Chapter Four: Yield Line Theory for Slabs 1

Chapter Four: Yield Line Theory for Slabs

4.1 Introduction:

Rectangular one way or two way slabs under normal uniform loading can be analyzed and
then designed using coefficients obtained from Tables published for this purpose.

In a situation where irregular shapes, varied support conditions, presence of openings,

varied loading and more complex conditions are encountered, the established theory of
elasticity or plasticity cannot be employed straight. For these circumstances, the yield
line theory is found useful.

The yield line theory is an ultimate load method of analysis of slab, i.e. the BM at the
verge of collapse is used as the basis for design. At collapse loads, an under reinforced
slab begins to crack with the reinforcement yielding at points of high moment. The
crack lines or the yield lines propagate with the increase in deflection until the slab is
broken in to a number of segments.

A yield line is a line in the plane of the slab across which reinforcing bars have yielded
and about which excessive deformation (plastic rotation) under constant limit moment
(ultimate moment) continues to occur leading to failure.

4.2 Upper and lower bound theorem:

Plastic analysis methods such as the yield line theory derived from the general theory
of structural plasticity, which states that the ultimate collapse load of a structure lies
between two limits, an upper bound and a lower bound of the true collapse load.

The lower bound and upper bound theorem, when applied to slabs, can be stated as
follows:

Lower bound theorem: If, for a given external load, it is possible to find a distribution
of moments that satisfies equilibrium requirements, with the moment not exceeding
the yield moment at any location, and if the boundary conditions are satisfied, then the
given load is a lower bound of the true carrying capacity.

Upper bound theorem: If, for a small increment of displacement, the internal work
done by the slab, assuming that the moment at every plastic hinge is equal to the yield
moment and that boundary conditions are satisfied, is equal to the external work done
by the given load for that same small increment of displacement, then that load is an
upper bound of true carrying capacity.

If the lower bound conditions are satisfied, the slab can certainly carry the given load,
although a higher load may be carried if internal distributions of moment occur. If the
upper bound conditions are satisfied, a load greater than the given load will certainly
cause failure, although a lower load may produce collapse if the selected failure
mechanism is incorrect in any sense. Accordingly the yield line method of analysis for
slabs is an upper bound method, and consequently the failure load calculated for a slab
with known flexural resistance may be higher than the true value.

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 Chapter Four: Yield Line Theory for Slabs 2

The yield line phenomenon involves:

- a slab under increasing loads where cracking and reinforcement yielding occur in
the most highly stressed zone (i.e. around maximum moment)
- the highly stressed zone normally acts as a plastic hinge where the subsequent
loads are distributed to other region of the slab
- cracks develop forming patterns of yield lines until a mechanism is formed,
- collapse is then indicated by increasing deflection under constant load

Fig. 2.1 Deformation of slab with yield lines

Sign convention
built in edge
positive yield line
negative yield line simply supported edge
axis of rotation point load
unsupported edge column support

Characteristic features of yield lines:

- yield lines are generally straight and end at a slab boundary or the intersection
of other yield lines
- axes of rotation generally lie along lines of support
- Axes of rotation pass over column supports
- For a mechanism to develop, the yield line may pass through the intersection of
the axes of rotation of adjacent segments

Fig. 2.2 Typical Yield line patterns

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 Chapter Four: Yield Line Theory for Slabs 3

4.3 Method of yield line analysis

There are two methods of yield line analysis of slabs:

(1) the equilibrium method

(2) the virtual work method

In either method, a YL pattern is assumed so that a collapse mechanism is produced.

Then for that failure mechanism, the geometric parameters that define the exact
location and orientation of the yield lines are determined and also the relation between
applied loads and resisting moments is solved.

It is necessary to investigate all possible mechanisms for any slab to confirm that the
correct solution, giving the lowest failure load, has been found. For example the
following rectangular slab may fail by either of the two mechanisms shown.

free edge yi eld li nes

yi eld li nes

supported on three si des

(a) (b)

Fig. 2.3 Alterative mechanisms for a slab supported on three sides

(a) Equilibrium method of Analysis

It makes use of the equilibrium equations for individual segment to obtain the collapse
load.

The FBD represented by each collapsing segment is in equilibrium under

- applied loads,
- yield moments and
- Reactions or shears along support lines.

The method of segment equilibrium should not be confused with a true equilibrium
method such as then strip method. A true equilibrium method is a lower bound method
of analysis.

Essentially, the yield lines form at lines of maximum moment where neither shear nor
torsion is typically present at positive yield lines.

For demonstration purpose consider the one way slab uniformly loaded and is continuous
as shown in Fig. below.

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 Chapter Four: Yield Line Theory for Slabs 4

Let the slab with span L is reinforced to provide resistance of m2 KN.m per m through
the span and m1 and m3 KN.m per m at the two supports. Suppose it is desired to
determine the collapse load wu.
For a known yield moments m1, m2, m3, a
trail location of the positive yield line is
A
assumed.
C B
(a)
Normally for a given loading and correct
collapse pattern the solution is unique.
wu
However if a different pattern is
(b) assumed, this solution can describe
nothing which pattern is the governing
X L-X one. Hence, it becomes essential to use
L the energy approach in completed
problem for further verification.
wu wu

(c) m1
m2
m3 For the problem posed, consider the
X
m2
L-X FBD in Figure (c);

From left segment:

wu x 2
MA  0  m1  m2  0
2
From right segment:
wu (l  x) 2
 MB  0  m2  m3  0
2
Solving for wu from the two expressions and equating, one may obtain a practical
solution for x as:
m1  m2 
 m  m1 
x L 1  1  3 
m3  m1 
 m1  m2 

For instance, when L = 3m, m1 = m2 = 7KN.m/m and m3 = 10KN.m/m
X = 1.427m and wu = 13.75 KN/m2
When m1 = m3 = 10KN.m/m and m2 = 7KN.m/m, L = 3m
X = 1.5m and wu = 15.11 KN/m2

(b) Virtual work method of Analysis

Based on principle that work done by external forces in undergoing a small virtual
displacements is equal to the internal virtual work done in rotations along yield lines,
the ultimate load which the slab can sustain is determined. In other words, the work
during small motion of collapse mechanism is equal to the work absorbed by the plastic
hinges formed along the yield lines. In here, the segment of the slab with in the yield
lines is assumed to go through rigid body displacement with the collapse load acting on
the structure.
WE = W I
i.e. Work done by external forces = Energy absorbed by the hinges (internal work)

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 Chapter Four: Yield Line Theory for Slabs 5

To develop suitable expression for each work, let wu be the uniform distributed load,
WE   wu dxdy xy   Wu 
where: xy = virtual displacement at load point considered
Wu = resultant of the load on each segment
∆ = the corresponding displacement at centroid of the load in each
segment

Since the relative rotation of the surface takes place about yield line, one may obtain
WI   mun n L y
Where: mun = the ultimate moment across any yield line.
Ly = length of yield line
Qn = relative rotation of the two adjacent plates perpendicular to the
yield line

Thus, WE  WI   Wu    mun n L y

For demonstration purpose, consider the one-way slab of the previous example.

wu
The slab is reinforced at left and right
1 2
 supports, and in span in such a way that
X L-X the capacities of the respective sections
are m1, m3 and m2.
L

wu wu Let ∆ be the plastic deflection at x-

m2
m3
distance from left hand support to
m1
m2 positive yL
X L-X

wx w( L  x) 1
External work WE    wu L per m strip
2 2 2
Internal work WI   mL y  (m1  m2 )1  (m2  m3 ) 2 per m strip
 
For small deflection 1  and  2 
x Lx
 
WI  (m1  m2 )  (m2  m3 )
x Lx
By principle of virtual work; WE =WI which simplifies to give:

2L(m1  m2 )  x(m1  m3 )
wu 
xL( L  x)

dwu
To obtain the minimum collapse load 0
dx
  (m1  m3 ) xL( L  x)  L(m1  m2 )  x(m1  m3 )( L2  2 xL)  0 This gives the
practical values of x such that:

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 Chapter Four: Yield Line Theory for Slabs 6

m1  m2  m  m1 
x L  1  1  3  Thus, identical solution to the equilibrium
m3  m1  m1  m2 
methods is obtained

4.4 Moments along Skewed yield lines

Consider a two way slab orthogonally reinforced where the yield lines are inclined at an
angle α with one of the principal axes.

Fig. 2.4

The above Fig. shows an orthogonal gird of reinforcement having moment resistance my
per unit length about the y axis and moment resistance mx per unit length about x axis.

From Fig. 3.3b:

- the resisting moment per unit length along the α axis provided by the y direction
bars is:
m x u cos
my   m x cos2 
u
cos
- the resisting moment per unit length perpendicular to α axis provided by the y
direction bars is:
m x u sin 
my   m x cos sin 
u
cos
From Fig. 3.3c:
- the resisting moment per unit length along the α axis provided by the x direction
bars is:
m y v sin 
mx   m y sin 2 
v
sin 

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 Chapter Four: Yield Line Theory for Slabs 7

- the resisting moment per unit length perpendicular to α axis provided by the x
direction bars is:
m y v cos
mx   m y cos sin 
v
sin 
Thus for the combined set of bars:
- the resisting normal moment per unit length measured along the α axis is:
m  m x cos2   m y sin 2  (1*)
- the resisting torsional moment per unit length measured along the α axis is:
m  mx cos sin   m y cos sin  (2*)

Definition:

An isotropically reinforced slab is one in which the ultimate moment per unit length of
the slab is the same in two orthogonal directions

An orthotropically reinforced slab is one in which the ultimate moment per unit length
of the slab is different in the two orthogonal directions

If a slab is isothropically reinforced with mx = my = m, eqns(1*) and (2*) become:

m  m
m  0
Therefore the ultimate moment resistance in an isotropically reinforced slabs in any
direction is the same.

If a slab is orthothropically reinforced with mx = m and my = µm, eqns(1*) and (2*)

become:
m  m(cos2    sin 2  )
m  m(1   ) sin cos

4.5 Effects of restrained corners

Corner lever is the effect of forking of the yield line before reaching the corner. To
this effect the following schematic sketches the resulting yield pattern at the corners.

Hogging yield line

Uplift when the corners are not Corners held down but not well
held or fastened reinforced for negative moment

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 Chapter Four: Yield Line Theory for Slabs 8

The triangular segment fails to form when the negative reinforcement is large and
hence, the simple diagonal yield line in to the corner is correct with out modification.

4.6 Slabs with more than one variable

So far the slabs consider have only one variable dimension which defines the yield line
mechanism. When the slab has more than one variable, the work equation, together with
equations obtained by
L
differentiating with respect
to each unknown, give the
(1- )L
1
necessary expressions to
obtain solution. This can be
L
illustrated using the following
 L
1 example.

In this case first develop

suitable expression from the
 2L (1-2  2)L  2L
work relation for wu in terms
of 1 & 2. Then
wu
0
1
wu
0
 2
Will provide two additional equations to make the problem solvable.

Reinforced Concrete II