Congestion management in deregulated power system by optimal choice

and allocation of FACTS controllers using multi-objective genetic

algorithm

ABSTRACT:

Congestion management is one of the technical challenges in power system deregulation.

This paper presents single objective and multi-objective optimization approaches for optimal
choice, location and size of Static Var Compensators (SVC) and Thyristor Controlled Series
Capacitors (TCSC) in deregulated power system to improve branch loading (minimize
congestion), improve voltage stability and reduce line losses. Though FACTS controllers
offer many advantages, their installation cost is very high. Hence Independent System
Operator (ISO) has to locate them optimally to satisfy a desired objective. Genetic
Algorithms (GA) are best suitable for solution of combinatorial optimization and multi-
objective optimization problems. This paper presents optimal location of FACTS controllers
considering branch loading (BL), voltage stability (VS) and loss minimization (LM) as
objectives at once using GA. It is observed that the locations that are most favorable with
respect to one objective are not suitable locations with respect to other two objectives. Later
these competing objectives are optimized simultaneously considering two and three
objectives at a time using multi-objective Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithms (SPEA).
The developed algorithms are tested on IEEE 30 bus system. Various cases like i) uniform
line loading ii) line outage iii) bilateral and multilateral transactions between source and sink
nodes have been considered to create congestion in the system. The developed algorithms
show effective locations for all the cases considered for both single and multi-objective
optimization studies.
 High step-up forward-flyback converter with parallel output

ABSTRACT:

A high efficiency, low profile and high step-up dc-dc converter is proposed for low dc
voltage renewable energy system. Generally, the power source such as photovoltaic array and
the fuel cell stack have low voltage output because of that a high voltage step-up converter is
required to boost the voltage much higher than the voltage level for front-end application.
The efficiency and voltage gain of conventional dc-dc converter are limit due to the parasitic
components. In order to solve the above mentioned problem, the proposed converter is based
on active-clamp technique and the converter is the combination of a forward converter and a
flyback converter. Multiple secondary windings can be employed for low profile design and
help to reduce high transformer copper loss and high output rectifiers conduction losses. The
proposed converter is confirmed with experiments on 250-W prototype and the maximum
efficiency of ±94% was measured at full load.
 A single-switch single-stage quasi-active PFC converter with bus voltage
following peak input voltage

ABSTRACT:

In this paper a new single-switch quasi- active power factor correction (PFC) converter based
on two flyback dc/dc modules is proposed. To achieve high efficiency, part of the input
power is directly transferred to the load by dc/dc flyback module 1. The rest of the input
power is stored in the dc bus capacitor and reprocessed by a smaller dc/dc flyback module 2.
The dc bus capacitor and the dc/dc module 2 also serve as a regenerative snubber. Due to the
direct power transfer, lower voltage stress on the dc bus capacitor is achieved. A quasi-active
PFC circuit is added to improve the power factor. The quasi-active PFC circuit is driven by a
magnetic switch using a third winding coupled to the transformer of the dc/dc module 1. The
input current harmonics of the proposed converter can easily meet IEC 61000-3-2 Class D
requirements. The dc bus capacitor voltage is always equal the peak input voltage regardless
of the load condition. Operating principles, analysis, and simulation results are presented to
verify the effectiveness of the proposed converter.
 Fuzzy system control for combined wind and solar power distributed
generation unit

ABSTRACT:

For renewable energy generation in the distributed and co-generation (DCG) scheme,
photovoltaics and wind power are already in service at many installations. Basically, these
types of energy generation are very favourable for the environment but do not produce power
on customers load demands, have long intervals of lacking power generation due to absence
of power input (no sunshine, no wind), and especially exhibit high costs per installed power
respectively per generated energy. So every cost saving and output increasing measure should
be taken. Combining a photovoltaic power unit with a wind energy unit will reduce the zero-
power intervals and can be composed to high extent of standard commercial variable speed
drive elements. These are PWM voltage source inverters with active front end, and also
standard induction machines can be taken. Only a few extensions are necessary, thus the total
hardware system is rather cost effective. It is essential that a system control unit defines
setpoint values for the sub-units and handles abnormal operating conditions. Here a fuzzy
control system is proposed to accomplish these tasks. It means performing the standard power
insertion into the line on the principle of maximum power tracking, preferable at a rather
constant power input without flicker power, ensuring or improving line voltage quality with
regard to reactive power and distortion power, or voltage waveform improvement,
respectively. In addition, in case of a line interruption, the unit should be able to run
independently from the line, establishing an insular power supply for the nearby customers
and loads until the reconnection to the mains is done.
 An Improved Optimal Sizing Method for Wind-Solar-Battery Hybrid
Power System

ABSTRACT:

This paper proposes an improved optimal sizing method for wind-solar-battery hybrid power
system (WSB-HPS), considering the system working in stand-alone and grid-connected
modes. The proposed method is based on the following principles: a) high power supply
reliability; b) full utilization of the complementary characteristics of wind and solar; c) small
fluctuation of power injected into the grid; d) optimization of the battery's charge and
discharge state; e) minimization of the total cost of system. Compared with the traditional
methods, the proposed method can achieve a higher power supply reliability while require
less battery capacity in stand-alone mode. And in grid-connected mode, the optimization
strategy based on energy filter is further utilized to achieve the optimal battery capacity.
Thus, the proposed method can achieve a much smaller fluctuation of power injected into the
grid. In addition, the battery's charge and discharge state can be optimized thanks to the
consideration of the battery's depth of discharge (DOD), the charge/discharge current, rate
and cycles, which will prolong the battery's lifetime. A case study of WSB-HPS located in
Hohhot, China is presented to verify the advantages of the proposed optimal sizing method.
 Dynamic stability enhancement of power system using fuzzy logic based
power system stabilizer

ABSTRACT:

The power system is a dynamic system and it is constantly being subjected to disturbances. It
is important that these disturbances do not drive the system to unstable conditions. For this
purpose, additional signal derived from deviation, excitation deviation and accelerating
power are injected into voltage regulators. The device to provide these signals is referred as
power system stabilizer. The use of power system stabilizer has become very common in
operation of large electric power systems. The conventional PSS which uses lead-lag
compensation, where gain setting designed for specific operating conditions, is giving poor
performance under different loading conditions. Therefore, it is very difficult to design a
stabilizer that could present good performance in all operating points of electric power
systems. In an attempt to cover a wide range of operating conditions, Fuzzy logic control has
been suggested as a possible solution to overcome this problem, thereby using linguist
information and avoiding a complex system mathematical model, while giving good
performance under different operating conditions.
Static and Transient Stability Enhancement of Power System by Optimally
Placing UPFC (Unified Power Flow Controller)

ABSTRACT:

Proper placement of FACTS devices is very important for the rapid and successful operation
because of high cost and circuit complexities. In this paper best location of UPFC (Unified
Power Flow Controller) is obtained both for static and transient voltage stability enhancement
of an IEEE 14 bus power system. The simulation is done on PSAT (Power System Analysis
Tool-box) in MATLAB and optimal location is found out by Continuation Power Flow (CPF)
and Line stability index. The bus having lowest voltage is the critical bus and the line having
largest value of index for maximum permissible load with respect to a bus is the most critical
line referred to that bus. It is found that by properly placing UPFC load ability margin of the
system has been increased considerably leading to improvement of voltage stability and
stability index value decreases at each reactive load with the insertion of the device at right
place. Transient stability analysis is also done for an IEEE 14 bus system with a fault created
at a bus. It is found from the time domain simulation that proper placement of UPFC
increases the transient performance of the system by damping out the power oscillation under
large disturbance conditions.
Maximum Power Point Tracking Using Model Reference Adaptive Control

ABSTRACT:

This paper proposes an adaptive control architecture for maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) in photovoltaic systems. MPPT technologies have been used in photovoltaic systems
to deliver the maximum available power to the load under changes of the solar insolation and
ambient temperature. To improve the performance of MPPT, this paper develops a two-level
adaptive control architecture that can reduce complexity in system control and effectively
handle the uncertainties and perturbations in the photovoltaic systems and the environment.
The first level of control is ripple correlation control (RCC), and the second level is model
reference adaptive control (MRAC). By decoupling these two control algorithms, the system
achieves MPPT with overall system stability. This paper focuses mostly on the design of the
MRAC algorithm, which compensates the underdamped characteristics of the power
conversion system. The original transfer function of the power conversion system has time-
varying parameters, and its step response contains oscillatory transients that vanish slowly.
Using the Lyapunov approach, an adaption law of the controller is derived for the MRAC
system to eliminate the underdamped modes in power conversion. It is shown that the
proposed control algorithm enables the system to converge to the maximum power point in
milliseconds.
 A comparative study of MPPT methods for distributed photovoltaic
generation

ABSTRACT:

Photovoltaic (PV) energy generation is becoming an increasingly prevalent means of

producing clean, renewable power. PV is renewable, reliable, and domestically secure. One
of the most important components of PV systems is the inverter technology that converts the
direct current (DC) power output from the PV panel or array to alternating current (AC) used
on both the individual end-user and centralized grid levels. The large variety of inverters
share the same general goal: to allow for the most efficient and stable transfer of as much
power as possible. One specific means of accomplishing this goal is the inclusion of a
Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) DC-DC converter. The purpose of MPPT is to
ensure that the PV panel or array is always producing power as near to the knee of its I-V
curve as possible. This extracts the maximum amount of power at any given time. In
constantly sunny situations, there is little impact on overall performance of a particular MPPT
design on the PV system, as only small voltage differences due to the particular construction
of each panel effects the overall voltage outputs. However, cloud cover changes the output
from a PV panel drastically with reduced solar irradiation causing the current of the solar
panel to drop. It is postulated herein that the stability and quality problems created by central
MPPT during periods of differing solar irradiation on various panels could be solved with a
system of MPPT distributed on each panel. These would then feed collectively to a central
inverter. To test these systems, a PSCAD model was developed for both centralized and
distributed MPPT systems, and the solar irradiation was randomly varied. This allowed for
observation of the stability and quality of the output voltage for each system.
 Adaptive Selective Harmonic Minimization Based on ANNs for Cascade Multilevel
Inverters With Varying DC Sources

ABSTRACT:

A new approach for modulation of an 11-level cascade multilevel inverter using selective
harmonic elimination is presented in this paper. The dc sources feeding the multilevel
inverter are considered to be varying in time, and the switching angles are adapted to the dc
source variation. This method uses genetic algorithms to obtain switching angles offline for
different dc source values. Then, artificial neural networks are used to determine the
switching angles that correspond to the real-time values of the dc sources for each phase. This
implies that each one of the dc sources of this topology can have different values at any time,
but the output fundamental voltage will stay constant and the harmonic content will still meet
the specifications. The modulating switching angles are updated at each cycle of the output
fundamental voltage. This paper gives details on the method in addition to simulation and
experimental results.
A new and fast method for preventive control selection in voltage stability
analysis

ABSTRACT:

Summary form only given. A new method for selection of the most effective controls
to prevent voltage instability in electrical power systems is developed in this paper. The
proposed method is fast and suitable for real time operation. It is based on a sensitivity
analysis of both a maximum loadability estimate (which is obtained via Look-Ahead method)
and the load flow solution with respect to the selected controls. These sensitivities are
calculated without computing the maximum loadability points, which significantly speeds-up
the analysis. The method was successfully tested in a reduced model of the south-southeast
Brazilian system composed of 107 buses.