consalva J. Msigwa, Beda J. Kundy and Bakari M.M. Mwinyiwiwa,[ 2009] This paper presents
a method for obtaining the desired reference current for Voltage Source Converter (VSC) of the
Shunt Active Power Filter (SAPF) using Synchronous Reference Frame Theory. The method
relies on the performance of the Proportional-Integral (PI) controller for obtaining the best
control performance of the SAPF. To improve the performance of the PI controller, the feedback
path to the integral term is introduced to compensate the winding up phenomenon due to
integrator. Using Reference Frame Transformation, reference signals are transformed from a b
c stationery frame to 0 d q rotating frame. Using the PI controller, the reference signals in
the 0 d q rotating frame are controlled to get the desired reference signals for the Pulse Width
Modulation. The synchronizer, the Phase Locked Loop (PLL) with PI filter is used for
synchronization, with much emphasis on minimizing delays. The system performance is
examined with Shunt Active Power Filter simulation model.[13]

Bhim Singh, Senior Member, IEEE, Alka Adya, A.P.Mittal, Member, IEEE, and J.R.P. Gupta,
[2008] highlights

with different control strategies for DSTATCOM (Distribution Static

Compensator) for power quality improvement for a three-phase, three-wire distribution system.
A three-leg voltage source inverter (VSI) configuration with a dc bus capacitor is employed as
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DSTATCOM. The hysteresis as well as PWM current controllers are designed, analyzed and
compared for PI controller and sliding mode controller. The capability of the DSTATCOM is
demonstrated through results obtained using MATLAB and Simulink based developed model of
the DSTATCOM system. The performance of the DSTATCOM acting as a shunt compensator is
found satisfactory under varied load perturbations.[18]
D.msand, S.jain, G.agnihotri [2008] discussed about Reactive power compensation is an
important aspect in the control of distribution systems. Reactive current in addition to increasing
the distribution system losses, introduces various power quality problems like, harmonics,
voltage sag, swell and poor load power factor. These power quality issues result in the
malfunction of sensitive equipments. A Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) proves
to be a viable solution for the mitigation of power quality problems. It provides effective
compensation to linear varying/nonlinear loads by injecting appropriate reactive power at the
point of common coupling (PCC). It exhibits the behaviour of an active power filter and that of a
voltage regulator. The choice of proper current control strategy is an important aspect in
DSTATCOM performance. This paper compares linear and nonlinear methods of current
regulation pertaining to DSTATCOM performance operating under Synchronous Reference
Frame (SRF). The paper briefly describes the salient features of each regulation method with its
merits and demerits. A dynamic model of a DSTATCOM has been developed using the two
control techniques in MATLAB/SimPowerSystems environment to observe their performances
and comparison[.7]
K.R.Padiyaar[2007] In this book, a Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) is proposed
for compensation of reactive power and unbalance caused by various loads in distribution
system. Distribution static compensator is based on the VSC principle. A D-STATCOM injects a
current into the system to correct the voltage sag, swell and interruption an evaluation of a
methods is made to derive reference currents for a DSTATCOM. This method is known as
synchronous reference frame theory. This scheme is simulated under MATLAB environment
using SIMULINK and PSB toolboxes. A distribution system supplying an unbalanced and
nonlinear load is taken up for study. Simulation results demonstrate the performance of this
schemes for the control of DSTATCOM[9]

O.A.Lara &E.Acha,[ 2002]in this paper they addresses the timely issue of modelling and
analysis of custom power controllers, a new generation of power electronics-based equipment
aimed at enhancing the reliability and quality of power flows in low-voltage distribution
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networks. The modelling approach adopted in the paper is graphical in nature, as opposed to
mathematical models embedded in code using a high-level computer language. The welldeveloped graphic facilities available in an industry standard power system package, namely
PSCAD/EMTDC, are used to conduct all aspects of model implementation and to carry out
extensive simulation studies. Graphics-based models suitable for electromagnetic transient
studies are presented for the following three custom power controllers: the distribution static
compensator (D-STATCOM), the dynamic voltage restorer (DVR), and the solid-state transfer
switch (SSTS). Comprehensive results are presented to assess the performance of each device as
a potential custom power solution[4].

N.G.Hingorani[2002] K.K. Sen. [1998] They introduces about FACTS device. And its operation.
[1][2].
P.Giroux,G.Sybille,H.Le-Huy,[2001],[3]

J.H.Akagi

,y.kangawa&

A.nabae[1984][5]

F.H.Watanbe,R.YI.stephen and M.aredes[1993][6] highlights the .SRF theory and instantaneous

reactive power theory ,as well as a switching device without energy storage components of
compensator. Also focuses on the modelling, analysis and design of STATCOM using simulinks
blockset. Here we are go for D-STATCOMS design in simulinks block set which is in SRF
theory
P. kazmerkowski & l.malesani,[1998]presented this paper whose aim is to present a review of
recently used current control techniques for three-phase voltage source pulse width modulated
converters. Various techniques, different in concept, have been described in two main groups:
linear and nonlinear. The first includes proportional integral stationary and synchronous) and
state feedback controllers, and predictive techniques with constant switching frequency. The
second comprises bang-bang (hysteresis, delta modulation) controllers and predictive controllers
with on-line optimization. New trends in the current controlneural networks and fuzzy-logic
based controllersare discussed, as well. Selected oscillograms accompany the presentation in
order to illustrate properties of the described controller groups.[12]

J j paserbar et al[1994]describes application of D-STATCOM through a case study [11]

L.A.moran, J.W.dixon and R.R.wallaee [1995][8] Nastran,R.cajhen,M.seliger& p.jereb1994[10]

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This paper introduces the D-STATCOM as a shunt active filter to eliminate unbalance or
distortions in source current or the supply voltage.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE THESIS:

The main objective of this thesis is to discuss various types of custom power devices. Here focus
has mainly been given to the Distribution Static Compensator and its effectiveness in mitigating
harmonics. The harmonic mitigation is done by the DSTATCOM with the help of proper control
techniques. Various control techniques has been discussed and illustrated in this thesis.

1.4 CUSTOM POWER DEVICES

The increased awareness in power quality Issues has brought tremendous changes and
improvements in power electronics devices. Different circuit topologies, control techniques and
strategies are created aimed at mitigating power quality problems.
The Custom Power concept is one of technological responses to the poor power quality
presently surfacing in factories, offices and homes. Custom Power is dedicated to maintaining
and improving the quality and reliability of distribution level power received and to protect
customers against disturbances generated by other users on the network. This is to offer a 'Total
Solution' package to the customer. The Custom Power concept is to provide customer's solution
by the utilities sector. Utilities participation occurs at the distribution substation and/or at the
front end of the power supply.[9] There is also Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS)
devices that are concerned with improving power in the transmission system The distinction
between Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) and Custom Power is shown in Figure 2.1.

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Figure 1 .1: Distinction between FACTS and Custom Power Applications in a Power System
The Custom Power offers the customer no power interruptions, tight voltage regulation, low
harmonic voltage and acceptance of fluctuating and non-linear loads without affecting the
terminal voltage. The Custom Power family includes Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) ,
Distribution Static Compensator (D-STATCOM), Solid State Fault Current Limiter (SSFCL),
Solid State Transfer Switch (SSTS) and Active Power Filter (APP).
These devices are connected either in shunt or in series or in combination of both series and
shunt. The series-connected device is dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) that is to inject a voltage
of desired amplitude, frequency and phase between the PCC and the load in series with the grid
voltage. The shunt-connected device is distribution static compensator (D-STATCOM) which is
to dynamically inject a current of desired amplitude, frequency and phase into the grid. Unified
power quality conditioner (UPQC) configuration consists of both series and shunt converters
connected to the same DC link, which shunt converter and one side of the series transformer are
connected to the same node. In fig 2.2 shown the custom power distribution system.

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Fig 1.2 : custom power distribution system.

The steps start with applying good electrical sense to desensitize critical loads such as alternate
supply paths and clear earthling paths, followed by the replacement of weak Parts of the
infrastructure. If these measures fail to yield, the solutions will be costly.
Custom Power is intended to provide wide area solution that represents an economic alternative
to the last step of the power quality improving process. It can be anticipated that the cost of
components will also reduce in time when they are produced in bulk, providing cost benefits for
large production. Comparing with the traditional methods of improving power quality, the
Custom Power products would negate the need for the utility to install additional feeders or
substation or the customer to install power conditioners at the load level. [9].

1.4 CLASSIFICATION OF CUSTOM POWER DEVICES

Custom power devices can be classified into two major categories. One is network configuring
type and the other is compensating type[9].
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The former one changes the configuration of the power system network for power quality
enhancement. SSCL (Solid State Current Limiter), SSCB (Solid State Circuit Breaker) and SSTS
(Solid State Transfer Switch) are the most representative in this category. SSCL is a GTO based
device that inserts an inductor in series with a power system and limits the fault current and the
inductor is removed from the circuit once the fault is cleared. SSCB acts as a protection device.
It isolates the faulted circuit from the system. SSTS performs rapid transfer of the load from a
faulted line to an alternative line to protect a sensitive load. All of these devices use GTO or
thyristor. Therefore these devices are called solid state devices.
The compensating type devices are used for active filtering; load balancing, power
factor correction and voltage regulation. The family of compensating devices include
DSTATCOM (Distribution Static compensator), DVR (Dynamic voltage restorer) and Unified
power quality conditioner (UPQC).DSTATCOM has a similar structure and function to
STATCOM in the transmission system. DSTATCOM is connected in shunt with the power
system.DVR is a series connected device that injects a rapid series voltage to compensate the
supply voltage. UPQC is a similar structure to that of UPFC. It injects series voltage and shunt
currents to the system. In fig 2.3 shows the configuration of custom power devices.

Fig.1.3: Configuration of Custom Power devices

1.4.1

Distribution Static Compensator

The D-STATCOM configuration consists of a two-level VSC, a dc energy storage device, a

coupling transformer connected in shunt with the ac system. Fig. 2.4 shows the schematic
representation of the D-STATCOM. The VSC converts the dc voltage across the storage device
into a set of three-phase ac output voltages. These voltages are in phase and coupled with the ac
system through the reactance of the coupling transformer. Suitable adjustment of the phase and
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magnitude of the D-STATCOM output voltages allows effective control of active and reactive
power exchanges between the D-STATCOM and the ac system.
The VSC connected in shunt with the ac system provides a multifunctional topology which can
be used for up to three quite distinct purposes[9][4].
1) Voltage regulation and compensation of reactive power;
2) Correction of power factor;
3) Elimination of current harmonics.
Figure 2.4 show the shunt injected current Ish. Corrects the voltage sag by adjusting the
voltage drop across the system impedance Zth .The value of Ish can be controlled by adjusting
the output voltage of the converter. The shunt injected current Ish can be written as shown in
equation(1).
Ish= IL IS =IL- ( (Vth-VL) / Zth ) ..(1)

Fig. 1.4: Schematic diagram of D-STATCOM

1.4.2 Dynamic Voltage Restorer

The DVR is a powerful power electronic device ( FACTS) that is commonly used for voltage
sags mitigation at the point of connection. The DVR employs the same blocks as the DSTATCOM, but in this application the coupling transformer is connected in series with the ac
system, as illustrated in Fig. 2.5. [9]
The main functions of DVR are :
(i)Reactive Power Compensation
(ii)Voltage Regulation
(iii)Compensation for Voltage sags and Swells
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(iv)Unbalance Voltage Compensation (for 3-phase systems)

The VSC generates a three phase ac output voltage which is controllable in phase and magnitude.
These voltages are injected into the ac distribution system in order to maintain the load voltage at
the desired voltage reference. The series injected voltage of the DVR can be written as shown in
equation (2).

Vdvr = VL + Zth . IL Vth

. (2).

Fig. 1.5: Schematic diagram of DVR

1.4.3 Unified Power Quality Conditioners

Unified power quality conditioners (UPQC) allow the mitigation of voltage and current
disturbances that could affect sensitive electrical loads while compensating the load reactive
power. Unified power quality conditioners UPQC consist of combined series and shunt active
power filters for simultaneous compensation of voltage and current disturbances and reactive
power. The basic structure of this equipment is shown in fig 2.6.[9]

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Figure 1.6 Schematic diagram of UPQC

The function of UPQC includes
(i) Reactive Power Compensation
(ii)Voltage Regulation
(iii)Compensation for Voltage sag and swell
(iv)Unbalance Compensation for current and voltage (for 3-phase systems)
(v)Neutral Current Compensation (for 3-phase 4-wire systems)

1.5

POWER SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES:

Power semiconductor devices are used in power electronics converters in the form of a

matrix of on-off switches, help to convert power from ac to dc, dc to ac, ac to ac at the same or
different frequencies. The switching mode power conversion gives high efficiency, but the
disadvantage is that due to the non-linearity of switches, harmonics are generated at both the
supply and load side.[1]
Basically power semiconductor devices consist of variety of diodes, transistors, and
thyristors.

DIODES: it is a two layer device with unidirectional conduction. A diode conducts in a

forward direction from anode to cathode .it does not have a gate to control conduction in

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its forward direction .The diode blocks conduction in the reverse direction .the diode is
a key component for several FACTS controllers.

fig 1.7 DIODE

TRANSISTORS: it is a three layer devices when signal is applied to the base, transistor
conducts in its forward direction, when collector is positive w.r.t. emitter. Transistors are
widely used in low and medium power applications. i.e. IGBT is of some importance to
FACTs controllers .the MOSFET is only suitable for low voltage but with very fast turn
on off capability and is often used a pilot gate device for thyristors.

fig 1.8 TRANSISTOR

fig 1.9 MOSFET

fig 1.10 IGBT

THYRISTORS: it is a four layer device. A thyristor latches into full conduction in its
forward direction .when anode is positive w.r.t. cathode, when pulse or signal is applied
to gate. Latched conduction is key to low on state conduction losses. e.g.: GTO,
THYRISTORS, MTO, ETO.. etc. Thyristor is a most important device for FACTs
controllers.

Fig 1.11THYRISTOR

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fig 1.12 GTO

Compared to thyristors, transistors generally have superior switching performance, in

terms of faster switching and lower switching losses. On the other hand thyristors have lower on
state conduction losses and higher power handling capability than transistors.
As per system, in the VSC model we are using IGBT as a power semiconductor
device.

1.6 SELF COMMUTATING CONVERTER:

The so called conventional thyristor device is semi-controlled device due to control on turnon but its turn off depends on the current coming to zero as per circuit and system conditions.
Devices such as IGBT, GTO, IGCT, MTO and similar devices have turn on and turn off
capability. These devices (i.e. IGBT, MTO, IGCT etc..) are more expensive and have higher
losses than the thyristors without turn off capability; however ,turn off devices enable converter
concepts that can have significant overall system cost and performance advantages. These
advantages in principle result from the converters which are self commutating as against the line
commutating converters.[1] Compared to the self commutating converter, line commutating
converter must have an ac source connected to the converter, it consumes reactive power and
suffers from occasional commutation failures in the inverter mode of operation. Therefore
unless a converter is required to function in the two lagging current quadrants only (consuming
reactive power while converting active power ),converters applicable to FACTS controllers
would be of the self commutating type.[1]

1.6.1 CLASSIFICATION OF SELF COMMUTATING

CONVERTER:
There are two basic categories of the self commutating converters[1].
1. Current source converter (CSC)
CSC in which direct current always has one polarity and the power reversal takes place
through reversal of dc voltage polarity.
2. Voltage source converter (VSC)
VSC in which the DC voltage always has one polarity and the power reversal takes
place through reversal of DC current polarity.

1.6.2 COMPARISON BETWEEN CSC &VSC:

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Conventional thyristor based converters, being without turnoff capability ,can only be current
source converters, whereas turn off devices based converters can be of either type, For reasons
of economic and performance ,VSC are often preferred over CSC for FACTS application
.Those reasons are given below:[1]
A. CSC requires power semiconductors with bidirectional voltage blocking capability. The
available high power semiconductors with gate turn off capability (GTOs, IGBTs..) either
cannot block reverse voltage at all or can only do it with detrimental effect on other important
parameters(e.g. increased conduction losses).
B. practical current source

termination of the converter DC terminals by a current charged

reactor is much lossier than complementary voltage source termination by a voltage charged
capacitor.
C. The CSC requires a voltage source termination at ac terminals usually in the form of a
capacitive filter. The VSC requires a current source termination at the ac terminals that is
naturally provided by the leakage inductance of the coupling transformer.
D. The voltage source termination (i.e. a large DC capacitor) tends to provide an automatic
protection of the power semiconductors against transmission /distribution line voltage transients.
Current source converters may require additional overvoltage protection or higher voltage rating
for the semiconductors.

VSC:
A voltage source converter is a power electronics device ,which can generate a sinusoidal
voltage with any required magnitude ,frequency and phase angle .VSC are widely used in
adjustable speed drives but can also be used to mitigate voltage dips .the VSC is used to either
completely replace the voltage or to inject the missing voltage. The missing voltage is the
difference between the nominal voltage and the actual .The converter is normally based on some
kind of energy storage, which will supply the converter with a DC voltage.[1]
Normally the VSC is not only for voltage dip mitigation but also for other power quality
problems like flicker & harmonics.

1.6.3 BASIC PRINCIPLE OF VSC:

Since the DC in a VSC flows in either direction ,the converter valves have to be bidirectional
and as the DC voltage does not reverse ,the turn off devices need not have reverse voltage
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capability .such turn off devices are known as asymmetric turn off devices .Thus a voltage
source converter valve is made up of an asymmetric turn off devices such as GTO as in fig .fig
2.13 (a) with a parallel diode connected in reverse. Some turn off devices like IGBTs, IGCTs
may have a parallel reverse diode as in fig. 2.13 (b)[1]

Fig a

fig b

Fig. (a) , (b)valve for a voltage source converter

Fig c: voltage source converter concept

Fig 1.13 basic principles of voltage source converters:. (a) , (b)valve for a voltage source
converter & (c) voltage source converter concept
The fig 1.13 (c) shows the basic functioning of a voltage source converter .the internal topology
of converter valve is represented as a box with a valve symbol inside.
On the DC side, voltage is unipolar and is supported by a capacitor. This capacitor is large
enough to at least handle a sustained charge/discharge current that accompanies the switching
sequence of the converter valves and shifts in phase angle of the switching valves without
significant change in the dc voltage. The DC capacitor voltage will be assumed constant .it is
also shown on the DC side that the DC current can flow in either direction and that it can
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exchange dc power with the connected DC system in either direction. Shown on the ac side is
the generated ac voltage connected to the ac system via an inductor .Being an ac voltage source
with low internal impedance, a series inductive interface with the ac system (usually through a
series inductor/ a transformer.) is essential to ensure that the DC capacitor is not short circuited
and discharged rapidly into a capacitive load such as a transmission/distribution line. Also an ac
filter may be necessary (not shown in fig) following the series inductive interface to limit the
consequent current harmonics entering the system side.

1.7 ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS:

The work carried out in this thesis has been summarized in six chapters.
Chapter 1:
It highlights briefly about research background, and literature review, objective of the work and
the chapter wise contribution of the thesis. It introduces the custom power devices ,and also
highlights the difference between FACTS and custom power devices(CPD) .as well as the main
components like VSC, semiconductor device and a controller are used in CPD described.
Moreover it derives that how the reactive power generated and controlled by VSC based DSTATCOM.
Chapter 2:
It deals with the our project topic D-STATCOM and its basic design and operation of that DSTATCOM with 2-level,six pulse VSC topology it introduces the modelling of D-STATCOM.
.Chapter 3:
In this chapter we include the first type of controller i.e the optimised SRF controller and the
corresponding simulation diagrams are included..
Chapter 4:
In this chapter we include the second type of controller i.e the optimised Icos controller. It also
includes the corresponding simulation graphs.
Chapter 5:.
The conclusion and the scope of further work are detailed in chapter 5.

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CHAPTER 2
MODELLING OF DSTATCOM AND
DSTATCOM CONFIGURATION

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2.1 INTRODUCTION
When the STATCOM is applied in distribution system is called D-STACOM (Distribution
STACOM). A D-STATCOM is basically a converter based distribution flexible ac transmission
controller sharing many similar concepts with that of a static compensator (STATCOM) used at
the transmission levels. At the transmission level, STATCOM

handles only fundamental

reactive power & provides voltage support while a D-STATCOM is employed at the distribution
levels or at the load end for dynamic compensation. Since DSTATCOM is such a multifunctional
device, the main objective of any control algorithm should be to make it flexible and easy to
implement In addition to exploiting its multi-functionality to the maximum. [7][19]
D-STATCOM has the capacity to overcome the problems, like voltage sag, harmonic, transient,
overvoltage, and under voltage etc. ,by providing precise control and fast response during
transient and steady state with reduced footprint and weight .D-STATCOM is a device which is
used in an ac

distribution system

where harmonic current mitigation, reactive current

compensation and load balancing are necessary.

D-STATCOM can be one of the viable alternatives to SVC in a distribution network.
D-STATCOM can also behave as a shunt active filter to eliminate unbalance or distortions in
source current or the supply voltage, as per IEEE-519 standard limits.

2.2: BASIC PRINCIPLE OF D-STATCOM:

The D-STATCOM is a three phase and shunt connected power electronics based device
.it is connected near the load at the distribution system. Major components of a D-STATCOM are
a DC capacitor, three phase converter module (IGBT), AC filter, coupling transformer and a
control strategy.[7][9]
In the figure 3.1 the D-STATCOM connected to a three phase ac mains feeding three
phase loads .Three phase loads may be lagging power factor load or an unbalance load, or nonlinear load or linear load or mixed of these loads. For reducing ripple in the compensating
currents interfacing inductors (Lf) are used at AC side of the voltage source converter (VSC).the
basic electronic block of the D-STATCOM is voltage source converter that converts an input dc
voltage into a three phase output voltage at fundamental frequency. The D-STATCOM employs a
converter to convert the dc link voltage V dc on the capacitor to a voltage source of adjustable
magnitude and phase. Therefore the D-STATCOM can be treated as a voltage controlled source.
The harmonics/reactive currents (icabc) are injected by the D-STATCOM to cancel the
21 | P a g e

harmonics /reactive power component of the load currents so that the source currents are
harmonic free (reduction in harmonics) and load reactive power is also compensated .The rating
of the switches is based on the voltage and current rating of the required compensation

Fig

2.1: schematic representation of D-STATCOM

2.3: MODE OF D-STATCOM OPERATION:

In the above figure 3.1 let the voltage Vc is the effective output voltage of the D-STATCOM and
the reactive power output of D-STATCOM inductive or capacitive depends upon the operation
mode of the D-STATCOM [7]
Referring to above figure 3.1controller of the D-STATCOM is used to operate the
converter in such a way that the phase angle between the converter voltage and the line voltage
is dynamically adjusted so that the D-STATCOM generates or absorbs the desired VAR at the
point of connection .the output voltage of the converter or VSC based IGBT inverter module Vc
is controlled in the same way as the distribution system voltage Vs.
22 | P a g e

In fig 3.2 shows the three basic modes of the D-STATCOM output current Ic which
varies depending upon the Vc. if Vc is equal to Vs ,the reactive power is zero and the DSTATCOM does not generate or absorb reactive power .if Vc is greater than Vs ,the DSTATCOM shows an inductive reactance connected at its terminal .the current Ic flows
through the transformer reactance from the D-STATCOM to the AC system and the device
generates capacitive reactive power . If Vs is greater than Vc,the D-STATCOM shows the
system as a capacitive reactance. Then the current Ic flows through the transformer reactance
from the AC system to the D-STATCOM and the device absorbing inductive reactive power.

Fig 2.2: basic modes of D-STATCOM.

By controlling the D-STATCOM output voltage , the capacitor voltage can be decreased or
increased so as to control the reactive power output of the device .The operating modes of the
D-STATCOM showing leading and lagging conditions are illustrated in figure 3.2.

23 | P a g e

2.4 MODELING OF D-STATCOM:

Fig.2.3: Simplified model of D-STATCOM

The modeling of D-STATCOM based on the synchronous reference frame method is briefly
described. Then, the operation of Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) based control system is
discussed. Fig 3.4 shows the simplified diagram of the D-STATCOM comprising of a dc-link
capacitor, IGBT based VSC, equivalent transformer and filter resistance, equivalent transformer
and filter inductance and a three phase source.[19]
The point where the STATCOM is connected to the grid is referred as point of common coupling
(PCC). The relation between the PCC voltages and the inverter output voltage is presented by:
Rsia+LS[dia/dt]=Vpa-Vca

. (3)

Rsib+LS[dib/dt]=Vpb-Vcb.(4)
Rsic+Ls[dic/dt]=Vpc-Vcc .(5)
The following equation is obtained by transforming equation
(1-3) to SRF [synchronous reference frame] using parks transformation.
Ls(did/dt)+Rsid=Vpd-mVdccos+LsWiq..(6)
Ls(diq/dt)+Rsiq=Vpq+mVdcsin+LsWid(7)
LsWiq=(q)W
As The voltage equations are in SRF.
Vdr = ridr + P. (dr) Wr (qr).(8
Vqr = riqr + P . (qr) + Wr (dr)(9)
Where . (qr) = L.iq
In Eqn (4) & (5), where W is the system frequency & m is the modulation index of the
converter.
Eqn (4) & (5) can be represented in state space from as in eqn.
24 | P a g e

i.e.
did/dt + (Rs/Ls)id = Vpd/Ls (mVdc/Ls) cos() + Wiq 10
or

did/dt =- (Rs/Ls)id+ Vpd/Ls (mVdc/Ls) cos() + Wiq 11

diq/dt + (Rs/Ls)iq = Vpq/Ls +(mVdc/Ls) sin() + Wid

or

diq/dt =- (Rs/Ls)iq + Vpq/Ls +(mVdc/Ls) sin()- Wid .12

in state space form

[](

)[ ] (

d id Rs/ Ls
w
id + 1 VpdVcd
=
dt iq
w
Rs /Ls iq Ls Vpq+ Vcq

. (13)

The voltage harmonics produced by the direct and quadrature

axis voltage can be neglected to

form the following

m. Vdc cos =Vcd . ( 14 )
m. Vdc sin =Vcq (15)

Assuming the inverter is lossless circuit and as per the power balance theory, the instantaneous
power at the ac-dc terminals of the inverter is :
Vdc . idc=

3
2

(Vcd.id+Vcq.iq)

.. (16)

Due to primitive d-q m/c

Vdc=

3
2

(Vcd+Vcq)

The DC side circuit equation is given as

idc=c .

d( vdc) 3
= . m . ( id . cosiq . sin ) ..
dt
2

(17)

Rearranging equation (10) and combining it with equation (6) gives the following state space
equation

25 | P a g e

( ) ( ) ( )

id
d id
1 Vpd
=
A

iq
iq
0
dt
Ls
Vdc
Vdc
0

. (18)

Where A is given as

Rs /Ls

Rs /Ls

3m
3 m
cos
sin
2 c
2 c

m
cos
Ls
m
sin
Ls
0

The rotating d-q axis follow the trajectory of the voltage vector within the synchronous
rotating frame Vp=Vpd and Vpq=0
The instantaneous active and reactive power theory are described as
p=Vpd . id+Vpq . iq=Vpd . id=Vp. id ..(19)

q=Vpq .idVpd . iq=Vpd . iq=Vp. iq . (20)

Based on equation

(19) & (20)

The D-STATCOM performance can be controlled by controlling

the Id & Iq values.

2.5 PRINCIPLES OF REACTIVE POWER CONTROL IN

D-STATCOM
Simplified single phase Y equivalent model of D-STATCOM is given in Fig.4.1[2][3][9]

26 | P a g e

Fig. 2.4 Simplified Model of single phase D-STATCOM

Vs: RMS line-to-neutral AC grid voltage with a phase angle of 0 referred to D-STATCOM side.
Vc : RMS line-to-neutral D-STATCOM fundamental voltage
Is : RMS source current
IL : RMS load current
Ic : RMS D-STATCOM current
Qs : Source reactive power
QL : Load reactive power
Qc : D-STATCOM reactive power
: Phase angle between fundamental voltage of D-STATCOM and AC grid
R : Y equivalent total loss resistance including coupling transformer losses, series inductor losses
and converter losses
L : Y equivalent total inductance including source inductance, leakage inductance of coupling
transformer and input filter inductance.
The phasor diagram is given below in Fig 4.2

27 | P a g e

Fig 2.5 Phasor Diagrams for Lossy Systems

(Not-to-scale, phase angles are exaggerated)
Kirchoffs voltage equations for the circuit in Fig.3.5 can be written as follows by using the
phasor diagrams in Fig. 3.6.
___

___ ____ ___

Vs = Vc + V R+ Vx

(21)

where X = 2fL , VR = RIc and VX = jXIc

_____

_____

By resolving VR and VX along Re and Im axes in Fig 2.5, (22) and (23) can be
obtained.
Vs Vc cos = (Rcos + Xsin ) I c

(22)

V sin = (X cos R sin ) Ic

(23)

On the other hand, active and reactive power consumed by the D-STATCOM from the supply
can be expressed as in (4.4) and (4.5)
P = Vs Ic cos

(24)

Q = Vs Ic sin

(25)

Power sink convention has been used in the formulations given above. This convention
associates a positive sign with the reactive power flowing into an inductive reactance. It occurs
when D-STATCOM input current Ic lags behind supply voltage Vs by as defined in Fig. 2.5.
Active and reactive power inputs (Pc and Qc) to the D- STATCOM can also be expressed in
terms of line-to-neutral voltages Vs and Vc, system parameters R and X and angles and as in
(26) and (27).
28 | P a g e

Pc=

Vs RVs sin + XVc sin sin RVc sin cos + RVc cos sin
(26)
X
R cos + X sin

Qc=Vs .

VsVc cos
sin (27)
R cos + X sin

There is no power dissipation for an ideal D-STATCOM. It means that R in Fig. 2.4 and Pc in
equation (26) should be set to zero. Equating Pc to zero implies that sin and hence should be
zero. Therefore, phasor diagrams given in Fig. 2.4 turn out to be those in Fig. 2.5 for a lossless
D-STATCOM. Also (27) simplifies to (28)
Qc Vs .

VsVc
x

(28)

Phasor diagrams for the ideal condition (R = 0) is given in Fig. 2.6.

Fig2.6 Phasor Diagrams for Lossless System

In the lossless system, D-STATCOM voltage is in phase with the AC line voltage and
line current is purely reactive. If Vc is equal to Vs, reactive power generation is zero.
If Vc<Vs, a current is induced which lags VX. This current also lags Vs since V X is in phase
with Vs. Therefore, AC grid sees this current as inductive and STATCOM is said to be operating
in inductive mode. If Vc>Vs, a current is induced which lags V X. However, this current leads Vs
since VX is in opposite direction with Vs. Therefore, AC grid sees this current as capacitive and
STATCOM is said to be in operating capacitive mode. Voltage and current waveforms of AC grid
and DSTATCOM is shown in Fig. 2.7 for the ideal case.

29 | P a g e

Fig 2.7 Inductive and Capacitive Modes of DSTATCOM

(Modulation index = 1.16)
During operation of D- STATCOM in transient state, the DC link capacitor is to be charged and
discharged periodically or aperiodically. Active power will flow from the supply to the DC link
or vice versa through the converter. This condition makes necessary a finite load angle between
Vs and Vc although its value is small.
Furthermore, input filter and VSC have their own losses which necessitates the flow from the
supply for operation even in the steady-state (DC link voltage is constant.
Therefore, one can conclude that the ideal D-STATCOM model in Fig. 2.7 is not an adequate
model in describing the operation of a D-STATCOM especially in transient state.
On the other hand, the model can be simplified by making for R<<X while preserving the active
power flow equation in an approximate manner. Phasor diagrams Fig. 2.5 can be simplified as in
Fig. 2.8 under this assumption.

Fig 2.8 Phasor Diagrams for R<<X

30 | P a g e

In addition to this assumption for the prototype system developed in this thesis, following
inequalities hold over the entire operating range (from full inductive to full capacitive).

02.5

in the steady state

8990
5 5 the transient state

Therefore in the steady-state following approximations can be made wherever needed.

sin where is expressed radians

sin 1cos 0

These approximations yield alternative equation sets given below:

Pc

Vs . Vc
sin
x

Qc Vs

VsVc cos
X

(29)

(30)

It can be deduced from (29) and (30) that STATCOM absorbs active power even at zero
reactive power because of converter losses.
Let us assume the relationship between Vc and dc link voltage Vd is given in terms of a constant
k.
Vc = kVd

(31)

By substituting (31) in (29) and (30), (32) and (33) are obtained
Pc

Vs . kVd
sin
x

Qc Vs

VskVd cos
X

31 | P a g e

(32)

(33)

In order to approximate input voltage of VSC to a pure sine wave at fundamental frequency,
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) or Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) technique can be
applied.
^
For this case, peak value of fundamental component of VSC input voltage (line-to neutral, V
c) can be related to dc link voltage in terms of modulation index ma as given in (34) by assuming
a two-level line-to-neutral ac voltage
Vc= ma .

Vd
2

(34)

^
By using (31) and (34) one obtains
k=

ma
=0 .35 ma
2 2

(35)

Vc 0 .35 ma Vd

(36)

Substituting of (35) in (32) and (33) yields

Pc=

0 . 35 Vs
ma Vd sin
X

Qc

Vs
(V s0 .35 ma Vd cos )
x

(37)

(38)

Two different operation modes arise from (38)

1) If

0 . 35ma Vd

cos can be made smaller than Vs, then Qc becomes positive and hence VSC

absorbs reactive power (inductive operation mode).

2) If

0 . 35ma Vd

cos can be made larger than Vs .then Qc becomes negative and hence VSC

delivers reactive power to the supply (capacitive operation mode).

Therefore, different control techniques can be applied in order to change

0 . 35ma Vd

Cos

1 can

term. Since is smaller than 2.5 in the normal working range of STATCOM, cos
32 | P a g e

be assumed.This assumption simplifies the term which is going to be controlled to 0.35ma Vd .

It can therefore be concluded that reactive power absorbed or delivered by STATCOM can be
controlled by one of the following techniques.
i) varying modulation index m while keeping DC link voltage Vd constant
ii) varying Vd while keeping m constant, or
iii) a combination of (i) and (ii).

2.6 D-STATCOM CONFIGURATION:

The configuration of DSTATCOM chosen is shown in Fig. 4.7 It contains three phase full bridge
converters (2- level, 3- arm bridge, 6-pulse IGBT converter) connected to a common DC bus and
a capacitor of10000 microfarad as the DC source with a capacity of 8MVA is connected in shunt
with the system through a transformer of 1KV/415V as shown in Fig. The DC capacitor should
charge up to a voltage of 700V in order to invert into an ac voltage of 415V as the line-line rms
voltage is given by[14]

VLL=0.612 ma Vd volt ..(39)

As derived from equation 36

The base voltage is taken as 415V and base MVA is 10 MVA. A filter circuit is connected at the
output of the DSTATCOM circuit to eliminate the harmonics produced during switching .The
reference PWM signals are given to the PWM generator to generate PWM pulse to the inverter.
2.6.1 DESIGN OF POWER CIRCUIT PARAMETERS:
This includes the design of three important parameters:[14][7]
Selection of DC Link Voltage
Selection of coupling inductance Lf
Selection of DC Link Capacitor Cdc
The selection of parameters assumes a balanced AC supply and the voltage source
converter operating in linear mode (0<m<1). Reference value of the dc link voltage is selected
mainly on the basis of reactive power compensation capability of DSTATCOM. For satisfactory
operation the dc reference magnitude should be greater than the magnitude of the source voltage
33 | P a g e

Vs. As per the compensation principle a DSTATCOM should be able to compensate reactive
power to achieve unity power factor correction and improve voltage regulation which is achieved
by DC loop and AC loop PI controllers respectively as shown in Fig.4.6. For unity power factor
operation, the source current Is should be in phase and the compensator current Ic should be
perpendicular to the voltage, which is the PCC voltage Vs. The three phase reactive power
delivered from the compensator is given as
Q=3 Vs Ic=3*Vs*(Vc/wLc)*(1-(Vs/Vc))
The above equation implies that the DSTATCOM can compensate the reactive power if and only
if VC>VS. From the per phase output voltage of the converter VC is a function of the DC bus
voltage and of the modulation index m is given as:
Vc=(m/2)*(Vdc/sqrt(2))
2.6.1.1 DC Bus Voltage
The value of DC bus voltage (Vdc) depends on the PCC voltage and its must be greater than
amplitude of the AC mains voltage for
successful PWM control of VSC of DSTATCOM. For a three-phase VSC, the DC bus voltage is
defined as,
Vdc=22.VLL/(3m)

(40)

[76 Singh and Arya / International Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology, Vol. 4, No.
1, 2012, pp. 74-86]
where, m is the modulation index and is considered as (40) and V LL is the AC line output voltage
of DSTATCOM.
2.6.1.2. DC BUS CAPACITOR
The value of DC link capacitance is chosen to limit the ripple in the dc link voltage within a
permissible limit. This ripple is proportional to the maximum var handled by the compensator.
The design of the DC bus capacitor is governed by the depression in the DC bus voltage
upon the application of the loads and rise in the DC bus voltage on removal of the loads. Using
the principle of energy conservation, the equation governing Cdc is as,[17]
0.5 Cdc {(Vdc)^2-(Vdc1)^2}=k{3Vph(a .I) t}

34 | P a g e

(41)

where, Vdc is the nominal DC voltage and Vdc1 is the minimum voltage level of DC bus, a is
the over loading factor, Vph is the phase voltage, I is the phase current of the VSC and t is time
for which DC bus voltage is to be recovered.
2.6.1.3. COUPLING INDUCTANCE (LF)
The coupling inductance serves as a low pass filter and plays a very important role in
DSTATCOM performance. The method of generation of PWM signals significantly affects the
value of coupling inductance. If fixed switching frequency PWM method is employed as in
rotating reference frame controller, in order to maintain the source current THD within 5%, the
medium and higher order harmonics in the converter output voltage have to be reduced. The
value of inductance calculated with these criteria is high which in turn hampers the
compensation capability of the compensator. If variable frequency PWM method is employed,
like hysteresis current controller, then the coupling inductance is designed considering the
variable switching frequency. In such current controllers a dead band or a hysteresis is imposed
around the reference current which is given as per the following equation[14]
Lf=Vdc/9.HB.fS

(42)

2.7 BASIC OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF A DSTATCOM

Basic operating principle of a DSATCOM is similar to that of synchronous machine. The
synchronous machine will provide lagging current when under excited and leading current when
over excited.
DSTATCOM can generate and absorb reactive power similar to that of synchronous machine and
it can also exchange real power if provided with an external device DC source.
Exchange of Reactive Power :
if the output voltage of the voltage source converter is greater than the system voltage then the
DSATCOM will act as capacitor and generate reactive power (i.e. provide lagging current to the
system)
Exchange of Real Power:
as the switching devices are not loss less there is a need for the DC capacitor to provide the
required real power to the switches. Hence there is a need for real power exchange with an AC
35 | P a g e

system to make the capacitor voltage constant in case of direct voltage control. There is also a
real power exchange with the AC system if DSTATCOM id provided with an external DC source
to regulate the voltage in case of very low voltage in the distribution system or in case of faults.
And if the VSC output voltage leads the system voltage then the real power from the capacitor or
the DC source will be supplied to the AC system to regulate the system voltage to the =1p.u or to
make the capacitor voltage constant.
Hence the exchange of real power and reactive power of the voltage source converter with AC
system is the major required phenomenon for the regulation in the transmission as well as in the
distribution system. For reactive power compensation, DSTATCOM provides reactive power as
needed by the load and therefore the source current remains at unity power factor (UPF). Since
only real power is being supplied by the source, load balancing is achieved by making the source
reference current balanced. The reference source current used to decide the switching of the
DSTATCOM has real fundamental frequency component of the load current which is being
extracted by these techniques.
A STATCOM at the transmission level handles only fundamental reactive power and provides
voltage support while as a DSTATCOM is employed at the distribution level or at the load end
for power factor improvement and voltage regulation. DSTATCOM can be one of the viable
alternatives to SVC in a distribution network.
Additionally, a DSTATCOM can also behave as a shunt active filter, to eliminate unbalance or
distortions in the source current or the supply voltage as per the IEEE-519 standard limits. Since
a DSTATCOM is such a multifunctional device, the main objective of any control algorithm
should be to make it flexible and easy to implement in addition to exploiting its multi
functionality to the maximum.
The main objective of any compensation scheme is that it should have a fast response, flexible
and easy to implement. The control algorithms of a DSTATCOM are mainly implemented in the
following steps:
1. Measurements of system voltages and current and
2. Signal conditioning
3. Calculation of compensating signals
4.Generation of firing angles of switching devices

36 | P a g e

Generation of proper PWM firing is the most important part of DSTATCOM control and has a
great impact on the compensation objectives, transient as well as steady state performance. Since
a DSTATCOM shares many concepts to that of a STATCOM at transmission level, a few control
algorithms have been directly implemented to a DSTATCOM, incorporating Pulse Width
Modulation (PWM) switching, rather than Fundamental Frequency switching (FFS) methods.
This project makes attempt to compare the following schemes of a DSTATCOM for reactive
power compensation and power factor correction based on
1. SRF( Synchronous Reference Frame) Controller
2. I cos control theory

37 | P a g e

CHAPTER 3
OPTIMISED SRF CONTROL OF
DSTATCOM

38 | P a g e

3.1 SYNCHRONOUS REFERENCE FRAME CONTROLLER

Fig 3.1 block diagram of SRF controller

The three phase load current in a-b-c can be converted into d-q frame by using two steps:
Step 1: the load currents a-b-c can be converted to - components by Clarks transformation.
Then these - components can be converted to d-q frame by using these formulas :

[ ]
Ild
Ilq

2
3

sint

][ ]

2
2
) cos ( t +
) Ila
3
3
Ilb
2
2
sin (t ) sin ( t +
) Ilc
3
3

cos t cos( t

43
Step 2:
The dc component for each id and iq is extracted by the SRF using low pass filters. These dc
components are then transformed back again to a-b-c for obtaining the desired compensation
currents.

39 | P a g e

3.2

SIMULATIONS

FOR

SRF

CONTROLLED

DSTATCOM:
Case 1: in this case the DSTATCOM is connected to a normal distribution line voltage level.

Fig 3.2 MATLAB Diagram of the proposed model

The controller MATLAB model is as follows:

40 | P a g e

Fig 3.3 matlab block diagram of the controller

Simulation parameters:
Table 3.1
Source voltage
Inverter load
Extra load connected as a line to ground fault
DC capacitor value
DC voltage across the capacitor
Filter impedences
Simulation time

515 V
10 KW
10
2800e-6 F
700 V
R=0.1 , L= 3mH
1 sec

CASE 1:
The simulations have first been conducted without the DSTATCOM connected to the distribution
network. An extra load of 10 is connected to the line A through a breaker as shown in the
figure. This extra load is switched ON at 0.7 sec and switched OFF at 0.8 sec. A nonlinear load
i.e rectifier load of 10 KW is connected to the distribution line. This nonlinear load gives rise to
harmonics in the source side as well as the load side current waveforms. These waveforms are
shown below:

41 | P a g e

Fig 3.4 simulation diagram in the absence of DSTATCOM

In this figure it is seen that the load and source currents are disturbed, the cause of disturbance is
basically because the source harmonics were injected during a time span of 0.4 sec to 0.6 sec.
after this there is a sudden connection or switching ON of a load of 10 during the time of 0.7
sec to 0.8 sec.
The simulation diagram in the presence of DSTATCOM is shown below:

42 | P a g e

Fig 3.5 simulation plots in the presence of DSTATCOM

In this diagram the load and source current disturbances has been mitigated. The sinusoidal
nature of the load and source currents has been restored. The DC voltage of the capacitor
fluctuates till the control action of the DSTATCOM is completed. Once the control action is
completed the DC capacitor waveform attains a steady value. This indicates that as long as there
is a continuous process of charging and discharging of the capacitor the DSTATCOM helps in
mitigating the harmonics. Once the DC voltage oscillations stop the DSTATCOM has already
mitigated the harmonics phenomenon occurrence and has restored the sinusoidal nature of the
load and the source waveforms.

43 | P a g e

CASE 2:
The same model is also simulated by creating a three phase fault by connecting a three phase
resistive load of 10 to the load side and is connected to a three phase breaker. The three phase
load is switched ON during a time span of 0.5 sec to 0.7 sec. this sudden injection of a three
phase load gives rise to harmonics both in the source side and the load side current waveforms.
Along woth this the source harmonics are injected during a time span of 0.4 sec to 0.6 sec. so the
source harmonics coupled with the sudden injection of loads give rise to harmonics which badly
distorts the waveforms. The simulation graph in the absence of DSTATCOM is shown below

Fig 3.6 simulation plots in the absence of DSTATCOM

It can be clearly seen that by the cumulative effect of the source harmonics and the sudden
addition of a three phase load to the distribution line a considerable amount of harmonics has
been injected in the source current and load currents.
44 | P a g e

The simulation under the same conditions is now carried out in the presence of DSTATCOM.

Fig 3.7 simulation plots in the presence of SRF controlled DSTATCOM

Similar to the previous case the DSTATCOM effectively mitigates the harmonic disturbances
and restore the normal sinusoidal nature of the waveforms. The DC capacitor voltage fluctuates
as long as the exchange of reactive power takes place and then finally attaines the steady value.

45 | P a g e

CASE 3:
In the above cases the SRF controlled DSTATCOM has been applied or attached to a normal
distribution line. Now an attempt has been made to connected it to a distribution line the source
being a DFIG based wind farm. The wind farm model has been directly taken from the
MATLAB SIMULINK default model and is attached to ta step down transformer to bring the
voltage level to the distribution level. The Simulink model for this case is given below:

Fig 3.8 DSTATCOM connected to the DFIG based wind farm

In this case like the previous two cases the simulation is carried in two cases.
(i)

In the absence of DSTATCOM with some extra loads connected in between giving

(ii)

rise to harmonics.
In the presence of DSTATCOM and observing how it mitigates the harmonic contents
and restore the sinusoidal nature of the waveforms.

For the first case the SIMULATION diagram is as follows:

46 | P a g e

Fig 3.9 simulation plots in the absence of DSTATCOM

According to this figure it can be clearly seen that the sudden addition of a resistive load of 10
has caused the injection of harmonics in the source as well as the load current waveforms. The
initial oscillations of the voltage and current waveforms is because of the difference in electrical
and mechanical constants. The controller aspects entirely deals with electrical quantities and
each and every component has an electrical time constant. But a DFIG based wind turbine also
consists of mechanical quanitites like rotor speed, wind speed. These differences in electrical and
mechanical time constants give rise to these oscillations. In other words the DFIG based wind
turbine takes about 0.95 secs to attain a steady value of voltage and current. But the connection
of an rectifier load like the previous cases gives rise to harmonics all over the source and the load
currents.

47 | P a g e

Next the same simulation is conducted but the DSTATCOM being present. And the
corresponding waveforms are as follows:

Fig 3.10 simulation plots in the presence of DSTATCOM

As clear from the figure the DSTATCOM takes 1.6 sec to complete its control action and to
restore the sinusoidal nature and mitigate the harmonics.

48 | P a g e

The THD graphs in the presence and absence of DSTATCOM for both the cases i.e when the
supply is a three phase distribution line and case 2 when the supply is a DFIG based wind
turbine.

Fig 3.11 THD graphs in the absence of DSTATCOM for normal distribution system

Fig 3.12 THD graphs in absence of DSTATCOM when connected to DFIG wind turbine
The THD graphs in the presence of DSTATCOM in both the cases are given below:

Fig 3.13 THD graphs in presence of DSTATCOM

49 | P a g e

Fig 3.14 THD graphs in presence of DSTATCOM when connected to DFIG based wind turbine.

50 | P a g e

CHAPTER 4
OPTIMISED I COS CONTROLLER
OF DSTATCOM

51 | P a g e

4.1 I COS CONTROL SCHEME OF DSTATCOM:

The control algorithm deployed to produce the necessary and appropriate reference currents in
order to fire the IGBTs is based on the I cos algorithm. The control is mainly divided into three
sections namely DC voltage controller, AC voltage controller and reference current estimator.
This control overcomes the limitation of the SRF control as said in [6,9] by keeping the THD
level beyond the IEEE limit. This algorithm is thereby proposed to reduce the current harmonic
components and supplies reactive power to the load. In this control the source currents ( i sa, isb,
isc), load currents( ila, ilb, ilc) and the dc voltage ( Vdc) are apprehended as feedback signals. In the
proposed algorithm it is presumed that the active current components are furnished only by the
source. i.e I cos ( where I= fundamental component of the load currents and = angle by which
the load current is displaces with respect to the pcc voltage).
The entire control topology comprised of Phase Locked Loop( PLL ), a PI controller for
controlling the DC voltage, a PI ac voltage controller, an unit vector component estimator and an
hysteresis current controller. The main function of the PLL is to generate the sine and cosine of
the phase angles in synchronism with the PCC voltages. The dc voltage error i.e the voltage
across the capacitor and the dc reference voltage is compared and the difference is sent to the PI
block in order to generate the Ismd component of current. The PI AC voltage controller is mainly
used to maintain and regulate the PCC voltage. The ac voltage error i.e the difference between
the PCC voltage and the reference voltage is passed through another PI block to generate I smq.
These two current outputs are taken as inputs to the reference current estimator and the three
phase reference source currents are generated.
At any instant let the expression of load currents be

i La I Lan sin( nt an )
n 1

where

ranges

from

0,1

to.(44)
i Lb I bn sin( nt an 120 )

where

ranges

from

0,1to

(45)
i Lc I cn sin( nt an 240 )

where

(46)

52 | P a g e

ranges

from

0,1

to

In this proposed concept abc is the phase angles of the fundamental components in a,b and c
phase. (abc)n can be interpreted as the phase angles of the n th harmonic components in a,b and c
phases.
4.1.1 CALCULATION OF THE IN PHASE REFERENCE CURRENT COMPONENTS
The active components of the load currents are given in magnitude as:
I La ( R ) I La1 cos a1 Re( I La1 )
.(47)

I Lb ( R ) I Lb1 cos b1 Re( I Lb1 )

.(48)
I Lc( R ) I Lc1 cos c1 Re( I Lc1 )
(49)
Consequently the active components of the three phase load currents are harnessed at the point of
zero crossing of the unit vector pattern in phase with the PCC voltages. Low pass filters with 50
Hz cut off frequency are used for infusing the fundamental load currents. In case of a balanced
load current condition the active current components of the reference source currents can be
given as

I s( R ) [

I La1 cos a1 I Lb1 cos b1 I Lc1 cos c1

3

] i smd
(50)

I La cos a1 I Lb cos b1
I Lc cos c1
In this context
,
and
are the amplitude of the active load
current components. Ismd as already stated is the output of the DC voltage PI controller.
Again recapitulating the DC voltage error, the difference in the DC voltage at n th instant is
calculated as,

Vdce( n ) Vdcr( n ) Vdc( n )

(51)
This DC voltage error is fed to a PI block and the output at nth instant of time is given by

i smd( n ) i smd ( n 1 ) K p ( V dce ) K i V dce dt

.(52)

Here Kp and Ki are the proportional and integral gains of the PI controller respectively.
Now the amplitude of the three phase voltages are given as

2
Vt { ( Va2 Vb2 Vc2 )}1 / 2
3
53 | P a g e

..(53)

Next we calculate the in phase unit vector components as

ua

Va
Vt

ub

V
Vb
uc c
Vt
Vt

..(54)

Now the estimation of the in phase components of the reference source currents is done as
follows

i *sa( R ) I s ( R ) u a
..(55)

i *sb( R ) I s( R ) u b
(56)

i*sc( R ) I s ( R )uc
..(57)
4.1.2 CALCULATION OF QUADRATURE CURRENT COMPONENTS:
The quadrature axis unit vectors with respect to the source voltages are represented as w a, wb and
wc and are calculated as

wa

ub uc

wb

wc

(58)

3u a ( u b u c )

2
2 3

.(59)

3u a ( u b u c )

2
2 3

.(60)

Identical to the calculation of active components the reactive components of the fundamental
load currents is given in amplitude by
I La ( Q ) I La1 sin Im( I La1 )
.(61)
I Lb( Q ) I Lb1 sin Im( I Lb1 )
.(62)
I Lc ( Q ) I Lc1 sin Im( I Lc1 )
.(63)
The extraction of the amplitude of the reactive component of the fundamental load current is
processed at zero crossing. In case of balanced source currents the reactive component of the
reference currents is given by

54 | P a g e

I s( Q ) [

I La1 sin a1 I Lb1 sin b1 I Lc1 sin c1

3

] i smq
.(64)

Identical to the previous steps [], the quadrature components of the reference source currents is
documented as

i*sa( Q ) I s ( Q ) wa
(65)

i*sb( Q ) I s ( Q ) wa
.(66)

i*sc( Q ) I s ( Q ) wa
.(67)
Now both the in phase and quadrature components of the reference currents are obtained. The
summation of the in phase and quadrature components helps us to obtain the actual reference
source currents which are as follows:
i *sa i *sa( R ) i *sa( Q )
.(68)

i *sb i *sb( R ) i *sb( Q )

..(69)

i *sc i *sc( R ) i *sc( Q )

(70)

( i *sa , i *sb , i *sc )

These reference currents

( i sa , i sb , i sc )
are then compared with the source currents

and

the output is put as an input to a discrete PWM block in order to generate the gating signals for
the IGBT based VSI working as a DSTATCOM.

4.2 SIMULATIONS:
The matlab model for this simulation is shown below:

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Fig 4.1 MATLAB MODEL

4.2.1 SIMULATION PARAMETERS:
Table 4.1
SOURCE VOLTAGE
LOAD
EXTRA LOAD ATTACHED
DC capacitance value
DC Capacitor voltage
Filter impedences
Simulation time

415 V
10 KW, 100 positive VAR
10
3000e-6 F
1000 V
R=0.1 , L=3 mH
1 sec

The simulation is first carried out in the absence of DSTATCOM. The nonlinear loads inject
harmonics in the load as well as the source side current waveforms. In addition to it the source
side harmonics were also considered and pre injected for a time period of 0.25 sec to 0.35 sec. an
56 | P a g e

extra resistive load of 10 is connected through a breaker to the distribution line and is switched
ON during the time interval of 0.3 sec to 0.5 sec. all these factors added up gives rise to
harmonics and distort the waveforms of the source side and load side current components. The
SIMULATION in the absence of DSTATCOM is shown below:

Fig 4.2 simulation graphs in the absence of DSTATCOM

From the figure the presence of harmonics and the effect of sudden addition of loads are clearly
seen. The distortion of the waveforms are also noticeable.
Now the simulation is carried out in the same conditions but in the presence of DSTATCOM.
The subsequent waveforms are plotted below:

57 | P a g e

Fig 4.3 Simulation graphs in the presence of DSTATCOM

From the figure it is clear that the harmonics are cleared effectively. The capacitor voltage
oscillates unless the process of harmonic mitigation i.e exchange of reactive powers stops and
the capacitor voltage is restored to a steady value.
The same simulation can be carried out but inclusion of a sudden addition of a three phase
resistive load for a time gap of 0.5 sec to 0.7 sec along with the pre injection of source
harmonics.
The simulation plots of the corresponding model are shown below:

58 | P a g e

Fig 4.4 simulation results in the absence of DSTATCOM

Form the figure it is clear that the addition of three phase resistive loads inject harmonics along
with the presence of nonlinear loads and the pre injected source harmonics.
These harmonics can be mitigated using a DSTATCOM; the simulation plots of which can be
seen below.

59 | P a g e

Fig 4.5 simulation results in the presence of DSTATCOM

From the figure it is clear that the harmonics are cleared effectively. The capacitor voltage
oscillates unless the process of harmonic mitigation i.e exchange of reactive powers stops and
the capacitor voltage is restored to a steady value.
Now these cases deals with normal three phase distribution lines connected to non linear loads.
Now the same concept can be applied to a concept where the source is taken as a DFIG based
wind farm and the non linear loads are connected to the wind farm through distribution lines.
The matlab model of this concept is shown below:

60 | P a g e

Fig 4.6 MATLAB model with DSTATCOM connected to DFIG based wind turbine
This case is exactly similar to the simulation of a SRF controlled DSTATCOM connected to a
DFIG based wind turbine. So, directly the simulations graphs are being shown below. In this
context also two cases are considered.
(1) In the absence of DSTATCOM and in the addition of extra loads through a breaker. This
adds up with the pre injected source harmonics and the presence of nonlinear rectifier
loads.
(2) In the presence of DSTATCOM controlled by I cos algorithm.
The simulation plots are shown below:
In the absence of DSTATCOM:

61 | P a g e

Fig 4.7 simulation diagrams in the absence of DSTATCOM

In the presence of DSTATCOM:

Fig 4.8 simulation diagram in presence of DSTATCOM

62 | P a g e

The THD graphs in the absence of DSTATCOM for normal three phase supply and for DFIG
based wind turbine is given below:

Fig 4.9 THD graphs in the absence of DSTATCOM

Fig 4.10 THD graphs in the absence of DSTATCOM when connected to a DFIG based wind
farm
The THD graphs in the presence of DSTATCOM are shown below:

Fig 4.11 THD graphs in presence of DSTATCOM

63 | P a g e

Fig 4.12 THD graphs in the presence of DSTATCOM when connected to DFIG wind farm

64 | P a g e

CHAPTER 5
OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUE
INVOLVED

65 | P a g e

5.1 OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUE INVOLVED:

Both the two controllers involve the use of PI controller blocks. The PI controller being a linear
controller implicitly depends on the operating point shifting.
In case for a particular operating point the PI constants( i.e K p and Ki) are fixed and give a
standard acceptable output. But in case the operating points changes the same values of K p and
Ki may not be able to give the same standard results.
So there may be a need for implementation of an optimization technique that will be shifting the
linear controller constants according to the shift in the operating points.

5.1.1 PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION:

OPTIMIZATION problems are widely encountered in various fields of science and technology.
Sometimes such problems can be very complex due to the actual and practical nature of the
objective function or the model constraints. Traditionally, optimization methods involved
derivative-based techniques such as those summarized in [1][3]. These techniques are robust
and have proven their effectiveness in handling many classes of optimization problems.
However, such techniques can encounter difficulties such as getting trapped in local minima,
increasing computational complexity, and not being applicable to certain classes of objective
functions. This led to the need of developing a new class of solution methods that can overcome
these shortcomings. Heuristic optimization techniques are fast growing tools that can overcome
most of the limitations found in derivative-based techniques.
Kennedy and Eberhart first introduced particle swarm optimization
(PSO) in 1995 as a new heuristic method [4], [5]. The original objective of their research was to
mathematically simulate the social behavior of bird flocks and fish schools. As their research
progressed, they discovered that with some modifications, their social behavior model can also
serve as a powerful optimizer. The first version of PSO was intended to handle only nonlinear
continuous optimization problems. However, many advances in PSO development elevated its
capabilities to handle a wide class of complex engineering and science optimization problems.
Summaries of recent advances in these areas are presented in [6] and [7] and will not be
addressed in this paper due to space limitations.
Different variants of the PSO algorithm were proposed but the most standard one is the global
version of PSO (Gbest model) introduced by Shi and Eberhart [8], where the whole population
66 | P a g e

is considered as a single neighborhood throughout the optimization process. A key attractive

feature of the PSO approach is its simplicity as it involves only two model equations. In PSO, the
coordinates of each particle represent a possible solution associated with two vectors, the
position and velocity vectors. In N-dimensional search space, and are the two vectors associated
with each particle . A swarm consists of a number of particles or possible solutions that
proceed (fly) through the feasible solution space to explore optimal solutions. Each particle
updates its position based on its own best exploration, best swarm overall experience, and its
previous velocity vector according to the following model:
v i , j ( g 1 ) wvi , j ( g ) c1 r1 [ Pb i , j ( g ) Pi , j ( g )] c 2 r2 [ Gb j ( g ) p i , j ( g )]
(71)
pi , j ( g 1 ) pi , j ( g ) uvi , j ( g 1 )
(72)
Where c1 and c2 are two positive constants; and r 1 and r2 are two randomly generated numbers
with a range of [0,1]; w is the inertia weight;P b is the best position particle achievedbased on its
own experience; Gb is the best particle position basedon overall swarms experience; i,j is the
iteration index.
PSO is a population-based evolutionary technique that has many key advantages over other
optimization techniques like:
It is a derivative-free algorithm unlike many conventional techniques.
It has the flexibility to be integrated with other optimization techniques to form hybrid tools.
It is less sensitive to the nature of the objective function, i.e., convexity or continuity.
It has less parameters to adjust unlike many other competing evolutionary techniques.
It has the ability to escape local minima.
It is easy to implement and program with basic mathematical and logic operations.
It can handle objective functions with stochastic nature,like in the case of representing one of
the optimization variables as random.
It does not require a good initial solution to start its iteration process.
67 | P a g e

The PSO algorithm can be best described in general as follows:

1) For each particle, the position and velocity vectors will be randomly initialized with the same
size as the problem
dimension.
2) Measure the fitness of each particle (pbest) and store the particle with the best fitness (gbest)
value.
3) Update velocity and position vectors according to (1) and (2) for each particle.
4) Repeat steps 23 until a termination criterion is satisfied.
In addition to traditional gradient-based optimization algorithms, there are many other heuristic
techniques that compete with PSO such as genetic algorithm, simulated annealing, evolutionary
programming, and most recently ant colony optimization. In general, most of these techniques
can be used to solve various optimization problems, just like in the case of PSO. However, such
competing techniques tend to have major drawbacks such as the following:
More parameter tuning is required.
They require extensive computational time.
Heavily involved programming skills are required to develop and modify competing algorithm
to suit different classes of optimization problems.
Some techniques require binary conversion instead of working with direct real valued
variables.
On the other hand, some advantages of aforementioned algorithms over PSO are the following:
The availability of commercial versions of some algorithms like Matlab (genetic algorithm) and
Excel premium solver (evolutionary programming).
The extensive collection of books and research literatures, especially in the case of genetic
algorithm and evolutionary programming, which cover these competing methods.
Despite the simplicity of the PSO concept and implementation, its superiority is proven when
compared with other techniques in many different application areas [9][13].

68 | P a g e

Other heuristic techniques that belong to the same category are summarized in [14]. These
techniques have been gaining more popularity mainly because of their robustness, simplicity, and
their ability to deal with more exact models instead of making intolerable approximations. The
major drawbacks of PSO are the lack of solid mathematical background and failure to assure
global optimal solution. PSO has been proven to perform well in many standard benchmark
optimization problems used by researchers to validate new global optimization techniques [15]
[18]. Reference [16] is an excellent reference that analyzed and studied the PSO promising
convergence characteristics. In [16], Clerc and Kennedy successfully established some
mathematical foundation to explain the behaviour of a simplified PSO model in its search for an
optimal solution. However, further analysis is needed to explain other issues of the PSO, like the
social influence aspect of the algorithm and generalized rules in how to tune its parameters to
suit different optimization problems. In [16], the authors emphasized the need for further future
studies by stating Several kinds of coefficient adjustments are suggested in the present paper,
but we have barely scratched the surface and plenty of experiments should be prompted by these
findings

69 | P a g e

CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSIONS AND
APPLICATIONS

70 | P a g e

6.1 CONCLUSION:
This thesis report aptly describes the modelling and basic working of a DSTATCOM. This thesis
describes briefly its role in reactive power compensation and also the various modes of operation
of a DSTATCOM.
This thesis also describes the various control algorithms of a DSTATCOM. It describes the SRF
control algorithm and Icos control algorithm. The detailed mathematical concepts of the control
algorithms are explained.
Next the simulations were shown both in the presence and absence of DSTATCOM. These
concepts were then applied to a DFIG based wind turbine and the simulations were done both in
the presence and absence of DSTATCOM and the results were noticed.
It can be aptly concluded that the DSTATCOM helps in mitigating the harmonics to a great
extent and in case of normal three phase distribution source it has brought the THD levels within
IEEE standards. But it can be seen that in case of the DFIG based wind turbine the THD levels in
the presence of DSTATCOM is still at a higher level as prescribed by the IEEE levels. This can
be concluded due to the fact that there exists a lot of sub harmonics in these case and they can be
filtered or mitigated using proper control algorithms.

6.2 FUTURE SCOPE:

After comparisons of two controllers in 2-level 3-leg six pulses VSC based converter in DSTATCOM .this leaves much scope for further work in many related areas identified for further
studies:

Comparison of 2-level 3-leg six pulses VSC with 3-level NPC (NEUTRAL POINT

CLAMMPED CONVERTER) as well as 3 level flying capacitor.

Connecting induction motor as load.

6.3 APPLICATION OF DSTATCOM FOR REACTIVE

POWER

COMPENSATION

AND

VOLTAGE

REGULATION.
Initial application of DSTATCOM (using GTO devices) was primarily for the control of
(fundamental frequency) reactive power control and voltage regulation. Svcs have been applied
71 | P a g e

for this purpose earlier. A major advantage relates to the improved speed of response, capacity
for transient overload (up to one second) in addition to the improved performance at reduced
voltages over a SVC.
Reference [11] describes a case study on a 12 MVAR STATCOM connected at a 12.5 kV, 150
MW substation of Commonwealth Edison of Chicago, U.S.A. The benefits achieved are:
1. Limiting voltage swells caused by capacitor switching.
2. Reduction of voltage sags due to common feeder faults.
3. Controlling the voltage fluctuations caused by customer load variations. It was found that
voltage fluctuations were reduced from 2.5% to 0.2% with DSTATCOM. This reduces
voltage flicker substantially.
4. Based on the control algorithm, frequency of mechanical switching operations (involving
load tap changing (ltc) transformers and mechanically switched capacitors) is reduced
that is beneficial for maintenance.
5. Increase in the maximum loadability of the system (in particularly, increase in the
induction motor load that can remain stable through a major disturbance, such as loss of
primary infeed).
The controller of DSTATCOM suggested in [11] has three levels given below:
1. Fast voltage regulator.
2. Fast current limiter and overload management control.
3.

Slow reset control.

The voltage regulator has a response time of few cycles. The second level of control allows
the inherent short- term overload capability of D-STATCOM to be utilized for better
performance while protecting equipment. The third level of control involving slow reset ensures
that the D-STATCOM does not remain near limits over an extended period of time. The objective
is to ensure that the D-STATCOM remains ready to respond quickly to subsequent disturbances.
The reset control acts on the voltage reference (within limits) and works with a delay (of
typically 2 minutes).the output of D-STATCOM is ramped back to lie within a specified
deadband of +/-1.2MVAR,at a rate of 0.5MVAR per minute. The control is

coordinated with

existing mechanically switched devices. The voltage flicker can be reduced by 50% from
applying a D-STATCOM in comparison with a SVC.

72 | P a g e

APPENDIX
Table indicating the values of Kp and Ki in the PI blocks that is optimised by PSO.
OPTIMISED CONTROLLER SRF controlled DSTATCOM

Icos controlled DSTATCOM

CONSTANTS
Kp1
Kp2
Ki1
Ki2

0.2444
15.6985
0.4897
145.8696

0..1699
14.3532
0.4591
154.4827

Table indicating the THD levels and comparison of the THD levels between SRF controlled and
Icos controlled DSTATCOM both in the absence and presence of it.
THD Levels
Without DSTATCOM
With DSTATCOM

SRF Controlled DSTATCOM

29.14%
2.39%

Icos controlled DSTATCOM

22.39%
4.24%

Table indicating the THD values when the DSTATCOM is connected to a DFIG based wind
turbine

THD Levels
Without DSTATCOM
With DSTATCOM

SRF controlled DSTATCOM

172.70%
13.80%

REFERENCE
[1].

N.G.Hingorani understanding FACTS IEEE press 2002.

73 | P a g e

Icos controlled DSTATCOM

194.92%
28.33%

[2].

K.K. Sen. STATCOM Theory, Modeling & Applications IEEE conference 1998 pp

1177-83.
[3].

P.Giroux,G.Sybille,H.Le-Huy,Modelling and Simulation of a Distribution STATCOM

using simulinks power system blockset,IEEE industrial electronics society ,pp.990-994,nov

2001
[4].

O.A.Lara

&E.Acha,Modeling

and

analysis

of

custom

power

systems

by

PSCAD/EMTDC,IEEE trans.,on power delivery vol.17 .no 1,pp-266-272,jan 2002.

[5].

J.H.Akagi

,y.kangawa&

A.nabae,Instantaneopus

reactive

power

compansator

comprising switching devices without energy storage components,IEEE trans on industry

Applications, vol ia-20 may june 1984.
[6].

F.H.Watanbe,R.YI.stephen and M.aredes,New concepts of instantaneous active and

reactive powers in electrical system with generic loads, IEEE trans.on power delivery vol5 ,no2, pp 697-703 ,april 1993.
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D.msand, S.jain, G.agnihotri distrribution static compansator

performance under

linear,non-linear current regulatin methods vol-4,pp91-105,march-2008

[8].

L.A.moran,J.W.dixon and R.R.wallaee. A three phase active power filter with fixed

switching frequency for reactive power and current harmonic compansator.IEEE transaction
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[9].

K.R.Padiyaar,FACTS controllers in power transmission and distribution2007

[10].

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trans.on power electronics vol.9 no 1,pp 92-6,jan 1994

[11].

J j paserbar et alco-ordination of a

compasation level continouslly

distribution level continuously controlled

controlled compensation device with existing substation

equipment for long term var management, Ieee trans,power delivery,v-9,n-2,19941034-1040.

[12].

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PW converters :a surveyieee trans. Industrial electronics v.45,n.5 1998 pp 691-703

[13].

Consalva J. Msigwa, Beda J. Kundy and Bakari M.M. Mwinyiwiwa,Control Algorithm

for Shunt Active Power Filter using Synchronous Reference Frame Theory.World Academy of
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[14].

Bhim Singh, Sabha Raj Arya* .Design and control of a DSTATCOM for power quality

improvement using cross correlation function approach, International Journal of Engineering,

Science and Technology,Vol. 4, No. 1, 2012, pp. 74-86
[15].

Bhim Singh, Senior Member, IEEE, and Jitendra Solanki ,A Comparison of Control

Algorithms for DSTATCOM .IEEE TRANSACTIONS on industrial electronics, VOL. 56, NO.
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[16].

Ch. Venkata Krishna Reddy#1, Dr. K.Krishna Veni#2, Dr.G.Tulasiram Das#3,

Sampath.Pulla#4 ,Performance Analysis of D-STATCOM Using Control Techniques for Load

Compensation. International journal of Advanced Scientific and Technical Research Issue 1, Vol
2 December 2011 ISSN 2249-9954
[17].

V. Kamatchi Kannan, N. Rengarajan, Investigating the performance of a Photovoltaic

Based DSTATCOM using I cos algorithm, Electrical Power and Energy Systems 54 (2014)
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[18].

Bhim Singh, Senior Member, IEEE, Alka Adya, A.P.Mittal, Member, IEEE, and J.R.P.

Gupta, Modeling, Design and Analysis of Different Controllers for DSTATCOM.

[19].
the

Kanagaraj Pillay1, Mohamed S.A. Dahidah1 and Norman B. Mariun2 ,On Comparing
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of

Voltage

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SagMitigation.2010 ieee international conference on power energy (PEcon2010),NOV 29-DEC

1,2010,kuala Lumpur , Malaysia

75 | P a g e

PUBLICATIONS
1. Dr. Ranjan Kumar Mallick , Sayantan Sinha, Alok Mishra, improvement of power
quality in a DFIG based wind farm using DSTATCOM, National conference on
sustainable energy, smart grid and micro grid technology(NCSEMSG), 2015.
2. Dr. Ranjan Kumar Mallick , Sayantan Sinha, Alok Mishra, improvement of power
quality in a DFIG based wind farm using OPTIMISED DSTATCOM, IEEE Conference
EESCO, 2015.
The following paper has been communicated and is awaiting its acceptance.
Dr. Ranjan Kumar Mallick , Sayantan Sinha, Improvement of power quality in a DFIG
based wind farm using optimised Icos DSTATCOM, IEEE Power, Communication and
Information Technology Conference- PCITC 2015

76 | P a g e