CE3100

STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY

Experiment No.5
Bending Tests on rolled steel Joists

Date of submission: 29-08-2016

Submitted by
Group G2
Amit Agarwal CE13B003
Immanuel CE13B018
Manish Dhariwal CE13B079
Abhishek Tapadar CE13B098

Table of Contents
AIM :........................................................................................................................................... 3
APPARATUS AND DESCRIPTION:.................................................................................................. 3
BACKGROUND............................................................................................................................ 4
Assumptions of Beam Bending Theory and the implications on the experiment:...................4
DERIVATION OF FLEXURE FORMULA :...................................................................................... 4
SHEAR STRESS AT NEUTRAL AXIS (N.A.) OF AN I-SECTION :....................................................6
Deflection of Beams Methods............................................................................................... 9
Direct Integration Method :.................................................................................................. 9
Theory of Strain Rosette........................................................................................................ 11
OBSERVATIONS......................................................................................................................... 12
Raw strain gauge and dial gauge readings :.........................................................................12
CALCULATIONS......................................................................................................................... 14
GRAPHS:................................................................................................................................... 15
Depth vs Strain :................................................................................................................... 15
Load vs Deflection (3 points):................................................................................................ 15
Moment vs Curvature............................................................................................................ 16
Moment vs Depth of Neutral Axis :........................................................................................ 16
Load vs Principal Strain:........................................................................................................ 17
Load vs Shear Strain:............................................................................................................ 17
CALCULATION OF FLEXURAL RIGIDITY:..................................................................................... 17
CALCULATION OF SHEAR RIGIDITY:........................................................................................... 18
DISCUSSIONS DEPARTURE FROM THEORETICAL VALUES:......................................................18

AIM :
To study the behaviour of rolled steel joists under bending

APPARATUS AND DESCRIPTION:

1. The beam -ISMB 200
Length =200 cm,
Flange width = 100 mm,
Flange Thickness = 10.8 mm,
Web Thickness = 5.7 mm and
Depth = 200 mm.
Izz = 2.235 x 10-5 m4,
Zzz = 2.235 x 10-4 m3
2. Supports: It is simply supported at both ends.
3. Loading: two-point loading, applied at 1/3 rd and 2/3rd of the span (33.5 mm on either side of the
centre of the beam, 67 cm from the ends).
4. Hydraulic loading machine with pump
5. Analog Dial gauges: Three dial gauges one at mid span of the beam and other two at the points of
loading. LC=0.01mm
6. 10 Strain Gauges
a. 5 individual gauges located at the midpoint of the beam.Gauge 1 at the top and 5 at the
bottom of the flange, Gauge 2 and 4 at +50 and -50 mm from the neutral axis and gauge 3 is
at the neutral axis.
b. Two rosettes of 3 gauges and 2 gauges respectively.
i. Gauges 6, 7, 8 are arranged in tri-element strain rosette of 0-45-90 to find the
principal axes. This rosette is located at the left loading point on the neutral axis.
ii. Gauges 9 and 10 form a two-element strain rosette at 45-135w.r.t to the longitudinal
axis. This rosette is located at 33.5 cm (1/6 th of the span) from the left again on the
neutral axis.
7. The strain gauges as well as the load gauges are connected to a computer which calculates the strains
as well as the applied load on the beam using computer software.

BACKGROUND
Assumptions of Beam Bending Theory:
1. The beam is subject to pure bending, the shear force is zero, and that no torsional or axial loads are
present -- But in reality bending will induce axial forces in the beam.
2. The material is isotropic and homogeneous Material imperfections have not been taken into
consideration in deriving the theoretical values.
3. The material obeys Hooke's law (it is linearly elastic and will not deform plastically) To ensure this
the beam should be loaded so that the stresses are well below the yield point.
4. The beam will fail by bending rather than by crushing, wrinkling or sideways buckling ISMB 200
satisfies this criterion. Load applied is well below the elastic limit to satisfy this condition
3

5. Plane sections of the beam remain plane before and during bending a consequence of our assumption
pure bending scenario. Here we assume that no shear stresses are present in the cross section which is
not true for the same reasons refuting assumption #1. Consequently, some shear deformation is expected
which will cause deviations.
The majority of the deviations from the theoretical values occur because of our idealised assumptions
which are not truly practical in reality.

DERIVATION OF FLEXURE FORMULA :

REF: http://fp.optics.arizona.edu/optomech/references/OPTI_222/OPTI_222_W9.pdf

X
Now lets consider a beam subjected to an arbitrary transverse load.
The deformations can be related to the strains by considering a small element of the beam x.

Before bending: AB = CD = EF = x
After bending, line segment AB shortened and line segment CD lengthened, line segment EF does not
change. Line segment EF is referred to as the neutral surface.
As shown above, o = center of curvature
= radius of curvature
4

From calculus and analytic geometry, the curvature is given by

= 1/ = /x
Therefore,
x =
the normal stain in the longitudinal direction along line segment AB may be determined as follows:

Distribution of strain
Stress Strain Relationship:

-------- EQN
(1)
Moment Stress Relationship:
5

From the figure above, we see that internal stresses are equivalent to the external forces and moment.

Let,
Therefore :

-------- EQN
(2)

This is the basic differential equation of the deflection of a beam . From Eqn 1 and 2,

Methods of Determining Beam Deflections

Numerous methods are available for the determination of beam deflections. These methods include:
1. Double-integration method
2. Area-moment method
3. Strain-energy method (Castigliano's Theorem)
4. Conjugate-beam method
5. Method of superposition

Calculating the deflected shape of the beam by Direct

Integration Method :
The shear force diagram for the 2 point loading is given below, from that we see that:

From the bending moment and shear force diagrams, the shape of the beam will be different in the 1st and
last 1/3rd portions and the middle third portion subject to pure bending will have a different shape.

1st 1/3rd portion : Taking origin at the left end of the beam :

Since shear is constant (= P/2), deflected shape has cubic profile. So let

To find the value of C, Take the middle 1/3rd of the beam. For our convenience we will choose
the origin at L/3 from the left. i.e. Define

In pure bending the shape is quadratic:

Since the slope is continuous across the length of the beam, this is the slope at
8

. Hence

So the shape of the beam is given by the equations:

The shape on the second half of the beam span is a mirror image of the shape on the first half of the
span owing to symmetry and so we have not considered it separately. It can be described by the same
equations by shifting the origin to the right side end of the beam and analyzing the beam from right
to left.

Theory of Strain Rosette

Strain Rosette: Arrangements of gauge lines at a point in a cluster are called strain rosettes. The
three strain measurements taken from a rosette suffice to determine the state of plane strain at a point.

Equations:
Since a single gage can only measure the strain in only a single direction, two gages are needed to determine
strain in the x and y. However, there is no gage that is capable of measuring shear strain. But any rotated
normal strain is a function of the coordinate strains, x, y and xy, which are unknown in this case. Thus, if
three different gages are all rotated, that will give three equations, with three unknowns, x, y and xy.
These equations are,

Applying this equation to each of the three strain gauges results in the following system of equations

To increase the accuracy of a strain rosette, large angles are used. A common rosette of three gages is where
the gages are separated by 45o, or a = 0o, orb = 45o, or c = 90o. The three equations can then be simplify to

Solving for x, y and xy gives,

REF: https://ecourses.ou.edu/cgi-bin/ebook.cgi?doc=&topic=me&chap_sec=08.3&page=theory

OBSERVATIONS
Raw strain gauge and dial gauge readings:
Raw Strain Guage Reading (x10e-6)
Load

10

0.11

-1.56

-0.75

-1.10

-1.25

-1.75

-1.26

-1.64

-0.49

-1.04

-1.45

64.59

-6.72

-3.68

-1.69

0.02

2.11

-1.18

-1.27

-0.81

-3.02

0.15

200.9
6
400.6
8
650.8
0
801.9
2
1011.
18
1201.
99

16.03
28.76
45.78
56.81
71.05
84.24

-7.34

-1.89

4.01

12.07

-0.87

0.69

-0.95

-6.70

4.73

-0.50

11.25

27.27

0.88

4.56

0.21

-0.20

19.07

44.78

2.12

10.01

3.22

-0.45

22.81

54.80

3.09

14.01

5.51

-0.08

28.80

69.18

4.08

19.97

9.69

-0.40

34.77

82.44

4.85

25.30

12.84

11.14
18.80
23.76
29.74
34.94

10

10.96
16.57
20.61
25.35
29.76

12.90
22.37
28.29
35.94
43.26

1401.
06

42.44

-0.43

40.84

96.12

6.49

30.61

15.29

34.24

50.76

46.80

-0.16

46.17

109.1
5

8.15

34.58

17.67

38.14

57.31

46.86

0.41

46.97

110.9
3

8.61

35.35

17.93

39.15

58.54

50.94

1.29

53.29

125.2
9

10.03

40.45

19.69

43.63

66.15

57.15

1.02

59.79

139.6
1

11.67

45.86

21.50

47.89

73.57

54.52

0.39

56.36

132.0
8

10.79

43.86

20.94

44.73

69.49

52.63

-0.24

53.40

125.9
6

10.04

42.30

20.59

42.71

66.13

50.59

-1.11

49.31

117.5
9

9.48

39.87

19.80

39.33

61.86

48.95

-1.35

46.99

113.2
7

8.65

38.53

18.94

37.61

59.16

44.01

-2.18

41.18

99.62

7.19

34.53

16.68

33.51

51.72

1205.
59
1001.
00
800.9
3
600.2
3
435.0
1
400.4
7
200.7
2

98.01
108.8
5
110.4
1
124.2
5
136.4
4
130.3
4
125.6
8
118.7
3
114.3
6
102.6
5
90.52
76.08
61.60
46.94
35.11
31.23
16.39

-2.45

34.92

85.93

5.49

29.67

14.24

-2.99

28.87

71.26

3.88

23.12

10.03

-2.56

22.37

56.48

2.22

16.40

5.98

-2.76

16.64

41.94

0.96

9.51

2.29

-2.16

11.17

30.46

0.02

5.20

0.67

-2.00

10.57

27.36

-0.25

4.56

0.52

-8.07

-1.35

5.04

13.37

-0.53

1.50

0.24

-6.38

5.94

30.21

-4.35

-3.33

-0.88

-0.29

1.63

-0.82

-0.72

0.30

-1.41

0.37

1576.
98
1605.
10
1805.
36
2001.
19
1880.
07
1793.
33
1666.
46
1599.
06
1401.
41

39.20
32.97
27.91
20.85
17.04
15.35

Raw Dial Guage Reading (mm)

Load
0.11

Table 2
Raw Dial Guage Reading (mm)
1
2
3
0.00
0.00
0.00
11

29.18
25.33
21.02
16.41
12.18
11.42

44.42
36.03
27.76
20.31
14.10
12.70

64.59
200.96
400.68
650.80
801.92
1011.18
1201.99
1401.06
1576.98
1605.10
1805.36
2001.19
1880.07
1793.33
1666.46
1599.06
1401.41
1205.59
1001.00
800.93
600.23
435.01
400.47
200.72
30.21

0.02
0.10
0.19
0.30
0.36
0.45
0.52
0.59
0.66
0.67
0.74
0.81
0.81
0.81
0.77
0.74
0.67
0.59
0.51
0.42
0.33
0.25
0.24
0.14
0.04

-0.01
-0.09
-0.19
-0.31
-0.37
-0.46
-0.55
-0.63
-0.70
-0.71
-0.79
-0.86
-0.84
-0.81
-0.76
-0.74
-0.66
-0.58
-0.50
-0.41
-0.32
-0.24
-0.23
-0.12
-0.02

0.00
0.07
0.15
0.25
0.30
0.38
0.46
0.53
0.59
0.60
0.67
0.74
0.73
0.71
0.66
0.64
0.58
0.51
0.43
0.36
0.28
0.21
0.20
0.11
0.02

Corrected Strain Guage Reading (x10e-6)

Load
0.11
64.59
200.9
6
400.6
8
650.8
0
801.9
2
1011.
18
1201.
99
1401.
06
1576.
98

1
0.00
-5.15

2
0.00
-2.93

Table
3
Corrected Strain Guage Reading (x10e-6)
3
4
5
6
7
8
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
-0.59
1.27
3.86
0.08
0.36
-0.33

-14.47

-6.59

-0.79

5.26

13.82

0.39

2.33

-0.47

-5.65

6.18

-27.19

-10.38

0.61

12.51

29.02

2.15

6.20

0.70

-9.92

14.35

-44.22

-18.05

0.91

20.32

46.53

3.38

11.64

3.71

-15.53

23.82

-55.25

-23.00

0.65

24.06

56.55

4.35

15.65

6.00

-19.56

29.74

-69.49

-28.99

1.02

30.05

70.93

5.34

21.61

10.18

-24.30

37.39

-82.67

-34.19

0.71

36.02

84.19

6.11

26.94

13.33

-28.71

44.71

-96.45

-41.69

0.67

42.10

97.88

7.75

32.24

15.78

-33.19

52.21

107.2
9

-46.05

0.94

47.42

110.9
0

9.41

36.22

18.15

-37.10

58.76

12

9
0.00
-1.97

10
0.00
1.60

1605.
10
1805.
36
2001.
19
1880.
07
1793.
33
1666.
46
1599.
06
1401.
41
1205.
59
1001.
00
800.9
3
600.2
3
435.0
1
400.4
7
200.7
2
30.21

108.8
5
122.6
9
134.8
7
128.7
8
124.1
1
117.1
6
112.8
0
101.0
9

-46.10

1.51

48.22

112.6
9

9.88

36.99

18.42

-38.11

59.99

-50.19

2.39

54.54

127.0
5

11.29

42.08

20.18

-42.58

67.60

-56.40

2.13

61.04

141.3
6

12.93

47.50

21.99

-46.85

75.02

-53.77

1.49

57.61

133.8
3

12.06

45.50

21.43

-43.68

70.94

-51.88

0.86

54.66

127.7
1

11.30

43.93

21.07

-41.67

67.57

-49.83

-0.01

50.56

119.3
5

10.74

41.51

20.28

-38.28

63.30

-48.20

-0.24

48.24

115.0
2

9.91

40.16

19.43

-36.56

60.61

-43.25

-1.08

42.43

101.3
7

8.45

36.16

17.17

-32.47

53.17

-88.95

-38.45

-1.35

36.18

87.68

6.75

31.30

14.73

-28.13

45.87

-74.51

-32.22

-1.89

30.12

73.01

5.14

24.76

10.52

-24.29

37.48

-60.04

-27.16

-1.46

23.62

58.23

3.48

18.03

6.47

-19.97

29.21

-45.37

-20.10

-1.66

17.89

43.70

2.22

11.15

2.77

-15.37

21.76

-33.55

-16.29

-1.06

12.42

32.21

1.28

6.84

1.16

-11.14

15.55

-29.66

-14.60

-0.90

11.82

29.11

1.01

6.19

1.01

-10.37

14.15

-14.83

-7.32

-0.24

6.30

15.12

0.73

3.14

0.72

-5.33

7.39

-2.79

-2.57

0.22

0.96

3.38

0.45

0.92

0.78

-0.37

1.82

Corrected Dial Guage Reading (mm)

Load
0.11
64.59
200.96
400.68
650.80
801.92
1011.18

Table 4
Corrected Dial Guage Reading
(mm)
1
2
3
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
-0.01
0.00
0.10
-0.09
0.07
0.19
-0.19
0.15
0.30
-0.31
0.25
0.36
-0.37
0.30
0.45
-0.46
0.38
13

1201.99
1401.06
1576.98
1605.10
1805.36
2001.19
1880.07
1793.33
1666.46
1599.06
1401.41
1205.59
1001.00
800.93
600.23
435.01
400.47
200.72
30.21

0.52
0.59
0.66
0.67
0.74
0.81
0.81
0.81
0.77
0.74
0.67
0.59
0.51
0.42
0.33
0.25
0.24
0.14
0.04

-0.55
-0.63
-0.70
-0.71
-0.79
-0.86
-0.84
-0.81
-0.76
-0.74
-0.66
-0.58
-0.50
-0.41
-0.32
-0.24
-0.23
-0.12
-0.02

0.46
0.53
0.59
0.60
0.67
0.74
0.73
0.71
0.66
0.64
0.58
0.51
0.43
0.36
0.28
0.21
0.20
0.11
0.02

CALCULATIONS
Principal
Strain @ Loc
2

Load(kg
)
0.1
64.6
201.0
400.7
650.8
801.9
1011.2
1202.0
1401.1
1577.0

Moment
(Nm)
0.1
42.2
131.3
261.8
425.2
523.9
660.6
785.3
915.4
1030.3

Curvature(
)
0.0
0.1
0.3
0.6
1.0
1.2
1.5
1.8
2.0
2.3

Dept
h of
NA
(mm) 1
2
100.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
0.4
-0.7
100.0
2.4
-2.4
100.0
6.3
-3.4
100.0 11.6
-4.6
100.0 15.7
-5.3
100.0 21.8
-6.3
100.0 27.3
-7.9
100.0 32.6
-9.1
100.0 36.6
-9.1
14

Shear Strength @Loc

Principal
3
Directio
n @ Loc
2
9
10
0.0
0.0
0.0
-0.3
-2.0
1.6
-1.2
-5.7
6.2
-1.7
-9.9
14.4
-2.3
-15.5
23.8
-2.7
-19.6
29.7
-3.1
-24.3
37.4
-3.9
-28.7
44.7
-4.6
-33.2
52.2
-4.5
-37.1
58.8

1605.1
1805.4
2001.2
1880.1
1793.3
1666.5
1599.1
1401.4
1205.6
1001.0
800.9
600.2
435.0
400.5
200.7
30.2

1048.7
1179.5
1307.4
1228.3
1171.6
1088.8
1044.7
915.6
787.7
654.0
523.3
392.2
284.2
261.6
131.1
19.7

2.3
2.6
2.9
2.7
2.6
2.4
2.3
2.0
1.8
1.5
1.2
0.9
0.6
0.6
0.3
0.0

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

37.4
42.5
47.8
45.9
44.4
41.9
40.6
36.6
31.7
25.0
18.1
11.2
6.8
6.2
3.1
1.0

GRAPHS:
Depth vs Strain :

15

-9.1
-11.0
-12.9
-12.4
-12.0
-10.9
-11.3
-10.9
-10.2
-9.3
-8.2
-6.2
-4.4
-4.2
-1.7
0.3

-4.5
-5.5
-6.5
-6.2
-6.0
-5.5
-5.6
-5.5
-5.1
-4.7
-4.1
-3.1
-2.2
-2.1
-0.8
0.1

-38.1
-42.6
-46.8
-43.7
-41.7
-38.3
-36.6
-32.5
-28.1
-24.3
-20.0
-15.4
-11.1
-10.4
-5.3
-0.4

60.0
67.6
75.0
70.9
67.6
63.3
60.6
53.2
45.9
37.5
29.2
21.8
15.6
14.1
7.4
1.8

Load vs Deflection (3 points):

16

Moment vs Curvature

17

Load vs Principal Direction:

18

Load vs Shear Strain:

CALCULATION OF FLEXURAL RIGIDITY:

1)
2)
3)
4)

From Displacement at Dial Gauge 1 = 2.52 * 106 Nm2

From Displacement at Dial Gauge 2 = 2.32 * 106 Nm2
From Displacement at Dial Gauge 3 = 2.32 * 106 Nm2
Theoretical Value Calculated = 4.47x 10 Nm2
6

CALCULATION OF SHEAR RIGIDITY:

1) Theoretical Value from
2) Value Calculated from graph of Strain Gauge 9 = 80.06 GPa
Thus the Shear Modulus comes out to be very close to the Theoretical value.

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DISCUSSIONS:
Reasons for the deviations from theoritical values:

The approximations made by the various assumptions in Beam Bending Theory.

Other inaccuracies due to faulty gauges
Defects in the beam construction which indicated noticeable differences from the dimensions
specified in the steel tables.
Effects like creep, corrosion and fatigue over the service life of the beam
Strains are theoritically calculated at a point whereas in praactice they are measured over a line.

INFERENCES:
1) Moments observed in the beam were lower than the calculated moments indicating lower flexural
rigidity than calculated which was also verified by separate calculations.
2) The shear rigidity was higher than theoretically calculated mainly because of inaccuracies in the
dimensions resulting in the inaccuracies in the calculation of shear forces and consequently, the value
of G.
3) The assumption of plane sections remaining plane before and after bending was proved to be
considerably accurate.

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