Mahtematics Gr5

Mathematics
Grade 5
Curriculum Guide
2009
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements.......................................iii
Foreword........................................v
Background
................................................1
Introduction

Purpose of the Document.........................................2

Beliefs About Students and Mathematics Learning......................................2
Affective Domain............................................3
Early Childhood...........................................3
Goal for Students............................................4
Conceptual Framework for K9 Mathematics.................................................4

Mathematical Processes.................................................5
Nature of Mathematics............................................9
Strands....................................................12
Outcomes and Achievement Indicators.......................................13
Summary..................................................13
Instructional Focus
Planning for Instruction............................................ 14
Resources................................................14
Teaching Sequence..........................................15
Instruction Time per Unit..................................................15
General and Specific Outcomes..............................................................................16

General and Specific Outcomes by Strand Grades 4 6 .....................17
Numeration.........................................................31
Adding and Subtracting Decimals..............................................................59
Data Relationships..................................................83
Motion Geometry.................................................................97
Multiplication..................................................111
Patterns in Mathematics.........................................................135
Fractions.......... ............................................153
Measurement.......................................................................................................................177
Division.................................................................................................................................201
Probability.............................................................................................................................221
2-D and 3-D Geometry.........................................................................................................231
Appendix A: Outcomes with Achievement Indicators (Strand)....253

References..........................................................................................................................265
GRADE 5 MATHEMATICS CURRICULUM GUIDE - INTERIM
iii
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Acknowledgements
The Department of Education would like to thank Western and Northern Canadian Protocol (WNCP)
for Collaboration in Education, The Common Curriculum Framework for K-9 Mathematics - May 2006 and
The Common Curriculum Framework for Grades 10-12 - January 2008. Reproduced (and/or adapted) by
permission. All rights reserved.
We would also like to thank the provincial Grade 5 Mathematics curriculum committee, the Alberta
Department of Education, the New Brunswick Department of Education, and the following people for their
contribution:
Trudy Porter, Program Development Specialist Mathematics,
Division of Program Development, Department of Education
Anthony Quigley, Teacher Memorial Academy, Botwood
Bernadette Kolonel, Teacher Hazelwood Elementary, St. Johns
Marilyn Inkpen, Teacher Balbo Elementary, Shoal Harbour
Sharon Facey, Teacher Cape St. Francis Elementary, Pouch Cove
Tracey Drake, Teacher All Hallows Elementary, North River
Tonya Bull-Kelly, Teacher St. Teresas School/ Ecole Ste - Therese,

St. Johns
John Power, Numeracy Support Teacher Eastern School District
Kimberley Keating, Teacher Holy Trinity Elementary, Torbay
Angela Clarke, Teacher Woodland Elementary, Dildo
Patricia Maxwell, Program Development Specialist Mathematics,
Division of Program Development, Department of Education
Every effort has been made to acknowledge all sources that contributed to the development of this document.
Any omissions or errors will be amended in final print.
vi
FOREWORD
Foreword
The WNCP Common Curriculum Frameworks for Mathematics
K 9 (WNCP, 2006), formed the basis for the development of this
curriculum guide. While minor adjustments have been made, the
outcomes and achievement indicators established through the WNCP
Common Curriculum Framework are used and elaborated on for
teachers in this document. Newfoundland and Labrador has used
the WNCP curriculum framework to direct the development of this
curriculum guide.
This curriculum guide is intended to provide teachers with the
overview of the outcomes framework for mathematics education. It also
includes suggestions to assist teachers in designing learning experiences
and assessment tasks.
vii
viii
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND
The province of Newfoundland and Labrador commissioned an

independent review of mathematics curriculum in the summer of 2007.
This review resulted in a number of significant recommendations.
In March of 2008, it was announced that this province accepted
all recommendations. The first and perhaps most significant of the
recommendations were as follows:
That the WNCP Common Curriculum Frameworks for
Mathematics K 9 and Mathematics 10 12 (WNCP, 2006 and
2008) be adopted as the basis for the K 12 mathematics curriculum
in this province.
That implementation commence with Grades K, 1, 4, 7 in
September 2008, followed by in Grades 2, 5, 8 in 2009 and Grades
3, 6, 9 in 2010.
That textbooks and other resources specifically designed to match the
WNCP frameworks be adopted as an integral part of the proposed
program change.
That implementation be accompanied by an introductory
professional development program designed to introduce the
curriculum to all mathematics teachers at the appropriate grade levels
prior to the first year of implementation.
As recommended, the implementation schedule for K-6 mathematics is
as follows:

Implementation Year
2008
2009
2010
Grade Level
K, 1 and 4
2, 5
3, 6
All teachers assigned to these grades will receive professional development

opportunities related to the new curriculum and resources.
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Purpose of the
Document
The curriculum guide
communicates high
expectations for students.
The Mathematics Curriculum Guides for Newfoundland and Labrador

have been derived from The Common Curriculum Framework for K9
Mathematics: Western and Northern Canadian Protocol, May 2006
(the Common Curriculum Framework). These guides incorporate the
conceptual framework for Kindergarten to Grade 9 Mathematics and
the general outcomes, specific outcomes and achievement indicators
established in the common curriculum framework. They also include
suggestions for teaching and learning, suggested assessment strategies,
and an identification of the associated resource match between the
curriculum and authorized, as well as recommended, resource materials.
Beliefs About
Students and
Mathematics
Learning
Students are curious, active learners with individual interests, abilities

and needs. They come to classrooms with varying knowledge, life
experiences and backgrounds. A key component in successfully
developing numeracy is making connections to these backgrounds and
experiences.
Mathematical
understanding is fostered
when students build on
their own experiences and
prior knowledge.
Students learn by attaching meaning to what they do, and they need
to construct their own meaning of mathematics. This meaning is best
developed when learners encounter mathematical experiences that
proceed from the simple to the complex and from the concrete to the
abstract. Through the use of manipulatives and a variety of pedagogical
approaches, teachers can address the diverse learning styles, cultural
backgrounds and developmental stages of students, and enhance
within them the formation of sound, transferable mathematical
understandings. At all levels, students benefit from working with a
variety of materials, tools and contexts when constructing meaning
about new mathematical ideas. Meaningful student discussions provide
essential links among concrete, pictorial and symbolic representations
of mathematical concepts.
The learning environment should value and respect the diversity
of students experiences and ways of thinking, so that students are
comfortable taking intellectual risks, asking questions and posing
conjectures. Students need to explore problem-solving situations in
order to develop personal strategies and become mathematically literate.
They must realize that it is acceptable to solve problems in a variety of
ways and that a variety of solutions may be acceptable.
INTRODUCTION
Affective Domain
To experience success,
students must be taught
to set achievable goals and
assess themselves as they
work toward these goals.
A positive attitude is an important aspect of the affective domain and

has a profound impact on learning. Environments that create a sense of
belonging, encourage risk taking and provide opportunities for success
help develop and maintain positive attitudes and self-confidence within
students. Students with positive attitudes toward learning mathematics
are likely to be motivated and prepared to learn, participate willingly
in classroom activities, persist in challenging situations and engage in
reflective practices.
Teachers, students and parents need to recognize the relationship
between the affective and cognitive domains, and attempt to nurture
those aspects of the affective domain that contribute to positive
attitudes. To experience success, students must be taught to set
achievable goals and assess themselves as they work toward these goals.
Striving toward success and becoming autonomous and responsible
learners are ongoing, reflective processes that involve revisiting the
setting and assessing of personal goals.
Early Childhood
Curiosity about mathematics

is fostered when children
are actively engaged in their
environment.
Young children are naturally curious and develop a variety of

mathematical ideas before they enter Kindergarten. Children make
sense of their environment through observations and interactions at
home, in daycares, in preschools and in the community. Mathematics
learning is embedded in everyday activities, such as playing, reading,
beading, baking, storytelling and helping around the home.
Activities can contribute to the development of number and spatial
sense in children. Curiosity about mathematics is fostered when
children are engaged in, and talking about, such activities as comparing
quantities, searching for patterns, sorting objects, ordering objects,
creating designs and building with blocks.
Positive early experiences in mathematics are as critical to child
development as are early literacy experiences.
INTRODUCTION
Goals For
Students
The main goals of mathematics education are to prepare students to:

use mathematics confidently to solve problems
communicate and reason mathematically
appreciate and value mathematics
make connections between mathematics and its applications
commit themselves to lifelong learning
Mathematics education
must prepare students
to use mathematics
confidently to solve
problems.
become mathematically literate adults, using mathematics to

contribute to society.
Students who have met these goals will:
gain understanding and appreciation of the contributions of
mathematics as a science, philosophy and art
exhibit a positive attitude toward mathematics
engage and persevere in mathematical tasks and projects
contribute to mathematical discussions
take risks in performing mathematical tasks
exhibit curiosity.
CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK
FOR K-9
MATHEMATICS
The chart below provides an overview of how mathematical processes

and the nature of mathematics influence learning outcomes.
PROCESS STANDARDS
MATHEMATICAL
PROCESSES
There are critical components that students must encounter in a

mathematics program in order to achieve the goals of mathematics
education and embrace lifelong learning in mathematics.
Students are expected to:
Communication [C]
communicate in order to learn and express their understanding
Connections [CN]
connect mathematical ideas to other concepts in mathematics, to

everyday experiences and to other disciplines
Mental Mathematics
and Estimation [ME]
Problem Solving [PS]
Reasoning [R]
Technology [T]
Visualization [V]
demonstrate fluency with mental mathematics and estimation

develop and apply new mathematical knowledge through problem
solving
develop mathematical reasoning
select and use technologies as tools for learning and for solving
problems
develop visualization skills to assist in processing information,
making connections and solving problems.
This curriculum guide incorporates these seven interrelated
mathematical processes that are intended to permeate teaching and
learning.
Communication [C]
Students must be able to

communicate mathematical
ideas in a variety of ways
and contexts.
Students need opportunities to read about, represent, view, write about,

listen to and discuss mathematical ideas. These opportunities allow
students to create links between their own language and ideas, and the
formal language and symbols of mathematics.
Communication is important in clarifying, reinforcing and modifying
ideas, attitudes and beliefs about mathematics. Students should be
encouraged to use a variety of forms of communication while learning
mathematics. Students also need to communicate their learning using
mathematical terminology.
Communication helps students make connections among concrete,
pictorial, symbolic, oral, written and mental representations of
mathematical ideas.
PROCESS STANDARDS
Connections [CN]
Through connections,
students begin to view
mathematics as useful and
relevant.
Contextualization and making connections to the experiences

of learners are powerful processes in developing mathematical
understanding. This can be particularly true for First Nations, Mtis
and Inuit learners. When mathematical ideas are connected to each
other or to real-world phenomena, students begin to view mathematics
as useful, relevant and integrated.
Learning mathematics within contexts and making connections relevant
to learners can validate past experiences and increase student willingness
to participate and be actively engaged.
The brain is constantly looking for and making connections. Because
the learner is constantly searching for connections on many levels,
educators need to orchestrate the experiences from which learners extract
understanding. Brain research establishes and confirms that multiple
complex and concrete experiences are essential for meaningful learning
and teaching (Caine and Caine, 1991, p.5).
Mental Mathematics and

Estimation [ME]
Mental mathematics is a combination of cognitive strategies that

enhance flexible thinking and number sense. It is calculating mentally
without the use of external memory aids.
Mental mathematics enables students to determine answers without
paper and pencil. It improves computational fluency by developing
efficiency, accuracy and flexibility.
Mental mathematics and

estimation are fundamental
components of number sense.
Even more important than performing computational procedures or

using calculators is the greater facility that students needmore than
ever beforewith estimation and mental math (National Council of
Teachers of Mathematics, May 2005).
Students proficient with mental mathematics become liberated from
calculator dependence, build confidence in doing mathematics, become
more flexible thinkers and are more able to use multiple approaches to
problem solving (Rubenstein, 2001, p. 442).
Mental mathematics provides the cornerstone for all estimation
processes, offering a variety of alternative algorithms and nonstandard
techniques for finding answers (Hope, 1988, p. v).
Estimation is used for determining approximate values or quantities or
for determining the reasonableness of calculated values. It often uses
benchmarks or referents. Students need to know when to estimate, how
to estimate and what strategy to use.
Estimation assists individuals in making mathematical judgements and
in developing useful, efficient strategies for dealing with situations in
daily life.
PROCESS STANDARDS
Problem Solving [PS]
Learning through problem

solving should be the focus
of mathematics at all grade
levels.
Learning through problem solving should be the focus of mathematics

at all grade levels. When students encounter new situations and
respond to questions of the type: How would you? or How could you?,
the problem-solving approach is being modelled. Students develop their
own problem-solving strategies by listening to, discussing and trying
different strategies.
A problem-solving activity must ask students to determine a way to get
from what is known to what is sought. If students have already been
given ways to solve the problem, it is not a problem, but practice. A
true problem requires students to use prior learnings in new ways and
contexts. Problem solving requires and builds depth of conceptual
understanding and student engagement.
Problem solving is a powerful teaching tool that fosters multiple,
creative and innovative solutions. Creating an environment where
students openly look for, and engage in, finding a variety of strategies
for solving problems empowers students to explore alternatives and
develops confident, cognitive mathematical risk takers.
Reasoning [R]
Mathematical reasoning
helps students think
logically and make sense of
mathematics.
Mathematical reasoning helps students think logically and make sense

of mathematics. Students need to develop confidence in their abilities to
reason and justify their mathematical thinking. High-order questions
challenge students to think and develop a sense of wonder about
mathematics.
Mathematical experiences in and out of the classroom provide
opportunities for students to develop their ability to reason. Students
can explore and record results, analyze observations, make and test
generalizations from patterns, and reach new conclusions by building
upon what is already known or assumed to be true.
Reasoning skills allow students to use a logical process to analyze a
problem, reach a conclusion and justify or defend that conclusion.
PROCESS STANDARDS
Technology [T]
Technology contributes
to the learning of a wide
range of mathematical
outcomes and enables
students to explore
and create patterns,
examine relationships,
test conjectures and solve
problems.
Technology contributes to the learning of a wide range of mathematical

outcomes and enables students to explore and create patterns, examine
relationships, test conjectures and solve problems.
Calculators and computers can be used to:
explore and demonstrate mathematical relationships and patterns
organize and display data
extrapolate and interpolate
assist with calculation procedures as part of solving problems
decrease the time spent on computations when other mathematical
learning is the focus
reinforce the learning of basic facts
develop personal procedures for mathematical operations
create geometric patterns
simulate situations
develop number sense.
Technology contributes to a learning environment in which the
growing curiosity of students can lead to rich mathematical discoveries
at all grade levels.
Visualization [V]
Visualization is fostered
through the use of concrete
materials, technology
and a variety of visual
representations.
Visualization involves thinking in pictures and images, and the ability

to perceive, transform and recreate different aspects of the visual-spatial
world (Armstrong, 1993, p. 10). The use of visualization in the study
of mathematics provides students with opportunities to understand
mathematical concepts and make connections among them.
Visual images and visual reasoning are important components of
number, spatial and measurement sense. Number visualization occurs
when students create mental representations of numbers.
Being able to create, interpret and describe a visual representation is
part of spatial sense and spatial reasoning. Spatial visualization and
reasoning enable students to describe the relationships among and
between 3-D objects and 2-D shapes.
Measurement visualization goes beyond the acquisition of specific
measurement skills. Measurement sense includes the ability to
determine when to measure, when to estimate and which estimation
strategies to use (Shaw and Cliatt, 1989).
NATURE OF MATHEMATICS
NATURE OF
MATHEMATICS
Change
Constancy
Mathematics is one way of trying to understand, interpret and describe

our world. There are a number of components that define the nature of
mathematics and these are woven throughout this program of studies.
The components are change, constancy, number sense, patterns,
relationships, spatial sense and uncertainty.
Number Sense
Patterns
Relationships
Spatial Sense
Uncertainty
Change
Change is an integral part

of mathematics and the
learning of mathematics.
It is important for students to understand that mathematics is dynamic

and not static. As a result, recognizing change is a key component in
understanding and developing mathematics.
Within mathematics, students encounter conditions of change and are
required to search for explanations of that change. To make predictions,
students need to describe and quantify their observations, look for
patterns, and describe those quantities that remain fixed and those that
change. For example, the sequence 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, can be described
as:
the number of a specific colour of beads in each row of a beaded
design
skip counting by 2s, starting from 4
an arithmetic sequence, with first term 4 and a common difference
of 2
a linear function with a discrete domain
(Steen, 1990, p. 184).
Constancy
Constancy is described by the

terms stability, conservation,
equilibrium, steady state and
symmetry.
Different aspects of constancy are described by the terms stability,

conservation, equilibrium, steady state and symmetry (AAAS
Benchmarks, 1993, p. 270). Many important properties in mathematics
and science relate to properties that do not change when outside
conditions change. Examples of constancy include the following:
The ratio of the circumference of a teepee to its diameter is the
same regardless of the length of the teepee poles.
The sum of the interior angles of any triangle is 180.
The theoretical probability of flipping a coin and getting heads is
0.5.
Some problems in mathematics require students to focus on properties
that remain constant. The recognition of constancy enables students to
solve problems involving constant rates of change, lines with constant
slope, direct variation situations or the angle sums of polygons.
Number Sense
An intuition about number

is the most important
foundation of a numerate
child.
Number sense, which can be thought of as intuition about numbers,

is the most important foundation of numeracy (British Columbia
Ministry of Education, 2000, p. 146).
A true sense of number goes well beyond the skills of simply counting,
memorizing facts and the situational rote use of algorithms. Mastery
of number facts is expected to be attained by students as they develop
their number sense. This mastery allows for facility with more
complex computations but should not be attained at the expense of an
understanding of number.
Number sense develops when students connect numbers to their own
real-life experiences and when students use benchmarks and referents.
This results in students who are computationally fluent and flexible
with numbers and who have intuition about numbers. The evolving
number sense typically comes as a by product of learning rather than
through direct instruction. However, number sense can be developed
by providing rich mathematical tasks that allow students to make
connections to their own experiences and their previous learning.
Patterns
Mathematics is about
recognizing, describing and
working with numerical
and non-numerical
patterns.
Mathematics is about recognizing, describing and working with

numerical and non-numerical patterns. Patterns exist in all strands of
this program of studies.
Working with patterns enables students to make connections within
and beyond mathematics. These skills contribute to students
interaction with, and understanding of, their environment.
Patterns may be represented in concrete, visual or symbolic form.
Students should develop fluency in moving from one representation to
another.
Students must learn to recognize, extend, create and use mathematical
patterns. Patterns allow students to make predictions and justify their
reasoning when solving routine and nonroutine problems.
Learning to work with patterns in the early grades helps students
develop algebraic thinking, which is foundational for working with
more abstract mathematics in higher grades.
10
Relationships
Mathematics is used to
describe and explain
relationships.
Spatial Sense
Spatial sense offers a way to

interpret and reflect on the
physical environment.
Uncertainty
Uncertainty is an inherent
part of making predictions.
Mathematics is one way to describe interconnectedness in a holistic

worldview. Mathematics is used to describe and explain relationships.
As part of the study of mathematics, students look for relationships
among numbers, sets, shapes, objects and concepts. The search for
possible relationships involves collecting and analyzing data and
describing relationships visually, symbolically, orally or in written form.
Spatial sense involves visualization, mental imagery and spatial

reasoning. These skills are central to the understanding of mathematics.
Spatial sense is developed through a variety of experiences and
interactions within the environment. The development of spatial sense
enables students to solve problems involving 3-D objects and 2-D
shapes and to interpret and reflect on the physical environment and its
3-D or 2-D representations.
Some problems involve attaching numerals and appropriate units
(measurement) to dimensions of shapes and objects. Spatial sense
allows students to make predictions about the results of changing these
dimensions; e.g., doubling the length of the side of a square increases
the area by a factor of four. Ultimately, spatial sense enables students
to communicate about shapes and objects and to create their own
representations.
In mathematics, interpretations of data and the predictions made from

data may lack certainty.
Events and experiments generate statistical data that can be used to
make predictions. It is important to recognize that these predictions
(interpolations and extrapolations) are based upon patterns that have a
degree of uncertainty.
The quality of the interpretation is directly related to the quality of
the data. An awareness of uncertainty allows students to assess the
reliability of data and data interpretation.
Chance addresses the predictability of the occurrence of an outcome.
As students develop their understanding of probability, the language
of mathematics becomes more specific and describes the degree of
uncertainty more accurately.
11
STRANDS
STRANDS
Number
Patterns and Relations
Shape and Space
Statistics and
Probability
Number
The learning outcomes in the program of studies are organized into

four strands across the grades K9. Some strands are subdivided into
substrands. There is one general outcome per substrand across the
grades K9.
The strands and substrands, including the general outcome for each,
follow.
Number
Develop number sense.
Patterns
Use patterns to describe the world and to solve problems.
Variables and Equations
Represent algebraic expressions in multiple ways.
Shape and Space
Measurement
Use direct and indirect measurement to solve problems.
3-D Objects and 2-D Shapes
Describe the characteristics of 3-D objects and 2-D shapes, and
analyze the relationships among them.
Transformations
Describe and analyze position and motion of objects and shapes.
Statistics and Probability
Data Analysis
Collect, display and analyze data to solve problems.
Chance and Uncertainty
Use experimental or theoretical probabilities to represent and solve
problems involving uncertainty.
12
OUTCOMES
OUTCOMES AND
ACHIEVEMENT
INDICATORS
The program of studies is stated in terms of general outcomes, specific

outcomes and achievement indicators.
General Outcomes
General outcomes are overarching statements about what students are

expected to learn in each strand/substrand. The general outcome for
each strand/substrand is the same throughout the grades.
Specific Outcomes
Specific outcomes are statements that identify the specific skills,

understanding and knowledge that students are required to attain by
the end of a given grade.
In the specific outcomes, the word including indicates that any ensuing
items must be addressed to fully meet the learning outcome. The phrase
such as indicates that the ensuing items are provided for illustrative
purposes or clarification, and are not requirements that must be
addressed to fully meet the learning outcome.
Achievement Indicators
Achievement indicators are samples of how students may demonstrate

their achievement of the goals of a specific outcome. The range of
samples provided is meant to reflect the scope of the specific outcome.
Achievement indicators are context-free.
SUMMARY
The conceptual framework for K9 mathematics describes the nature

of mathematics, mathematical processes and the mathematical concepts
to be addressed in Kindergarten to Grade 9 mathematics. The
components are not meant to stand alone. Activities that take place
in the mathematics classroom should stem from a problem-solving
approach, be based on mathematical processes and lead students
to an understanding of the nature of mathematics through specific
knowledge, skills and attitudes among and between strands.
13
INSTRUCTIONAL FOCUS
INSTRUCTIONAL
FOCUS
Planning for Instruction
Consider the following when planning for instruction:

Integration of the mathematical processes within each strand is
expected.
By decreasing emphasis on rote calculation, drill and practice, and the
size of numbers used in paper and pencil calculations, more time is
available for concept development.
Problem solving, reasoning and connections are vital to increasing
mathematical fluency and must be integrated throughout the
program.
There is to be a balance among mental mathematics and estimation,
paper and pencil exercises, and the use of technology, including
calculators and computers. Concepts should be introduced
using manipulatives and be developed concretely, pictorially and
symbolically.
Students bring a diversity of learning styles and cultural backgrounds
to the classroom. They will be at varying developmental stages.
Resources
The resource selected by Newfoundland and Labrador for students and

teachers is Math Focus 5 (Nelson). Schools and teachers have this as their
primary resource offered by the Department of Education. Column four
of the curriculum guide references Math Focus 5 for this reason.
Teachers may use any resource or combination of resources to meet the
required specific outcomes listed in column one of the curriculum guide.
14
INSTRUCTIONAL FOCUS
Teaching Sequence
The curriculum guide for Grade 5 is organized by units from Unit 1 to

Unit 11. The purpose of this timeline is to assist in planning. The use of
this timeline is not mandatory; however, it is mandtory that all outcomes
are taught during the school year so a long term plan is advised. There
are a number of combinations of sequences that would be appropriate for
teaching this course. The arrow showing estimated focus does not mean
the outcomes are never addressed again. The teaching of the outcomes is
ongoing and may be revisited as necessary.
Instruction Time Per Unit
The suggested number of weeks of instruction per unit is listed in the

guide at the beginning of each unit. The number of suggested weeks
includes time for completing assessment activities, reviewing and
evaluating. The number of units need not equate with the number of
formal assessments which are done. At times, assessment may incorporate
more than one of the shorter units included in the course. In fact, if a
teacher were to plan formal assessment for each individual unit it would
have significant impact on their ability to complete the entire course.
15
GENERAL AND SPECIFIC OUTCOMES
GENERAL
AND SPECIFIC
OUTCOMES
GENERAL AND SPECIFIC OUTCOMES BY STRAND

(Pages 1730)
This section presents the general and specific outcomes for each strand,
for Grade 4, 5 and 6.
Refer to Appendix A for the general and specific outcomes with
corresponding achievement indicators organized by strand for Grade 5.
GENERAL AND SPECIFIC OUTCOMES WITH ACHIEVEMENT

INDICATORS (beginning at page 31)
This section presents general and specific outcomes with corresponding
achievement indicators and is organized by unit. The list of indicators
contained in this section is not intended to be exhaustive but rather to
provide teachers with examples of evidence of understanding to be used
to determine whether or not students have achieved a given specific
outcome. Teachers should use these indicators but other indicators
may be added as evidence that the desired learning has been achieved.
Achievement indicators should also help teachers form a clear picture of
the intent and scope of each specific outcome.
16
GENERAL AND SPECIFIC OUTCOMES BY

STRAND
(Grades 4 , 5 and 6)

(Grades 1, 2 and 3
Number
Grade 4
General Outcome
Specific Outcomes
1. Represent and describe whole
numbers to 10 000, pictorially
and symbolically.
[C, CN, V]
[C] Communication

[CN] Connections

[ME] Mental Mathematics
and Estimation
Grade 5
General Outcome
Devolop number sense.
Specific Outcomes
1. Represent and describe whole
numbers to 1 000 000.
[C, CN, V, T]
2. Use estimation strategies,

2. Compare and order numbers to including:
front-end rounding
10 000.
compensation
[C, CN, V]
compatible numbers
3. Demonstrate an understanding in problem-solving contexts.
[C, CN, ME, PS, R, V]
of addition of numbers with
answers to 10 000 and their
3. Apply mental mathematics
corresponding subtractions
strategies and number properties,
(limited to 3- and 4-digit
such as:
numerals) by:
skip counting from a known fact
using personal strategies for
using doubling or halving
adding and subtracting
using patterns in the 9s facts
estimating sums and
differences
using repeated doubling or
halving
solving problems involving
to determine, with fluency,
addition and subtraction.
answers for basic multiplication
[C, CN, ME, PS, R]
facts to 81 and related division
facts.
[C, CN, ME, R, V]
18
[PS] Problem Solving

[R] Reasoning
[T] Technology
[V] Visualization
Grade 6
General Outcome
Specific Outcomes
1. Demonstrate an understanding
of place value, including numbers
that are:
greater than one million
less than one thousandth.
[C, CN, R, T]
2. Solve problems involving large
whole numbers and decimal
numbers.
[ME, PS, T]
of factors and multiples by:
determining multiples and
factors of numbers less than
100
identifying prime and
composite numbers
solving problems using
multiples and factors.
[CN, PS, R, V]
4. Relate improper fractions to
mixed numbers.
[CN, ME, R, V]
[C] Communication

[CN] Connections

and Estimation

[R] Reasoning
[T] Technology
[V] Visualization
Number
Grade 4
General Outcome
Specific Outcomes
4. Explain and apply the
properties of 0 and 1 for
multiplication and the property of
1 for division.
[C, CN, R]
5. Describe and apply mental
mathematics strategies, such as:
skip counting from a known
fact
and adding or subtracting one
more group
using repeated doubling
to determine basic multiplication
facts to 9 9 and related division
facts.
[C, CN, ME, R]
Grade 5
General Outcome
Specific Outcomes
4. Apply mental mathematics
strategies for multiplication, such
as:
annexing then adding zero
halving and doubling
using the distributive property.
[C, CN, ME, R, V]
5. Demonstrate, with and
without concrete materials, an
understanding of multiplication
(2-digit by 2-digit) to solve
problems.
[C, CN, PS, V]
Grade 6
General Outcome
Specific Outcomes
of ratio, concretely, pictorially and
symbolically.
[C, CN, PS, R, V]
of percent (limited to whole
numbers) concretely, pictorially
and symbolically.
[C, CN, PS, R, V]
of integers, concretely, pictorially
and symbolically.
[C, CN, R, V]

understanding of division
(3-digit by 1-digit), and interpret
remainders to solve problems.
19
[C] Communication

[CN] Connections

and Estimation

[R] Reasoning
[T] Technology
[V] Visualization
Number
Grade 4
General Outcome
Specific Outcomes
of multiplication (2- or 3-digit by
1-digit) to solve problems by:
multiplication with and without
concrete materials
using arrays to represent
multiplication
connecting concrete
representations to symbolic
representations
estimating products
applying the distributive
property.
of division (1-digit divisor and
up to 2-digit dividend) to solve
problems by:
dividing with and without
concrete materials
estimating quotients
relating division to
multiplication.
20
Grade 5
General Outcome
Specific Outcomes
of fractions by using concrete,
pictorial and symbolic
representations to:
create sets of equivalent
fractions
compare fractions with like
and unlike denominators.
[C, CN, PS, R, V]
Grade 6
General Outcome
Specific Outcomes
of multiplication and division of
decimals (1-digit whole number
multipliers and 1 digit natural
number divisors).
9. Explain and apply the order of

operations, excluding exponents,
with and without technology
8. Describe and represent decimals (limited to whole numbers).
(tenths, hundredths, thousandths), [C, CN, ME, PS, T]
concretely, pictorially and
symbolically.
[C, CN, R, V]
without, concrete materials, an

9. Relate decimals to fractions
(3-digit by 2-digit) and interpret
and fractions to decimals (to
thousandths).
[C, CN, PS]
[CN, R, V]

10. Compare and order decimals
(to thousandths) by using:
benchmarks
place value
equivalent decimals.
[C, CN, R, V]
[C] Communication

[CN] Connections

and Estimation

[R] Reasoning
[T] Technology
[V] Visualization
Number
Grade 4
General Outcome
Specific Outcomes
of fractions less than or equal to
one by using concrete, pictorial
and symbolic representations to:
name and record fractions for
the parts of a whole or a set
compare and order fractions
model and explain that for
different wholes, two identical
fractions may not represent the
same quantity
provide examples of where
fractions are used.
[C, CN, PS, R, V]
Grade 5
Grade 6
General Outcome
General Outcome
Specific Outcomes
Specific Outcomes
11. Demonstrate an
understanding of addition and
subtraction of decimals (limited to
thousandths).
[C, CN, PS, R, V]
9. Represent and describe

decimals (tenths and hundredths),
symbolically.
[C, CN, R, V]
21
[C] Communication

[CN] Connections

and Estimation

[R] Reasoning
[T] Technology
[V] Visualization
Number
Grade 4
General Outcome
Specific Outcomes
10. Relate decimals to fractions
hundredths).
[C, CN, R, V]
Grade 5
General Outcome
Specific Outcomes
Grade 6
General Outcome
Specific Outcomes
11. Demonstrate an
understanding of addition and
subtraction of decimals (limited to
hundredths) by:
using compatible numbers
estimating sums and
differences
using mental mathematics
strategies
to solve problems.
[C, ME, PS, R, V]
22
[C] Communication

[CN] Connections

and Estimation

[R] Reasoning
[T] Technology
[V] Visualization
Patterns and Relations (Patterns)
Grade 4
General Outcome
Use patterns to describe the
world and to solve problems.
Specific Outcomes
1. Identify and describe patterns
found in tables and charts,
including a multiplication chart.
[C, CN, PS, V]
Grade 5
General Outcome
Specific Outcomes
1. Determine the pattern rule
to make predictions about
subsequent elements.
[C, CN, PS, R, V]
2. Translate among different

representations of a pattern, such
as a table, a chart or concrete
materials.
[C, CN, V]
Grade 6
General Outcome
Specific Outcomes
of the relationships within tables
of values to solve problems.
[C, CN, PS, R]
2. Represent and describe patterns
and relationships, using graphs
and tables.
3. Represent, describe and extend

patterns and relationships,
using charts and tables, to solve
problems.
[C, CN, PS, R, V]
4. Identify and explain
mathematical relationships, using
charts and diagrams, to solve
problems.
[CN, PS, R, V
23
[C] Communication

[CN] Connections

and Estimation

[R] Reasoning
[T] Technology
[V] Visualization

(Variables and Equations)
Grade 4
General Outcome
Represent algebraic expressions in
multiple ways.
Specific Outcomes
5. Express a given problem as an
equation in which a symbol is
used to represent an unknown
number.
[CN, PS, R]
6. Solve one-step equations
involving a symbol to represent an
unknown number.
[C, CN, PS, R, V]
Grade 5
General Outcome
multiple ways.
Specific Outcomes
2. Solve problems involving
single-variable, one-step equations
with whole number coefficients
and whole number solutions.
[C, CN, PS, R]
Grade 6
General Outcome
multiple ways.
Specific Outcomes
3. Represent generalizations
arising from number relationships,
using equations with letter
variables.
[C, CN, PS, R, V]
4. Demonstrate and explain
the meaning of preservation of
equality, concretely and pictorially.
[C, CN, PS, R, V]
5. Express a given problem as an
equation in which a letter variable
is used to represent an unknown
number.
[C, CN, PS, R]
24
[C] Communication

[CN] Connections

and Estimation

[R] Reasoning
[T] Technology
[V] Visualization
Shape and Space

(Measurement)
Grade 4
General Outcome
Use direct or indirect
measurement to solve problems.
Specific Outcomes
1. Read and record time, using
digital and analog clocks,
including 24-hour clocks.
[C, CN, V]
Grade 5
General Outcome
Specific Outcomes
1. Design and construct different
rectangles, given either perimeter
or area, or both (whole numbers),
and draw conclusions.
[C, CN, PS, R, V]
Grade 6
General Outcome
Specific Outcomes
of angles by:
identifying examples of angles
in the environment
classifying angles according to
2. Read and record calendar dates
their measure
in a variety of formats.
estimating the measure of
[C, V]
angles, using 45, 90 and 180
of measuring length (mm and km)
as reference angles
by:
determining angle measures
selecting and justifying
of area of regular and irregular 2in degrees
referents for the unit mm
D shapes by:
drawing and labelling angles
modelling and describing
recognizing that area is
when the measure is specified.
the relationship between mm
measured in square units
[C, CN, ME, V]
and cm units, and between
mm and m units.
referents for the units cm2 or m2
2. Demonstrate that the sum of
referents for the unit km.
interior angles is:
estimating area, using referents
180 in a triangle
for cm2 or m2
360 in a quadrilateral.
determining and recording
the relationship between m
[C, R]
area (cm2 or m2)
and km units.
constructing different
rectangles for a given area (cm2
or m2) in order to demonstrate
that many different rectangles
may have the same area.
25
[C] Communication

[CN] Connections

and Estimation

[R] Reasoning
[T] Technology
[V] Visualization
Shape and Space

(Measurement)
Grade 4
General Outcome
Specific Outcomes
Grade 5
General Outcome
Specific Outcomes
of volume by:
referents for cm3 or m3 units
estimating volume, using
referents for cm3 or m3
measuring and recording
volume (cm3 or m3)
constructing right rectangular
prisms for a given volume.
Grade 6
General Outcome
Specific Outcomes
3. Develop and apply a formula
for determining the:
perimeter of polygons
area of rectangles
volume of right rectangular
prisms.
[C, CN, PS, R, V]
of capacity by:
describing the relationship
between mL and L
referents for mL or L units
estimating capacity, using
referents for mL or L
capacity (mL or L).
26
[C] Communication

[CN] Connections

and Estimation

[R] Reasoning
[T] Technology
[V] Visualization
Shape and Space

(3-D Objects and 2-D Shapes)
Grade 4
General Outcome
Describe the characteristics of
3-D objects and 2-D shapes, and
analyze the relationships among
them.
Specific Outcomes
4. Describe and construct right
rectangular and right triangular
prisms.
[C, CN, R, V]
Grade 5
General Outcome
them.
Specific Outcomes
5. Describe and provide examples
of edges and faces of 3-D objects,
and sides of 2-D shapes that are:
parallel
intersecting
perpendicular
vertical
horizontal.
[C, CN, R, T, V]
6. Identify and sort quadrilaterals,
including:
rectangles
squares
trapezoids
parallelograms
rhombuses (or rhombi)
according to their attributes.
[C, R, V]
Grade 6
General Outcome
them.
Specific Outcomes
4. Construct and compare
triangles, including:
scalene
isosceles
equilateral
right
obtuse
acute
in different orientations.
[C, PS, R, V]
5. Describe and compare the sides
and angles of regular and irregular
polygons.
[C, PS, R, V]
27
[C] Communication

[CN] Connections

and Estimation

[R] Reasoning
[T] Technology
[V] Visualization
Shape and Space

(Transformations)
Grade 4
General Outcome
Describe and analyze position
and motion of objects and shapes.
Specific Outcomes
of line symmetry by:
identifying symmetrical 2 D
shapes
creating symmetrical
2-D shapes
drawing one or more lines of
symmetry in a 2-D shape.
[C, CN, V]
of congruency, concretely and
pictorially.
[CN, R, V]
Grade 5
General Outcome
Specific Outcomes
7. Perform a single transformation
(translation, rotation or reflection)
of a 2-D shape, and draw the
image.
[C, CN, T, V]
Grade 6
General Outcome
Specific Outcomes
6. Perform a combination of
translations, rotations and/or
reflections on a single 2-D shape,
with and without technology, and
draw and describe the image.
[C, CN, PS, T, V]
8. Identify and describe a single

transformation, including a
translation, rotation and reflection
of 2-D shapes.
[C, T, V]
7. Perform a combination of
successive transformations of
2-D shapes to create a design,
and identify and describe the
transformations.
[C, CN, T, V]
8. Identify and plot points in the
first quadrant of a Cartesian plane,
using whole number ordered pairs.
[C, CN, V]
9. Perform and describe single
transformations of a 2-D shape in
the first quadrant of a Cartesian
plane (limited to whole number
vertices).
[C, CN, PS, T, V]
28
[C] Communication

[CN] Connections

and Estimation

[R] Reasoning
[T] Technology
[V] Visualization

(Data Analysis)
Grade 4
General Outcome
Collect, display and analyze data
to solve problems.
Specific Outcomes
of many-to-one correspondence.
[C, R, T, V]
Grade 5
General Outcome
to solve problems.
Specific Outcomes
1. Differentiate between first hand
and second-hand data.
[C, R, T, V]
2. Construct and interpret

pictographs and bar graphs
involving many-to-one
correspondence to draw
conclusions.
[C, PS, R, V]
2. Construct and interpret double

bar graphs to draw conclusions.
[C, PS, R, T, V]
Grade 6
General Outcome
to solve problems.
Specific Outcomes
1. Create, label and interpret line
graphs to draw conclusions.
[C, CN, PS, R, V]
2. Select, justify and use
appropriate methods of collecting
data, including:
questionnaires
experiments
databases
electronic media.
[C, CN, PS, R, T]
3. Graph collected data, and
analyze the graph to solve
problems.
[C, CN, PS, R, T]
29
[C] Communication

[CN] Connections

and Estimation

[R] Reasoning
[T] Technology
[V] Visualization

(Chance and Uncertainty)
Grade 4
General Outcome
Use experimental or theoretical
probabilities to represent
and solve problems involving
uncertainty.
Specific Outcomes
Grade 5
General Outcome
uncertainty.
Specific Outcomes
3. Describe the likelihood of a
single outcome occurring, using
words such as:
impossible
possible
certain.
[C, CN, PS, R]
4. Compare the likelihood of
two possible outcomes occurring,
using words such as:
less likely
equally likely
more likely.
[C, CN, PS, R]
30
Grade 6
General Outcome
uncertainty.
Specific Outcomes
of probability by:
identifying all possible
outcomes of a probability
experiment
differentiating between
experimental and theoretical
probability
determining the theoretical
probability of outcomes in a
probability experiment
determining the experimental
probability of outcomes in a
probability experiment
comparing experimental
results with the theoretical
probability for an experiment.
[C, ME, PS, T]
Numeration
Suggested Time: 3 - 3 1 Weeks

2
This is the first explicit focus on numeration, but as with other outcomes, it is
ongoing throughout the year.
NUMERATION
Unit Overview
Focus and Context
Students have already had significant place value experience in Grade

4. While there may be many students who have not mastered the topic
completely, most should arrive at Grade 5 with a strong foundation to
build upon; however, they have only worked with numbers to 10 000
in Grade 4 so there is a significant jump in place value from Grade 4 to
Grade 5.
Students will explore key concepts of number including:
Whole numbers to one million and decimals to thousandths.
Classification of whole numbers and decimals, and characteristics of
each through the use of base ten materials, grids and number lines.
Whole and decimal number relationships representation of
equivalent relationships.
The place value system up to one million and to thousandths
regarding decimals, focusing on patterns of the base ten system.
Estimation of numbers will be explored by students through the use
of number relations and benchmark numbers.
Math Connects
32
Many of the ideas that contribute to computational fluency and

flexibility with numbers are clear extensions of how numbers are
related to ten and how numbers can be taken apart and recombined in
different ways (Walle, Folk, 2008 p.121).
As students work with large whole numbers along with decimals to
thousandths they are encouraged to develop new ideas. New knowledge
will build on previous knowledge, further strengthening number sense.
Through tools, such as, base ten materials, grids, and number lines
students sift through existing ideas to find those that seem to be most
useful in giving meaning to newly acquired concepts.
Working with larger numbers in this unit will give students a deeper
understanding which will be necessary to extend to other mathematics
strands such as Shape & Space (measurement) and Statistics &
Probability. The understanding whole number concepts to millions
will be beneficial in other subject areas, such as Geography where
demographic information is presented using large whole numbers. The
understanding of decimal concepts to thousandths will be useful in
everyday life as students compare baseball batting averages and other
sports statistics.
NUMERATION
Process Standards
Key
Curriculum
Outcomes
[C]
[CN]
[ME]

STRAND
Number
Number
Number
Number
Number
Communication
Connections
[R] Reasoning
Mental Mathematics [T] Technology
and Estimation
[V] Visualization
OUTCOME
PROCESS
STANDARDS
5N1 Represent
and describe whole
[C, CN, V, T]
5N2 Use estimation
strategies, including:
front-end rounding
compensation
compatible numbers
in problem-solving
contexts.
5N8 Describe and
represent decimals
(tenths, hundredths,
[C, CN, R, V]
thousandths)
concretely, pictorially
and symbolically.
5N9 Relate decimals to
fractions and fractions
[CN, R, V]
to decimals (to
thousandths).
5N10 Compare and
order decimals (to
thousandths) by using:
[C, CN, R, V]
benchmarks
place value
33
NUMERATION
Strand: Number
Outcomes
ElaborationsStrategies for Learning and Teaching
Students will be expected to

5N1 Represent and describe
wholenumbersto
1 000 000.
[C, CN, V, T]
Achievement Indicators:
Most of the work done by students will involve numbers in the tens
and hundreds of thousands; however, they are now expected to develop
meaning for one million. For example, one more than 999 999 is
1 000 000 or one thousand sets of 1 000 is one million. This can be
modeled on a place value chart by showing 999 999 using counters.
Then students are asked, What number comes next if we add 1?
Students will need to regroup the counters and a new group of three
digits will be started. Numbers written in standards form are organized
and written into groups of three digits. Some authors call each of these
groups a period. It is not important to highlight the term period nor is
it intended that students use the term. They can show they understand
the concept without using the term period.
Have students create six digit numbers using two dice. Each roll of the
dice provides two digits of the six digit number. Students then write the
numbers on a chart and give the value of each digit.
5N1.1 Write a given numeral,

using proper spacing without
commas; e.g., 934 567.
To effectively read large numbers (i.e. number at and above tens of

thousands) periods must be separated with a space. It is no longer the
convention to separate periods with commas.
5N1.2 Write a given numeral to

1 000 000 in words.
Having students write numbers in words requires them to consider the

place value of each digit and solidifies the importance of periods. For
example to write:
946 219 using words students must recognize that they start with
the largest period, (in this case thousands), and continue with the
successive periods.
Students name each period once they say the total number in that
period. In the example above, nine hundred forty-six MUST be
followed with the period name Thousand.
It is important for students to realize that the word and is reserved for
the decimal. Some students may want to write 946 as nine hundred and
forty-six instead of the proper wording nine hundred forty-six.
5N1. 3 Describe the pattern of

adjacent place positions moving
from right to left.
When discussing adjacent place positions and hundreds of thousands

build on students prior knowledge with tens, hundreds, thousands and
tens of thousands.
Using base ten materials have a discussion of What Comes Next.
Begin with the unit cube as one, ten unit cubes make a rod, which
represents ten. Then ask, What comes next?. The response should
be 10 rods which makes a flat, representing a hundred. Continue to a
thousand.
Continued
34
NUMERATION
General Outcome: Develop Number Sense

Suggested Assessment Strategies
Resources/Notes
Paper and Pencil
Math Focus 5
Given a set of seven-digit numbers written in words have students

write the numbers in standard form using correct spacing and no
commas.
(5N1.1)
Getting Started
Teacher Resource (TR) pp. 9 - 12
Given a set of numbers in standard form (up to seven digits) have

students rewrite the numbers using words.
(5N1.2)
Ask students to scan newspapers and magazines for large numbers
and have them rewrite the headlines/sentences with the numbers in
words.
(5N1.2)
Be selective with the Getting Started

section this is just an introduction
to the unit.
Lesson 1: Representing Numbers
5N1 (1.1, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5)
TR pp. 12 - 16
Performance
This is not new for students.
Ask students to brainstorm and create headlines that include sevendigit numbers using words. Have students create computer generated
copies of their headlines with images.
(5N1.2)
To address this indicator students

must write numbers in standard
form as they go through any of the
activities
Students roll dice (ten sided if possible) to create a 7-digit number

and write in number.
(5N1.2)
Create a memory game matching standard form with its word form.
(5N1.2)
Note: 5N1 (1.2) not covered in

text
Given a set of seven number cards ( 0 - 9 ) students are asked to

create and write 5 different seven-digit numbers with correct spacing
and no commas.
(5N1.1)
Student-Teacher Dialogue
Orally present a series of numbers up to 1 000 000 and ask the
student to write the given numbers on a piece of chart paper.
(5N1.1)
Give students a number in standard form and also in words. The
word form should be incorrect and then ask students to correct and
explain. E.g., 34 360 Thirty thousand four hundred sixty (5N1.2)
Ask the student, Why are the zeros important in the number 23
006? How would it affect the value of the number if the zeros were
removed?
(5N1.3)
35
NUMERATION
Strand: Number
Outcomes

5N1 Continued
5N1. 3 Continued
5N1.6 Express a given numeral

in expanded notation; e.g., 45
321 = (4 x 10 000) + (5 x 1000)
+ (3 x 100) + (2 x 10) + (1 x 1)
or 40 000 + 5000 + 300 + 20
+ 1.
This can then continue on, using thousands cubes to make a rod which
represents ten thousand and so on up to the cubic metre which has
one million unit cubes (Van de Walle Professional Series, Grades 3 -5
Volume 2, pp. 48 49, 2006). Since typically not enough thousands
cubes are available to complete the rod, the flat or the cube using the
thousands cubes as building, students could be asked to visualize what
each would look like based on what they are able to build.
Expanded form can be demonstrated in either of the following ways:

4123 = 4000 + 100 + 20 + 3
or
(4 x 1000) + (1 x 100) + (2 x 10) + (3 x 1).
Students should be exposed to both forms. For true understanding of
expanded form, students should be given numbers that include zeros,
such as 50 302. Also, expanded form should be given in various orders
such as 4 x 10 000 + 3 x 100 000 + 2 x 100.
Number cards, place value charts, dice, newspaper articles etc. can be
used to create and/or find large numbers which can be represented in
expanded form.
Literature Connections - The Guiness Book of World Records is a great
resource for big numbers. Have students in groups choose several sixdigit numbers to write in expanded and standard form to present to the
class.
36
NUMERATION

Resources/Notes
Paper and Pencil
Math Focus 5
Place two zeros anywhere in the number 2583 to form a new six
digit number. Write the new number and explain how the value of
each digit has changed.
Lesson 1 (Continued):
Representing Numbers
(5N1.3)
Performance
Provide students with a place value chart and counters. Ask them to
model a six digit number that has a 9 as two of its digits. Instruct
the students to add one more counter to a place that has a 9 and
write the new number with an explanation as to how they found that
number.
(5N1.3)
Have students model 304 with base ten blocks and ask them to
explain why 10 rods are not present in the model, but there is a digit
(0) in the tens place of the number.
5N1 (1.1, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5)

TR pp. 12 - 16
Lesson 2: Using Expanded Form

5N1 (1.1, 1.3, 1.4, 1.6, 1.7)
TR pp. 17 21
(5N1.6)
Given a set of counters and a place value chart, have students model
5 different six-digit numbers. Write these numbers in expanded
form. Make sure some of the place value positions are zero.
E.g., 274 392
(5N1.6)
37
NUMERATION
Strand: Number
Outcomes

5N1 Continued
5N1.7 Write the numeral

represented by a given expanded
notation.
Write a large number in expanded form on the whiteboard. Have

students write the number in standard form on individual whiteboards
and hold up when completed. This is an excellent opportunity to assess
students understanding.
5N1.4 Describe the meaning of

each digit in a given numeral.
Given a set of numbers, each containing a common digit in a different

place, ask students to give the values of that digit in each number. (E.g.,
234 567, 108 300, 344 901)
Each student will roll a die six times to create a six-digit number.
Students then record the numbers on a chart and give the value of each
digit.
Some time may be required to review the concept of the value of a
digit. The value of a digit is determined by where it falls in reference
to the place value chart.
Have students give the value of an underlined digit.
e.g. 69 761 = value of 9 is 9 000
38
NUMERATION

Resources/Notes
Journal
Math Focus 5
Provide students with a statement such as: The digit 3 does not
always have a value of 3. Have them explain in writing using
examples.
(5N1.4)
Lesson 2 (Continued): Using

Expanded Form
5N1 (1.1, 1.3, 1.4, 1.6, 1.7)
TR pp. 17 21
Paper and Pencil

Given a set of numbers in expanded form, have students write them
in standard form.
Express in expanded notation
Lesson 2 does not provide enough

work in moving back and forth
between standard and expanded
form when zeros are concerned.
107 060
50 013
(5N1.6)
Given a set of numbers in standard form, have students write them

in expanded form.
Write the numeral for: 2 x 100 + 3 x 100 000 + 5 x 1
(5N1.7)
Lesson 3: Renaming Numbers

5N1 (1.1, 1.4, 1.6, 1.7)
TR pp. 23 24
Explain how the value of the 1 digit changed in each of the

following numbers:
45 213
1 000 000
12 326
Curious Math:
987 531
154 605
(5N1.4)
TR pp. 25 - 26
Keep on Doubling
Performance
Given a set of 5 number cards 0 9, ask students to show the
following:
The greatest possible number.
The least possible number.
A third number with value between the greatest and least but closer
in value to the greatest than to the least.
(5N1.4)
Curious Math:
TR pp. 27 - 28
Lots of Money
Be selective, depending on time.
39
NUMERATION
Strand: Number
Outcomes

5N2 Use estimation strategies,
including:
front-end rounding
compensation
compatible numbers
in problem-solving contexts.
To round a number simply means to substitute a nice number that

is close so that some computation can be done more easily. (Walle and
Folk 2008, p. 260)
Create a number line on the whiteboard labeled similar to the one
shown below. Have students, as a whole group, create the markings to
divide the line and decide where to place a given number. Encourage
discussion about the rounding of that number.
Achievement Indicator:
5N2.3 Determine the

approximate solution to a given
problem not requiring an exact
answer.
5N1 Represent and describe

whole numbers to 1 000 000.
[C, CN, V, T]
Literature Connection - How Much is A Million? by David M. Schwartz

Share the story with students and extend the concept of how big a
million is.
Have students create a collage of how they can group items to create a
total group of 1 million. (Please note we are not expecting students to
collect a million items.)
5N1.5 Provide examples of

large numbers used in print or
electronic media.
40
Provide newspapers/magazines/e-news/ etc. to highlight examples of

large numbers in headlines and stories. It is important that students view
examples of large numbers used in the real world.
NUMERATION

Resources/Notes
Pencil and Paper
Math Focus 5
Have students create a number line using cash register tape. Have
them place a 4- or 5-digit number on the line. Ask: How did you
decide where to place your number on your number line?
Lesson 4: Rounding Numbers
(5N2.3)
5N2 (2.3, 2.6)

TR pp. 29 - 32
Performance
Joanne decided that she wanted to raise money for the Terry Fox
Foundation. Her goal was to raise $10 000 with the support of her
school. The total funds taken in was $ 7 692. A local company
will round to the nearest 1 000 dollars. How much will the total
donation be?
(5N2.3)
While rounding is not one of the

listed strategies, it is a prerequisite
for the strategies of this grade level
Have students scan newspapers/magazines/e-news/ etc. to find

examples of large numbers in headlines and stories. Create a collage
using numbers and phrases collected.
(5N1.5)
5N2 (2.6) will be covered in

Addition and Subtraction of
decimals, Multiplication and
Division units
Journal
Provide students with a large number, up to one million, and ask
them to describe a situation where they would see that number
outside of school.
(5N1.5)
Explain why 79 321 is rounded to 80 000 and not 75 000. (5N2.3)
Lesson 5: Exploring One Million
5N1 (1.5)
TR pp. 33 - 35
41
NUMERATION
Strand: Number
Outcomes

5N8 Describe and represent
decimals (tenths, hundredths,
thousandths) concretely,
pictorially and symbolically.
[C, CN, R, V]
According to Small (2009, p.62), students will learn important

decimal principles, through the use of concrete materials, pictorial
representations, and modeling. Using decimals extends the place value
system to represent parts of a whole. The use of a decimal point must be
taught as a symbol that separates the tenths from the ones, or in other
words, the part from the whole.
1. Using decimals extends the place value system to represent parts of a
whole.
2. The base ten place value system is built on symmetry around
the ones place and the decimal.
3. Decimals can represent parts of a whole, as well as mixed numbers.
4. Decimals can be interpreted and read in more than one way.
Students should become familiar and comfortable renaming and reading
decimals in several ways. E.g. 4.3 may be renamed 43 tenths.
5. Decimals can be renamed as other decimals or fractions.
60
or 0.60. It can also be
E.g., 600 or 0.600 can be renamed as 100
1000
renamed as 6 or 0.6. (This can be shown pictorially on thousandths

grid paper).
10
Focus on the need to continue the pattern in our base ten number
system, so that the unit (or the whole) is divided into ten, a hundred or
a thousand equal parts (or tenths, hundredths, thousandths)
Throughout the study of decimals, there are many concrete materials
that will aid students in the understanding of decimal concepts
including:
grid paper (hundredths and thousandths)
number lines (tenths and hundredths, and thousandths)
gasoline prices, posted as tenth of a cent which is a thousandth of a
dollar. 93.6 is $0.936
metre stick (millimetres are thousandths of a metre)
decimal squares
Students should read the decimal 3.2 as 3 and 2 tenths not as 3
point 2. Reading 7.23 as 7 and 23 hundredths reveals the important
connection between fractions and decimals but the language 7 point
23 is fairly meaningless.
42
NUMERATION

Resources/Notes
Math Focus 5
Paper and Pencil

Write a fraction and a decimal to show the shaded part of each of the
following diagrams:
Lesson 6: Decimal Place Value

5N8 (8.1, 8.2, 8.6)
TR pp. 39 - 43
Very important lesson
5N8.1)
An ant walked 3829 mm across a patio table. Write the distance in
metres.
(5N8.1)
43
NUMERATION
Strand: Number
Outcomes

5N8 Continued
5N8.1 Write the decimal for

a given concrete or pictorial
representation of part of a set,
part of a region or part of a unit
of measure.
Students should continue to use physical materials to represent or

model decimals. In this way, they can better see the relationship between
hundredths and thousandths.
To help model decimals use a thousands grid (found as part of decimal
squares kit).
Alternatively, base-ten blocks might be used to illustrate the relationship.

Within a given context, the thousands cube could represent 1, then the
flat would represent 0.1, the rod 0.01 and the small cube 0.001. The
model for 3.231 would be as shown.
Use metre sticks to represent decimals. Measuring to the nearest

millimetre is one thousandths of a metre. Also, centimetres are
hundredths of a metre and decimetres are tenths of a metre.
5N8.6 Describe the value of each
digit in a given decimal.
Using decimals extends the place value system to represent parts

of a whole. This principle means that decimals are an extension of
whole numbers. Writing the tenths digit after the decimal point is a
convention that must be explicitly taught. If you follow the base ten
relationship from left to right a pattern appears.
Continued
44
NUMERATION

Resources/Notes
Math Focus 5
Present student with a base ten model of decimal numbers and

ask the student to represent the model with a decimal number.
Lesson 6 (Continued): Decimal

Place Value
5N8 (8.1, 8.2, 8.6)
TR pp. 39 - 43
(5N8.1)
Pencil and Paper
Have student write
as a decimal.
(5N8.6)
Performance
Have students mark off tenths, hundredths and thousandths of a
metre on a metre stick. Then students measure objects to the
nearest tenth (dm), hundredth (cm) and thousandth (mm) of a
metre.
(5N8.1)
Have students model using a thousands grid the numbers 0.3, 0.30,
0.300.
(5N8.1)
Show the student cards on which decimals have been written (e.g.,
0.4m, 0.75 m and 0.265 m). Ask the student to place the cards
appropriately on a metre stick.
(5N8.6)
Have the student model 0.025 using a thousands grid. Then ask:
How does this model differ from the model for 25 hundredths
(done on a hundreds grid)? Ask the student to model 0.025 and 25
hundredths using base-ten blocks.
(5N8.6)
45
NUMERATION
Strand: Number
Outcomes

5N8 Continued
5N8.6 Continued
Each time you move one place to the right of the decimal the value
decreases by a factor of one tenth. So, it makes sense that the next place
after one is one tenth of one or 0.1, and then the next place is one tenth
of a tenth, which is one hundredth or 0.01, and then next place is one
tenth of a hundredth, which is one thousandth or 0.001.
Using an overhead transparency of thousandths grid paper, shade a
given value, such as 1.453. Discuss the value of each digit and how it is
represented on the thousandths grid.
Using base ten blocks model a given decimal number such as: 3.709 and
discuss the value of each digit.
5N8.2 Represent a given decimal,

using concrete materials or a
pictorial representation.
Base ten blocks are an effective tool for modeling decimal numbers.
Model decimal numbers to the
thousandths using large cubes
as ones, flats as tenths, rods
as hundredths and unit cubes
as thousandths. For example
using base ten blocks to model
3.146 as shown below.
Model decimal numbers to the thousandths using thousandth grid
paper. For example using grid paper to model 3.146 as shown below.
46
NUMERATION

Resources/Notes
Performance
Math Focus 5
Present students with the following decimal numbers;

1.105
Lesson 6 (Continued): Decimal

Place Value
0.403
5N8 (8.1, 8.2, 8.6)
2.069
TR pp. 39 - 43
Ask students to model the decimals using base ten materials, grids,
and number lines. Ask: How did you choose your materials to model
the decimals.
(5N8.2)
Paper and Pencil
Have students work in pairs. One student prepares a list of 5
different decimals numbers. The other student must model these
numbers using base ten materials and grids. Then the students
alternate roles.
(5N8.2)
Lesson 7: Renaming Decimals

5N8 (8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6)
5N9 (9.1, 9.2, 9.3)
TR pp. 44 48
Explain the meaning of each digit in $9.99.
(5N8.6)
Ask the student to identify a situation in which 0.750 represents a

small amount and one in which it represents a very large amount.
E.g., 0.750 of a million dollars is a big amount whereas 0.750 of a
10 dollars is a smaller amount.
(5N8.6)
Very important lesson
Show the student several cards on which decimals have been written
(e.g., 0.75 m and 0.265 m). Ask the student to place the cards
appropriately on a metre stick.
(5N8.2)
47
NUMERATION
Strand: Number
Outcomes

5N9 Relate decimals to fractions
thousandths).
[CN, R, V]
5N9.1 Write a given decimal in

fractional form.
5N9.3 Express a given pictorial
or concrete representation as a
fraction or decimal; e.g., 250
shaded squares on a thousandth
grid can be expressed as 0.250
or 250 .
1000
There are different, but, equivalent representations for a number.

Relating fractions to decimals is an example of this concept.
Reinforce the connection between decimals and fractions by having the

students write the fraction and the decimal for the shaded part.
Conversely, provide the students with decimals or fractions and
have them shade the appropriate amounts on the hundredth and/or
thousandths grids. Encourage them to write the decimal and fraction
for the unshaded part and compare the numbers they wrote for the
shaded and unshaded parts. For example, if 0.425 is shaded then 0.575
is unshaded.
Decimals are introduced as tenths, hundredths or thousandths so
students immediately recognize the relationship between decimals and
fractions tenths, hundredths and thousandths. For example,
0.2 and 0.34 is
and 2.405 is 2
equals
Students should also be aware of certain benchmarks.

E.g., 0.5 or 0.50 or 0.500 are all equal to
0.25 or 0.250 both equal
0.75 and 0.750 are equal to
(Dr. Small Big Ideas, 2009, Grades 4 8, p 65)
48
NUMERATION

Resources/Notes
Performance
Students play a concentration game where they use a deck of turnedover cards some with decimals and some with fractions. Their task is
to make matches by turning over two cards. They keeps the cards if
the match. They turn them back over if they dont match.
Math Focus 5
Lesson 7 (Continued): Renaming
Decimals
5N8 (8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6)
5N9 (9.1, 9.2, 9.3)
TR pp. 44 48
Card set should include:
And 0.1, 0.2, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 0.7, 0.01, 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.6, 0.8,
0.9 Source: Small (2008), Making Math Meaningful. P.233 (5N9.1)
Have students model three decimals numbers using base ten blocks,
or grids. Then instruct students to: Write the fraction equivalent for
the decimal model you just created.
Ask: How do you know your fraction is correct?
(5N9.1)
Paper and pencil

Write as many fractions
and decimals as you can
for the shaded area.
(5N9.3)
Mary and her brothers and sisters ate 0.75 of her birthday cake. Use
a diagram to show what FRACTION of the cake remains. Express
the amount eaten as a fraction, in as many forms as you can. (5N9.3)
Ask student to explain why 0.750 is equivalent to 3 using a
4
number line.
(5N9.3)
49
NUMERATION
Strand: Number
Outcomes

5N8 Continued
5N8.3 Represent an equivalent

tenth, hundredth or thousandth
for a given decimal, using a grid.
5N8.4 Express a given tenth as
an equivalent hundredth and
thousandth.
5N8.5 Express a given hundredth
as an equivalent thousandth.
50
In Grade 4, students used money (dimes and pennies) to explore the

equivalence of tenth and hundredths. For example, 20 pennies (0.20)
was equivalent to 2 dimes (0.2).
In Grade 5, equivalence will include tenths, hundredths and
thousandths and therefore thousandths grid paper (or decimal squares)
will be needed.
Have students fill 200 small squares on a thousandths grid. (0.200)
which shows 0.20 (20 rows of ten small squares) and 0.2 (2 squares of
100 small squares)
NUMERATION

Resources/Notes
Pencil and Paper

Express the decimal represented by this grid in tenths, hundredths
and thousandths.
Math Focus 5
Lesson 8: Communicating About
Equivalent Decimals
5N8 (8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6)
5N9 (9.1, 9.2, 9.3)
TR pp. 49 52
(5N8.3)
What decimal is represented by the hundredths grid? Shade the
tenths to show an equivalent amount? What decimal is represented
by the tenths grid? Explain how you know decimals are equivalent.
(5N8.4)
What decimals are represented by the grids? Are they equivalent?
Explain.
More practice will be needed than

the core text provides.
Have students play Decimal

Snap math game in TR p. 57
(5N8.4)
(5N8.5)
Display a series of decimals and ask the student to identify equivalent
decimals.
(5N8.4, 8.6)
51
NUMERATION
Strand: Number
Outcomes

5N2 Use estimation
front-end rounding
compensation
compatible numbers
in problem-solving
contexts.
Refer back to estimation strategies listed for N2. Students should be able
to round decimals to simpler decimals such as 2.567 to 2.6 or 2.567 to
3. The conventions or rules for rounding are just like the ones for whole
numbers.
Too often rounding numbers is taught as an algorithm without

discussing why that algorithm makes sense. Students may think that
rounding a number means changing it in some way when, really,
rounding a number means that you substitute a friendly number that is
easier to use. For example, working with 6.5 is easier than working with
6.523.
5N2.3 Determine the

answer.
5N10 Compare and order
decimals (to thousandths) by
using:
benchmarks
place value
[C, CN, R, V]
5N10.1 Order a given set of

decimals by placing them on
a number line (vertical or
horizontal) that contains the
benchmarks 0.0, 0.5 and 1.0.
52
You might round decimals when describing measurements with different

units i.e., a wall that is 2.367 metres long can be estimated as 2.37
metres (2 metres and 37 centimetres) or 2.4 metres (2 metres and 4
decimetres) or as 2 metres.
Students should be able to determine which of two decimal numbers
is greater by comparing the whole number parts first and then the
amounts to the right of the decimals. It is important that students
understand decimal numbers do not need the same number of places
after the decimal to be compared. For example, one can quickly
conclude that 0.8 > 0.423, without converting 0.8 to 0.800, because the
former is much more than half and the latter is less than half. Students
should also understand that a number having more places after the
decimal than another does not mean it is smaller nor does it mean it is
largerthese are common misconceptions. That is, some students think
0.101 is larger than 0.11 because 101 is larger than 11; others think it is
smaller just because it has thousandths while the other number has only
hundredths.
(These same students would also say 0.101 is smaller than 0.1 because
it has thousandths while 0.1 has only tenths.) Such misconceptions are
best dealt with by having students make base ten block representations
of numbers that are being compared.
NUMERATION

Resources/Notes
Performance
Math Focus 5
Close Nice Numbers - Write a four digit decimal on the board, e.g.,
3.0917, start with the whole numbers. Is it closer to 3 or 4? Then
go to the tenths: Is it closer to 3.0 or 3.1? Repeat with hundredths
and thousandths. At each answer challenge students to defend their
choices. (Walle, Lovin, 2006)
(5N2.3)
Lesson 9: Rounding Decimals
Give students the number cards 0.99, 0.987, 0.9 and 1.001, and ask
them which decimal number they think is closest to 1. Have them
explain how they made their decisions.
(5N10.1)
5N2 (2.3)
5N8 (8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5)
5N9 (9.1, 9.2, 9.3)
TR pp. 53 - 56
Paper and Pencil

Jill had 4.673 m of velvet and 5.076 m of silk. She estimated the
total at 9.8 m. Is Jill correct or incorrect? Explain your answer using
numbers, pictures or diagrams.
(5N2.3)
Additional Reading:
Small (2008), Making Math
Meaningful. p. 233
Ask the student to explain why you cannot compare two decimals by
simply counting the number of digits in each.
(5N2.3)
Give students the number cards 9.023, 10.9, 9.05, 10.11 and 9.8,
and ask them which decimal they think is closest to 10. Have them
explain how they made their decisions.
(5N10.1)
Lesson 10: Comparing and

Ordering Decimals
5N10 (10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4,
10.6)
TR pp. 59 - 62
53
NUMERATION
Strand: Number
Outcomes

5N10 Continued

decimals including only tenths,
using place value.
5N10.3 Order a given set
of decimals including only
hundredths, using place value.
5N10.4 Order a given set
of decimals including only
thousandths, using place value.
5N10.5 Explain what is the same

and what is different about 0.2,
0.20 and 0.200.
Create a number line on your classroom floor using masking tape. Have
several decimal numbers, (less than 1) on flash cards. Show the numbers
to the class ask: What should our benchmarks be?
Write the benchmarks on flash cards and have students place them
correctly on the number line.
Giving students the flash cards, have a class discussion to determine
where each decimal should be placed on the number line.
The above activity can be modified for tenths only, hundredths only,
thousandths only, a mixture of decimals in tenths, hundredths and
thousandths and even a mixture of decimals and fractions less than 1,
even though this particular outcome is specific to decimals.
The decimal number 0.2, 0.20 and 0.200 represent the same amount,
2 is equivalent to 20 which is also equivalent to 200 . They
that 10
100
1000
are different in their representation and in the number of digits used.
Also, 0.2 mans 2 parts out of 10, while 0.20 means 20 parts out of
100 and 0.200 means 200 parts out of 1000. There is a difference in
the precision of measurement implied. You cannot equate for example
3.2 m and 3.20 m since different levels of precision are implied by the
use of more decimal places. The measurement 3.20 m indicates that
the length could be anywhere between 3.195 m and 3.204 m. (The
range of values that could be rounded to 3.20), whereas, 3.2 m could be
anywhere between 3.15 m and 3.24 m (the range of values that could be
rounded to 3.2), which makes 3.2 m less precise than 3.20 m. (Big Ideas
from Dr. Small, 2009, p. 65)
This specific outcome can be met with the use of a T- diagram.
54
NUMERATION

Resources/Notes
Performance
Math Focus 5
Give students the following blank game board.
Comparing and Ordering
Decimals
5N10 (10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4,
10.6)
Roll a die. As the number is called each student fills in a blank on

his/her board. Roll the die 18 times. The student who ends up
with three true sentences wins that round. Then repeat the process.
Circulate during the play asking questions and noting students
justification of position choice. Students could be asked to write
any strategies they used on chart paper and a class discussion could
follow.
(5N10.2, 10.3, 10.4)
TR pp. 59 - 62
This outcome is not directly
addressed in the text, however, the
concept of equivalent decimals has
be developed in lessons 7 and 8.
Give students eight blank cards with a decimal number to the tenths
on each. Have them challenge a partner to order the number cards.
Repeat activity using decimal numbers to the hundredths and to the
thousandths.
(5N10.2, 10.3, 10.4)
Demonstrate the equivalency of 0.5, 0.50 and 0.500 using base ten
blocks, (i.e. 5 flats equals 50 rods equals 500 unit cubes) (5N10.5)
Paper and Pencil
Provide examples of some of the best javelin throw distances that
have occurred in past Olympics. E.g.,
1972: 90.48 m
1980: 91.20 m
1988: 84.28 m
1992: 89.66 m
Ask students to arrange the distances in order and determine whether

records always improve.
(5N10.3)
How are 0.3, 0.30 and 0.300 the same? How are they different? Use
pictures, words and numbers in your explanation.
(5N10.5)
How are 0.25 and 0.250 the same? How are they different? Use
pictures, words and numbers in your explanation.
(5N10.5)
55
NUMERATION
Strand: Number
Outcomes

5N10 Continued
N10.6 Order a given set of

decimals including tenths,
hundredths and thousandths,
using equivalent decimals; e.g.,
0.92, 0.7, 0.9, 0.876, 0.925 in
order is: 0.700, 0.876, 0.900,
0.920, 0.925
Strategies for comparing decimals closely relate to strategies for

comparing whole numbers. It is important to ensure that the same place
values are being compared.
Note that with whole numbers, you can rely on the number of digits to
provide a sense of the relative size of numbers, that is, a 3 digit whole
number is always greater than a 2 digit whole number. This is not the
case with decimals. When comparing decimals, the number of digits is
irrelevant; it is the place value of the digits that matters. Students can
use either place value or benchmark numbers to help them compare.
For example.
Many students find it easier to compare (and calculate with) decimals

when they have the same number of digits. This is always possible using
equivalent decimals. For example,
56
NUMERATION

Performance
Divide students into groups of 2 or 3. Each student creates a 3-digit
decimal number, less than 2. Next, they should build their number
using base ten materials and sketch it in a journal. Place all numbers
on a number line in relative position. Compare and check answers
with classmates. Give students cards with various decimal numbers
written on them and ask the students to place the numbers on a
number line in appropriate places.
(5N10.6)
Resources/Notes
Math Focus 5
Comparing and Ordering
Decimals
5N10 (10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4,
10.6)
TR pp. 59 - 62
Journal
Michael says 1.40 is bigger than 1.406. Is he correct or not correct?
Explain using base ten drawings.
(5N10.6)
Pencil and Paper
Tell the students the gasoline is priced at 56.9 cents per litre. Ask:
What part of a dollar is this?
(5N10.6)
End of chapter material and unit

assessment - be selective.
57
Adding and Subtracting

Decimals
Suggested Time: 3 weeks
This is the first explicit focus on adding and subtracting decimals, but as with other
outcomes, it is ongoing throughout the year.
ADDING AND SUBTRACTING DECIMALS
Unit Overview
Focus and Context
Estimation is used in everyday situations because it is sometimes more

practical and efficient than the time required to find an exact number.
Using the estimation strategies of front-end rounding, compensation
and compatible numbers, students will work in problem-solving
contexts to add and subtract decimals. Students learn how these
strategies can produce a reasonable answer - one that makes sense. In
this unit students will use base ten materials and extend the place value
system to include decimals.
Estimation is crucial in the addition and subtraction of decimals.
In fact, students should become adept at estimating decimal
computations well before they learn to compute with pencil and paper
(Van de Walle and Lovin 2006, p. 124). Through estimation, the
students use number sense to determine if the answer is reasonable.
By building on students understanding of addition and subtraction of
whole numbers, the pattern of place value is extended to decimals and
the importance of adding the same place values continues; i.e., adding
tenths to tenth, hundredths to hundredths and so on. Van de Walle and
Lovin (2006) state, Addition and subtraction with decimals are based
on the fundamental concept of adding and subtracting the numbers in
like position valuesa simple extension from whole numbers (p. 107).
Math Connects
60
Conceptual understanding of decimals requires that the students

connect decimal numbers to whole numbers and to fractions. Decimals
are shown as an extension of the whole number system by introducing
a new place value, the tenths place, to the right of the ones place,
separated by the decimal point. The tenths place follows the pattern of
the base ten number system by iterating one tenth ten times to make
one whole or a unit (Wheatley and Abshire 2002, p. 152). Similarly, the
hundredths place to the right of the tenths place iterates one hundredth
ten times to make one-tenth. Following this pattern, the thousandths
place to the right of the hundredths place iterates one thousandth ten
times to make one hundredth. Van de Walle and Lovin (2006) suggest
that the concepts of whole number place value be reviewed prior to
considering decimal numerals with students and they state:
The base-ten place-value system extends infinitely in two directions: to
tiny values as well as to large values. Between any two place values, the
ten-to-one ratio remains the same. The decimal point is a convention
that has been developed to indicate the units position. The position to
the left of the decimal point is the unit that is being counted as singles
or ones (p. 107).
GRADE 5 MATHEMATICS DRAFT CURRICULUM GUIDE
Process Standards
Key
Curriculum
Outcomes
[C]
[CN]
[ME]

STRAND
Number
Number
GRADE 5 MATHEMATICS DRAFT CURRICULUM GUIDE
Communication
Connections
[R] Reasoning
and Estimation
[V] Visualization
OUTCOME
5N2 Use estimation
front-end rounding
compensation
compatible numbers
in problem-solving
contexts.
5N11 Demonstrate
an understanding
of addition and
subtraction of
decimals (limited to
thousandths).
PROCESS
STANDARDS
[C, R, T, V]
[C, PS, R, T, V]
61
Strand: Number
Outcomes

5N2 Use estimation

front-end rounding
compensation

compatible numbers
Estimation is a mental process of producing an answer that is

sufficiently close to allow decisions to be made (Reys 1986, p. 22).
The focus for Grade Five is on computational estimation using: frontend rounding, compensation, and compatible numbers. As students
estimate first and then calculate, they refine their estimation strategies.
When estimating, it is important that students are encouraged to focus
on the meaning of the numbers and the operations.
Consider the following when teaching computational estimation.
Encourage the students to take risks as they explore various
computational estimation strategies. They must develop a comfort
level in finding approximate answers to computation.
Create a classroom environment that encourages student
exploration, questioning, verification and sense making (Reys 1992,
p. 5).
Have the students communicate their thinking as they estimate and
then share their reasoning with the class (Reys 1992, p. 5).
Capitalize on class sharing by highlighting the estimation strategies
that result in close estimates; e.g., combining compensation with other
strategies such as front-end or compatible numbers.
Provide opportunities for the students to explore the multiple
relationships among numbers and among operations.
Provide regular reinforcement so that students always estimate before
they calculate to determine the reasonableness of their calculated
answers. Van de Walle and Lovin (2006) state, A good place to begin
computation is with estimation. Not only is it a highly practical skill,
but it also helps [students] look at answers in ballpark terms and can
form a check on calculator computation (p. 125).
Provide a variety of problem-solving contexts in which students
decide that an estimated answer is adequate and efficient.
5N2.3 Determine the

answer.
Provide a variety of problem-solving contexts in which students have

the opportunity to explore various types of computational estimation
strategies and then choose the strategy that works best for them in a
given situation.
When providing students with problems or questions, attempt to make
the problems as relevant to the students as possible. Discuss situations
where estimation is used in real life. As well, discuss with students why
Continued
62

Resources/Notes
Paper and Pencil
Math Focus 5
Provide students with problem-solving contexts such as those listed

below. Ask them to estimate the sums or differences first. Next
encourage students to calculate the answer to the problem and then
compare their calculated answer to the estimated answer.
Getting Started
Mount Everest is 8.850 km high. Mount Logan is 5.959 km

high. What is their approximate height difference?
Jenny and her 11 friends go out to eat at a restaurant. Each meal
costs $9.97 including GST and the tip. Will $100 cover the cost
of the meals?
You have a piece of string and cut it off at 46.8 cm, leaving
138.6 cm. Estimate the length of string you had at the
beginning.
Create a problem that requires only an estimated answer to solve
it. Solve the problem you created by estimating the answer and
explain your thinking.
(5N2.3)
Ask the student to explain if a $10 bill would cover the cost of
buying a milkshake for $3.98 and a sub for $6.59. Does this student
use estimation in solving this problem? Have him/her explain why a
$10 bill would not cover the cost of the two items.
(5N2.3)

to the unit.
Lesson 1: Estimating WholeNumber Sums and Differences

5N2 (2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7)
TR pp. 13 - 17
Note: Front-end rounding,
compensation, and compatible
numbers strategies are located in
Math Background in TG p. 13.
Lesson 2: Communicating about
estimating and calculating
5N2 (2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7)
TR pp. 18 - 21
Treat these lessons together for
instruction
63
Strand: Number
Outcomes

5N2 Continued
5N2.3 Continued
5N2.4 Estimate a sum or

product, using compatible
numbers.
sometimes it is necessary to have an exact answer while other times an

estimation is fine. One example to begin this lesson could be; A toy store
has a sale. It will pay the tax if your purchase totals $25 or more. Jessica
buys a computer game for $14.95 and some batteries for $4.99. About
how much more would she need to spend in order to avoid paying the
tax?
Compatible Numbers Strategy
The compatible numbers strategy is a method of estimating by using
friendly or nice numbers, that can be easily calculated mentally.
Compatible numbers can be used in estimating sums and differences.
E.g.,
(a) 543 257 is about 543 243 = 300.
(b) 46 + 78 + 54 = (46 + 54) + 78 = 100 + 78 = 178
Encourage students to explain, in their own words, why they used their
estimation strategy.
Provide the students with a problem-solving context requiring the
addition and subtraction of decimals. For example, to raise money at
school, 24 students each sold 6 chocolate bars at $1.75 each. Estimate
how much money the students collected.
Model estimating the sum using the compatible numbers strategy
then encourage them to refine the estimate by using compensation if
necessary.
5N2.7 Apply front-end rounding
to estimate:
sums; e.g., 253 + 615 is more
than 200 + 600 = 800
differences; e.g., 974 250 is
close to 900 200 = 700
products; e.g., the product of
23 x 24 is greater than 20 x 20
(400) and less than 25 x 25
(625)
quotients; e.g., the quotient of
831 4 is greater than 800 4
(200).
Front-end Strategy
The front-end strategy is a method of estimating computations by
keeping the first digit in each of the numbers and changing all the
other digits to zeros. This strategy can be used to estimate sums
and differences. Note that the front-end strategy always gives an
underestimate for sums.
Example:
123 + 212= 100 + 200 = 300.
You have a piece of ribbon that is 46.5 cm long. You have to cut a piece
that is 22.7 cm long. About how much do you have left?
Using front-end rounding strategy:
46.5 cm - 22.7 cm
40 cm - 20 cm = 20 cm
(Note that front-end estimation of products and quotients will be
covered in other units.)
Continued
64

Resources/Notes
Math Focus 5
Present the student with the following problem: Terry-Lynn had

$257 to spend. She spent $173. Terry-Lynn estimates that she has
less than $100 dollars left. Is her estimate reasonable? Explain.
(5N2.4)
Lesson 1 (continued): Estimating

Whole-Number Sums and
Differences
5N2 (2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7)
TR pp. 13 - 17
Subtraction questions:
685 217 =
685 274 =
Lesson 2 (continued):
Communicating about estimating
and calculating
Estimate (front-end strategy):

600 200 = 400
600 200 = 400
Which estimate is closer to the actual difference? Explain your

thinking without doing the actual calculation.
(5N2.7)
5N2 (2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7)

TR pp. 18 - 21
Performance
Place students in groups of 2 3. Provide each group with a weekly
flyer. Have each group use estimation strategies to purchase items
from the flyer by going as close as possible without going over a
given amount. Have groups share their strategies with the class.
(5N2.4)
Complete the following:

Ask students to estimate using compatible numbers.
346 + 263 =
952 + 324 + 147 =
75 + 514 + 287 + 22 =
Pick one of your answers and present to class.
(5N2.4)
Use estimation to determine

The text does not reference the
estimation strategies of front-end
rounding, compensation and
compatible numbers in solving
problems. Further development of
these strategies should be used from
the guide.
which combination of animals

above can safely cross the bridges
with the given load limits?
(a) Bridge A: 800 kg
(b) Bridge B: 1 100 kg
(5N2.7)
65
Strand: Number
Outcomes

5N2 Continued
5N2.7 Continued
5N2.5 Estimate the solution
to a given problem, using
compensation, and explain the
reason for compensation.
Compensation Strategy
The compensation strategy is a method of adjusting a computational
estimate to make it closer to the calculated answer. This strategy is used
with the front-end rounding and compatible numbers strategies to
provide better estimates.
Compensation strategy is used to adjust the estimate to make it closer to
the actual sum.
E.g., You buy a hamburger for $4.79 and a drink for $1.26. Will a
$5 bill cover the cost? (Solution: $4.79 + $1.26)
Front-end rounding: $4 + $1 = $5
Compensation: $0.79 and $0.26 = $1
$5 + $1 = $6
Answer: A $5 bill will not cover the cost because the cost is a little
more than $6.
5N2.6 Select and use an

estimation strategy for a given
problem.
Write on the board: 136.2 + 26.2

140 + 30 = 170 (compatible numbers)
Explain that if you round one number up the other number should
round down to improve accuracy.
Then write
So, 140 + 20 = 160
Ask students to think of alternative compensation strategies.
(e.g., 130 + 30, 135 + 25)
At this point, students should be given problems where they are
expected to use reasoning skills to choose the estimating strategy which
makes the most sense.
For example, according to the Guinness World Records 2005, the
heaviest head of garlic had a mass of 1.191 kg. The heaviest potato had
a mass of 3.487 kg. Estimate the combined mass of these vegetables by
choosing the best estimation strategy.
66

Resources/Notes
Paper and Pencil

On a trip you travel 4250 km the first week, 3755 km the second
week and 2115 km the third week. Estimate how many kilometres
you travel during the three weeks. Explain your thinking. Do you
think your estimate is more or less than the calculated answer?
Explain your reasoning.
(5N2.7)
During one summer, Marcie travels 7185 km while Jimmy travels
4205 km. Estimate how much farther Marcie travelled than Jimmy
during the summer. Explain your thinking. Do you think your
estimate is more or less than the calculated answer? Explain your
reasoning.
(5N2.7)
Phillip ran 26.5 km last week and 19.8 km this week. Using the
compensation strategy to estimate his total running distance for the
two week period.
(5N2.5)
Math Focus 5
Lesson 1 (Continued): Estimating
Whole-Number Sums and
Differences
5N2 (2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7)
TR pp. 13 - 17
Communicating about estimating
and calculating
5N2 (2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7)
TR pp. 18 - 21
Adam was given two Newfoundland puppies for his birthday named
Ebony and Ireland. When they were born, Ebony had a mass of
0.775 kg and Ireland had a mass 0.836 kg. Estimate the total mass of
Ebony and Ireland and explain your estimation strategy.
(5N2.6)
Tony has 375 baseball cards and 823 hockey cards. He estimates his
total collection of sports cards to be 1100. How could he have made
his estimate closer to the actual total?
(5N2.5)
Journal
Jimmy is going to buy 3 packages of gum. Each package of gum
costs $1.37. How can he estimate how much money he will need for
his purchase?
(5N2.6)
Performance
Judy used the following estimation strategy to estimate the sum of
365 and 437. Judys thinking: I used the front-end rounding strategy.
365 is about 300 and 437 is about 400
300 + 400 = 700
My estimate for the sum of 365 and 437 is about 700.
How could you adjust Judys estimate to make it closer to the
calculated sum? Explain your thinking without doing the actual
calculation.
(5N2.6)
67
Strand: Number
Outcomes

5N11 Demonstrate an
understanding of addition
and subtraction of decimals
(limited to thousandths).
[C, CN, PS, R, V]
As students learn to add and subtract they should connect with what
they learned about adding and subtracting whole numbers. It is
also recommended that students revisit adding and subtracting to
hundredths before moving forward to examples involving thousandths.
Each principle and algorithm related to whole number operations
continues to apply. There are virtually no changes to the explanations for
the algorithms when dealing with addition and subtraction of decimals
rather than whole numbers. What students learned about estimating
whole numbers also applies to decimals.
In Grade four students have only been adding and subtracting tenths
and hundredths and are now expected to work with thousandths.
Students should develop some computational fluency with decimal
numbers. In the past, decimal computation was dominated by lining up
the decimal places. While this is important, for accurate computation a
firm understanding of place value is needed.
A good place to begin decimal computation is with estimation. The
estimation strategies covered in indicators 5N2.4, 5N2.5 and 5N2.7 can
be used for rough estimates helping students determine if their answer is
reasonable. It also will aid with decimal placement.
Example: Jack rode his bike 8.5 km on Monday, and 7.3 km on
Tuesday. How far did he ride in two days?
9 km + 7 km = 16 km (compensation)
5N11.4 Predict sums and

differences of decimals, using
estimation strategies.
On the board, place the following table:
Have students work in pairs. They take turns choosing two

combinations of fruit and estimating their combined mass. Student A is
to tell his partner an estimate. Student B guesses which two fruit were
chosen. If Student B guesses incorrectly, Student A provides a closer
estimate. Continue with different pairs of fruit and switching student
roles.
68

Resources/Notes
Journal
Math Focus 5
Jane was running in her schools track and field competition. Her
first race time was 4.127 minutes. Her second race time was 4.091
minutes. Using estimation, explain about how long she was running
in total. (Be sure to show how you estimated.) In which race did she
have the better time? How much did she improve?
(5N11.4)
Lesson 3: Estimating Decimal

Sums and Differences
5N2 (2.1, 2.2)
5N11 (11.4, 11.5)
5PR2 (2.2)
TR pp. 22 - 25
69
Strand: Number
Outcomes

5N2 Continued
5N2.1 Provide a context for when

estimation is used to:
make predictions
check the reasonableness of an
answer
determine approximate
answers
When estimating and predicting it is important that students check to

make sure their answers are reasonable.
Brainstorm with students to create a list of real life situations in which
overestimating would be required. For example; You are in a grocery
store with only $20. You need to buy milk $3.98, bread $2.29, eggs
$2.76 and a steak for $8.67. Will you have enough money at the cash
register to buy your food items?
5N2.2 Describe contexts in which

overestimating is important.
An example of the importance of overestimating could be planning a

birthday party. We often overestimate the amount of food needed to
make sure all guests have enough to eat.
5N11 Demonstrate an
understanding of addition
and subtraction of decimals
(limited to thousandths).
As students learn to add and subtract decimals they should be using the
strategies they learned about whole number addition and subtraction.
In Grade 4, students have represented decimals to the hundredths using
base ten materials.
[C, CN, PS, R, V]

In Grade 5 the base ten materials have to extend to thousandths;
therefore, the base ten materials will be represented as follows:
Time will be needed for students to practice this base ten representation.
Rather than having students line up decimals vertically or add zeros,
they should be focusing on place value of the digits.
5N11.5 Solve a given problem

that involves addition and
subtraction of decimals, limited to
thousandths.
70
Before students are introduced to regrouping in addition of decimals,

they need to know how to add without regrouping. Smaller decimal
numbers should be used as a starting point for introducing addition of
decimal numbers.
Continued

Resources/Notes
Ask: We are going to put up a new bulletin board in the classroom.
The border needed comes in lengths of 113 cm. The perimeter
of (distance around) the board is 406 cm. Is it reasonable to use 6
lengths of border? Explain.
(5N2.1)
Math Focus 5
Decimal Sums and Differences
5N2 (2.1, 2.2)
5N11 (11.4, 11.5)
Journal
Describe a situation in which you would round $12.35 to $13
instead of down to $12.
(5N2.2)
Paper and Pencil
John wishes to buy a new computer game that costs a total of
$109.95 (taxes included). He has $43.79 in his wallet and $59.98 in
his piggy bank. He estimates his total to be over $110, so he can buy
his game. Is his estimate reasonable? Explain.
(5N2.1)
5PR2 (2.2)
TR pp. 22 - 25
Lesson 4 is optional, as there is no

direct mention of mental math
in the outcomes; however it may
be interesting and useful for some
students.
Sophie and her sisters, Ruby and Rhonda, are going to the theatre.
They each purchase a ticket which costs $7.85, and a snack pack
that costs $8.99. Their parents give them $50. Using estimation, will
Sophie, Ruby and Rhonda have to bring extra money with them to
cover the cost?
(5N2.2)
Pencil and Paper
Marias math book has a mass of 0.573 kg, her social studies book
is 0.45 kg, and her science book 0.108 kg. What is the total mass of
Marias books?
(5N11.5)
Lesson 5: Adding Decimals by

Regrouping
5N11 (11.2, 11.4)
TR pp. 30 - 34
Performance
Using base ten materials model, illustrate and solve the following
number sentences.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
3.62 + 4.51 =
3.21 + 1.41 =
3.234 + 1.123 =
1.562 + 1.238 =
(5N11.5)
Technology Connections:
http://nlvm.usu.edu
Model 2.13 and 1.291 with thousandths grids. Ask students to use
the materials to explain how to find the sum of the two numbers.
(5N11.5)
number operations (3-5)

base blocks decimals
71
Strand: Number
Outcomes

5N11 Continued
5N11.5 Continued
For example, 2.3 + 1.5 or 1.23 + 1.48

No Regrouping:
1.213 + 1.124 = 2.337

Regrouping:
5N11.3 Explain why keeping

track of place value positions is
important when adding and
subtracting decimals.
The importance of keeping track of place value when adding decimals

needs to be highlighted. The use of place value charts would be a helpful
teaching tool. Provide examples of students adding numbers. One
student has kept track of their place value position, another has not.
For example;
Susan added 1.469 + 11.6 = 13.069
Ryan added the same numbers and said the answer was 1.585. Explain
why the answers are different. Who is right? How do you know?
Point out to students that when adding decimals one must be sure that
they are adding like place values. i.e. tenths to tenths, hundredth to
hundredths, and so on. This is achieved by lining up decimals when
adding vertically.
1-cm grid paper is a good tool to assist students in visualizing lining up
place value.
72

Resources/Notes
Performance
Math Focus 5
For each pair of students, provide base ten blocks (2 cubes, 7 flats, 12
rods and 20 units), a deck of cards with different decimal numbers
written on them such as 1.2, 2.05, 1.423, 12.3, 4.223, and recording
paper.
Lesson 5 (Continued): Adding

Decimals by Regrouping
Have students work with a partner. They each pick one number.
Each student makes the number that they selected with base ten
blocks and sketches the number on their recording sheet. Then the
students will combine their two numbers to get the sum. The group
members will compare and check each others sum and compare
how they added the given numbers. Find the difference between
the two numbers. Choose three cards and
add them together. Choose two cards
and create a word problem that uses
the numbers on both cards. Exchange
problems with another pair of students to
solve them.
5N11 (11.2, 11.4)

TR pp. 30 - 34
What strategies do students use to make

their number? How do they decide what
block will represent 1 whole?
How quickly and confidently do they
know how to represent and add decimal
numbers? Are they confident in trading/
regrouping (particularly when zeros are involved)? How engaged are
they in the discussion? What questions do they ask?
(5N11.5)
Present the students with the following situation in which Jane made
an error when she added. Ask the students what one might say to
help Jane understand why the answer is incorrect.
5.23 + 4.232 = 4.755
(5N11.3)
Pencil and Paper

When adding 24.56 and 1.735 Ariana got a total of 4.191. How
can you tell her answer is unreasonable? What was her error?
(5N11.3)
73
Strand: Number
Outcomes

5N11 Continued
5N11.1 Place the decimal point

in a sum or difference, using
front-end estimation; e.g., for
6.3 + 0.25 + 306.158, think 6
+ 306, so the sum is greater than
312.
Students have already been introduced to front-end rounding. The focus

of this indicator is the understanding of decimal placement.
Have students use front-end rounding to solve the following equation:
e.g., 4.13 + 5.67
4+5=9
Focus attention to the fact there are 9 wholes.
Then write on board: where does the decimal belong?
4.13 + 5.67 = 980
decimal would come after 9 wholes: 9.80

thousandths.
74
Students have become familiar with estimation strategies as well

computation of whole numbers and decimal numbers. These acquired
skills will now be applied to make connections to solve various
problems. Have students show their understanding of these strategies
through communication of their solutions. Through Show, Share, and
Compare, students will demonstrate their understanding. (Students
show their work, verbally share how they arrived at the answer and
compare with others students.)

Resources/Notes
Journal
Math Focus 5
Describe how to use front-end rounding for decimal placement to

get the correct answer.
(5N11.1)
Lesson 5 (Continued): Adding

Decimals by Regrouping
5N11 (11.2, 11.4)
TR pp. 30 - 34
Performance
Provide the students with a selection of addition and subtraction
problems using decimals to thousandths and include the calculated
answer without the decimal point. Have the students decide where
the decimal point should be placed in each answer and explain how
they know. Encourage the use of a variety of estimation strategies.
Students can then share their answers with the whole class and
correct any errors in the decimal point placements in the sums and
differences.
Problem: Joanne bought 3.537 m of ribbon and used 0.48 m of it
to wrap presents. How many metres of ribbon does Joanne have
left?
Answer: Joanne has 3057 m of ribbon left. Place the decimal point
in the number to answer the problem correctly. Explain your
thinking.
Sample Solution: Using front-end estimation, the difference
between the two numbers is 3 0 = 3. Therefore, the decimal point
must be placed directly behind the 3 in 3057.
Correct answer to the problem: Joanne has 3.057 m of ribbon left.
(5N11.1)
Have students working in groups of 2 -3. Outline the solution to
the following problem on chart paper to present to the class. Using
words, numbers and pictures students are to represent their solutions
in a variety of ways.
Ask: Mr. Browne takes his three daughters to the playground. The
three daughters decide that they want to play on the seesaw with
Dad on one end. Dad has a mass of 70 kg, the same as the girls
combined mass. If the oldest daughter is the heaviest and has a mass
of 29.5 kg, what are the possible masses of the other two daughters
if both of them have masses greater than 15 kg? Find two different
possibilities for each of the two daughters.
(5N11.5)
Lesson 6: Exploring Problems

that Involve Decimals.
5N11 (11.5)
TR pp. 40 - 42
Curious Math:
TR pp. 43 - 44
Subtracting Decimals Using a
Whole Number
Note: This activity involves addition
and subtraction of decimals.
Ask: In pairs have students create a word problem involving decimals

to thousandths. Allow students time to share problem with the class
for classmates to solve.
(5N11.5)
75
Strand: Number
Outcomes

5N11 Continued

thousandths.
Some situations are take away situations, by nature, while others are
comparison situations. The problem below is a take-away situation in
that some of the original amount is removed. This problem would
naturally be solved using the take-away model. That is, model the first
number using base ten materials and then remove the second amount to
find the final result.
Problem #1 - Each summer
Sarah and her family pick
bakeapples and sell them.
Sarah had picked 2.75 L and
on the way back to the car
tripped and spilled 0.342 L.
How much does she now have
in her container?
E.g.: 2.75 - 0.342
Equally valid is the use of the comparison model for subtraction of
decimals using base ten materials.
Below is an example of a comparison problem. That is, the focus is on
finding the difference between the two numbers. In this case, we would
model both numbers and compare. The difference between them is the
solution.
Ask groups to model using their base ten materials, record their solution
pictorially and solve the problems symbolically.
Problem #2 - Each summer
Sarah and her family pick
bakeapples and sell them. Sarah
picked 2.75 L and her brother
picked 1.345 L. How much
more did Sarah pick than her
brother?
E.g.: 2.75 - 1.346
When modeling with base 10
materials on the place value mat,
model the 2.341 then subtract 1.225 (show borrowing).
When modeling on the board using pictures/diagrams, circle what is
being borrowed and cross out what has been subtracted. Remember to
move over what has been borrowed by redrawing in the new place value.
Continued
76

Resources/Notes
Performance
Math Focus 5
Model 2.12 and 1.140 with base ten blocks or thousandths

grids. Ask the students to use the materials to explain
how to find the difference between the two numbers.
Lesson 7: Subtracting Decimals

by regrouping
5N11 (11.1, 11.4, 11.5)
TR pp. 45 - 49
(5N11.5)
Using base-ten materials model and grid paper, illustrate and solve
the following number sentences.
(a). 1.24 0.13 =
(b). 2.42 1.35 =
(c). 2.432 1.212 =
(d). 3.163 2.041 =
(e). 3.652 0.513 =
(f ). 2.322 1.424 =
(5N11.5)
Have students work in pairs. Each student measures off 10 of their

own foot lengths in metres to the nearest millimetre. Then they find
the sum and difference of the lengths. Share their results with other
groups and switch comparisons.
(5N11.5)
Pencil and Paper
Jacob has 2 sunflowers. One of the sunflowers is 80.254 cm tall and
the other is 86.49 cm tall. What is the difference between the heights
of the two sunflowers?
(5N11.5)
77
Strand: Number
Outcomes

5N11 Continued
5N11.5 Continued
Students are expected to apply what they know about adding and
subtracting whole numbers. Using the renaming method, introduced in
Grade 4, may be more appropriate than the traditional algorithm.
Traditional Method:
Renaming Method:
By using the renaming method you have created numbers which are
much easier to work with because there is no need for regrouping.
Renaming method used for whole numbers can also be applied for
decimal subtraction when the minuend is a whole number.
For example, 10 6.789.
Note: Students may need to review that 10 = 10.000 (E.g., equivalent

decimals)
When subtracting from a number such as 10, the renaming method can
be applied so that 10 changes to 9.999 to avoid trading and then adding
the 0.001 to the answer once it is acquired. Another renaming method
to consider for subtracting 10.000 6.789, simply drop both numbers
by 0.001 to produce 9.999 6.788. This way the answer requires no
adjustment. Sometimes students forget to add on the extra 0.001 using
the first method. However, students might be interested in exploring
why both methods work.
78

Resources/Notes
Paper and Pencil
Math Focus 5
Mary ran 3 km. Sally ran 2.432 km. Mary said she ran 0.567 m
further. Is she correct? Explain.
(5N11.5)
Lesson 8: Subtracting Decimals

by Renaming
5N11 (11.1, 11.4)
TR pp. 50 - 54
Henry received $20 for his allowance. He bought a CD for $14.38.

How much money does have left?
(5N11.5)
Explain how you would use the renaming method to calculate the
following:
1.
4 kg 3.675 kg
2.
25 km 10.95 km
Elementary and Middle School

Mathematics Teaching
Developmentally. (Van De Walle &
Folk, 2005)
(5N11.5)
Journal
Subtracting decimals by renaming makes subtracting decimals a
whole lot easier. Do you agree with this statement? Why or why not?
(5N11.5)
79
Strand: Number
Outcomes

5N11 Continued
5N11.6 Create and solve

problems that involve addition
and subtractions of decimals,
limited to thousandths.
Requiring students to create their own problems provides

opportunities for them to explore operations in depth. It is a more
complex skill requiring conceptual understanding and must be part of
the students problem solving experiences.
There are many strategies to aid students in creating problems.
Give a diagram or map and ask students to create story problems
based on them
Give a number sentence and ask that a story problem be created
based on the given number sentence
Give a story situation involving numbers and ask them to write
questions which can be solved, based on the story
For example, have students write questions based on a story, such as At
the Mall, that require math to answer them.
At the Mall!
Today we went to the mall to do some back to school shopping. Mom
said we could afford to spend $200 on back to school clothes. It seemed
like a lot of money at first until I started looking at the prices. We went
to the sports store first to buy running shoes. They ranged from about
$49.88 to $199.95. I asked mom if the $200 included tax. She said,
No. Thank goodness! I thought. I decided that it would be best to
buy my running shoes at a discount store where they were less expensive.
At the mall, I found some nice t-shirts. They were $12.50 each or 3 for
$25. Great deal! I bought two pairs of jeans that were originally $49
each but they were price. I needed hoodies as well. I found some
that I liked for $39 each and you get a second one for price.
Mom said that I should remember to buy new underwear. I bought a
6 pack of underwear for $9.99. Great deal! Then I remembered socks.
Luckily, I found a 6 pack of socks for $6.79.
As soon as we go to the discount store for my running shoes, Ill be all
set. Oh my! I d better not forget the running shoes. I wonder if I can
get two pairs!
80

Resources/Notes
Paper and pencil

Ask students to create a word problem, incorporating the numbers
1.3 and 3.7
(5N11.6)
Have the students create a realistic word problem involving addition
and subtraction for which the answer is 13.52
(5N11.6)
Performance
Provide students with flyers and newspapers (sports page). Ask them
to create a series of problems based on the information they find
using decimal numbers limited to thousandths. Have them present
their problems to the class.
(5N11.6)
Additional Lesson
This lesson is not covered in the text.
Literature Connection
Math Curse
(Scieszka, Smith, 2006)
Portfolio
Ask students to create money word problems that involve adding or
subtracting decimals.
(5N11.6)

81
Data Relationships
Suggested Time: 2 Weeks
This is the first explicit focus on data relationships, but as with other
outcomes, it is ongoing throughout the year as opportunities present
themselves.
DATA RELATIONSHIPS
Unit Overview
Focus and Context
Different situations (along with different purposes) will lend themselves

to different data collection techniques. Prior to Grade 5, students have
become familiar with collecting and organizing data.
Students will learn in data collection that they must create appropriate
questions and think about how to best gather the data. A set of data can
be collected, organized, and then displayed in a variety of ways, depending
on the type of data and the purpose for its collection. Once a set of data is
displayed, it can be analyzed to look for patterns, make comparisons, draw
inferences, predict, and make decisions. This unit focuses students on
data recording and problem solving using first and second hand data and
double bar graphs. Students will formulate questions to collect first hand
data on their own and to create questions from second hand data. Various
samples of double-bar graphs will be provided to students to explore and
interpret.
Math Connects
84
Graphing activities are great ways to connect a students world to number

(Walle, Fold, 2008). Within all curriculum areas, data can be collected
and graphed to allow students the opportunity to value the graphing
process. This connection to real quantities in a students environment
is an important aspect of graph development, comparisons of graphs
will deepen their understanding and the knowledge will transcend other
curriculum areas.
DATA RELATIONSHIPS
Curriculum Links
Curriculum
Outcomes
[C]
[CN]
[ME]

Communication
Connections
[R] Reasoning
and Estimation
[V] Visualization
STRAND
Statistics and
Probability (Data
Analysis)
Statistics and
Probability (Data
Analysis)
OUTCOME
5SP1 Differentiate
between first-hand
and second-hand
data.
5SP2 Construct and
interpret doublebar graphs to draw
conclusions.
PROCESS
STANDARDS
[C, R, T, V]
{C, PS, R, T, V]
85
DATA RELATIONSHIPS
Strand: Statistics and Probability

Outcomes

5SP1 Differentiate between firsthand and second-hand data.
( C, R, T, V )
Students need to be given opportunities to activate their background

knowledge of keeping a tally and creating bar graphs. Discuss
and record various kinds of situations that warrant data collecting.
Introduce the key terms of first-hand data and second-hand data.
First-hand data is collected by the researcher (in this case the students)
and is best used when they are looking for answers to questions about
people, places or objects found in their everyday lives. First-hand data
is required when this information is not readily available from existing
respectable sources. It is also used when data is limited or when students
are just beginning to learn about data. It will be necessary to review
first-hand data techniques such as: surveys, observations, interviews and
experiments.
Second-hand data is data that has been collected by someone else.
Second-hand data can be found in print and on the Internet. Some
secondary sources include :
5SP1.1 Explain the difference

between first-hand and secondhand data.
*World Almanac for Kids
*Statistics Canada
* Guinness World Records
*The World Almanac and Book of Facts
Second-hand data sources can also consist of newspapers and resource

books. Further explore curriculum areas such as Science and Social
Studies in investigating second-hand data.
Provide students with examples of first-hand and second-hand data
and ask them to identify the type of data i.e. a bar graph showing
hockey statistics found in the newspaper represents a source of data for
secondary analysis while asking the students to survey the class asking
their preference in popcorn seasonings is an example of first-hand data.
Encourage students to reflect on the meaning of first-hand and secondhand data and record this reflection in their math journals.
Have a class discussion on the two types of data. Guide your discussion
according to the following information:
First Hand Data
Data collected by the researcher (in school, this is the student)
Observations, surveys, experiments
Student primary source
Questions created should help give more precise answers
Second Hand Data

86
Data collected by others and used for secondary analysis

Found in news, Internet, statistics
Student not part of data collections or questioning
Can create questions based on data
DATA RELATIONSHIPS
General Outcome: Collect, display and analyze data to solve problems.

Resources/Notes
Performance
Math Focus 5
Have students create a collage showcasing various sources of secondhand data. Students can include clippings from newspapers, the
Internet and or magazines. i.e. Sports section in newspaper. ( 5SP1.1)
Getting Started
Journal
The Getting Started is intended to

activate prior knowledge.
Ask students to explain the difference between first-hand and secondhand data and give examples. The difference between first-hand
and second-hand data is...
(5SP1.1)
Additional Reading:
Navigating through Data Analysis
and Probability in Grades 3-5,
p.11)
Lesson 1 (optional): Exploring

types of Data
5SP1 (1.1)
TR pp. 13 - 15
(Suggested lesson serves as
a beginning discussion on
differentiating between first-hand
and second-hand data. It is not
necessary to explore all of the optical
illusion examples on page 121 of
text)
Have students plan Matching
Data TR p. 25 (5SP1.1)
87
DATA RELATIONSHIPS

Outcomes

5SP1 Continued
5SP1.2 Formulate a question

that can best be answered using
first-hand data, and explain why.
The process of data analysis begins with the formulation of questions

concerning an issue or topic of interest. Students should be encouraged
to formulate questions that address issues in their everyday lives at
school, home or within their communities. All data investigations begin
with questions, yet asking good questions is a skill that takes time to
develop. ( Navigating through Data Analysis and Probability in Grades
3-5, p.11)
Brainstorm questions that can be best answered by using first-hand data.
Some examples are:
What kind of ice-cream do you prefer?
What is your favourite type of music?
Compile a list of student-generated questions to display on bulletin
board. As students take part in the teacher-student dialogue, they
should discuss how their question constitutes a good question. These
questions will then be posted on the bulletin board.
Discuss with students the importance of posing specific questions
that provide a clear answer i.e., what is your favourite music ? is
not as specific as what is your favourite type of music? Consider
questions like: How many cars in the parking lot on an average day
(observational)? Or, What number occurs most often when you roll two
dice and add the numbers together (experimental)?
5SP1.4 Find examples of

second hand data in print
and electronic media, such as
newspapers, magazines and the
Internet.
The Internet provides a wealth of data about sports, world records and
Canadian statistics which can be used for secondary analysis.
5SP1.3 Formulate a question

that can best be answered using
second-hand data, and explain
why.
Based on the data from other sources, students should pose questions
that allow them to do secondary analysis of their data.
88
Provide students with examples of data from a variety of sources (print

or electronic) . Ask students to create questions based on the data and
then share with their classmates.
DATA RELATIONSHIPS

Resources/Notes
Performance
Math Focus 5
Guide students to create a bank of questions that can best be

answered using first-hand data such as:
Lesson 2: Using First-Hand Data
What is your favourite holiday?
Who is your favourite singer?
What is your favourite sport to watch on TV?
5SP1 (1.2)
TR pp. 16 - 20
(5SP1.2)
Use Statistics Canada (www.statscan.ca) and other various sources to

provide several examples of data. Remove related titles, information,
questions. Have students work in pairs to generate and record a
question that could be answered using this data. Gather all questions
and sources of data. Have students choose which questions match
the examples of data.
(5SP1.3)
Give students data and ask them to generate questions.
(5SP1.3)
Ask students to provide a question based on the second-hand data

provided by the teacher i.e. based on a local newspaper clipping, ask
students to generate questions pertinent to that subject.
(5SP1.4 )
Lesson 3: Using Second-Hand

Data
5SP1 (1.1, 1.3, 1.4)
TR pp. 21 - 24
89
DATA RELATIONSHIPS

Outcomes

5SP2 Construct and interpret
double bar graphs to draw
conclusions.
( C, PS, R, T,V)
The value of having students actually construct their own graphs is

not so much that they learn the techniques but that they are personally
invested in the data and that they learn how a graph conveys
information. Once a graph is constructed, the most important activity
is discussing what it communicates to others who were not involved
in making the graph. Discussions about real data that students have
themselves been involved in gathering and graphing will help them
interpret other graphs and charts that they see in newspapers and on
TV. ( Van de Walle and Lovin 2006, p.329)
A double bar graph is best used to show how two sets of data are
different or alike. An example is presented below. Five students in the
class have been asked how many brothers and sisters they have.

Student 1
Student 2
Student 3
Student 4
Student 5
Brothers Sisters
1
1
2
0
1
2
0
1
2
1
The data can be displayed horizontally or vertically.
Discuss how this type of graph allows one not only to compare
students in terms of how many brothers they have, or how many sisters
they have, but also to compare the number of brothers versus the
number of sisters.
90
DATA RELATIONSHIPS

Resources/Notes
Performance
Math Focus 5
Have students create a double bar graph to compare two sets of data.
Possible suggestions are:
Lesson 3: Using Second-Hand

Data
The number of sisters that classmates have, compared with the

5SP1 (1.1, 1.3, 1.4)
number of brothers
TR pp. 21 - 24
Male and female Olympic track records.
The number of books read per month, according to grade level
(5SP2)
Math Game:
TR p. 25
Matching Data
Good activity to reinforce outcome

5SP1.1 and data collection.
91
DATA RELATIONSHIPS

Outcomes

5SP2 Continued
Prior to Grade 5, students created and labelled graphs using appropriate

scale and appropriate attributes.
Remind students that in a double bar graph:
5SP2.1 Determine the attributes

(title, axes, intervals and
legend) of double bar graphs by
comparing a given set of double
bar graphs.
Each set of data must use the same scale

All graphs must have a title, scale and legend.
The order of colors must remain the same throughout.
Provide students with examples of various graphs displaying and/or
describing the above attributes.
5SP2.3 Draw conclusions from

a given double bar to answer
questions .
Invite students to discuss the following questions to draw a conclusion:

What have I learned from this graph?
What conclusions can you gather from this data?
What message is conveyed in this double bar graph?
Who did the collecting?
Who was the data collected for?
What message is the data telling us?
It is important to note to students that graphs can be:
Factual, or
An opportunity to make inferences that are not directly seen or
observed.
5SP2.4 Provide examples of

double bar graphs used in a
variety of print and electronic
media, such as newspapers,
magazines and the Internet.
92
Ask students to locate examples of double bar graphs found in

newspapers, magazines, pamphlets, the Internet, posters or books.
Discuss the different attributes found on these graphs.
DATA RELATIONSHIPS

Resources/Notes
Paper and pencil
Math Focus 5
Label a given double-bar graph appropriately using the terms title,

axes, and legend.
(5SP2.1)
Lesson 4: Interpreting DoubleBar Graphs

5SP2 (2.1, 2.3, 2.4)
Provide students with a double bar graph and have them draw
conclusions to answer questions such as:
What information is being relayed?
What data was collected?
How many subjects were involved?
What conclusions can be drawn based on this data?
TR pp. 30 - 34
For additional graphs see:
(5SP2.3)
Presentation
- Nelson Mathematics
Handbooks, Math at Hand,
2003 pp. 259-265
- Grade 4 text - Math Focus 4,
Chapter 4
Ask students to find an example of a graph from either newspapers,

magazines or the Internet to present to their classmates. Pose
questions to elicit information about the graph.
(5SP2.4)
Performance
Ask students to write a brief report on a selected graph they found,
telling about the different attributes found on the graph.
(5SP2.4)
Question #6 in text addresses
5SP2.4
93
DATA RELATIONSHIPS

Outcomes

5SP2 Continued
5SP2.2 Represent a given set of

data by creating a double bar
graph, label the title and axes,
and create a legend without the
use of technology.
Model the construction of a double bar graph before students work

independently to construct their own. Teachers can avail of chart paper
grid pads in constructing the double bar graphs. At the beginning,
students could use grid paper to construct bar graphs to ensure that the
squares are all of equal size.
A double-bar graph shows how two different sets of data are alike or
different. Using a legend helps the reader interpret a double-bar graph.
Through the use of sport statistics, a connection can be made between
some students out of school interests and the area of mathematics.
Hockey, soccer, baseball and football statistics lend themselves to the
construction of a double bar graph.
Newspapers and informational text are good sources of statistical
information.
Students should share their graphs with the class. Guide the students to
discuss the following questions:
How are your graphs different?
What conclusions did you make?
How might your conclusions have changed if you had surveyed twice
as many boys as girls?
5SP2.5 Solve a given problem

by constructing and interpreting a
double bar graph
Rather than directing a lesson, the teacher needs to provide time for
students to grapple with problems, search for strategies and solutions on
their own, and learn to evaluate their own results. Although the teacher
needs to be very much present, the primary focus in the class needs to
be on the students thinking processes. (About Teaching Mathematics,
Marilyn Burns, p. 29)
Brainstorm with students possible topics that leads to the construction
of double bar graphs, for example, determine the intersection that
has the most traffic, determine the most common lunch served in the
cafeteria, or determine the most common fruit eaten during recess time.
94
DATA RELATIONSHIPS

Resources/Notes
Paper and Pencil
Math Focus 5
Ask the student to draw a double bar graph to show the results of a
survey on the regular dinner times of classmates. They must label the
title and axes and create a legend.
(5SP2.2)
Lesson 5: Constructing DoubleBar Graphs
Ask students to compare results for students with moms who work
outside the home versus moms who do not.
(5SP2.2)
Journal
Throughout the unit provide opportunities for students to self-assess
their graphs. Here are some suggestions for students to complete:
I know I constructed a good double bar graph because ...
Some things that are similar between my double bar graph and
my classmates double bar graph are...
Today, I ...
Something surprising was...
I noticed that ...
Something challenging was...
Something my partner and I did well...
Next time I would....
(5SP2.2)
5SP2 (2.2, 2.3)

TR pp. 35 - 39
Note: graph construction is often a
slow process.
Additional Reading
Van de Walle and Lovin 2006,
p.329
Performance
Students should construct a double bar graph to assist them in
solving a given problem. Ask students to draw one conclusion based
on their graph.
Lesson 6: Solving problems by

Creating Diagrams
Some suggestions are:

Which grade-level students seem to enjoy Mathematics the most 5SP2 (2.5)
Grade 5 or Grade 6?
TR pp. 40 - 43
Which students watch NHL hockey the most - boys or girls?

(5SP2.5)
Curious Math:
TG pp. 44 - 45
Picture Graphs
95
Motion Geometry
Suggeted Completion Time: 2 Weeks
This is the first explicit focus on motion geometry, but as with

other outcomes, it is ongoing throughout the year.
MOTION GEOMETRY
Unit Overview
Focus and Context
Symmetry was covered in Grade 4. Spend time activating

background knowledge about symmetry in two-dimensional shapes.
Transformational geometry is a new concept to the students. It is
important to make use of the overhead projector, overhead pattern
blocks and grid paper. The smartboard can also be used effectively for
this topic.
The focus, for students in this unit is on being able to visualize three
transformations: reflections (flips), translations (slides) and rotations
(turns). The study of symmetry and congruence, which was a focus
in Grade 4 is an important skill which will help students in this
unit. In Grade 5, students will learn not only learn to identify the
transformations but will also learn to communicate and describe them
clearly.
Math Connects
98
Geometry is an important part of the mathematics curriculum because

it helps students to represent, describe and appreciate geometry in the
world in which we live. Being able to visualize the orientation and
movement of shapes is important as we use it in everyday life when
driving, moving furniture, etc. Developing a strong spatial sense is
important and experiences in this unit, with everyday objects and
physical materials help students develop more complex concepts and
strategies. Transformations are applied in many career areas including
design, drafting and engineering.
MOTION GEOMETRY
Process Standards
Key
Curriculum
Outcomes
[C]
[CN]
[ME]

Communication
Connections
[R] Reasoning
and Estimation
[V] Visualization
STRAND
Shape and Space

(Transformations)
Shape and Space

(Transformations)
OUTCOME
5SS7 Perform a
single transformation
(translation, rotation
or reflection) of a 2-D
shape, and draw and
describe the image.
5SS8 Identify and
describe a single
transformation,
including a
translation, rotation
and reflection of 2-D
shapes.
PROCESS
STANDARDS
[C, CN, T, V]
[C, T, V]
99
MOTION GEOMETRY
Strand: Shape and Space (Transformations)

Outcomes

5SS7 Perform a single
transformation (translation,
rotation or reflection) of a 2-D
shape, and draw and describe the
image.
[C, CN, T, V]
5SS7.1 Translate a given 2-D

shape horizontally, vertically
or diagonally, and describe the
position and orientation of the
image.
In Grade 4, students have not been exposed to translations, reflections

or rotations. To introduce this topic, draw a 2-D shape on overhead grid
paper and use overhead pattern blocks to introduce translations.
Generate a discussion on key words such as horizontal, vertical,
diagonal, etc. Discuss the orientation (In a translation the orientation
does not change. It is facing the same direction of the shape.) Note that
the terms up, down and across are equally acceptable.
General properties to identify translations:
- the 2-D shape and its image are congruent
- the 2-D shape and its image have the same orientation (that is, if we go
around the object ABCD in a clockwise direction, we should be able to
also go around its image A'B'C'D' in a clockwise direction.)
Be sure to label the vertices
of the shape (e.g. A, B, C,
D) and the corresponding
vertices of the reflected
image (A', B', C', D'). A' is
read as A prime.
5SS7.4 Draw a 2-D shape,

translate the shape, and record
the translation by describing the
direction and magnitude of the
movement.
Allot time for students to review the basics of using a ruler and as well as
having sharpened pencils and holding the ruler properly.
Model drawing 2-D shapes such as squares, rectangles and triangles. Ask
students to draw and translate simple 2-D shapes, as practiced.
5SS8 Identify and describe a

single transformation, including
a translation, rotation and
reflection of 2-D shapes.
[C, CN, T, V]
5SS8.5 Describe a given

translation by identifying the
direction and magnitude of the
movement.
100
Remind the students that the orientation of the translation is the same
as before. The shape has simply moved to a new location. Students need
to be exposed to numerous examples of each of the transformations to
recognize when one has been performed. Students have been dealing
with creating and performing translations. Model, using math language,
how to describe given translations.
MOTION GEOMETRY
General Outcome: Describe and analyze position and motion of objects and shapes.
Resources/Notes
Performance
Math Focus 5
Provide a 2-D shape ( such as a rectangle) on grid paper and have

students translate the shape according to specific instructions i.e. 3
units left and 2 units down.
(5SS7.1)
Getting Started
Provide students with grid paper and have them draw a square.
Students must decide upon their own translation rule i.e. move the
shape 2 units right and 3 units down. Students must record their
translation rule.
(5SS7.4)
Provide students with various illustrations such as the following. Ask
them to write the translation rule.

This is a good introduction to the
unit.
Lesson 1: Performing
Translations
5SS7 (7.1, 7.4, 7.7)
5SS8 (8.1, 8.2)
TR pp. 12 - 16
See p.46 in Teacher Resource for a

good problem solving example.
(Answer: ABC is translated 6 units right and 4 units down)
Journal
Have students write in their journal with the following starter:
I know this is a translation because...
(5SS8.5)
101
MOTION GEOMETRY

Outcomes

image.
[C, CN, T, V]
5SS7.3 Reflect a given 2-D

shape in a line of reflection,
and describe the position and
orientation of the image.
The term Mira can be interchanged with transparent mirror or Reflect

View.
Students need to make the connection between their prior knowledge
of symmetry and the line of reflection. The line of reflection creates
symmetry between object and image whereas a line of symmetry
typically refers to symmetry within a given object.
Review mira use. Students should be very familiar with them.
Have students make the connection that the image produced by a mira
is considered a reflection.
- practice drawing/tracing a shape using a mira (note location of mirror
line)
- using tracing paper, trace 2-D shape and new image fold over and note
congruent images.
A reflection can be identified if:
- a 2-D shape and its image are congruent
- a 2-D shape and its image are of opposite orientation (This is, if we go
around the object ABCD in a clockwise direction, the image A'B'C'D'
would require a counter-clockwise direction.)
Note: When labeling a 2-D shape and its reflected image, prime
notation should be used.

reflect the shape, and identify the
line of reflection and the distance
of the image from the line of
reflection.
As a whole class, perform a reflection on overhead projector or large

flipchart grid paper indicating the mirror line (line of reflection).
Focus students attention that it is equal distance from the mirror
line to both the 2-D shape and reflected image.

[C, CN, T, V]
5SS8.4 Describe a given reflection

by identifying the line of reflection
and the distance of the image
from the line of reflection.
102
For example, the image has been reflected in an horizontal or vertical

line of reflection. Model using mathematical language how to describe
a given reflection.
MOTION GEOMETRY
Resources/Notes
Performance
Using a mira and pattern blocks have students explore how moving
the pattern block changes the reflected image.
(5SS7.3)
Reflective Reflections- Place 3 geoboards in a row (See Figure
below). On the middle geoboard construct a quadrilateral. Label
the quadrilateral. Using the edges of the middle geoboard as mirror
lines, construct the reflected images on the other two geoboards.
Record your figure and the two images on the geopaper provided and
label them. Be sure to label your figures and images. Ask: What are
the similarities between the first shape you created and its reflected
images? How are they different? Compare the reflections. What do
you notice?
(5SS7.3)
B
C C
Math Focus 5
Lesson 2: Exploring Reflections
using a Mirror
5SS7 (7.3, 7.6)
5SS8 (8.1, 8.2)
TR pp. 17 - 19
See p.46 in Teachers Guide for a

good problem solving example.
This lesson simply focuses on using
the mira and line of reflection. It is
not intended to be a lengthy activity.
Reflect ABC using the given line of reflection. Ask students to

describe the position and orientation of the reflected image and
justify why it is correct.
(5SS7.6)
Pencil and Paper
Triangle Reflection: Have students work in pairs to do the following:
Draw a triangle
Label the triangle ABC
Draw a line of reflection
Reflect the shape
Connect the corresponding vertices
Describe the distance of the image from the line of reflection.
Describe the orientation
(5SS7.6)
Journal
Lesson 3: Performing Reflections

on a Grid
5SS7 (7.3, 7.6, 7.7)
5SS8 (8.2)
TR pp. 20 - 24
Allot time for modeling and carefully

choose non-complicated questions.
Provide a student with a given shape and a reflection line. Ask the
student to draw and label the reflection image.
(5SS7.6)
Have students use the following story starter in a journal: I know this
is a reflection because...
(5SS8.4)
103
MOTION GEOMETRY

Outcomes

image.
Review the terms clockwise and counterclockwise with the students.

When asking students to reflect 2-D shapes, model several shapes such
as squares, rectangles and triangles, before students are expected to do
this independently.
[C, CN, T, V]
5SS7.2 Rotate a given 2-D shape

about a vertex and describe the
direction of rotation (clockwise or
counterclockwise) and the fraction
of the turn (limited to1 ,1 ,3
4 2 4
,or full turn).
Students have no prior experiences with rotations. As well, students will

only be expected to rotate the shape about a vertex at this grade level.
Rotations are the most commonly challenging of the transformations.
Students need many first-hand experiences making rotations and
examining the results before they will be able to identify such rotations
given to them. At this grade level the emphasis should be on drawing
rotation images and identifying a rotation image with centers on one of
the vertices and angles that are 1 , 1, and 3 turns.
4
A rotation moves shapes in a circular motion.

-Using tracing paper, trace the image and label. Use a pencil tip to hold
traced image on specified vertex, then rotate the traced image.
When students first begin working with turns, they identify them
in terms of fractions of a circle: 1 , 1 , and 3 turn. In adding to
4 2
4
describing the amount of turn, students also need to identify the turn
direction (clockwise or counterclockwise). Sometimes clockwise and
counterclockwise are abbreviated as cw and ccw.
Continued
104
MOTION GEOMETRY
Resources/Notes
Math Focus 5
Lesson 4: Performing Rotations
5SS7 (7.1, 7.5, 7.7)
5SS8 (8.1, 8.2, 8.3)
TR pp. 25 - 29
Additional Reading:
Marian Small Making Math
Meaningful
105
MOTION GEOMETRY

Outcomes

5SS7 Continued
5SS7.2 Continued
Make a large plus on the floor using masking tape. Have one student
stand at the center of the plus sign, holding rope. Have a second student
stand along one of the arms of the plus sign, holding the other end of
the rope so that it is taut. Tell the second student to walk clockwise
(keeping the rope taut) and to stop when he or she gets to another
arm of the plus sign. Ask: What rotation did the second student just
make? Where was the center of the rotation? Continue by giving other
instructions and having students discuss the subsequent rotations.
Using overhead projector, overhead pattern blocks and overhead grid
demonstrate the various rotations possible i.e. 3 turn clockwise, 1 turn
4
4
counterclockwise.
Demonstrate on the overhead how to rotate figure ABCD 1 clockwise

4
around center C.
Use the same figure but rotate 1 turn or 3 turn.
2

rotate the shape about a vertex,
and describe the direction
of the turn (clockwise or
counterclockwise), the fraction of
the turn (limited to 1 , 1 , 3 or
4 2 4
full turn) and point of rotation
106
Students should have had many opportunities to rotate various figures.

Now, they will be required to draw a 2-D shape, rotate the 2-D shape,
and describe the turn.
MOTION GEOMETRY
Resources/Notes
Math Focus 5
Show the students the following diagram and ask them to describe it.
Performing Rotations
5SS7 (7.1, 7.5, 7.7)
5SS8 (8.1, 8.2, 8.3)
TR pp. 25 - 29

(5SS7.2)
Pencil and Paper
Have students complete a chart similar to the one below. Provide
various rotations on individual cards. E.g.,

Card 1
2
Card 2
1
Q
R'
Q'
S'
R
4
D
A
A'
D'
B'
4
C'
(5SS7.2)
Have students draw a 2-D shape on grid paper and get them to
choose the vertex of rotation. Students must describe the direction of
the turn, the fraction of the turn and the point of rotation. (5SS7.5)
Performance
Students work in pairs. Ask students to provide their partner with a
given shape and ask their partner to draw the rotation and explain
his/her reasoning.
(5SS7.5)
107
MOTION GEOMETRY

Outcomes

5SS7 Continued
5SS7.7 Predict the result of a

single transformation of a 2-D
shape, and verify the prediction.
Using the overhead projector, provide various examples of figures on

a grid. Invite the students to predict the quadrant and position of the
rotated image. Students must be able to verify the prediction.

[C, CN, T, V]
5SS8.1 Provide an example of

a translation, a rotation and a
reflection.
5SS8. 2 Identify a given single
transformation as a translation,
rotation or reflection.
Generate discussion around examples such as a player pivoting on a

basketball court, sliding your bicycle out of the garage, etc.
Explain that these two triangles are reflections of one another. Have
students use a ruler to find the mirror line. Check using a mira.
Repeat similar type problems for translations and rotations.

5SS8.3 Describe a given
rotation about a vertex by the
direction of the turn (clockwise or
counterclockwise).
108
Students have explored a variety of rotations about a vertex of a 2-D

shape.
Model, using math language, how to describe given rotations.
MOTION GEOMETRY
Resources/Notes
Journal
Math Focus 5
Have students answer the following questions:

When do you see or use these transformations in your everyday
lives? What transformation did you enjoy the most and the least?
Why?
(5SS7.7)
Ask students what is the difference between the three
transformations: translations, reflections, and rotations.
(5SS8.2)
Ask students to complete a Venn Diagram comparing any two

transformations.
(5SS8.2)
I know this is a rotation because...
(5SS8.3)
Performing Rotations
5SS7 (7.1, 7.5, 7.7)
5SS8 (8.1, 8.2, 8.3)
TR pp. 25 - 29
Performance

Transformations
Provide students with the opportunity to predict the quadrant and

position of the rotated image.
(5SS7.7)
5SS7 (7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.7)
Motion Commotion - Provide students with a sheet of 8 1/2 by

14 inch paper to fold and cut according to the diagram below.
Students must cut along the dotted edge so that the top half of the
strip has flaps that can be folded over to cover the images. Place one
figure in the first (lower left-hand ) box of the strip. Students must
perform a transformation and write on the flap a description of the
movement performed. Students should continue performing these
transformations until all blocks have been filled.
(SS 8.1)
5SS8 (8.2, 8.3)

TR pp. 30 - 33
Math Game:
TG pp. 34 - 35
Cover Up
Curious Math:
TG pp. 36 - 37
Fun with Transformations
Source: Navigating through Geometry (Grades 3-5)

Paper and Pencil
Provide students with examples of various transformations and ask
them to identify the type and justify their reasoning.
(5SS8.2)

Student Teacher Dialogue

Provide students with a variety of completed transformations. Have
students identify the type of transformation and explain how they
know.
(5SS8.2)
109
Multiplication
Suggested Time: 3 - 4 Weeks
This is the first explicit focus on multiplication, but as

with other outcomes, it is ongoing throughout the year.
MULTIPLICATION
Unit Overview
Focus and Context
The focus of this unit is to enable students to apply what they have
learned about multiplication to larger numbers and to choose the
most efficient method or strategy for multiplying numbers. Mental
computation and estimation should be integrated throughout the
unit as students routinely determine the reasonableness of their
computations. Immediate recall of basic multiplication facts (within
3 seconds) is a necessary prerequisite not only for paper-andpencil algorithmic procedures, but also for estimation and mental
computation. When students demonstrate inefficient strategies with
respect to their facts, this should be worked on while still progressing
through the unit. As students develop methods to estimate and solve
problems which require multiplication, they should be encouraged to
record and share their methods so they can learn from each other and
try one anothers methods. When students are provided opportunities
to model multiplication problems with pictures, diagrams, or concrete
materials, they develop an understanding of what the factors and their
product represent in various real life contexts.
Math Connects
Multiplication is an essential part of the mathematics curriculum and

of everyday life. Whether mentally or on paper, multiplication is an
important skill that most people use daily in planning, purchasing,
etc. When students can see the connection between multiplication and
repeated addition it enables them to better understand multiplication.
It is important to start with a word problem and then have students
use materials to determine the product. Students should use a variety
of models such as base ten blocks, money and a place value chart to
investigate multiplication problems to help develop an understanding of
the connection between the model and the symbols.
Estimation is also a process that is used constantly by adults and can
be mastered by children. It involved an intelligent prediction of the
outcome of a computation. It is important that students know if an
estimate is reasonable and this is best determined through strong
estimation skills. It is equally important that students realize there are
also situations in which an approximate answer is as good as an exact
one.
112
MULTIPLICATION
Process Standards
Key
[C]
[CN]
[ME]

Communication
Connections
[R] Reasoning
and Estimation
[V] Visualization
STRAND
Curriculum
Outcomes
OUTCOME
PROCESS
STANDARDS
5N2 Use estimation

Number
front-end rounding
compensation
[C, CN, ME, PS,

R, V]
compatible numbers
5N3 Apply mental
mathematics strategies and
number properties, such as:
skip counting from a
known fact
Number

using patterns in the 9s
facts
[C, CN, ME, R, V]

or halving to determine, with
fluency, answers for basic
multiplication facts to 81 and
related division facts.
5N4 Apply mental
mathematics strategies for
multiplication, such as:
Number
[C, CN, ME, R, V]
Number
Patterns and
Relations
(Variables and
Equations)
using the distributive

property.
5N5 Demonstrate, with
and without concrete
materials, an understanding
of multiplication (2 digit by
2-digit) to solve problems.
5PR2 Solve problems
involving single-variable, onestep equations with whole
number coefficients and
whole number solutions
[C, CN, PS, V]
[C, CN, PS, R]
113
MULTIPLICATION
Strand: Number
Outcomes

5N3 Apply mental mathematics
such as:
skip counting from a
known fact
using double and halving
using patterns in the 9s
facts
and halving
facts.
[C, CN, ME, R, V]
114
Students who have developed number sense see the benefit of using
mental math and estimation strategies. When using algorithms or
processes they can take into account the situation and the numbers
involved. They show flexibility when working with numbers and
operations. They move toward use of an efficient strategy that does not
require more steps or greater complexity than needed.
Most mental math algorithms require students to compose and
decompose numbers. E.g. 99 + 36 is the same as 100 + 35, or 111
89 may be thought of as 100 90 + 10 + 1. Students who do mental
calculations further develop their number sense.
Students need to be able to determine whether a particular computation
should be done mentally, on paper, with a calculator, or if an estimate
will suffice.
Mental math and estimation are key elements when using algorithms.
They support the application of algorithms as students apply their
number sense throughout the process.
MULTIPLICATION

Resources/Notes
Performance
Math Focus 5
Students work in pairs and decide that one student represents odd
numbers while the other represents even numbers. Students prepare a
T-chart to record their scores.
Getting Started
Both students put both hands behind their backs and one of the
players says go. Both students bring their hands to the front with
any number of fingers, of their choice, held up. The students take
turn multiplying the numbers and if the product is even the student
representing even scores a point. If the product is odd the student
representing odd scores a point. The first to score ten points wins
the game.
Making Dream Catchers

Teacher Resource (TR) pp. 9-11
to the unit.
Lesson 1: Multiplication
Strategies
5N3 (3.1, 3.2)
TR pp. 12 - 15
Assessment observations: How are the students multiplying the

2 numbers? For example, are they applying strategies (efficient or
inefficient) to find various products. Are they able to look at 5 add 7
and immediately say 35? Is there an automatic response for some and
not for others?
48
115
MULTIPLICATION
Strand: Number
Outcomes

5N3 Continued
5N3.1 Describe the mental

mathematics strategy used to
determine a given basic fact, such
as:
skip count up by one or two
groups from a known fact; e.g., if
5 7 = 35, then 6 7 is equal to
35 + 7 and 7 7 is equal to 35
+7+7
skip count down by one or two
groups from a known fact; e.g., if
8 8 = 64, then 78 is equal to
64 8 and 6 8 is equal to 64
88
Each of the strategies indicated can be taught individually using the

given examples in problem solving contexts:
James is placing cookies on a cooling sheet. He has 6 rows of
8 cookies and he can fit 2 more rows on the sheet. How many
cookies can James place on the sheet in all?
This year Mr. White planted his carrots in rows. He has 9 rows
of 9 plants. Last year he had 1 row less. How many carrots did he
have last year?
Siobhan saved 7 dollars each week for 4 weeks. How much money
did she save in 2 weeks? How much money did she save in 4
weeks? How much will she save in 8 weeks?
doubling; e.g., for 83 think 4

3 = 12, and 8 3 = 12 + 12
patterns when multiplying by 9;
The sum of the two digits in the
product is always 9. E.g. for 7 x
9, think: 1less than 7 is 6, 6 and
3 make 9, so the answer is 63.
repeated doubling; e.g., if 2 6
is equal to 12, then 4 6 is equal
to 24 and 8 6 is equal to 48
repeated halving; e.g., for 60
4, think 60 2 = 30 and 30
2 = 15.
116
MULTIPLICATION

Resources/Notes
Math Focus 5
Given the fact that 7 x 8 = 56, explain how you could use this to
determine 8 x 8 and 9 x 8. Use words, diagrams and numbers to
explain.
Multiplication Strategies
Bill says that because 7 x 7 = 49, he knows that 6 x 7 = 42. Explain

his thinking.
TR pp. 12 - 15
5N3 (3.1, 3.2)
Amy knows that 4 x 9 = 36. How can she use this fact to help her
determine 8 x 9? Explain.
Jack states that 9 x 7 = 64. How can Jill sees right away that Jacks
answer is incorrect because 6 + 4 = 10. What pattern was Jill using?
Explain how you would use the repeated doubling strategy to
determine any of the 8 times facts.
(5N3.1)
*(Repeated halving will be

addressed in Chapter 9, Division,
Lesson 2)
Portfolio
After reading and discussing Gregory Tangs, The Best of Times,
have students create their own illustrated booklet on given
multiplication facts strategies.
(5N3.1)
Literature Connection
The Best of Times, by Gregory
Tang
117
MULTIPLICATION
Strand: Number
Outcomes

5N3 Continued
5N3.2 Explain why multiplying
by zero produces a product of zero.
To show 5 sets of 0 you might use 5 empty baskets and ask , How
many muffins are there in all? Since there is nothing in any of the baskets, the answer is 0, because 5 groups of 0 is 0. It will not matter how
many empty baskets there are, any number of baskets with 0 muffins in
them, result in 0 muffins altogether.
5x0=0
5N3.4 Determine, with confidence, answers to multiplication

facts.
Strategies for Basic Multiplication Facts - The basic number facts are
among the tools that students need to be successful in their mathematics
program. In the past, students memorized the facts once they had been
introduced to multiplication as a faster method of addition.
It is now recommended that students learn patterns and strategies for as
many facts as possible so that they strengthen their understanding of the
relationships between numbers and the patterns in mathematics. Then
they begin to memorize.
It is important that students recognize that multiplication and division
are inverse operations. For each multiplication, or division fact, there is a
related fact family.
E.g. 7 x 8 = 56 therefore, the 3 related facts are: 8 x 7 = 56; 56 7 = 8
and 56 8 = 7.
118
MULTIPLICATION

Resources/Notes
Portfolio
Math Focus 5
Have students write a poem, or create a poster with the theme, I

May be Zero, but I am NOT nothing.
(5N3.2)
Lesson 2: Special Products

5N3 (3.4)
TR pp. 16 - 19
Performance
Game: Race to 1000. Two Players. One student rolls a pair of dice
and uses the numbers rolled as factors for a product. The student
Related division facts are not
determines the product and the other student verifies the answer
addressed in student text but must be
using a calculator or a multiplication facts table. When a student
gives a correct fact they keep a running tally until one student reaches addressed as part of the outcome.
1000. Students can use manipulatives, place value charts or numbers
to keep their tally.
(5N3.4)
Exit Card Activity: Near the end of a mathematics lesson (10
minutes) give each student a 4 x 6 index card. Students must recap
strategies learned to complete any set of multiplication facts (e.g.
9s facts). Be sure they put their name on the card. Students then
exchange cards with their peers. Have two or three students share
their strategies with the class. Lead discussion to include ways to
enhance and clarify the strategies.
(5N3.4)
Pencil and Paper
Have student fill-in a blank times table chart to determine facts that
need to be worked on with appropriate strategies. The chart can be
created with the number in sequence or with the numbers placed
randomly such as:
(5N3.4)
Lesson 3: Relating Multiplication
Facts (Optional)
TR pp. 20 -22
119
MULTIPLICATION
Strand: Number
Outcomes

as:
Annexing then adding zero
Halving and doubling
Using the distributive
property.
Why is mental math a valuable skill?

It can be done quickly using tools which are always readily available.
It adds efficiency to our computation, problem solving work, and to
our ability to do algebra later. Without mental math, students have
to make too many side-trips in more complex tasks which take them
away from the main problem and increases the likelihood of error.
[C, CN, ME, R, V]
5N4.1 Determine the products
when one factor is a multiple of
10, 100 or 1000 by annexing
zero or adding zeros; e.g., for
3 200 think 3 2 and then
add two zeros.
Estimation and calculations of multi-digit products are based on

knowledge of the multiplication facts and how to multiply with
multiples of 10, 100, and 1000. The following models can be used to
teach and explain these concepts.
Regroup 12 tens by trading
10 tens for 1 hundred
Model 6 x 20 as 6 groups of 20
6 x 20 = 6 x 2 tens
= 12 tens
6 x 2 tens = 12 tens
= 1 hundred, 2 tens
= 120
(Big Ideas from Dr. Small, 2009, pp. 32)
120
MULTIPLICATION

Resources/Notes
Performance
Math Focus 5
Facto - Create facto cards [4 x 5] containing 2 factors [one of which

is a multiple of 10]. Each pair of students is given one grid and a
set of product cards with the answers to the problems on the grid.
Turn the product cards face down. Students take turns turning over
product cards and placing them on the appropriate problem on the
Facto card. The first student to achieve a straight line wins the game.
Lesson 4: Multiplying by Tens,

Hundreds, and Thousands
5N4 (4.1)
5PR2 (2.2)
TR pp. 23 26
Questions 9 and 13 in lesson 4,

page 187 SB address this indicator.
(5N4.1)
Pencil and Paper
What basic fact is used to find the product 4 x 8 000? What is the
product?
(5N4.1)
Complete each pattern. Explain the pattern you see.
3 x 7 = ___
4 x 5 = ___
3 x 70 = ___
4 x 50 = ___
3 x 700 = ___
4 x 500 = ___
3 x 7000 = ___
4 x 5000 = ___
3 x 70 000 = ___
4 x 50 000 = ___
(5N4.1)
Choose two factors from the list for each estimated product. You may
use each number more than once.
LIST
309
193
x = 2100
x = 1200
x = 2400
759
x = 900

x = 800
x = 5600
(5N4.1)
121
MULTIPLICATION
Strand: Number
Outcomes

5N4 Continued
5N4.2 Apply halving and
doubling when determining a
given product; e.g., 32 5 is the
same as 16 10.
The double-half strategy is a specific example of the multiplication

principle which states: to multiply two numbers you can divided one
factor and multiply the other by the same number without changing the
product.
Consider 8 groups of 3 (8 x 3). If you pair up groups of three, you will
have 6 in each group,( twice as many in each group), but only 4 groups
(half as many groups), while the total number of circles remains the
same. (8 x 3 = 4 x 6)
8 groups of 3

4 groups of 6
8 x 3 = 4 x 6 (double and half )
(Big Ideas from Dr. Small, 2009, p 28)

The halving and doubling strategy works best when on or more of the
factors is even, since having an odd number results in a fraction. This
strategy is particularly useful for factors such as 5, 15, 25, etc.
E.g., 12 x 15 -> 6 x 30 -> 180

5N4.3 Apply the distributive

property to determine a given
product involving multiplying
factors that are close to multiples
of 10; e.g., 98 7 = (100 7)
(2 7).
25 x 18 -> 50 x 9
->
450
The ability to break numbers apart in flexible ways is even more

important in multiplication than in addition or subtraction. The
distributive property is another important concept in multiplication.
E.g. 43 x 5 = (40 x 5) + (3 x 5).
The example given in the indicator combines distributive property with
compensation. It could also be approached as:
98 x 7 = (90 x 7) + (8 x 7)
A discussion could occur around which strategy, or combination of
strategies, students find most useful.
122
MULTIPLICATION

Resources/Notes
For which of the following computations would you use halving and
doubling strategy. Explain.
Math Focus 5
9 x 7
8 x 13
Lesson 5: Halving and Doubling

to Multiply
50 x 8
51 x 9
5N4 (4.2)
25 x 16
35 x 4
(5N4.2)
TR pp. 27 30
Give the student the following equation: 57 x 7 = (60 x 7) _ (3 x 7).

Ask the student which operation should go in the _, + or and
explain why.
(5N4.3)
Journal
Explain how the halving doubling strategy would be used to solve

5 x 34.
(5N4.2)
Performance
Have students model the following using base ten blocks.
32 x 4 = (30 x 4) + (2 x 4).
Lesson 6: Multiplying Numbers

Close to Ten
5N4 (4.3)
(5N4.3) TR pp. 34 37
Paper and Pencil
Ask students to solve the following using the distributive property.

68 x 7 and have them explain their method.
(5N4.3)
123
MULTIPLICATION
Strand: Number
Outcomes

including:
Front-end rounding
Compensation
Compatible numbers in
problem-solving contexts.
5N2.1 Provide a context for
when estimation is used to: make
predictions
answer
determine approximate answers.
5N2.3 Determine the
answer.
Why is estimation a valuable skill?

Estimation enables us to judge the reasonableness of an answer
acquired using pencil and paper or calculators.
It can be done quickly using tools which are always readily
available.
An estimation is often all that is required to make an important
decision.
Provide the students with problem-solving contexts requiring the
multiplication of two 2-digit whole numbers. Model estimating the
product using the front-end strategy. Then encourage the students to
refine the estimate by using compensation. An example is provided
below.
Problem:
To raise money at school, 24 students each sold 36 chocolate bars.
Estimate how many chocolate bars the students sold.
Solution:
Through discussion, have the students decide the operation used in this
problem: multiplication.
Write front-end strategy on the board and state that this strategy will
be used to estimate the product.
Explain that the front-end strategy uses only the first digit in each
number and replaces the other digits with zeros; therefore, 24 becomes
20 and 36 becomes 30. Review multiplying by 10s and also rewriting
each number as a product of 10.
Write 24 36 on the board.
Then rewrite it using the front-end strategy: 20 30.
If necessary, rewrite 20 30 as 2 3 10 10 = ?
Finally, write 20 30 = 600.
This completes the estimation using the front-end strategy, but
encourage the students to refine the estimate by using compensation.
Explain that the compensation strategy is used to adjust the estimate to
make it closer to the actual product. Ask the students whether 600 is
more or less than the actual product and why they think so. A sample
explanation might be Since the digits in the ones place were replaced
(Continued)
124
MULTIPLICATION

Resources/Notes
Journal
Math Focus 5
Judys class sold Belgian chocolate as a fund raiser for her school. Her
class sold 46 boxes of chocolate at $18.00 a box. Judy estimated that
her class raised $920.00. Explain her strategy and tell whether you
think it is reasonable or not.
(5N2.1)
Lesson 7: Estimating Products

5N2 (2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, .2.6, 2.7)
TR pp. 38 41
Present students with the following scenario: Jane has to purchase
hoodies for her team of 30 gymnasts. Each hoodie costs $63.00
and Jane estimates the total by using $60.00 x 30 to get a cost of
$1800.00. Is her estimate too high or too low? In this case, why is
a low estimate a problem. Students will then discuss the fact that in
rounding $63 to $60 Jane wont have enough money to cover the cost
of the hoodies. In this scenario, over-estimating will ensure sufficient
money for the hoodies.
(5N2.2)
Paper and Pencil
You have 4 pieces of chocolate that each weigh 253 g. Estimate
whether the total weight of these 4 pieces of chocolate is more or less
than 1000 g or 1 kg. Explain your thinking.
(5N2.1)
In each box, circle all factors whose estimated product is in the
center. Explain your choice for any two sets of factors.

(5N2.4, 2.7)
125
MULTIPLICATION
Strand: Number
Outcomes

5N2 Continued
5N2.4 Estimate a sum or
product, using compatible
numbers.
by zeros, then 24 x 36 is greater than 600. Through discussion, have the

students generalize that the front-end strategy for finding the product
of two numbers is always an underestimate; therefore, compensation is
needed to refine the estimate.

problem.
Write 24 36 is greater than 600 on the board. Underline the 4 in 24

and the 6 in 36 to focus attention on the digits that were dropped using
the front-end strategy.

to estimate:
than 200 + 600 = 800
close to 900 200 = 700
products; e.g., the product of
(400) and less than 25 25
(625)
(200).
Have the students decide what number must be added to 600 to make
the estimate more accurate. Sample response: 4 was dropped from 24,
and 4 groups of 30 is 120. 6 was dropped from 36, and 6 groups of 20
is 120. 120 + 120 = 240, so using compensation, the adjusted estimate is
600 + 240 = 840.
Answer to the problem: The students sold about 840 chocolate bars.
Encourage the students to calculate the answer to the problem using
a personal strategy and then compare their calculated answer to the
estimated answer.
Maren and her friends each read a different story by Hans Christian
Andersen. Maren said she had read the most because her story had the
most pages. Nicholas pointed out that his story had more lines on a
page so he actually read the most. Finally, Brooklyn and Jaxon decided
they should all estimate the number of lines in their stories to settle the
argument.
1. Select and use

strategies to estimate the
number of lines in each
story to find out who
read the most. Show all
your thinking below.
Explain which person read the most.
2. Explain why you used the estimation strategy or strategies that you
chose. (Source: www.LearnAlberta.ca Grade 5, Number (SO 2) 2008
Alberta Education Page 28 of 36 )
126
MULTIPLICATION

Resources/Notes
Journal
Math Focus 5
Find two different ways to use compatible numbers to estimate each

product and explain each method you used.

Products
23 x 8
94 x 5
43 x 54
(5N2.4)
5N2 (2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, .2.6, 2.7)

TR pp. 38 41
Present the following problem to the student and have him or her
read it orally. You have 18 pieces of string and each piece is 32 cm in
length. Estimate the total length of string. Use the following prompts
to guide the students thinking, if necessary:
State the problem in your own words.
What do each of the numbers in the problem represent?
What is the unknown in the problem?
What number sentence could you write to show the meaning of
the problem?
What operation will you use to solve the problem? Explain.
Use an estimation strategy that makes sense to you to find the
answer to the problem. Explain your thinking as you write the
numbers. (Hint: provide guidance in using the front-end or
compatible numbers strategies, if necessary.)
Explain how you know your estimate is quite close to the
calculated answer. (Hint: have the student use compensation, if
appropriate, to refine the estimate.)
Calculate the answer to the problem using paper and pencil to
record your personal strategy.
Compare your calculated answer with your estimated answer.
Use the same procedure as outlined in Question 2 with the following
problem: There are 52 candies in each of 23 bags. Estimate how
many candies there are in all the bags.
Have the students create a problem that requires only an estimated
answer to solve it. Solve the problem you created by estimating the
answer and explaining your thinking.
(5N2.3, 2.6)
127
MULTIPLICATION
Strand: Number
Outcomes

5N5 Demonstrate, with and
(2 digit by 2-digit) to solve
problems.
[C, CN, PS, V]
5N5.5 Solve a given
multiplication problem in
context, using personal strategies,
and record the process.
There are many good reasons for students to be exposed to various

algorithms for multiplication and for them to invent their own strategies
and algorithms, including:
One algorithm may be more meaningful to a student than another
One algorithm may work better for a particular set of numbers.
Some algorithms lend themselves to mental computations.
At home, parents may use a different algorithm than one taught at
school, so students should be open to many strategies.
5N5.1 Illustrate partial products

in expanded notation for both
factors; e.g., for 36 42,
determine the partial products for
(30 + 6) (40 + 2).
5N5.2 Represent both 2-digit
factors in expanded notation to
illustrate the distributive property;
e.g., to determine the partial
products of 36 42, (30 + 6)
(40 + 2) = 30 40 + 30 2 +
6 40 + 6 2 = 1200 + 60 +
240 + 12 = 1512.
5N5.3 Model the steps for
multiplying 2-digit factors, using
an array and base ten blocks, and
record the process symbolically.
128
MULTIPLICATION

Resources/Notes
Performance
Math Focus 5
Ask students to use a model to show the amount of money collected Lesson 8: Multiplying Two-Digit
for photographs if 43 students each bring in $23.00.
(5N5.5) Numbers (Optional)
5N5 (5.5)
On chart paper prepare a series of 2-digit by 2-digit products and
have students fill-in missing numbers and provide justification for
their choices.
TR pp. 42 45
e.g.
45 x 36
= (40 + 5) x ( __ + 6)
= 40 x 30 + 40 x __ + 5 x __ + 5 x 6
= 1200 + ___ + 150 + 30 = ____
(5N5.1, 5.2)
Pencil and paper

Noah planted 15 rows of tulips with 24 tulips in each row. When
determining how many tulips he planted he wrote the following. His
answer is incorrect? Explain Noahs error.
Lessons 9: Multiplying with Base
Ten Blocks
15
x24
5N5 (5.1,5.2, 5.3, 5.5)
20
TR pp. 46 -49
40
10
200
270
(5N5.1,5.2)
Lesson 10: Multiplying with

Arrays
5N5 (5.3, 5.4, 5.5)
TR pp. 50 - 53
129
MULTIPLICATION
Strand: Number
Outcomes

5N5 Continued
5N5.4 Describe a solution
procedure for determining
the product of two given 2digit factors, using a pictorial
representation such as an area
model.
Remember that students should be able to explain any algorithm

they choose to use. It is also important that students explain their
reasoning clearly using correct mathematical language. When describing
algorithms terms might include:
Regroup
Trade or exchange
Product
5N5.5 Solve a given

multiplication problem in
context, using personal strategies,
and record the process.
Place Value terms like hundreds, tens and ones.

Effective communication of mathematical thinking should be done
using words, pictures and numbers. These should be logically outlined
and clearly presented in students responses.
An alternative procedure for 2 digit by 2 digit multiplication is as
follows:
To multiply 24 x 68, make a Tilted square as shown
Drop diagonals vertically as shown to divide each
block into two triangles. This divides each block into
tens and ones.
When multiplying 4 x 8 the answer 32 is recorded as
shown.
This continues until all triangles are
filled.
Add the digits from each column to get the final
answer.
130
MULTIPLICATION

Resources/Notes
Performance
Math Focus 5
Have students model 31 x 24 using base ten blocks and represent the
model on grid paper, indicating clearly the final product.
Lessons 9 (Continued):
Multiplying with Base Ten Blocks
5N5 (5.1,5.2, 5.3, 5.5)
31
x 24
4
120
20
+ 600
744
TR pp. 46 -49
Multiplying with Arrays
(5N5.3, 5.4)
Pencil and Paper

The fish processing plant finished packaging 25 crates of halibut.
There were 72 kg of halibut in each crate. How many kilograms of
halibut were packaged altogether? Use words, numbers and pictures
to solve the problem.
(5N5.5)
Find the products, using base ten blocks if required. Record the
process using numbers, words and/or pictures.

25 x 36
14 x 23
22 x 32
21 x 17
5N5 (5.3, 5.4, 5.5)

TR pp. 50 - 53
Curious Math:
TG p. 58
Lattice Multiplication
(5N5.3, 5.4)
Use the tilted square shown to multiply 23 x 45.

Answer:
Make your own tilted square and use it to multiply 26 x 43.

(5N5.4, 5.4)
131
MULTIPLICATION
Strand: Number
Outcomes

5N5 Continued
5N5.6 Refine personal strategies
to increase their efficiency.
It is important to monitor the types of strategies that students are using.

While invented strategies should be accepted, when those strategies
become inefficient students should make a transition to more efficient
strategies. These more efficient strategies will serve them better as they
move to more complex mathematical situations. For example, a student
may use repeated addition to solve 6 x 24, (24 + 24+ 24+ 24 + 24 + 24).
Although it is an effective strategy, it is not efficient.
5N5.7 Create and solve a

multiplication problem, and
record the process.
Using problem writing as an assessment can reveal student

understanding and misunderstanding in a manner in which traditional
assessment cannot. (Teaching Children Mathematics, NCTM
September, 2008) It is possible to see gaps in student understanding
that can be used to tailor instruction to individual needs. It also allows
opportunity for students to demonstrate mathematical reasoning
through the discussion of their problem.
When students are given a set of numbers and asked to generate and
solve their own multiplication problems, they must demonstrate
an understanding of real-world, everyday problems that require
multiplication and then effectively apply strategies to solve those
problems. Students should be encouraged to record their answers, and
report about their solutions to their problems.
Their opportunities for class discussions of the various strategies used in
solving the multiplication problems will be a valuable source of learning
and ongoing assessment.
132
MULTIPLICATION

Resources/Notes
Math Focus 5
Have students explain at least 2 different strategies they would use

to solve a given problem. Ask the student which of the strategies
they would prefer and why. (Record observation about the efficiency
of strategy chosen. This would be an opportunity to discuss the
appropriate use of a given strategy with the student.)
(5N5.6)

Multiplication Methods
Pencil and Paper
Math Game:
5N5 (5.6, 5.7)

TR pp. 54 57
Britney is having her 10th birthday party at a movie theatre. The cost TG p. 59
is $9.39 per child. She is inviting 12 of her friends and her mother
Rolling Products
is estimating the cost. What cost should she use in her estimation.
Explain.
(5N5.6)
Using ten number cards 0 -9 students select 4 cards to create two 2digit numbers. These are used as factors in a multiplication problem.
Have students use the two numbers to create and solve two words
problems. One problem has a solution that must be calculated and
the other requires only an estimation. Have students explain their
choices.
(5N5.7)
133
Patterns in Mathematics
This is the first explicit focus on patterns in

mathematics, but as with other outcomes, it is ongoing
throughout the year.
PATTERNS IN MATHEMATICS
Unit Overview
Focus and Context
Recognizing patterns and making generalizations are necessary skills

in mathematics. Patterns are used repeatedly as a means of developing
concepts and as a tool for solving problems. In Grade 5 students will
represent patterns numerically, pictorially, and symbolically. Through
the use of concrete materials, tables, charts and symbols, students will
describe pattern rules, use relationships in patterns to make predictions
of missing elements and solve problems. Students ability to determine
pattern rules enables students to write equations to help solve problems.
In Grade 5, students will be more formally introduced to an algebraic
approach in which they first describe the problem using an unknown or
variable in an equation and then solve the equation. It will be important
to connect the concrete, pictorial and symbolic representations as
students develop an understanding of equations and continue to
build on their understanding of equality as a relationship and not an
operation.
Math Connects
136
Algebra is a symbolic language used to express mathematical

relationships. Algebra provides the language through which students
communicate patterns they find in numbers, shapes and expressions.
Students are given opportunities to analyze, extend and create patterns
and to use problem-based thinking to understand and represent
mathematical and real world situations.
Process Standards
Key
Curriculum
Outcomes
[C]
[CN]
[ME]

Communication
Connections
[R] Reasoning
and Estimation
[V] Visualization
STRAND
OUTCOME
Patterns and
Relations
(Patterns)
5PR1 Determine the pattern rule to make

predictions about
Patterns and
Relations
(Variables and
Equations)
5PR2 Solve problems

involving single-variable, one-step equations with whole
number coefficients
and whole number
solutions.
PROCESS
STANDARDS
[C, CN, PS, R, V]
[C, CN, PS, R]
137
Strand: Patterns and Relations (Patterns)

Outcomes

5PR1 Determine the pattern
rule to make predictions about
[C, CN, PS, R, V]
5PR1.1 Extend a given pattern

with and without concrete
materials, and explain how each
element differs from the preceding
one.
Grade 5 students will continue to work with patterns however the

focus will be on making and verifying predictions of missing elements
in various patterns. The students will use concrete materials and tables
to determine pattern rules which will enable them to predict missing
elements in a pattern.
Given a number, geometric, pictorial, or situational pattern, students
should be able to explain the pattern in spoken and written language.
Very often, students will need to extend the pattern to fully understand
it.
Skip counting is one way to introduce patterns. Provide students with
a hundred chart to help them practice the strategy of skip counting to
find patterns i.e. counting by 6s.
The hundreds chart is a tool for exploring number relationships which is

the focus of pattern work.
Provide students with number patterns such as the following:
85, 80, 75
77, 65, 53..
6, 12, 24
8, 15, 22.
Have students continue the pattern for the next three numbers and then
tell how the elements are changing as they extend the pattern.
138
General Outcome: Use Patterns to Describe the World and to Solve Problems
Resources/Notes
Paper and Pencil
Math Focus 5
Extend the following patterns and describe the pattern rule.
Getting Started
3, 6, 9, 12, ____, _____, ____
Collecting Pennies
8, 17, 26, 35, ____, _____, ____
Teacher Resource (TR) pp. 9-11
97,86, 75, 64, ____, ____, ____.

49, 42, 35, 28, ____, ____, ____.
Explain how each element is different from the preceding element.
(5PR1.1)
Performance
Working with a partner, have students build a staircase using either
connecting cubes or rods from base ten materials.
In Getting Started the focus is

on patterns in a hundreds chart.
This material has been addressed
in Grades 2, 3, and 4 therefore it
is recommended that you be very
selective with regard to this material
as it does not reflect patterns at
the grade 5 level. Select only 1 or
2 practice exercises or it may be
omitted.
Lesson 1: Modelling Patterns

5PR1 (1.1, 1.2, 1.6, 1.8)
TR pp. 12 - 15
Copy and extend the pattern above to show the next three steps.
Describe what you notice about the pattern.
Record the pattern on the chart provided.
Have students predict how many blocks might be in the tenth step.
Explain your prediction.
(5PR1.1, 1.2, 1.6)
139

Outcomes

5PR1 Continued
5PR1.6 Predict subsequent

elements in a given pattern.
A table or T-chart can be constructed to represent a pattern. Once a

table is used for the pattern, students may realize that they can extend
and predict the pattern without using concrete materials. For those
students who find it beneficial to use manipulatives, they should be
readily available for their use.
The challenge is to predict subsequent elements in a given pattern
without actually completing all the entries of the table. When students
recognize the pattern, they will be able to determine the 5th, 10th or
even the 20th element without recording all the elements in between.
The diagram below shows a series of triangles built using toothpicks.
Continue the pattern above for the next three triangles.

Complete the chart to show how many toothpicks will be used to create
each picture.
Describe either orally or in writing, how the pattern grows.

Predict the number of toothpicks needed to construct picture 10.
Explain your prediction.
This is an opportunity for students to use concrete materials. Students
should be able to record the pattern in a given table. When using
geometric patterns, students might be asked to describe how to build
the next model or other models in the series. This helps to connect the
pattern with the model.
5PR1.8 Represent a given pattern
visually to verify predictions
Students should be asked to represent a pattern using a picture or a

number of concrete materials such as pattern blocks or square tiles when
appropriate.
Enabling students to verify their predictions of elements further in the
pattern often requires visual representations.
Students should be asked to explain their predictions.
Create a pattern block train by alternating one red trapezoid with
one yellow hexagon. Predict which block will be in the 15th place?
Complete your train to verify your prediction.
140
Resources/Notes
Paper and Pencil
Math Focus 5
Have students complete the following table to predict the number of

students who will attend the school in 2015-2016 if the population
of students continue to decline.
Lesson 1 (Continued): Modelling

Patterns
5PR1 (1.1, 1.2, 1.6, 1.8)
TR pp. 12 - 15
Curious Math:
TR pp. 16 - 17
(5PR1.6)
Adding Squares
Have students predict the seventh element in the following patterns:

10, 20, 40, 80..,
(5PR1.6)
If you keep dividing the square as shown below, how many sections
will there be in the fifth picture?
Explain how the pattern changes using mathematical language.

(5PR 1.6)
Performance
House #1 has two shapes, House #2 has 4 shapes, and House # 3 has
6 shapes. How many shapes does House #4 have? House #8?
Draw a picture of each of the eight houses to verify your answer.
(5PR1.8, 5PR1.7)
141

Outcomes

5PR1 Continued
5PR1.2 Describe, orally or in

writing, a given pattern, using
mathematical language, such as
one more, one less, five more.
Through teacher questioning, students should have ample opportunity

to explain orally prior to writing descriptions of how elements in
various patterns change as the patterns are extended. Have students use
manipulatives to copy and extend patterns. Ask them to describe how
the concrete representation illustrates the pattern.
Provide students with number patterns such as the following:
5PR1.6 Predict subsequent

elements in a given pattern
85, 80, 75
37, 26, 17..
8, 15, 22.
6, 12, 24
Have students continue the pattern for the next three numbers and then
describe the pattern rule.
When describing a pattern, students should be encouraged to state at
what number the pattern started and how the number changed. For
example in the first pattern above, a student may say The pattern starts
at number 85 and subtract 5 each time.
If you keep building the T shape using square tiles, how many tiles will
there be in the sixth picture.
1
2
3
What pattern rule will you use to determine the number of tiles needed?
142
Resources/Notes
Have students use cubes or square tiles to copy and extend these
shapes to the fifth shape in the pattern. Ask students to explain in
words how the pattern grows.
(5 PR1.1,1.8, 1.2)
Lesson 2: Extending Increasing

Patterns
5PR1 (1.1, 1.2, 1.6)
TR: pp. 18 - 22
Have students fold a piece of paper to have 2 sections. When the

students fold the same piece of paper twice, the result is 4 sections.
Ask students to investigate the number of sections one would get
with 3 folds and with 4 folds and have them predict the number
of sections with 5 folds. Have students check their predictions and
explain how one would predict the number of sections for 8 folds, if
it were possible to do it.
(5PR1.6)
Have students create either an increasing or decreasing pattern
with 4 elements using multi links, pattern blocks or other concrete
materials and then ask a partner to add two more elements to their
pattern. Record the pattern that was created. Explain, either orally
or in writing, how the pattern was extended.
(5PR 1.1, 1.2)
This lesson is closely linked to Lesson

Three which focuses on decreasing
patterns. You may treat them
together.
Lesson 3: Extending Decreasing
Patterns
5PR1 (1.1, 1.2, 1.5,1.6, 1.7)
TR pp. 23 - 26
Performance
Provide students with the first two elements in a pattern and have
them extend the pattern. Have students work with a partner and see
how many different patterns they can create. Write the pattern rule
for each of the patterns.
Some possible beginnings are:
4, 8..
100, 94,
Sue filled bags with marbles. She placed 2 marbles in the first bag, 4
marbles in the second bag, 6 marbles in the third bag, and 8 marbles
in the fourth bag and 12 in the fifth bag.
Her friend Lisa noticed an error in the pattern. Can you identify and
describe the error?
(5PR1.5, , 5PR1.2, 5PR1.7)
Ask students to explain whether 127 would occur in the following
patterns:
4, 8, 12, 16.
1, 3, 5, 7.
300, 295, 290, 285..
(5PR1.1, 5PR1.5)
143

Outcomes

5PR1 Continued
5PR1.5 Determine and explain

why a given number is or is not
the next element in a pattern.
The challenge with patterning or sequencing of numbers is not only to

find and extend the pattern but for students to be able to determine if
an element is or is not the next one in the pattern.
It is important for students to identify errors in patterns to prevent
students from continuing to extend a pattern incorrectly.
It is helpful for students to think of a pattern rule and apply it when
analyzing tables or charts for errors.
Present the class with the following problem.
Jim was conducting a science experiment on plant growth. The growth
occurred based on a pattern. After each week, he recorded the height of
his plant in the following chart:
Plant Growth

Ask students to explain if there is an error in Jims chart and to support
their answer.
5PR1.7 Solve a given problem by

using a pattern rule to determine
Patterns are used repeatedly as a means of developing concepts and as a

tool for solving problems.
Many problems solved through the use of patterns are appropriate for
Grade 5 students.
Examples include:
Use the following pattern to figure out what 9 999 would be.
2 999
3 999
4 999
Possible enrichment task: How far can this pattern be extended before it
comes to an end?
Use the following pattern to determine what the product of 11 13.
11 19 = 209
11 18 = 198
11 17 = 187
144
Resources/Notes
Paper and pencil
Math Focus 5
Sharon delivers pizza. Each day, she earns $20.

How much will she earn at the end of one day?
Lesson 4: Describing Number

Patterns in Games (optional)
How much will she earn at the end of two days?
5PR1 ( 1.2, 1.5, 1.6)
How much will she earn at the end of one week?
TR pp. 27 - 29
How many days will it take Sharon to earn $240?
While lesson 4 matched the

outcome, the first lessons were also
addressing the same outcome. In
the interest of time, this lesson
should be considered, only if time
is not an issue.
Ask students to explain how they solved the problems.

(5PR1.1, 5PR1. 6, 5PR1.7)
Performance
A book in a Scholastic Flyer costs $25. How much does it cost to
buy two books? Three books? Four books?
Complete the following table to find the cost.
Describe the pattern rule.
Lesson 5: Solving Problems Using

Patterns
How much would it cost to buy 9 books? How do you know?
5PR1 ( 1.6, 1.7)
(5PR1.1, 5PR1.2, 5PR1.6 5PR1)
TR pp. 30 - 33
Question number 4 may be

challenging for students therefore
they may need some guidance.
145

Outcomes

5PR1 Continued
5PR1.3 Write a mathematical

expression to represent a given
pattern, such as r + 1, r 1, r +
5.
In Grade Four students used symbols in expressions such as 4 +

whereas in Grade 5 lower case letters will be used for the variable. It will
be necessary for students to see how 4 + = 7 means the same as 4 + n
= 7. The symbol has now been replaced by n.
This will be students first formal exposure to the use of variables to
represent a number. A variable is a letter or symbol used to represent
an unknown. Patterns using symbols and variables provide a means of
describing change mathematically, for example, 2 more than or 6 less
than.
When writing the variable expression for a pattern, it is best to limit the
study to those patterns where the difference in terms is 1 such as 6, 7,
8 or 17, 16, 15.. If n represents the term number in a pattern then
n + 5 can be used to describe the pattern 6, 7, 8.That is, term 1 is
1+ 5 =6, term 2 is 2+ 5 =7 and term 3 is 3 + 5 =8. To predict the 10th
number in the pattern, we can simply write 10 + 5 = 15. That is the
10th number in the pattern 6, 7, 8.is 15.
A number sentence is called an equation. A number sentence with
a variable is an algebraic equation. The major difference between an
equation and an expression is that an equation is a complete sentence
and therefore contains a verb. For example, p = 3 reads p is equal to 3,
whereas p + 3 reads p plus three. p + 3 contains no verb and is therefore
considered an expression
In Mathematics, variables are, typically, quantities that change. Students
might relate variables to things which change over time that are part of
their own experiences, such as their height or hair length.
In the early stages of variable usage it may be wise to avoid the use
of x as a variable, since students often get x mixed up with the
multiplication symbol. It is important, when reading aloud to students,
to read expressions such as m + 3 as a number m added to 3, or 3
more than m.
5PR1.4 Describe the relationship

in a given table or chart, using a
mathematical expression
146
Tables are often used to enable students to determine the pattern rule.
Tables are used to record the numeric components of patterns such as
the number of blocks used for each step. By using a table, students can
see the relationship between the terms as well as between the position of
the term and its value.
Resources/Notes
Performance
Math Focus 5
Have students match each situation with the corresponding

expression.
Lesson 6: Describing
Relationships using Expressions
5PR1 (1.3, 1.4)
Temperature increases 6
t+6
Mary walked down 4 steps
t - 12
John ran up 9 steps
l+2
Susan is 2 years older than Leon
m+5
Adele walks 5 km than Maria
j+9
Temperature drops 12
m-4
TR pp. 38 - 42
Please omit question numbers 7 and

8 since they go in further depth than
is necessary in Grade 5.
(5PR 1.3)
Ask students to match the pattern to its variable expression

a) 4 + n
i) 4, 5, 6..
b) n + 3
ii) 5, 6, 7
c) 17 - n
iii) 14, 13, 12..
d) 15 - n
iv) 16, 15, 14
(5PR1.3)
Performance
The table shows the relationship between the number of students on
a field trip and the cost of providing boxed lunches.
Ask students to explain how the cost of lunches is related to the

number of students.
Have students explain the pattern they observe for the number of
students to show the relationship between the number of students
and the cost of lunches.
Use the pattern to help determine the number of students on the bus
if the lunches cost 90 dollars in total?
(5PR1.4)
147
Strand: Patterns and Relations (Variables and Equations)

Outcomes

5PR2 Solve problems involving
single-variable, one-step
equations with whole number
coefficients and whole number
solutions.
[C, CN, PS, R]
It is important to note the difference between an expression and an

equation which was explained in 5PR1.3.
5PR2.1 Express a given problem

as an equation where the
unknown is represented by a letter
variable.
The focus here should be on equations using smaller numbers which

can be more easily modeled or solved using concrete materials such as
counters, pan balance or pictures. This will enable students to build on
their conceptual knowledge of one step equations.
Students will come to realize that there is more than one possible
strategy that can be used to solve equations.
PR2.2 Solve a given singlevariable equation with the

unknown in any of the terms;
e.g., n + 2 = 5, 4 + a = 7,
6 = r 2,
10 = 2c.
To provide reinforcement, demonstrate a simple 2-pan balance scale

with a numeric expression in each pan. E.g., m + 5 = 14
Here is how a student may solve the equation mathematically outlining

the steps that they did as they solved the equation using a pan balance.
m + 5 = 14
m = 14 - 5
m= 9
5PR2.3 Identify the unknown in

a problem; represent the problem
with an equation; and solve the
problem concretely, pictorially or
symbolically
Remind the students that since the scale is balanced, an equation can be
written to represent the situation illustrated. Have the students replicate
the situation using blocks (centicubes) and a balance scale. Then have
them write the equation and the solution.
Provide students with a problem such as the following: Sam has 12
stickers and Meg gave him some more stickers. Sam now has 16 stickers.
How many stickers did Meg give Sam?
12 + p = 16
Here are the steps that may be followed to solve the problem.
p = 16 - 12
p=4
148
General Outcome: Represent Algebraic Expressions in Multiple Ways

Resources/Notes
Performance
Draw a diagram to represent and solve the following equations.
n + 12 = 19
k = 14 3
9 + d = 16
(5PR2.2)
Fran is 3 years older than Hannah. Hannah is 21 years old. How

old is Fran? Write an equation to solve the problem and then solve
the equation. Is it possible to write a different equation for the same
problem? Explain.
(5PR2.1)
Lesson 7: Using equations to

solve Problems
5PR2 (2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4)
TR 43 - 47
Virtual Manipulatives
http://illuminations.nctm.org/
ActivityDetail.aspx?ID=26
Student- Teacher Dialogue

Solve the following equation and explain your thinking.
c 12 = 8
Math Focus 5
(5PR2.2)
Pan Balance - Numbers

This is an activity where students
can explore balanced equations.
Max said that r in the following equation equals 6. Is Max correct?

Why or why not?
r 8 = 14
(5PR 2.2, 2.3)
Journal
Explain how you would solve this equation.
21 + y = 40
(5PR2.2, 5PR2.3)
Paper and pencil

Ask students to write an equation for the following problem:
There are now 11 muffins on a tray; there were 24 at the start; some
have been eaten. How many muffins are missing from the tray?
Write an equation to represent the problem. Then solve your
problem. Is there another possible equation you could have written
for the same problem? Explain.
(5PR2.1, 5PR2.2, 5PR2.3)
Have students use concrete materials such as blocks or counters and
the balance scales to find the value of p in the following equations. If
necessary, model the use of guess and test as one strategy. By observing patterns in their results, students become more systematic in the
guesses they make.
3 + p =11
14 - p = 8
P - 9 = 16
p + 5 = 17
24 = p + 9
25 = 35 - p
(5PR2.3)
149
Strand: Patterns and Relations (Variables and Equations)

Outcomes

5PR2 Continued
5PR2.4 Create a problem for a

given equation.
Encourage students to create problems using a variety of operations: +

- x . It may be necessary to review the different types of equations such
as the ones presented in PR 2.2.
You may need to model for students how to create a problem for a given
equation.
As a whole class activity, use the following equation to create a problem.
46 + 12 = h
A possible problem could be:
Bob has 46 hockey cards; Harry has 12 more hockey cards than Bob.
How many cards does Harry have?
15 = n - 9
Another possible problem could be:
There are now 15 students in the classroom. 9 students went to choir.
How many students are usually in the classroom?
150
General Outcome: Represent Algebraic Expressions in Multiple Ways

Resources/Notes
Paper and Pencil
Math Focus 5
Have students create a problem for the given equations and then solve
the equations.
Lesson 8: Creating Problems
12 + p = 16
m - 3 = 21
5PR2 (2.2, 2.4)

TR pp. 48 - 50
c + 7 = 19
p = 24 -14
(5PR2.2, 5PR2.3, 5PR2.4)
Math Game:
5PR2
Pat walked 14 metres less than Joan. Joan walked 24 metres. How far
did Pat walk?
Amy wrote the equation 14 + 24 = p and said that Pat walked 38
metres.
Was she correct? Explain.
TR pp. 51 - 52
Matching Equations with Solutions
Good center activity
(5PR2.1, 5PR2.2, 5PR2.3)
Given a diagram such as the one shown below.
Using the information presented in the diagram above, have students

create two problems. Write equations to solve the problems. Solve
the problems to find the missing values.

Use a map to create a similar problem. Trade your problem with a

partner and have them solve your problem. Check your partners
solution.
(PR2.2, 2.4)
151
Fractions
This is the first explicit focus on fraction, but as with other

FRACTIONS
Unit Overview
Focus and
Context
In previous grades, students focus greatly on pictures and manipulatives to

show various parts of a whole or parts of a set. At this grade level, students will
further their understanding of fractions using concrete, pictorial and symbolic
representation to create and compare equivalent fractions. Students will still be
using concrete and pictorial representations to generate rules and to extend their
understanding of equivalent fractions. While the goal is to develop symbolic
methods, students work from personal strategies to more efficient ones. Fractions,
and their connection to decimals in this unit, is based on fractions with
denominators of 10, 100 and 1000. These denominators are then easily linked
to the tenth, hundredth and thousandths. Through thousandths grids and base
ten materials students will express a given pictorial or concrete representation as a
fraction or a decimal. They will also write a fraction from a given decimal and vice
versa.
When working with fraction and decimals students should start to understand that
decimals are simply another form for a fraction. Using number lines, benchmarks
and place value students will compare and order decimals to thousandths. Focus
is also on recognizing equivalent decimals to help compare and order given sets of
decimals.
Math
Connects
Fraction concepts are connected to other mathematical concepts. Equivalency,

ratio, proportion, decimal and percents require a solid understanding of fractions.
Early exposure was limited to representing fractions as parts of the whole and
should be expanded at this grade level to make deeper connections.
Students understanding should include the connection that fractional parts are
equal-sized portions of a whole. Fractions have a special name that explains the
number of equal parts. For example, thirds have three equal parts. Also, the
more fractional parts the smaller each individual part. This is a new concept for
this grade level. Equivalent fractions are two fractions which represent the same
quantity but are expressed with different denominators.
Fractions and decimals are connected and therefore should be taught in
conjunction. This connection of two numerations systems should be based on
understanding rather than from a set of rules.
Real world understanding of fraction permits students to gain an understanding
and connections between fractions and decimals. This connection is integral in a
students ability to easily move between each form.
Fractions and decimals are linked and the focus is on fraction decimal association
using only the tenths, hundredths, and thousandths in this unit. This
understanding is the foundation to connecting other fractional forms and their
associated decimal. For example 3 is equivalent to 0.75.
4
154
FRACTIONS
Process Standards
Key
Curriculum
Outcomes
[C]
[CN]
[ME]

Communication
Connections
[R] Reasoning
and Estimation
[V] Visualization
STRAND
OUTCOME
Number
5N7 Demonstrate an
understanding of
fractions by using
concrete, pictorial
and symbolic
representations to:
create sets of
equivalent fractions
compare fractions
with like and unlike
denominators.
[C, CN, PS, R, V]
Number
5N9 Relate decimals

to fractions and
fractions to decimals
(to thousandths).
[CN, R, V]
Number

decimals (to thousandths) by using:
benchmarks
place value
equivalent
decimals.
PROCESS
STANDARDS
[C, CN, R, V]
155
FRACTIONS
Strand: Number
Outcomes

5N7 Demonstrate an
understanding of fractions by
using concrete, pictorial and
symbolic representations to:
Create sets of equivalent
fractions
Compare fractions with like
and unlike denominators.
Most of the work done by students will involve dealing with fractions
concretely (using manipulatives), pictorially (creating and identifying)
and symbolically.
In Grade 4, students created fractions focusing on parts of a whole and
parts of a set.
Now, in Grade 5, they are expected to find equivalent fractions of those
given or created.
[C, CN, PS, R, V]

Literature Connection:
5N7.1 Create a set of equivalent

fractions and explain why there
are many equivalent fractions for
any given fraction using concrete
materials.
Fraction Action by Loreen Leedy is a short chapter picture book that

deals with fractions. The first two chapters discuss the basic fraction of
whole, 1 . 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 . The focus of these two chapters is on
3
4 5 6 8
2
parts of a whole and also parts of a set. It is a nice way to start the unit
of fractions to refresh students memories.
Students should be given many opportunities to work with various

manipulatives such as:
Pattern blocks
Parts of sets of objects such as buttons or counters
Fraction pieces (fraction strips)
to show equivalent fractions. Some examples are:
Pattern Blocks
(Continued)
156
FRACTIONS

Resources/Notes
Performance
Math Focus 5
Using various manipulatives to create the following equivalent

fraction 2 = 4 .
(5N7.1)
Getting Started
Pencil and Paper

On an index card, have students explain the meaning of equivalent
fractions using words, numbers and pictures.
(5N7.1)
Lesson 1: Recognizing and

Creating Equivalent Fractions
5N7 (7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.5)
TR pp. 12 - 16
157
FRACTIONS
Strand: Number
Outcomes

5N7 Continued
Parts of sets
5N7.1 Continued
Fraction pieces
A suggestion for this concept would be to create centers allowing

students to explore the above manipulatives.
158
FRACTIONS

Resources/Notes
Math Focus 5
Recognizing and Creating
Equivalent Fractions
5N7 (7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.5)
TR pp. 12 - 16
159
FRACTIONS
Strand: Number
Outcomes

5N7 Continued
5N7.2 Model and explain that

equivalents fractions represent the
same quantity.
5N7.3 Determine if two given

fractions are equivalent using
concrete materials or pictorial
representations.
Model equivalent fractions by folding a square piece of paper in half,

unfolding to show how one whole piece of paper is equivalent to 2
halves. Continue folding paper to show fourths, and eighths to help
students visualize for example 2 equals 1 . (This can be modelled for
4
2
the thirds and sixths as well)
One way to model equivalent fractions is to use the following modified
Frayer for equivalent fractions. Work with students to create a whole
class Frayer Model guided by the following diagram.
Time has been spent having students concretely creating fractions that
are equivalent. Now students will be expected to show if two given
fractions are equivalent. This can be done using the manipulatives they
have previously worked with.
Focus students attention to the concept that the whole figures or whole
sets have to be the same size in order to compare them.
For example when drawing 2 and 1 in bars the bars have to be the
6
3
same size.
1
3
2
6
160
FRACTIONS

Resources/Notes
Pencil and Paper
Math Focus 5
4
8
1
2
of a pizza. Joanne ate

John ate
did they eat the same?
of a pizza. Who ate more pizza or

(5N7.2)
Recognizing and Creating
5N7 (7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.5)
Journal
Explain why 2 is equivalent to 1 . Use words, pictures and numbers.
4
TR pp. 12 - 16
(5N7.2)
Performance
Working in pairs, each student has a set of two number cubes as shown
below:
(You can use blank dice and add the numbers to them)
Each person will roll their dice making a proper fraction. They will
then write 2 equivalent fractions from the fraction they rolled. The pair
should verify each others suggestions.
(5N7.2)
Lesson 2: Using Fractions to

Describe Area
5N7 (7.3, 7.5)
TR pp. 17 - 20
Curious Math:
TR pp. 21 - 22
Fraction Riddles
Math Game:
TR pp. 32 - 33
Winner Takes All
161
FRACTIONS
Strand: Number
Outcomes

5N7 Continued
5N7.5 Identify equivalent

fractions for a given fraction
As students become more familiar with the creation of equivalent

fractions they should now be given the opportunity to generate
equivalent fractions from ones that is given. For example:
Students are given 1 and then asked to create equivalent fractions using
4
the same diagram.
Literature Connections Apple Fractions by Jerry Pallotta is a simple

book that demonstrates fractions. As you read each page have the
students observe the created fraction. Then ask each student to draw the
image and find an equivalent fraction. When they are finished continue
through the book. Students work with this type of representations
solidifies the understanding of equivalency.
5N7.4 Formulate and verify
a rule for developing a set of
equivalent fractions.
Often in real life connections students will have to extend the size of
equivalent fractions beyond what is reasonable to draw. Therefore, they
will have to identify a rule for developing equivalent fractions.
Students should continue to draw diagrams to further help them in
developing more symbolic methods.
The symbolic methods that are developed in Grade 5 for finding like
denominators is the foundation for adding and subtracting fractions
that will be a focus in Grade 7.
Continued
162
FRACTIONS

Resources/Notes
Paper and Pencil
Math Focus 5
You eat 23 of the 6 chocolates in the box. How many chocolates did
you eat? (Using of a diagram would be helpful.)
(5N7.5)

Fractions to Describe Area
5N7 (7.3, 7.5)
TR pp. 17 - 20
Performance
Students can create Equivalent Fraction Counting Books. Using
the Fractions; whole, 1 , 13 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 students create a
2
4 5 6 8
page for each. Each page can be divided into two sections one with
the original fraction and the other side containing the equivalent
fraction. Each page should include pictures, words and numbers.
(5N7.5)
Journal
Sally is given the following set of equivalent fractions 1 , 2 , 4 ,
6
12
3
8 , 16 . Help Sally find a pattern to describe this set of equivalent
48
24
fractions.
(5N7.4)
Paper and Pencil
Using a list of fractions below determine which are equivalent.
2
3
, 4 . 6, 3
20
15
(5N7.4)
Performance
Using egg cartons / ice cube trays have students use colored counters
to show equivalent fractions. Then have them show the operation
(multiplication /division) that they used.
(5N7.4)
Lesson 3: Creating Equivalent

Fractions
5N7 (7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5)
TR pp. 23 - 27
163
FRACTIONS
Strand: Number
Outcomes

5N7 Continued
5N7.4 Continued
Have students examine the following two fractions that are equivalent:
3
6
= 6
12
Have students discuss what they notice about the two fractions.
Students should notice that: 3 x 2= 6 and that 6 x 2 = 12. The
numerator and the denominator were multiplied by the same number.
Multiplication is used to increase the numerator and denominator to
write a fraction written in lower terms as a larger equivalent fraction.
Division is used to reduce both the numerator and denominator

simplify a fraction written in larger terms to a smaller equivalent
fraction.
5N7.7 Position a given set of

fractions with like and unlike
denominators on a number
line (horizontal or vertical),
and explain strategies used to
determine the order.
In Grade 4, students have worked with placing fractions with like

denominators on a number line. This concept is expanded in Grade 5
to include ordering fractions with like and unlike denominators on the
number line.
Using an Empty Number Line allows students the opportunity to
develop a deeper sense of number. An empty number line is a strip
of paper that has no numbers. Students will need to decide on the
beginning and end points. This process requires a deeper thinking
process and a teacher is able to observe the students. Observation often
gives a clear picture of those students with and without number sense.
Begin with fractions of like denominators and work your way to unlike
denominators. Some students may require a starting point for their
number lines, while others can create their own.
Continued
164
FRACTIONS

Resources/Notes
Pencil and Paper
Math Focus 5
Lilly put a set of fractions on a number line. She placed one of the
fractions incorrectly. Which fraction is incorrect and explain her
thinking.
Lesson 3 (Continued): Creating

5N7 (7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5)
TR pp. 23 - 27
(5N7.7)
Journal
You need to explain to your friend the steps in placing 2 , 1 and
5
3
1 on an empty number line. Explain using pictures, words and
2
numbers the steps you followed.
(5N7.7)
Lesson 4: Fractions on a Number

Line
5N7 (7.7)
TR pp. 28 - 31
165
FRACTIONS
Strand: Number
Outcomes

5N7 Continued
5N7.7 Continued
As a whole class, work with the following fractions and place them on
an Empty Number Line (this can be a strip of cash register tape)
2
3
, 1 , 2 , and 2 .
5
Students should support the placement of the fractions using their

mathematical knowledge. For example 2 is in the middle of the line
4
because it is equivalent to 1 . 2 would be close to 2 as 2 is only
6
6
4
2
1 away from 3 which is 1 .
6
Dominos are a great way to have students work with fractions, as

the domino already is a fraction, with a number on top and bottom
separated by a line. (For this indicator, make sure students place the
lower number on the top of the domino)
Note: there are different sets of dominos i.e. double-nine dominos,
double-twelve dominos.
Distribute to students, in a group, a set of dominos to order. In this set,
you can add the domino that has a zero on top or a blank. (This will
help determine the students number sense of zero)
5N7.6 Compare two

given fractions with unlike
denominators by creating
equivalent fractions
When comparing fractions, students should use strategies that suit the
question. If given 1 and 1 then drawing the diagram would be a
2
3
better strategy.
A diagram easily shows that 1 is larger (note the whole has to be same
2
size). If asked to compare 2 and 1 than finding like denominators to
5
4
get equivalent fractions would be a better strategy.
Dominos can also be used with this indicator having students draw from
a bag two dominos to compare.
166
FRACTIONS

Resources/Notes
Paper and Pencil
Math Focus 5
Ellen has two birthday cakes that are the same size. One is chocolate
and one is vanilla. The boys ate 2 of the chocolate cake. The girls
3
(5N7.6)
ate 3 of the vanilla cake. Who ate more cake?
Lesson 5: Comparing Fractions
5N7 (7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.6)

TR pp. 34 - 38
Journal
You are given 10 m of string to make a kite. Would you prefer to
use 4 of the string or 3 of the string to make your kite? Explain
10
5
your choice.
(5N7.6)
Have student pick two dominos from a bag. Ask: How can you use
equivalent fractions to tell which fraction is larger.
(5N7.6)
Performance
Fraction Squares Game - Object of this game is to form equivalent
fractions using game pieces.
Game pieces are placed face down and each player randomly selects
10 game pieces. Players look at selected pieces and form two
equivalent fractions. Using fraction pieces players can check their
fraction by placing the fraction pieces on top of each other to see if
they are the same size. Students will receive a point for each pair of
equivalent fractions they form. When they have found all possible
pairs of equivalent fractions round one is over. Students will play
four rounds. Each new round students players select ten new pieces.
Player with most points after four round wins. When students are
comfortable with game you can add trade rule where students can
trade a game piece to create a pair of equivalent fractions. (5N7.6)
167
FRACTIONS
Strand: Number
Outcomes

(to thousandths)
[CN, R, V]
Decimals and fractions to hundredths were a focus in Grade 4. The

exposure was in relation to money. In Grade 5, students will extend the
place value system to thousandths; however, time should be spent on
reviewing decimals in tenths and hundredths.
A review of tenths should include everyday situations such as toes,
fingers, and pencils. When reviewing hundredths the use of money is a
real life situation that helps students makes connections.
Some questions to review decimals to fractions are:
A package of 10 colored pencils contained 4 red, 3 blue, 2 yellow, and 1
green. Write the fraction and decimal represented by each color.
Nick has written 1.3 and said it was 1 and 3 tenths, Justin said it is 1
and 3 hundredths. Who is correct?

fractional form.
Using a hundreds grid represent 0.03 and 0.3. How are they different?
Using the thousandths grid students can see the connection between the
tenth, hundredth and the thousandth covering an area or fraction of the
whole grid.
Each column is one tenth, or 1 , or 0.1

10
Each square is one hundredth, or 1 , or 0.01

100
Each rectangle is one thousandth, or
1
1000
, or 0.001
Another approach to writing decimals as a fraction is to connect a

fraction to how we say decimals in words. Example 0.385 is spoken as
three hundred eighty five thousandths. Meaning 385 thousands of a
whole thousand or 385 .
1000
168
FRACTIONS

Resources/Notes
Math Focus 5
Pencil and Paper

Why is 3 easier to visualize than 750 or 0.750?
4
1000
(5N9.1)
Lois recorded the runners finish times for a local cross country race
Lesson 6: Using Decimals and

Fractions
5N7 (7.5)
5N9 (9.1, 9.2, 9.3)
5N10 (10.5)
TR pp. 43 - 46
Note: 5N9 and 5N10 are addressed
in this lesson
Change the times to fractions then place them on a number line to

order the times from least to greatest.
(5N9.1)
Performance
Using a Guinness World Record book. Ask students to locate
5 different decimals. Once they have the five decimals have the
students change the decimals to fractions.
(5N9.1)
169
FRACTIONS
Strand: Number
Outcomes

5N9 Continued
At this grade level, students will be relating fractions and decimals for
denominators of 10, 100 or 1000.
5N9.2 Write a given fraction

with a denominator of 10, 100,
or 1000 as a decimal.
In the place value chart, the decimal place columns are tenths,
hundredths, and thousandths. So, if a fraction is written as a tenth,
hundredth, or thousandths (i.e. 650/1000 is 650 thousandths). Using a
place value chart you can then write a fraction into the place value chart.
5N9.3 Express a given pictorial

or concrete representation as a
fraction or a decimal; e.g., 250
shaded squares on a thousandths
grid can be expressed as 0.250 or
Students should be exposed to moving between concrete and pictorial

representations. Working from one representation and changing into
other representation shows the students level of number sense in this
area.
250 1000
For example, give them 36 and model this could also be represented
1000
as 0.036 or 36 shaded squares on a thousandths grid.
This concept can also be shown at a lower level using a ten frame and
placing counters, representing tenths, onto the frame.
170
FRACTIONS

Resources/Notes
Performance
Give the student a set of number cards. Show them the fraction
65
1000
. Ask them to place the number cards as a decimal on a place

value mat.
(5N9.2)
Math Focus 5
Decimals and Fractions
5N7 (7.5)
5N9 (9.1, 9.2, 9.3)
A bingo game can be used to work with various representations of

fractions. Bingo cards can be created using pictures, decimals, or
fractions.
5N10 (10.5)
TR pp. 43 - 46
in this lesson
The caller (teacher or student) will have a set of fraction call out
cards.
The caller will select a fraction call out card and players will cover
the matching representation on their boards
(5N9.3)
Using individual whiteboards have students draw a picture that
matches a decimal given. This can also be reversed.
(5N9.3)
Journal
James is having a party and he is ordering a pizza to share among 5
friends and himself. Draw a picture showing how you would cut the
pizza, and how much of the pizza each person will get in decimals.
(5N9.3)
171
FRACTIONS
Strand: Number
Outcomes

decimals( to thousandths) by
using:
Benchmark
Place value
Equivalent decimals
[CN, R, V]
To compare and order decimals, students should be exposed to various

ways to display their comparisons. Using:
- Number lines
- Base Ten
- Diagrams/ Pictures
- Money (only deals with hundredths)
- Grids (hundredths and thousandths)
A review of the base ten connections is important as students need to
have an understanding that the larger cube is the whole, flat is tenths,
rod in hundredths and the unit thousandths.
In Grade 5, the base ten materials relation changes so that the large cube
becomes the whole, flat is tenths, rod is hundredths, and unit cube is
thousandths.
5N10.5 Explain what the same is

and what is different about 0.2,
0.20, and 0.200.
When students are explaining what is the same and different the
following could be included in their explanations:
- That the three numbers 0.2, 0.20, 0.200 are equivalent.
- If shaded on a thousandths grid, the same amount would be shaded.
- Each number has a different number of digits.
- 2 falls in the tenths place in each number
- That zeros that fall after the non-zero digit can show an equivalent
decimal.
172
FRACTIONS

Resources/Notes
Journal
Math Focus 5
Ask the students to explain the difference and similarities between

0.5, 0.50, 0.500.
(5N10.5)

Decimals and Fractions
5N7 (7.5)
5N9 (9.1, 9.2, 9.3)
5N10 (10.5)
TR pp. 43 - 46
in this lesson
Math Game:
TR pp. 47 - 48
Matching Parts
173
FRACTIONS
Strand: Number
Outcomes

5N10 Continued

decimals including tenths,
hundredths, and thousandths
using equivalent decimals; e.g.,
0.92, 0.7, 0.9, 0.876, 0.925 in
order is: 0.700, 0.876, 0.900,
0.927, 0.925.
When ordering decimals students need time to explore the addition of

zeros to assist in comparing. The connection of fraction and decimal
is an important concept that will require time and continued practice.
Students should have an understanding of why adding zeros makes an
equivalent decimal.
Modelling using base ten materials can help students visualize this
concept.
5N9 Continued

fractional form.
5N9.2 Write a given fraction
with a denominator of 10, 100,
or 1000 as a decimal.
5N7.6 Compare two
given fractions with unlike
denominators by creating
equivalent fractions.
Problem solving and using problem solving strategies help students

connect to real life situations.
Using logical reasoning, when solving problems dealing with fractions
and decimals, is a way for students to show their understanding of
what makes sense and what does not make sense. When students are
presented with a problem, logical reasoning gives them a starting point.
Logical reasoning is a strategy that will eliminate unreasonable answers
and allow students the time to devise a plausible plan.
5N7.5 Identify equivalent

fractions for a given fraction.
174
FRACTIONS

Resources/Notes
Journal
Math Focus 5
Keisha was given the decimal 0.609. She said that it was closer to 1
2
than 3 . Do you agree with her choice? Using words, pictures and
4
numbers to explain your thinking.
(5N10.6)
Lesson 7: Using Equivalent

Decimals
Pencil and Paper
5N9 (9.1, 9.2, 9.3)
What is my Decimal Riddle
5N10 (10.6)
5N7 (7.6)
TR pp. 49 - 52
Clue 1- My tenths digit is twice my hundredths

Clue 2- My hundredths is three more than my thousandths
(5N 7.5,7.6,9.1,9.2)
There are two possible answers to the decimal riddle above. Explain
how you arrived at your answer, and how the other answer is
possible.
(5N 7.5,7.6,9.1,9.2)
Lesson 8: Solving Problems Using

Logical Reasoning
5N7 (7.5, 7.6)
5N9 (9.1, 9.2)
TR pp. 53 - 56

175
Measurement
This is the first explicit focus on measurement, but as with other

MEASUREMENT
Unit Overview
Focus and Context
The focus of this unit is to demonstrate an understanding of metric

linear units, volume, capacity and the construction of rectangles based
on a given area or perimeter. While perimeter has been covered in
Grade 3, students may require a review of this topic.
Students will:
explore mm, cm, m and km and examples of when to use these
units of measurement.
explore mL and L and examples of when to use these units of
measurement.
use benchmarks to guide their estimates of the volume and capacity
of objects.
construct rectangles given a specific area or perimeter .
estimate, measure and construct rectangular prisms based on a given
volume.
Math Connects
Measurement involves a comparison of an item that is being measured

with a unit that has the same attribute (area, length, volume, etc). To
measure anything meaningfully, the attribute to be measured must be
understood. Students must be actively involved in constructing their
understanding of measurement by measuring items that are familiar to
them such as the length and width of a math book, glue stick, pencil
case, width of a door.
Measurement is an essential link between mathematics and science, art,
social studies and other disciplines, and it is pervasive in daily activities.
Providing students with rich examples of when measurement is used in
their daily lives will help them understand the importance and relevance
of this concept. For example, how much water is in a bottle? How
much water does your family consume per day? How much gas does
your family car use in a week?
178
MEASUREMENT
Process Standards
Key
Curriculum
Outcomes
[C]
[CN]

[ME]

STRAND
Communication
Connections
[R] Reasoning
and Estimation
[V] Visualization
OUTCOME
5SS1 Design and construct

different rectangles, given
Shape and Space
either perimeter or area, or
(Measurement)
both (whole numbers), and
draw conclusions.
PROCESS
STANDARDS
[C, CN, PS, R, V]
5SS2 Demonstrate an
understanding of measuring
length (mm and km) by:
Shape and Space
the relationship between mm
and cm units, and between
(Measurement)
mm and m units.
and km units.
5SS3 Demonstrate an
understanding of volume by:
referents for cm3 or m3 units
estimating volume, using
Shape and Space
referents for cm3 or m3
(Measurement)
3
3
volume (cm or m )
constructing right rectangular prisms for a given
volume.
5SS4 Demonstrate an understanding of capacity by:
between mL and L
Shape and Space
referents for mL or L units
(Measurement)
capacity (mL or L).
179
MEASUREMENT
Strand: Shape and Space (Measurement)

Outcomes

5SS2 Demonstrate an
understanding of measuring
length (mm and km) by:
the relationship between
mm and cm units, and
between mm and m units.
and km units.
The introduction to millimetres should take place after students have

had experience using centimetres. A good way to introduce millimetres
is to look at objects that are between centimetres. For example,
something that is 25 mm is between 2 and 3 cm.
When discussing centimetres use an overhead ruler which has only
centimetres marked (if possible). Once students work with centimetres,
introduce the ruler that includes the markings for centimetres and
millimetres.

5SS2.5 Show that 10 mm is

equivalent to 1 cm using concrete
materials; e.g. a ruler.
It can easily be shown on a centimetre ruler that 1cm = 10 mm or that

30 mm = 3 cm for example.
Students will require many experiences converting from one unit of
measurement to another. Have students make some curved paths on the
floor with masking tape. Use a rope to measure the path, then stretch
out the rope and measure it in mm. Ask the students to decide what the
measure will be in a different unit such as mm or cm.
Possible shapes:
5SS2.6 Show that 1000 mm is

equivalent to 1 m using concrete
materials ; e.g. .a metre stick
A metre stick is divided into centimetres, so have children view the

metre stick to see that 100 cm = 1 metre.
Then a ruler should be used to determine that 1 cm = 10 mm; therefore,
100 cm (1 m) =100 x 10 mm = 1000 mm.
Using the metre stick children can mark off sets of 10 mm (1cm) again
realizing that 10 mm x 100 = 1000 mm
5SS 2.8 Provide examples of

when mm are used as the unit of
measure
In discussing a millimetre, students realize that a millimetre is a very

tiny linear measurement. Have students draw 1 mm on paper using
a ruler. Ask students to brainstorm objects that would be that tiny.
Examples include, thickness of a fingernail, width of an eyelash, head of
a straight pin, a fraction of a mosquito leg etc.
It would be useful here to include referents of objects that are measured
in millimetres as a method of comparison for how small a millimetre is.
E.g., 5 mm-width of a childs pinkie nail.
180
MEASUREMENT
General Outcome: Use Direct or Indirect Measurement to Solve Problems

Resources/Notes
Pencil and Paper
Math Focus 5
Have students use metric units to fill in the blanks.
Getting Started: Planning a Park
30 cm = _____ mm
2 mm = _____ cm
(5SS2.5)
Performance
Have students measure the length of their desks in cm. Then ask
them to measure in mm. Ask: which way was most appropriate?
What markings on their rulers did they use? Note any troubles
students may have with the actual measuring.
(5SS2.5)
(optional)
Lesson 1: Measuring length in
millimetres
5SS2 (2.5,2.6,2.8)
TR pp. 12 - 15
Journal
In our world what would we measure with the millimetre unit and
why is this unit useful?
(5SS2.8)
Additional Resources:
Making Math Meaningful.
Marian Small
Crooked Paths (Elem. And Middle
school Mathematics by Van de
Walle and Folk)
Elementary and Middle School
Mathematics.
Van de Walle and Folk, Canadian
Edition.
181
MEASUREMENT

Outcomes

5S2 Continued
5SS2.4 Provide a referent for one
kilometre, and explain the choice.
5SS2.7 Know that 1000 metres is
equivalent to 1 kilometre.
5SS2.9 Provide examples of when

kilometre (km) are used as the
unit of measure
5SS2.10 Relate millimetres,
centimetres, metres and kilometres.
Ask students: What is the distance from the school to various points
in the community such as the post office, bank, or their home? Some
will already be familiar with the kilometre from their life experiences.
Others may refer to these distances in metres. Though conversation,
point out that the metre is too small a unit for measurement of longer
distances. The unit for measurement of longer distances is the kilometre
(km).
As a benchmark students might relate to the fact that it takes about
15 minutes to walk a kilometre. Consider going on a kilometre walk
to give students a feel for how long a kilometre is. Exposure to the
kilometre as a unit of measure is important to be able to read map scales.
While map scales are often written as 100 000:1 which is a ratio, they
are also written as 1 cm represents 10 km. The latter is more likely to
have meaning for grade 5 students.
Make a class chart as follows and ask students to put their name under
one of the three headings.
Ask students to discuss in pairs how many times they would have to
walk around the perimeter of the school yard to walk one kilometre.
Ask what strategy they used to find their answer. Ask them to write
about their strategy.
Students should also relate the metre with the kilometre. They should
come to realize that if 1000 metre sticks were lined up end-to-end it
would make 1 kilometre.
182
MEASUREMENT

Resources/Notes
Performance
Work in pairs to decide how many children laying down head to toe
it would take to stretch 1 kilometre. Ask the students to use a map
to find distances and make a chart of communities in Newfoundland
and their distance from the childs home town.
Extra Lesson: Measuring Length

in Kilometres.
5SS2 (2.4, 2.7, 2.9, 2.10)
This extra lesson is not covered in the
resource materials.
Which of these would you measure using kilometres?

-
the distance from your school to the ocean
the distance from your school to a corner store
the distance from your school building to the play ground
the distance from your desk to the whiteboard
the distance from your nose to your toes
the distance from your school to a hospital
For the ones above that your selected, estimate the distance in
kilometres.
(5SS2.4, 2.7, 2.9, 2.10)
Match one of these distances to each of the examples given: 10 cm,
10 km, 10 m, 10 mm
a) the length of a transport truck
b) the distance you drove in a car
c) the distance a snail travel in 5 seconds
d) the length of your hand.
(5SS2.7, 2.10)
Suppose there are two stores where you can go to buy treats. One is
500 m away and the other is 5 km away. To which one would you
choose to walk? Explain your choice.
(5SS2.10)
183
MEASUREMENT

Outcomes

5S2 Continued
5SS 2.10 Relate mm, cm, metres

and kilometres.
Providing benchmarks for 1 mm and 1cm will help students with their
measurement estimation.
It is important for students to understand that the unit chosen for
measurement affects the numerical value of the measurement. The
larger the unit the smaller the numerical value: For example: 1 m = 100
cm, the larger unit which is metres has the numerical value of 1 but the
distance measured in a smaller unit such as centimetres yields the larger
numerical value of 100.
Working in pairs (girl/girl, boy/boy), have one student trace their
partners body on large sheets of paper. Measure the length of their
paper body parts i.e. legs, arms, fingers and total length of body.
Students will need to decide which measuring tool would be most
appropriate for each measurement i.e. to measure fingers, they would
use a cm ruler, to measure the length of body, they would use a metre
stick. Ask students to record all measurements in mm, cm and m. Ask
why the millimetre measurements have a larger numerical value than the
metre measurements.
5SS2.1 Provide a referent for 1

mm and explain the choice
Referents are everyday objects of particular lengths that students can use
as benchmarks to help them estimate (example: a millimetre is about the
thickness of a fingernail, centimetre is about the width of a fingernail,
a metre is about the length from the doorknob to the floor). The use
of referents makes the learning more meaningful for students and helps
them come up with reasonable estimates.
When discussing referents for 1 mm, examples should be given of
objects that would be measured in mm like the thickness of a button, a
ladybug, thickness of a gold chain, the width of a diamond
5SS 2.2 Provide a referent for 1

cm and explain the choice
5SS 2.3 Provide a referent for 1
metre
184
The metre stick provides an excellent referent for 1 metre and is a

familiar object for students. After tracing or marking out a metre with
tape, students could brainstorm ideas for objects that are about a metre
or more than one metre. Ex: The long edge of a newspaper, width of a
whiteboard/smartboard, teachers desk.
MEASUREMENT

Resources/Notes
Performance
Math Focus 5
Have students measure the sides of a rectangle and give the results in
mm, cm, and m.
Lesson 2: Estimating Length
(5SS2.10)
Paper and Pencil
5SS2 (2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.8)

TR pp. 16 - 19
Have the student use metric units to fill in the blanks in as many
ways as possible:
1000_____ = 1 ____ .
(5SS2.10)
Journal
If you change metres to centimetres, will the numerical value become
greater or less? Why?
(5SS2.10)
Have students look around the classroom and choose one object
and estimate their measurement. Ask what referent they used to
determine their measurements.
(5SS2.1, 2.2, 2.3)
185
MEASUREMENT

Outcomes

5SS1 Design and Construct
different rectangles given either
perimeter or area or both (whole
numbers) and draw conclusions
[C, CN, PS, R, V]
Chart sized grid pads are available and are a useful tool for teaching
area and perimeter. In grade 4, students have worked extensively with
area including finding the area and constructing different rectangles for
a given area. Perimeter was addressed in grade 3. Measuring perimeter
is an application of linear distance. While investigating the distance
around various rectangles students should, in their own words, explain
any generalizations noticed.
E.g.,
l+w+l+w
2 (l + w)
2l + 2w
These all give perimeter measurement of a rectangle. Use of formulas

for perimeter is not essential. The important thing is that students know
that perimeter means distance around. This year the focus will be on
working with area and perimeter when constructing rectangles. Students
will be required to make conclusions regarding rectangular shapes that
create the greatest and least areas. As they investigate they should see
the relationship: Area of a rectangle = length x width. This investigation
should be done using a problem solving approach.
5SS1.1 - Construct or draw 2

or more rectangles for a given
perimeter in a problem solving
context
Problem Solving Approach: Problem solving means engaging in a task

for which the solution method is not known in advance. In order to
find a solution, students must draw on their knowledge, and through
this process, they will often develop new mathematical understandings.
Solving problems is not only a goal of learning mathematics but also a
major means of doing so. Students should have frequent opportunities
to formulate, grapple with and solve complex problems that might
require a significant amount of effort and should then be encouraged to
reflect on their thinking.
It is essential that the concepts of area and perimeter be applied to reallife situations. Realizing that to lay hardwood on a floor or to paint a
wall takes knowledge of the area of the floor or wall lets students see the
life applications of these math concepts.
Geoboards or grid paper can be used to create various rectangles all
with the same perimeter (for example: a rectangle with a perimeter of
20 units can have sides that are 8 cm, 8 cm, 2 cm, 2 cm or 6 cm, 6 cm,
4 cm, 4 cm. They are working towards the realization of the fact that
rectangles of different dimensions can have the same perimeter.
186
MEASUREMENT

Resources/Notes
Performance
Instruct students to create different size rectangles on grid paper.
They will find the perimeter and area of each and describe the
relationship between area and perimeter.
(5SS1.1)
James is painting a rectangle room that has 4 walls. The dimensions
of the room are 3 metres by 5 metres. A can of paint will cover 35
square metres. How many cans of paint will be needed?
(5SS1.1)
Students will have had exposure

to perimeter in grade 3 but not
in grade 4. They may require a
review of finding the perimeter
before they begin constructing
given a specific perimeter.
Math Focus 5
Lesson 3: Exploring Perimeter
On a geoboard create two rectangles with a perimeter of 20 cm.

Explain how you decided the dimensions of the rectangles. (5SS1.1)
5SS1 (1.1)
TR pp. 20 - 22
Additional Reading:
Principles and Standards for
School Mathematics 2000
Student/Teacher Dialogue
How many base-ten flats can fit in a square metre?
(5SS1.1)
Portfolio
Tell the student that the area of a rectangle classroom is 600 m2
and its perimeter is 100 m. Ask: What are the dimensions of the
classroom?
(5SS1.1)
187
MEASUREMENT

Outcomes

5SS1 Continued
5SS1.2 - Construct or draw 2 or

more rectangles for a given area in
a problem solving context
Take students through the following activity:
5SS 1.3 Illustrate that for any

given perimeter the square or
shape closest to a square will result
in the greatest area
The playground can be a good place for students to investigate

perimeter. First, ask students which unit of measurement they should
use to measure the playground (mm, cm or m). Then, have students
estimate the perimeter by estimating the number of steps they would
take if they walked around the perimeter. Record the estimates of
each child. Using a trundle wheel, find the actual measurement of the
perimeter.
Divide your class into groups of 2 or 3. Give each group 30 colour

tiles and ask them to create all possible rectangles and give perimeter
for each. Ask students to find a method to keep track of side lengths
and width, also have them sketch the rectangles on grid paper. Word
problems could be solved and created based on the area and/or
perimeter of these rectangles. Ask: Which rectangles has the greatest/
least perimeter?
Creating problems based on pieces of childrens literature allows a spring

board for thinking creatively about concepts like area and perimeter.
After reading Pigs by Robert Munsch, pose the following problem:
A new pen is being built to corral the pigs after their adventures. The
pen will be a rectangle and there is 100 m of fence to be used. Create
3 possible pens for the pig and model them on grid paper. Give the
perimeter and area for each pen. Create a pen that would have a shape
that would be a square. Why might you choose this shape for the pen?
After students have had experience working with perimeter, use a
rectangular mat from the Physical Education department and ask
students to estimate how many people can fill in the perimeter of the
mat. Then have students use a standard unit of measurement( m) to
determine the actual perimeter.
Next, ask the students to estimate the number of students needed to
cover the mat. Record the number of students needed to cover the area.
Using the students knowledge in area, find the area using the formula
length x width.
188
MEASUREMENT

Resources/Notes
Paper and Pencil
Math Focus 5
Jane has to make a rectangular cabbage patch with an area of 24 m
Lesson 4: Perimeters and Areas of

Rectangles
a)
Using grid paper, sketch all the possible rectangles.
b) Find and record the side lengths of each rectangle.
5SS1 (1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5)
c) Why might Jane want to make the patch with the greatest
perimeter?
(5SS1.2)
TR pp. 23 - 26
Journal
Curious Math:
A farmer has 100 m of fencing to make a pen for his pigs. He decides
a rectangle would be the best shape. What are some possible sizes
of pens he could make? How do the areas of the pens compare
and what size they would recommend and why? What pen has the
greatest area? What is special about this rectangle?
( 5SS 1.3)
TR pp. 27 - 28
Same Area, Greater Perimeter
Additional Reading:
Performance
Provide students with grid paper. Have them draw a square that
has sides of two units. Find its perimeter and its area. Share results.
Repeat with squares that have other side measurements. Do you
see a relationship between side length and perimeter? Between side
length and area?
(5SS 1.5)
NCTM Principals and Standards

for School Mathematics, 2000. P.
52
189
MEASUREMENT

Outcomes

5SS 3 Demonstrate an
understanding of volume by
Selecting and justifying
referents for cm or m units
Estimating volume using
referents for cm or m
Measuring and recording
volume (cm and m)
Constructing right rectangular
prisms for a given volume
Volume is the amount of space occupied by a 3-dimensional object.

Students explore the idea that one object has more volume than another
if it is bigger or takes up more space.
The objects used for all of these explorations will be rectangular prisms.
Volume and capacity are both terms for measures of the size of threedimensional regions.
Standard units of volume, frequently regarded in terms of their linear
measure, are expressed in cubic centimetres, cubic metres, etc. Students
have not had previous experience with volume or capacity.

5SS 3.1 Identify the cube as the

most efficient unit for measuring
volume and explain why
In order for students to identify the cube as the most efficient unit for
measuring volume they have to be exposed to measuring volume using
other objects like marbles, or styrofoam peanuts.
A suggestion would be to have groups of 2-3 students determine the
volume of a given box by first filling it with marbles and record this
number. Then have them fill the box with cubes and record the number
and compare and explain the differences.
5SS 3.6 Determine the volume

of a given 3-D object, using
manipulatives, and explain the
strategy
Involving students in a hands-on activity to explore the volume of a

given box will aid in their understanding of this concept.
Have students stand in a large appliance box ( these should be readily
available from any local department store). Ask students to estimate
how many students can fit inside the box. Record the results. Have
students fill the box and record the number of students required.
Discuss with students how filling the box with students is different than
lying flat on the rectangular mat.
After this experience, students should estimate volume using a variety of
sized boxes. Using cubes to fill the boxes will help students understand
why the volume is recorded in cubic units.
190
MEASUREMENT

Resources/Notes
Journal
Math Focus 5
I noticed that...
Lesson 5: Measuring and

Comparing Volumes
I learned that ...
(5SS 3.1)
5SS3 (3.1, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8)

How could you figure out the number of cubes that would fit in a
box, without filling it?
TR pp. 33 - 36
(5SS 3.6)
How is area different from volume?
(5SS3.6)
What would be the dimensions linked with height, of a box that

could be built from a 10 unit by 10 unit rectangle by cutting one
square from each corner of the paper (length 8 unit, width 8 units
and height 1 unit)?
(5SS 3.6)
191
MEASUREMENT

Outcomes

5SS3 Continued
Build A Box - Organization:
Put students in pairs. Give each pair 5 sheets of 2 cm grid paper.

Students will need scissors and pencils. Have students trim each grid
sheet to 9 squares x 11 squares (18 cm x 22 cm)
5SS 3.7 Construct a right

rectangular prism for a given
volume.
5SS 3.8 Explain that many right
rectangular prisms are possible
for a given volume by constructing
more than one right rectangular
prism for the same given volume.
Caution students not to cut into squares when trimming. When sheets
are all trimmed have
a quick discussion on
the dimensions of the
grids and ask how many
squares each sheet has;
work towards realization
that the flat paper has no
volume because it has no
height. Steps:
1. Take grid sheet and cut one square
off of each corner
2. Fold up out side row on each side
and tape corner to make box (Fill the
box using 2 cm cubes ( multi link may
be used if necessary) and record the
total used.
3. Have groups report on findings and
discuss strategies in order to lead them
to discuss what the length and width were and their relationship to
total.
4. The remaining boxes will be made one by one using the same
steps except for step 1 which changes each time as follows:
box 2: cut a 2 by 2 square from each corner
box 3 cut a 3 by 3 square from each corner
box 4 cut a 4 by 4 square from each corner
Before continuing with box construction, check to see if students
have discovered any generalizations about volume that will lead
them to the understanding that volume is # columns (length) x # of
rows (width) x # of layers (height ).
After students have the understanding that one cm cube has a volume of
1 cm they should build various rectangular prisms and find the volume.
If each cube has a volume
192
MEASUREMENT

Resources/Notes
Math Focus 5
Lesson 5: Measuring and
Comparing Volumes
5SS3 (3.1, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8)
TR pp. 33 - 36
Math Game:
TR pp. 37 - 38
Building Boxes
193
MEASUREMENT

Outcomes

5SS3 Continued
5SS 3.2 Provide a referent for a

cubic centimetre and explain the
choice
A square centimetre is 1cm x 1cm x 1cm and a good referent for this is
the base 10 unit cube .
5SS 3.3 Provide a referent for

a cubic meter and explain the
choice
A good way to model a cubic metre as a personal referent is to take 12

newspaper rolls ( 1 metre long each) and tape together to form a cube.
If the cube were solid it would have a volume of 1 m. Students will be
able to see that the newspaper cube has a height, length and width of
one meter each.
5SS 3.4 Determine which

standard cubic unit is represented
by a given referent
Using a series of different 3-D objects ask students if they would

be better measured in cubic centimetres or metres and justify their
reasoning.
After some investigation with finding volume using non-standard units

a centimetre cube will be introduced. Students should develop personal
referents for units. The use of personal referents helps students establish
the relationships between the units (e.g.,the small cube in the base-ten
blocks is 1 cm3 and would hold 1 mL .
Use a cracker box to guide discussion.
5SS 3.5 Estimate the volume of

a given 3-D object using personal
referents
194
3-D objects should be in the shape of rectangular prisms.
MEASUREMENT

Resources/Notes
Journal
Math Focus 5
Name a 3-D object that could be measured in cubic centimetres and

a 3-D object that would be measured in cubic metres and explain
why?
(5SS 3.4)
Lesson 6: Measuring Volume in

Cubic Centimetres
5SS3 (3.2, 3.3, 3.5, 3.7)
TR pp. 39 - 43
Lesson 7: Measuring Volume in

Cubic Meters
5SS3 (3.3, 3.4, 3.5)
TR p. 44 - 47
195
MEASUREMENT

Outcomes

5SS4 Demonstrate an
understanding of capacity by :
Describing the relationship
between ml and L
Selecting and justifying
referents for ml or L units
Estimating capacity using
referents for ml and L
Measuring and recording
capacity (ml or L)
Capacity units are generally used for measuring liquids or the containers
that hold those liquids (ml, L etc) Students have not had previous
experience with volume or capacity. Investigation of capacity should
begin with non-standard units.
Give students containers of different sizes and shapes. Have them
order these from largest capacity/volume to smallest capacity volume.
Have them provide examples from real life contexts that represent these
quantities (e.g.. 250 ml contains a bit less than the average pop can; the
smallest base ten block (unit block) has a volume of 1 cm).
The investigation should next move to use of standard measures. Begin
with litres because they are a familiar part of everyday life ( milk, icecream etc). Using a variety of litre containers can help children see that
one litre container shapes can vary but the capacity remains the same.
5SS 4.1 Demonstrate that

1000 ml is equivalent to 1 L by
filling a 1 L container using a
combination of smaller containers
5SS 4.7 Determine the capacity

of a given container using
materials that take the shape of
the inside of the container . e.g.:
liquid, rice, sand, beads, and
explain the strategy
196
Take a series of graduated cylinders with varying capacities of less than 1

L and one 1 L container. Use the smaller containers to fill the one litre
container, charting the amounts added until the 1 L container is filled.
When students add the amounts they should realize it takes 1000 ml to
equal 1 L. This activity can also be done in reverse, starting with a filled
litre container.
Discuss with students their strategies and decisions involving which
containers to use that will result in rich learning. Be engaged with the
students, prompting discussion of strategy and justification for choosing
a labelled container to estimate the capacity of an unlabeled container.
Ask: Why did you choose this container to determine that the bowl
contains 750 ml? A student might reply I chose the 250 ml container
to determine that the bowl contains 750 ml because I could fit 3 scoops
of sand (250 mls each) in the bowl, so its capacity is 750 mls.
MEASUREMENT

Resources/Notes
Performance
Students may be given a variety of containers (scoops, cups, and
spoons) and asked to estimate how many of one container it would
take to fill another. To determine if their estimation was correct
students would fill the large container from the smaller to check.
(5SS4.1)
Math Focus 5
Pencil and Paper
TR pp. 48 - 50
Lesson 8: Exploring millilitres

and litres.
5SS4 ( 4.1, 4.2, 4.7)
Use Frayer model to determine students understanding of capacity.

(5SS4.7)
Possible Answers:
197
MEASUREMENT

Outcomes

5SS4 Continued
5SS 4.2 Relating ml and L in

problem solving situations
Rote conversion of ml to L or L to ml will not be as meaningful to

students as solving problems rooted in real life situations.
Tell students that Jim has to make a recipe in which he has to use `2 L
of orange juice and he only has a 500 ml container to measure the juice.
How could he use the 500 ml container to measure 2 L of orange juice?
Explain using numbers, pictures and words.
Ask students to draw 3 smaller containers whose capacity when added
would equal 1 L. Ask them to explain their choices.
Students will be asked to choose from a series of containers (5 ml, 75
ml, 200 ml, etc), a combination that will create a total capacity of 1
litre.
5SS 4.3 Provide a referent for a L

and explain the choice
Aside from familiar referents such as 1 L milk carton and water bottles,
students should realize that a large base ten cube hollowed out would
have the capacity to hold 1 L.
5SS 4.4 Provide a referent for a

ml and explain the choice.
A useful referent for a millilitre would be a unit base ten cube. Since
the millilitre is so small, students should use referents that represent
millilitre units like 5 ml =1 tsp or 15 ml = 1 tbsp. Use a medicine
dropper that shows a 1 ml marking. Talk about how small babies often
receive medicine in this unit. Also, eye and ear drops are often given in
quantities even less than a millilitre.
5SS 4.5 Determine which

capacity unit is represented by a
given referent
5SS 4.6 Estimate the capacity of
a given container using personal
referents
198
Using a series of different containers, ask students if they would be

better measured in ml or L and justify their reasoning. For example, a
glass of milk, a container of laundry detergent, etc. Then, they would
estimate the capacity in the chosen unit and, using a litre container,
check their estimates.
Review the referents for the cm [pinkie nail] and a metre (base of door
to the doorknob) and ask students to suggest a suitable referent for 1
ml and explain why it would be suitable. Have the students use their
referent to determine the capacity of a small container.
MEASUREMENT

Resources/Notes
Performance
Math Focus 5
Have students order various containers and provide a referent for

each of the different containers. (e.g., 250 ml contains less than the
average pop can. In their journals, students can illustrate and explain
how they know their ordering is correct.
(5SS4.2)
Lesson 9: Estimating and

Measuring Capacity
5SS4 ( 4.1, 4.2, 4.3)
TR pp. 52 - 55
Lesson 8 and Lesson 9 (focus on

estimation)

199
Division
This is the first explicit focus on division, but as with other outcomes, it is
ongoing throughout the year.
DIVISION
Unit Overview
Focus and Context
In this unit, students will explore the meanings of division and develop
a strong conceptual understanding of this operation. Development of
computational fluency should flow from a sound understanding of what
division means. Equal sharing (15 5 = 3 the number of treats each of
5 people will get if there are 15 treats) and equal grouping (15 5 = 3,
the number of equal groups of 5 in 15) are two meanings of division
that should be presented to students in real world contexts. In this way
division does not become a rote procedure but one that is rooted in a
problem situation requiring division.
When dividing whole numbers, there are often remainders. Students
should discuss the meanings of these remainders. At times remainders may
require that a quotient be adjusted, rounded up or ignored.
Finally, estimation is an essential tool for determining the reasonableness
of a solution in division. Indeed, estimation should be employed to
determine an approximate solution before computation using an
algorithm or modeling strategy.
It is important to develop a strong conceptual framework of division
before computational fluency is achieved.
It is important for students to explore the inverse relationship between
multiplication and division. To help students make the connection
between multiplication and division we could use the following:
or
In problem solving contexts, the meaning of these operations will be
evident. The use of concrete materials like base ten blocks, counters
and number lines to model division and relating these models to any
computational algorithm, solidifies a strong, conceptual grasp of division.
Math Connects
Multiplication and division should be applied to real world problems so

that students see the need for proficiency in these operations in their lives.
For example, determining the amount of money needed to be saved each
month to reach a monetary goal for a basketball camp or splitting a class
of students into teams require division.
Mathematical concepts in general are far more meaningful when
connected with and built on students existing knowledge and experience.
It is also important to make the connection between division and repeated
subtraction. That is, division is a short cut for repeated subtractions.
202
DIVISION
Process Standards
Key
Curriculum
Outcomes
[C]
[CN]
[ME]

STRAND
Number
Number
Number
Communication
Connections
[R] Reasoning
and Estimation
[V] Visualization
OUTCOME
including:
front-end rounding
compensation
compatible numbers
strategies and number
properties, such as:
fact
halving
facts.
(3-digit by 1-digit), and
interpret remainders to solve
problems.
PROCESS
STANDARDS
[C, CN, ME, R, V]
203
DIVISION
Strand: Number
Outcomes

5N3 Apply mental math
strategies and number properties
by:
fact
using patterns in 9s facts
halving
to determine answers for basic
5N3.1 Describe the mental

mathematics strategy used to
determine a given basic fact, such
as:
skip count up by one or two
groups from a known fact; e.g., if 5
x 7 = 35, then 6 x 7 is equal to 35
+ 7 and 7 x 7 is equal to 35 + 7 +
7
skip count down by one or two
groups from a known fact; e.g., if 8
x 8 = 64, then 7 x 8 is equal to 64
8 and 6 x 8 is equal to 64 8 8
doubling; e.g., for 8 x 3 think 4
x 3 = 12, and 8 x 3 = 12 + 12
patterns when multiplying by
9; The sum of the two digits in the
product is always 9. E.g. for 7 x 9,
think: 1less than 7 is 6, 6 and 3
make 9, so the answer is 63.
Arrays and sets are important in helping students establish the

relationship between multiplication and division and in the
development of computational procedures for multiplication and
division. Coloured tiles are effective when exploring arrays for this
purpose.
Using coloured tiles on an overhead, have a class discussion to create
as many rectangles as possible that have 20 square units. Relate each of
the rectangles to multiplication facts, (1 x 20, 2 x 10 and 4 x 5). Next,
split each rectangle into equal groups of coloured tiles to develop the
corresponding division facts. (20 1 = 20; 20 20 = 1; 20 2 = 10; 20
10 = 2; 20 4 = 5; 20 5 = 4)
Skip counting from a known fact can be used as a tool for division. For
example, if the known fact is 40 8 = 5, then use this fact to determine
56 8 by skip counting up 2 more 8s to get from
40
48
56 which shows 56 8 = 5.
Skip counting from a known fact can also work by skipping back. For
example, if the known fact is 80 8 = 10, then use this fact to determine
72 8 by skip counting down 1 more 8 to get from
80
72.
repeated doubling; e.g., if 2 x 6

is equal to 12, then 4 x 6 is equal to
24 and 8 x 6 is equal to 48
repeated halving; e.g., for 60
4, think 60 2 = 30 and 30 2 =
15.
204
DIVISION

Resources/Notes
Performance
Math Focus 5
Judy is stitching together a quilt for her grade 5 class. The students
have prepared 30 squares of linen, 30 cm x 30 cm, with their own
drawings showing Friendship. Using 30 colored tiles, model Judys
quilt design to determine all possible layouts. Show all multiplication
and related division facts. Which layout would be the most
reasonable for the quilt? Why?
(5N3.1)
Getting Started: Opening

Ceremony
Teacher Resource (TR) pp. 9 11
Use the repeated halving strategy to find 48 4. Use repeated halving

to divide.
(5N3.1)
Judy solved the problem 32 8 by thinking: 32 2 = 16,
then 16 2 = 8
and finally 8 2 = 4.
Explain the strategy Judy used.
(5N3.1)
Paper and Pencil

Use the known fact 56 8 = 7, to find 64 8; 72 8; 80 8.
(5N3.1)
Use the know fact 49 7 = 7 to find 42 7, 35 7 and 28 7.
Lesson 1: Division Fact Strategies

5N3 (3.1, 3.3, 3.4)
TR pp. 13 - 16
(5N3.1)
How would you use 24 colored tiles to show that 24 6 = 4? What
other division sentences could you show using the 24 colored tiles?
(5N3.1)
205
DIVISION
Strand: Number
Outcomes

5N3 Continued
5N3.3 Explain why division by

0 is not possible or undefined, e.g.
80
5N3.4 Determine, with

confidence, answers to
5N3.1 Continued
206
You cannot divide 0, is a Principle of Division and may be difficult

to explain. The repeated subtraction model may be a useful tool. For
example, 20 5 = 4 because 20 5 5 5 5 = 0. However 5 0 is
undefined because no matter how many times 0 is subtracted from 5,
you will never reach 0,
E.g., 5 0 0 0 = 5, not 0.
To activate prior knowledge and connect multiplication and division
facts, have students give the related division facts from flash cards
showing different multiplication facts.
To illustrate the repeated halving method, provide the students with
the problem 32 4 = 8. Place 32 counters in an array on the overhead.
When the student is unable to divide by 4, they can instead, divide by 2
and do this twice for the same result. That is, 32 2 = 16 and 16 2 =
8.
DIVISION

Resources/Notes
Performance
Math Focus 5
Aaron states that division by zero is not possible. Is he correct? Use

an example to explain.
(5N3.3)
Lesson 1 (Continued): Division

Fact Strategies
5N3 (3.1, 3.3, 3.4)
State all multiplication and related division facts for each:

(i) 48
(ii) 36
(iii) 18
(iv) 56
TR pp. 13 - 16
(5N3.4)
Lesson 2: Dividing by Halving

TR pp. 17 - 20
207
DIVISION
Strand: Number
Outcomes

understanding of division (3
digit by 1-digit) and interpret
5N6.1 Model the division process

as equal sharing, using base ten
blocks, and record it symbolically.
5N6.3 Solve a given division

problem in context, using personal
strategies, and record the process.
Have students work in groups of 2. Give each group 3 flats and 2 rods
to represent 320. Have the students estimate 320 8. Next, divide
the base ten blocks into 8 equal groups. Have students record there
groupings on grid
paper, or with base
ten sketches. Students
should start with the
flats when trading
because this follows
the same pattern as the
algorithm, (i.e. starting
on the left of the
dividend).
When dividing a 3-digit number which is multiple of ten, it is often

effective to rename the dividend as a multiple of tens or hundreds. For
example, 320 would be 32 sets of ten, or 600 would be 6 sets of one
hundred.
320 8 = 32 tens 8 which is 4 tens, so, 320 8 = 40, since 32 8 = 4.
600 3 = 6 hundreds 3 which is 2 hundreds, so, 600 3 = 200, since
6 3 = 2.
Use base tens materials to show that 120 4, would be 12 rods shared
equally into 4 groups with 3 rods in each group. Since each rod
represents 10, the answer is 30.
Then 1200 4 would be 12 flats shared equally into 4 groups to get 3
flats in each group. Since each flat represents 100, then answer is 300.
From this and other similar examples discuss the pattern of dividing
multiples of 10 and 100. For example, 12 4 = 3, so 120 4 = 30 and
1200 = 300.
208
320
8 groups
DIVISION

Resources/Notes
Performance
Math Focus 5
Use base ten blocks to model 253 shared equally among 7 groups.
Represent your answer using diagrams and a number sentence.
Lesson 3: Dividing Tens and

Hundreds
(5N6.1)
5N6 (6.1, 6.3)

TR pp. 21 - 24
Anna solved the following problem: There were 367 fans going to
a hockey game. Each SUV can carry 7 fans. How many SUV are
needed?
Her answer was 367 7 = 52 R3.
What does the remainder 3 represent?
Annas final answer was 53. Explain.
(5N6.1)
Math Game: Choose Four

TR pp. 25 - 26
Performance
Use base ten materials to solve 320 8. How could you then use the
answer to solve 3200 8?
(5N6.1)
Paper and Pencil
Use basic facts to calculate each of the following:
2400 8 = ___
560 7 = ___
4800 6 = ___
(5N6.3)
What basic fact would help you solve 3600 9? What is 3600 9?
(5N6.3)
Explain how the fact that 45 5 = 9 would help with 4500 9.
(5N6.3)
209
DIVISION
Strand: Number
Outcomes

including:
Front-end rounding
To estimate products and quotients students should know multiplication

and division facts as well as how to multiply and divide with multiples
of 10, 100, 1000
Compensation
Compatible numbers in
problem-solving contexts.
[C,CN, ME, PS, R, V]
Why is estimation a valuable skill?

Estimation enables us to judge the reasonableness of an answer
acquired using pencil and paper or calculators.
It can be done quickly using tools which are always readily available.

problem.
An estimation is often all that is required to make an important

decision.
It is accepted that there is not any one strategy or any one right answer
in estimating.
Some strategies for estimating division include:
Round one or both numbers to the nearest multiple of 10, 100 or
1000. e.g. 829 42 = 800 40 = 20
Round numbers so that familiar facts can be used. 643 8 = 640 8
= 80
Round both numbers up or down. e.g. 372 9 = 400 10 = 4
Focus on this by helping student see what happens when
437 9
450 9 [about 50]
437 9
500 10 [about 50]
437 9
400 8 [about 50]
Discuss why each change in the dividend and divisor makes sense.
5N2.1 Provide a context for when
estimation is used to:
Students should be encouraged to estimate before completing quotients

to check the reasonableness of their answer.
make predictions
Present the following scenario. Brianna has 823 beads and she wants to
make 8 friendship bracelets. She determines that she can put 13 beads
on each bracelet. Is her answer reasonable? Why or why not?

answer
determine approximate
answers.
210
To determine the reasonableness of the answer, students should be

encouraged to estimate 823 to 800 and then think, 800 8 =100 so an
answer of only 13 beads per bracelet would not be reasonable.
DIVISION

Resources/Notes
Pencil and Paper
Math Focus 5
Give students 375 4 and ask them to estimate the quotient two
different ways and explain their choices.
(5N2.6)
Lesson 4: Estimating Quotients
5N2 (2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.6, 2.7)

TR pp. 27 - 30
Angela and her 3 friends went shopping during the weekend. They
spent a total of $103.00. If each person spent the same amount,
about how much did each person spend? Explain your estimation
strategy.
(5N2.6)
Performance
Present the class with the following problem: Berts class raised
$234.00 as a class project. They are going to share that money
equally among 3 different charities. About how much will each
charity receive? Have students record their estimation on paper, or
individual white boards, and hold them up on cue. Have several
students share their strategies with the class.
(5N2.6)
211
DIVISION
Strand: Number
Outcomes

5N2 Continued

5N2.3 Determine the

answer.

to estimate:
than 200 + 600 = 800
close to 900 200 = 700
products; e.g., the product
of 23 24 is greater than 20
20 (400) and less than 25 25
(625)
Sometimes when estimating, it is important to overestimate. For

example there are 23 people and 5 per car. How many cars are needed.
23 5 = 4 R 3 (It doesnt make sense to leave 3 people behind, so 6 cars
will be needed.)
The purpose of estimating is to change numbers in a problem to ones
which are easier to do mentally. Also, students must recognize when
estimating is an appropriate strategy for a given problem.
Present the following problem for class discussion to examine a situation
where an approximate answer is sufficient: Students have to read a novel
that is 264 pages long in 7 days. About how many pages should they
read per day? Why is it not necessary to calculate an exact answer?
In applying front-end rounding in division only the first digit of the
dividend is considered and the rest of the digits become zero. The
estimate is then indicated as being less than or greater than the actual
answer.
For example, 476 5 would be 400 5 = 80.
Note: With front-end estimation the estimate will always be less
than the actual answer. This strategy should be used along with an
adjustment. Ex. 589 5 using front-end would be 500 5 which is
100. An adjustment should be made for the remaining 89 5 which is
close to 100 5 = 20 for a final estimate of 120.

(200).
212
DIVISION

Resources/Notes
Math Focus 5
There are 336 students traveling to a hockey tournament on buses.

There are 6 busses. How many students will be on each bus? Did you
overestimate or underestimate? Explain.
(5N2.2)

Quotients
James estimated 834 4 to be 200. Will the actual answer be less

than or greater than this estimate? Explain.
(5N2.7)
TR pp. 27 - 30
5N2 (2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.6, 2.7)
Paper and Pencil

At the annual Spring Fair there were 947 prizes won at the Duck
Pond. If the fair lasted 3 hours, use front-end estimation to
determine about how many prizes were won each hour?
(5N2.7)
Create and solve (using front-end estimation) a problem.
579 3.
(5N2.7)
Front-end estimation is not directly

dealt with in the text. Focus is on
rounding the dividend to the nearest
multiple of 10.
213
DIVISION
Strand: Number
Outcomes

understanding of division (3
digit by 1-digit) and interpret

5N6.1 Model the division process

as equal sharing, using base ten
blocks, and record it symbolically.
Multiplication has been identified as repeated addition. Likewise,

division is repeated subtraction.
While a number line is a possible and plausible visual to demonstrate
division as repeated subtraction, students
also may find the following context just as
meaningful.
For example, Erin has 251 hockey cards
in her collection. She decides she doesnt
want to collect hockey cards anymore so she
decides to share them equally among her 8
friends. So she writes the following:
Base ten blocks are useful tools for developing the understanding of the
traditional algorithm for division. Students divide three digit numbers
using base ten blocks recording their calculations symbolically. Through
discussion, the connection between the base ten models and the
traditional algorithm is forged. Remind students to estimate before they
divide.
The traditional long-division algorithm, whether modelled with base ten
blocks or not, is best described using sharing words. For example, in
the algorithm for 432 3, it is important that students realize the 4
represents 4 hundreds and if three share, each will get 1 (hundred). One
hundred is left and when put with the 32 gives 132 to share among 3,
etc.
Students should understand why the number of units leftover after the
sharing must be less than the divisor. Models help to clarify this idea.
Present the following activity. Place students in groups of three or four.
Give each group a random set of base tens materials totalling some
unknown number. The task is for the students to share the materials
equally (divide) and then complete a math sentence. Ex. a group has 2
blocks or large cubes, 5 flats and 7 rods, representing 257. They then
share equally into 3 groups to get a quotient of 85 with 2 remaining.
They then write the sentence; 257 3 = 85, R 2 and 85 x 3 + 2 = 257.
Continued
214
DIVISION

Resources/Notes
Journal
Math Focus 5
Fred was asked to divide 42 by 7. He started at 42 and skip counted

backwards by 7. How many groups did he get? Is this a good strategy
for solving division problems? Why or why not?
(5N6.3)
Lesson 5: Exploring Division

with Greater Numbers
5N6 (6.3)
TR pp. 31 - 34
Paper and Pencil

Create and solve a problem involving division with a divisor of 6 and
a dividend of 252.
(5N6.3)
John has to read 266 pages of his novel in seven days. How many
pages should he read each day? Explain!
(5N6.3)
Each trailer can carry 4 horses. If there are 308 horses to be moved,
how many trailers would be needed.
(5N6.1)
This problem situation may be

suitable as an enrichment activity
or class discussion as both the divisor
and dividend are unknown. Note:
the quantities are not realistic.
Lesson 6: Using Subtraction to
Divide
Purity Factories produce Cream Crackers. They prepare gift packs

with three boxes of Cream Crackers in each pack. If they have 725
boxes of crackers, how many gift packs can they produce? (5N6.1)
5N6 (6.3)
Performance
Curious Math: Stubborn

Remainders
Ask the student to use base ten materials to model 489 divided by 7.
Have students record their solution using the traditional algorithm.
TR pp. 39 - 42
TR pp. 43-44
(5N6.1)
Lesson 7: Divide by Sharing
Ask the student to tell what division is being modelled below and to
provide a word problem that would apply to the model.
5N2 (2.1, 2.6)
100 3 = 33 R1
5N6 (6.1, 6.3)

TR pp. 45 - 49
(5N6.1)
215
DIVISION
Strand: Number
Outcomes

5N6 Continued
5N6.1 Continued
Present the following problem on the board and model the solution
using base ten blocks making the connection with the traditional
algorithm.
Six friends decide to share a jar of 325 marbles equally. How many
marbles will each friend get?
5N6.2 Explain that the

interpretation of a remainder
depends on the context:
ignore the remainder ; e.g.,
making teams of 4 from 22
people.
When dividing whole numbers there are often remainders. Students

must understand what these remainders mean as well as how to express
them symbolically. There are many ways to interpret remainders and
they can be expressed as:
decimals, $19.00 shared equally among 4 people is 19 4 = 4 R3
which is $4.75
Round up the quotient; e.g.,

the number of 5 passenger cars
required to transport 13 people.
whole numbers where it is ignored, 27 marbles shared among 4

children, 27 4 = 6 R 3, because there are 3 marbles left over so each
child gets 6 marbles;
Express remainders as
fractions; e.g. 5 apples shared by
2.
round up the quotient, 26 children with 7 children per van. How

many children in each van. 26 7 = 3 R5, there are 4 vans needed.
fractions, 17 hours shared among 3 workers is 17 3 = 5 R2 which is
5 2/3 hours each.
There should be some discussion on the fact that the contexts in which
you ignore the remainder involve items that cannot be expressed other
than as a whole, ex. marbles, cards, etc.
Contexts in which the remainder is expressed as a fraction involve items
that can be expressed as less than a whole. Ex. metres, pizzas, cakes, etc.
216
DIVISION

Resources/Notes
Performance
Math Focus 5
Using play money, have students model the following:
Lesson 8: Describing Remainders

as Decimals
Jacob won $83.00. He wanted to share equally among himself and

his three friends. How much will each person receive?
(5N6.2)
5N2 (2.6)
5N6 (6.2, 6.3)
Meredith cut a 42 m bolt of cloth into 5 equal lengths. How long is

each piece? Give your answer as a decimal number of meters.
TR pp. 50 - 52
(5N6.2)
Paper and Pencil
The text takes the conceptual

understanding approach using
mainly money as a model.
In the following situations would you

a.
ignore the remainder
b.
round up the quotient
c.
express as a fraction.
Explain.
(i) William has 185 hockey cards that he wants to share equally
among his three friends. How many cards will each person receive?
(ii) Mrs. Peabody has 9 bars of Swiss chocolate to share equally
among her 4 nephews. How much chocolate will each nephew
receive?
(iii) Ian can transport 3 people in his canoe. How many trips would
take him to transport 35 people across a river?
(5N6.2)
Lesson 9: Interpreting
Remainders
5N6 (6.2, 6.3)
TR pp. 53 - 56
Student -Teacher Dialogue
Math Game:
Ask the student to create a problem where their interpretation of a

remainder is
TR pp. 57-58
(i) to ignore the remainder.
Two Hundred Plus
(ii) the express the remainder as a fraction.

(iii) to round up the quotient
(5N6.2)
217
DIVISION
Strand: Number
Outcomes

5N6 Continued

218
Trial-and-error, or guess-and-check, is another suitable strategy for

solving division problems. Being able to estimate is helpful with this
strategy by determining a starting point. For example, consider the
problem The boys in Ms. Watkins class raised $875.35 at their school
fundraising project. There are 9 boys in her class. How much money was
raised per boy? Estimating may be as follows: 900 10 = 90, therefore
a good starting point to guess and check would be 90. Then, the
student may try 9 x 90 = 810, which is too low. They may then adjust
their estimate to 95, so 9 x 95 = 855. Then they would be able to state
the amount per student is a little more than 95 dollars.
DIVISION

Resources/Notes
Paper and Pencil
Math Focus 5
Jill is a chicken farmer. She has 816 m of fencing material to build a

chicken coop. Jill fences off an area with all sides lengths the same.
How many sides are there in all? Give three possibilities.
(5N6.3)
Lesson 10: Solving Problems by

Guessing and Testing
Student -Teacher Dialogue
5N6 (6.3)
TR pp. 59 - 61
Stephen shared $24.00 evenly among his friends. Each received the
same amount in dollars. How many friends did Stephen have? Give
four possibilities.
(5N6.3)
Journal
A Marine biologist discovered a school of translucent sea creatures
floating in the Coral Reef. The total number of tentacles was 96. If
each creature had the same number of tentacles, how many creatures
were there and how many tentacles were on each. Give three different
possibilities. Explain ONE of your answers. Use words and pictures
in your explanation.
(5N6.3)

219
Probability
Suggested Time: 3 - 3 1 Weeks

2
PROBABILITY
Unit Overview
Focus and Context
Probability is the study of chance. When discussing the likelihood of

an event occurring we are discussing the probability that an event will
occur.
In this unit, students will be able to identify that the likelihood of a
single outcome is possible, impossible or certain.
Students will also compare the likelihood of a single outcome as less
likely, equally likely or more likely to occur. This is the students first
exposure to probability.
Math Connects
222
Students need to understand probability so that they can interpret

weather forecast, avoid unfair games of chance, and make informed
decisions about medical treatments whose success rate is provided in
terms of percentage. Students must be able to assess a situation and
determine whether it is possible, impossible or certain. This concept
can certainly be applied in everyday living i.e. what is the chance or
likelihood that students will go outside for second lunch duty during
the month of April? What is the likelihood that students will read
over the summer holiday? In addition to real life and everyday living,
students can assess various situations that are curriculum related such
as in Social Studies: What is the likelihood that the Vikings landed on
the Northern Peninsula in Lanse aux Meadows, etc. In addition to
assessing if a situation is possible, impossible or certain, students need
to determine if the likelihood of completing a task is less likely, equally
likely or more likely to occur. For example, is it more likely that the
grade 6 students will participate in the DARE program each year?
PROBABILITY
Process Standards
Key
Curriculum
Outcomes
[C]
[CN]
[ME]

Communication
Connections
[R] Reasoning
and Estimation
[V] Visualization
STRAND
OUTCOME
Statistics and
Probability
(Data Analysis)
5SP3 Describe the likelihood of a single

outcome occurring,
impossible
possible
certain.
Statistics and
Probability
(Data Analysis)
5SP4 Compare the likelihood of two possible

outcomes occurring,
less likely
equally likely
more likely.
PROCESS
STANDARDS
[C, CN, PS, R]
[C, CN, PS, R]
223
PROBABILITY
Strand: Statistics and Probability (Chance and Uncertainty)

Outcomes

5SP3 Describe the likelihood of a
single outcome occurring, using
words such as:
This will be students first exposure to probability. In order for students

to understand the concept of probability they will require many handson experiences with everyday common materials.
impossible
possible
Literature Link:
certain.
Read Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs, Barrett 1978)
[C, CN, PS, R]

5SP3.1 Provide examples of

events from personal contexts that
are impossible, possible or certain.
Position the three reference points impossible, possible and certain

on a clothesline. Provide examples of events that would be impossible,
possible or certain such as: I will walk to the moon next week in my
pyjamas, my 8 month old baby sister will drive me to school, I will
go for a walk after supper, the ice cream in my cone will melt. Have
students place these events on the clothesline (probability line) in the
appropriate places.
Students could also create their own probability events and have other
classmates place them on the probability line.
224
PROBABILITY
General Outcome: Use Experimental or Theoretical Probabilities to Represent and

Solve Problems Involving Uncertainty.
Resources/Notes
Journal
Math Focus 5
Write a journal outlining events that are impossible, possible and

certain in your everyday lives.
(5SP3.1)
Getting Started: Predicting the

Results of an Experiment
This can serve as an introduction to
the unit.
Lesson 1: Probability Lines
5SP3 (3.1)
TR pp. 12 - 15
225
PROBABILITY

Outcomes

5SP3 Continued
5SP3.2 Classify the likelihood

of a single outcome occurring
in a probability experiment as
impossible, possible or certain.
Experimental probability is the probability reached by actually

performing an experiment. For example, in theory if you flip a coin 2
times you should get one head and one tail. However after flipping the
coin twice you may get 2 heads. The more you flip the coin, the greater
the chance of having equal heads and equal tails.
Using spinners, dice or colored cubes have students predict whether the
outcome will be impossible, possible or certain. Examples
include the following:
In a bag with 8 red cubes and 4 yellow cubes, a red cube
is more possible to be drawn than a yellow cube.
Using the spinner below, it is impossible to spin a 5 and
possible to spin a 1, 2, 3, or 4.
When rolling a die, it is certain that they will roll a 1,2,3,4,5 or 6 but
impossible to roll a 7.
5SP3.3 Design and conduct a

probability experiment in which
the likelihood of a single outcome
occurring is impossible, possible or
certain.
5SP3.4 Conduct a given

probability experiment a number
of times, record the outcomes, and
explain the results.
226
Have students create a spinner that is divided into 10 equal sections,

labelled 0,1,2,...9 (or a 10-faced die is used). The student spins the
spinner 5 times and totals the numbers spun. Ask the student to repeat
this process several times, then report the probability that the sum is
greater than 25. Have the students compare their findings.
Have students place colored cubes in a bag to create a situation/outcome
where choosing a red cube is:
(i) certain (all cubes red)
(ii) possible (at least one cube is red)
(iii) impossible (no red cubes)
Have students invent a game that is related to sums and products using
dice, spinners or cards i.e. you get a point if the sum of the cards you
pick is highest. Then students will try to decide if the games are fair.
Perform the following experiment and turn on a classroom radio. Note
whether the first voice you hear is a female or male voice. Change to a
different station and record the gender of the voice. Repeat five times.
Describe the probability of hearing a male voice.
Have students predict which letter a spinner is most
likely to land on. Hold a paper clip in place with
a pencil and spin. Record the letter on which the
paperclip lands. Repeat the experiment ten times.
Record the result. Try another twenty spins. Discuss
results.
PROBABILITY

Resources/Notes
Performance
Math Focus 5
Using a bag which contains 20 green cubes and 5 red cubes. Ask a
student to remove, without looking, one cube from the bag, record
the color, and return it to the bag. Repeat the experiment 20 times.
Have the students indicate the probability that a green cube was
chosen.
(5SP3.3)
Lesson 2: Conducting Spinner

Experiments
Give student a paper bag containing 10 colored tiles; 5 red, 3 blue,

2 yellow. Conduct an experiment to determine the probability of
choosing a red tile. Explain.
(5SP3.3)
Lesson 3: Conducting
Experiments with a Die
Have students toss a coin to see if they will get heads or tails. Have
students toss a coin at least twenty times and record their results in
a chart. Discuss their findings. Try flipping the coin another twenty
times and discuss the results again.
(5SP3.4)
5SP3 (3.2, 3.3, 3.4)

TR pp. 16 - 20
5SP3 (3.2, 3.3, 3.4)

TR pp. 21 - 24
Journal
Ask the student why the probability that the sum of the numbers on
a pair of dice is 3 is not the same as the probability that the sum is 7.
(5SP3.3)
Student - Teacher Dialogue
Ask the student the following: If Jesse rolls a dice 10 times, how
many times do you expect her to roll an even number? Explain.
(5SP3.4)
Math Game:
TR pp. 25 - 26
Choose your Spinner
227
PROBABILITY

Outcomes

5SP4 Compare the likelihood of
two possible outcomes occurring,
less likely
equally likely
more likely.
[C, CN, PS, R]
5SP4.1 Identify outcomes from

a given probability experiment
that are less likely, equally likely
or more likely to occur than other
outcomes.
Provide the following using overhead spinners.

As a class discussion, ask students:
*Which spinner is most likely to
spin a 2?
*Which spinner is less likely to spin
a 2?
* Which spinner is equally likely to spin a 2 or 3?

one outcome is less likely to occur
than the other outcome.
Using a variety of coloured multilink cubes, ask students to identify the

number of coloured cubes needed to produce an outcome that is less
likely to occur. For example, they may place 15 red, 10 blue and 5 green
in a bag. They would then state which colour is less likely to be drawn?
Provide students with blank spinners and have them design an
experiment with an event that is less likely to occur. For example, they
may design a spinner that is 1 yellow, 1 red and 18 blue and 1
8
2
4
green. Possible events would be the spinner is less likely to land on blue
than red, or green than yellow , etc.

one outcome is equally likely to
occur as the other outcome.

one outcome is more likely to
occur than the other outcome.
228
Using a variety of coloured multilink cubes, ask students to identify

the number of coloured cubes needed to produce an outcome that is
equally likely to occur. For example, place 10 red, 10 blue and 10 green
in a bag. Ask the students which colour is likely to be drawn and explain
their thinking?
Using a variety of coloured multilink cubes, ask students to identify the
number of coloured cubes needed to produce an outcome that is less
likely to occur. For example, place 15 red, 10 blue and 5 green in a bag.
Ask the students which colour is most likely to be drawn?
PROBABILITY

Resources/Notes
Paper and Pencil
Math Focus 5
Given a paper bag containing 10 colored tiles; 5 red, 2 blue, 1 yellow,

2 green, students are asked to describe and explain an event that is:
Lesson 4: Comparing
Probabilities
(i) more likely to occur
5SP3 (3.2, 3.3, 3.4)
(ii) equally likely to occur
5SP4 (4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4)
(iii) less likely to occur
(5SP4.1)
Journal
In a bag with 10 red cubes, 5 green and 4 yellow, why is it less likely
that a yellow cube is to be drawn?
TR pp. 30 - 34
Conducting Experiments
5SP3 (3.3, 3.4)
5SP4 (4.2, 4.3, 4.4)
Student - Teacher Dialogue

Ask the student to design an experiment in which one outcome is
less likely to occur than the other outcome.
(5SP4.2)
TR pp. 35 - 38
Ask student to describe an experiment where one outcome is equally

likely to occur as another outcome.
(5SP4.3)
Ask student to describe an experiment where one outcome is more
likely to occur than another outcome.
(5SP4.4)

229
2-D and 3-D Geometry
2-D AND 3-D GEOMETRY
Unit Overview
Focus and Context
Spatial sense is the understanding of shapes and solids and the

relationships among them. Developing spatial sense gives students a
feeling for the geometric aspects of their surroundings and the shapes
of objects in their environment. Appreciation of form in art, nature
and architecture is fostered by strong spatial sense. It is developed
through rich experiences with shape and spatial relationships, provided
consistently over time.
In earlier grades the focus was on classification of 2-D and 3-D shapes
according to visible properties. In this unit the focus is on properties
of shapes that involve the relationships associated with sides and faces.
These properties are used to classify shapes according to attributes to
further develop spatial awareness.
Students study horizontal, vertical, parallel, intersecting and
perpendicular lines and apply these attributes to both 2-D and 3-D
objects. Also, students engage in a study of the properties of 2-D shapes
(quadrilaterals) and a variety of 3-D solids. Through this study, students
will develop the tools necessary to refine their own spatial awareness.
Math Connects
Spatial sense is developed through a variety of experiences and

interactions within the environment. Spatial sense involves
visualization and spatial reasoning, and is important to the conceptual
understanding of many mathematical ideas. It allows students to
interpret and differentiate between 2-D and 3-D images.
Development of spatial sense should be tied to everyday living and
connections made to other areas. Students develop their conceptual
understanding objects from those in their environment. Local
architecture provides a rich source of examples demonstrating how
the various geometric shapes and solids are used in real life situations.
Developing spatial sense helps students recognize attributes that can
be measured, identify units used to measure them, and provide a
description of the attributes. Some problem solving situations involve
attaching numbers and units to dimensions of objects. Spatial sense
enables students to visualize objects and the effects of changes made to
any of the dimensions of a figure.
For example:
changing the length of a side of a polygon increases the area by a
given factor.
volumes of solids can be determined given the dimensions of a
solid.
232
Process Standards
Key
Curriculum
Outcomes
[C]
[CN]
[ME]

STRAND
Communication
Connections
[R] Reasoning
and Estimation
[V] Visualization
OUTCOME
SS5 Describe and provide

examples of edges and
faces of 3-D objects, and
sides of 2-D shapes that
are:
Shape and Space parallel
(3-D Objects
and 2-D Shapes) intersecting
perpendicular
PROCESS
STANDARDS
(C,CN, R, T, V)
vertical
horizontal
SS6 Identify and sort
quadrilaterals, including:
Rectangles
Squares
Shape and Space Trapezoids
(3-D Objects
and 2-D Shapes) Parallelograms
Rhombuses
(C, R, V)
according to their
attributes.
233
Strand: Shape and Space (3-D Objects and 2-D Shapes)

Outcomes

5SS5 Describe and provide
examples of edges and faces
of 3-D objects, and sides of
2-D shapes that are:
Students should recognize the connections between different shapes,

the effects of changing dimension of shapes and the distinguishing and
similar characteristics of different shapes. These understandings lay a
strong foundation for learning a variety of mathematical concepts.
parallel
intersecting
perpendicular
vertical
horizontal
(C,CN, R, T, V)
5SS5.3 Identify parallel,

intersecting, perpendicular,
vertical and horizontal sides on
2-D shapes.
These indicators overlap and one activity may cover several indicators.
This indicator can be introduced by discussing the definitions and
identifying examples in the classroom.
Notes: Lines in the same plane can be parallel or they can intersect.
Parallel lines never meet since they remain a constant distance apart.
Whenever two lines intersect, they meet at a single point. Perpendicular
lines are intersecting lines that meet or cross at a right angle (a square
corner or 90 degrees).
To develop the concepts of vertical and horizontal, have students
identify examples in and outside the classroom. To get started, they
could consider the horizon. Which way is the horizon? Up and down
or left to right?
Students may need guided exploration to learn about these different
lines.
Using pattern blocks, ask students to categorize sets of lines as parallel,
intersecting, perpendicular, vertical or horizontal.
234
General Outcome: Describe the Characteristic of 3-D Objects and 2-D Shapes and
Analyze the Relationships Among Them
Resources/Notes
Performance
Math Focus 5
Have students search through newspapers, magazines, etc. to find

examples of vertical and horizontal lines.
(5SS5.3)
Getting started: Matching Nets

with 3-D objects
Place the students in groups of four to six. Have them form a shape
based on your given properties (e.g., four sides equal and all angles
are right angles). The first group to correctly form and identify the
shape are the winners.
(5SS5.3)
Lessons 1: Vertical and Horizontal

Lines and Faces.
5SS5 (5.9)
TR pp. 13 - 17
Have 2-D shapes and 3-D shapes prepared on flash cards. Show the
student a flash card and ask the student to identify horizontal and
vertical lines.
(5SS5.3, 5SS5.1)
Lesson 2: Parallel, Intersecting,

and Perpendicular Lines and
Faces
5SS5 (5.9)
TR pp. 18 - 21
235

Outcomes

5SS5 Continued
Students have been introduced to the concept of edges and faces in the
primary grades.
Note: Faces are the flat surfaces of a 3-D object. Edges are where two
faces meet or intersect. Adjacent faces of a cube are perpendicular and
opposite faces are parallel.
5SS5.1 Identify parallel,

vertical and horizontal edges and
faces on 3-D objects.
Have students, working in small groups, stack pattern blocks to build

prisms like the sample below which used triangle and trapezoid pattern
blocks. Pattern blocks will form triangular prisms, rectangular prisms,
trapezoidal prisms, rhombus prism, and an hexagonal prism.
Prepare questions such as:

Which solid has the most parallel faces?
Which solid has the least number of edges?
Which solid has only two parallel faces?
Which solids have eight intersecting edges?
Which solid has four sets of parallel faces?
236
Resources/Notes
Math Focus 5
Using a variety of geometric solids, have students identify parallel,

intersecting, and perpendicular edges.
(5SS5.1)
Lessons 1 (Continued): Vertical

and Horizontal Lines and Faces.
5SS5 (5.9)
Performance
TR pp. 13 - 17
While students are performing the stacking activity described on the

previous page, circulate and look for evidence that they are able to
correctly perform the task.
(5SS5.1)
Have students construct 3-D shapes using popsicle sticks and glue
and have them paint them different colors according to any given
properties.
(5SS5.1)
Lesson 2 (Continued): Parallel,

Intersecting, and Perpendicular
Lines and Faces
5SS5 (5.9)
TR pp. 18 - 21
237

Outcomes

5SS5 Continued
5SS5.9 Describe the sides of a

given 2-D shape, using terms
such as parallel, intersecting,
perpendicular, vertical or
horizontal
This indicator can be addressed in conjunction with SS5.3 by asking

students to explain their reasoning in the activity in SS5.3
Have students pair up to play a shape-describing game. Partner A
draws a 2-D shape that Partner B cannot see and describes it to Partner
B using appropriate vocabulary (parallel, intersecting, perpendicular,
horizontal, vertical lines). Partner B responds by drawing a shape with
these criteria, and may ask questions as he or she attempts to draw.
When Partner B is finished, Partner B will verify the shape with Partner
A. Partners switch roles. (BC Math K to 7)
As students play the shape-describing game, notice whether or not a
student is able to use the vocabulary to describe a shapes attributes.
Have students conduct self-assessment in pairs. Partners reflect on how
they did on the task, with reference to questions such as the following:
How well did you work together as a team?
How did you deal with disagreements?
What did you enjoy about this collaborative activity?
What were the challenges faced? (BC Math K to 7)
5SS5.6 Draw 2-D shapes that

have sides that are parallel,
vertical or horizontal.
Students may need to be reminded to always use a ruler when drawing

straight lines.
To draw a 2-D shape with parallel lines students can use their rulers to
measure equal distances between lines. For perpendicular lines, remind
students they are drawing a square corner, (i.e. a 90 degree angle). A
simple index card can be used to draw perpendicular lines, (right
angles), to compare side lengths and to draw straight lines.
This can be modelled on the overhead or whiteboard.
238
Resources/Notes
Paper and Pencil
Math Focus 5
Provide student with a variety of 2-D shapes.

1. Have them identify the following lines using color;
5SS5 (5.9)
For example, color parallel lines red, intersecting line blue,

perpendicular lines green, etc.
2. Explain why their choices.
TR pp. 13 - 17
(5SS5.3, 5SS5.9)
Draw separate 2-D figures for each of the following:

a. one set of parallel sides,

Lines and Faces
b. two sets of parallel sides,

c. no parallel sides
5SS5 (5.9)
d. adjacent sides perpendicular
TR pp. 18 - 21
e. adjacent sides perpendicular

f. vertical and horizontal lines
(5SS5.6)
Journal
Have students create a Who Am I math journal entry. The
students describes a 2-D by its attributes and challenges other
students to identify the shape being described.
Note: When reviewing student journal entries notice the extent to
which students used the vocabulary to explain the task
(5SS5.9)
239

Outcomes

5SS5 Continued
5SS5.8 Describe the faces and

edges of a given 3-D object,
using terms such as parallel,
Hold up a cereal box (rectangular prism). Have students identify the

faces and edges. Lead discussion that will have students describe edges
and faces in terms of parallel, intersecting, perpendicular, vertical and
horizontal. Record student responses on a chart for future reference.
5SS5.7 Draw 3-D objects

that have edges and faces
that are parallel, intersecting,
perpendicular, vertical or
horizontal.
Activities related to 3-D may focus on but are not limited to rectangular
and triangular prisms which were explored in grade four. Teachers may
include pyramids to let students see that not all solids have parallel
sides. This activity can include other prisms, for example, hexagonal or
octagonal.
Have students work in pairs. One student chooses a geometric solid and
describes it according to its attributes. The second student then tries to
identify the solid. Once the solid is identified, students switch roles.
Prisms, by definition, have two congruent parallel faces made of

polygons called bases with lines joining corresponding points on the two
bases. These lines are always parallel and are called edges.
Drawing 3-D shapes:
This activity will be new to students and may need to be addressed as a
separate mini lesson.
240
Resources/Notes
Paper and Pencil

Have a variety of 3-D objects for students to use and drawing
templates to record their findings. In a set of prisms have students
shade in:
a.
set of parallel faces
b.
set of perpendicular faces
c.
set of intersecting faces
Math Focus 5
5SS5 (5.9)
TR pp. 13 - 17
In a set of prisms have students color:

a.
horizontal lines red
b.
vertical lines blue
c.
set of parallel lines yellow

Lines and Faces
d.
set of interesting lines green
5SS5 (5.9)
e.
set of perpendicular lines orange
TR pp. 18 - 21
Ask them to explain their reasoning, orally or in writing.

(5SS5.1, 5SS5.8)
Using a display of geometric solids as a guide, have students draw a
3-D object such as a rectangular and triangular prisms.
(5SS5.7)
Performance
Have students create a glossary (in comic strip/dictionary) to define
these words: parallel, intersecting, perpendicular, vertical, and
horizontal. (Using 2-D and 3-D objects).
(Students will need more practice

drawing than text references)
Work with students to establish criteria for a good glossary, such as

clear definition using mathematical language, examples from the real
world and accurate illustrations.
Journal
Have students work in pairs. One student select a geometric solid.
The other student tries to identify the solid by asking yes or no
questions. Once the solid is identified, they switch roles.
Have students use their math journals to record their reflections by
answering the following guiding questions
- How well did you and your partner work together?
- What did you enjoy about this activity?
- What were the difficulties?
- How does working with partners help learning?
- Were you usually successful in identifying the solid? Why or why
not?
241

Outcomes

5SS5 Continued
5SS5.4 Provide examples from the

environment that show parallel,
vertical and horizontal line
segments.
To provide examples from the environment that show parallel,

intersecting, perpendicular, vertical and horizontal line segments,
consider going on a walk to explore the different shapes and lines
around your community. It is important that students record their
observations.
5SS5.5 Find examples of edges,

faces and sides that are parallel,
vertical and horizontal in print
and electronic media such as
newspapers, magazines and the
Internet.
Provide students with magazines, newspapers, photographs and

pre-selected internet sites and have them find parallel, intersecting,
perpendicular, and vertical and horizontal lines. Using a chart with each
of the concepts as a heading may simplify the activity
5SS5.2 Identify that

perpendicular lines meet to form
90 degree angles.
This indicator will be addressed as part of the study of perpendicular

lines in SS1.3. Students have not being formally introduced to angles in
previous grades. Measuring angles with a protractor will be addressed in
grade six.
242
Resources/Notes
Math Focus 5
Ask students to share examples of each type of line that they may see
in their environment.
(5SS5.4)
Lesson 3: Finding Lines and Faces

in the Media
5SS5 (5.4, 5.5)
Ask: Given sets of pairs of lines have students indicate which of the
lines below intersect at 90 degrees?
(5SS5.2)
Performance
TR pp. 22 - 24
No reference in the text to this

indicator (5SS5.2)
You could integrate technology here by having students prepare

a Power Point slideshow using photographs of shapes and lines
observed around their community.
(5SS5.4)
Math Game:
Students can create a collage of 3-D and 2-D objects with parallel,
intersecting, perpendicular, vertical and horizontal edges, faces and
sides.
(5SS5.5)
TR pp. 25 - 26
Shape Eliminator
Again, students could use Power Point to present a slideshow of

items found on the internet to display each of the examples listed in
the indicator.
(5SS5.5)
Journal
Use the following writing prompt for a journal entry: Shapes and
Lines in my World.
(5SS5.4)
243

Outcomes

5SS6 Identify and sort
quadrilaterals, including:
rectangles
squares
trapezoids
Quadrilaterals are four-sided polygons. Although rectangles are the

most common quadrilaterals that you see in everyday life, students
will soon discover that there are many classes of quadrilaterals.
The quadrilateral family includes squares, rectangles, rhombuses,
parallelograms, kites, and trapezoids, along with other four sided regular
and non-regular shapes.
parallelograms
rhombuses
(C, R, V)
5SS6.1 Identify and describe the

characteristics of a pre-sorted set of
quadrilaterals.
Some quadrilaterals do not fit into any of the above listed classifications.
E.g.,
244
Resources/Notes
Math Focus 5
Draw various quadrilaterals, one on each sticky label. Place one label
on the back of a student, with the student facing you. Present the
following problem to the student.
Lesson 4: Sorting Quadrilaterals
Problem: Identify the shape on your back by asking the teacher four
attribute questions about the shape.
5SS5 (5.3, 5.6, 5.9)

5SS6 (6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4)
TR pp. 31 - 35
The questions must have a yes or no answer.

There are four possible answers to a question:
yes
no

I dont understand. Please ask it another way.
I dont know how to answer that.
Teachers would determine the number of questions needed to verify

the students understanding.
(5SS6.1, 5SS6.3, 5SS6.4)
Performance
The above activity could be conducted as a class activity with groups
of students. Each student has a shape on his back and asks several
students a question to determine the shape.(5SS6.1, 5SS6.3, 5SS6.4)
Teaching Student-Centered
Mathematics
Grades 3 - 5
John A Van De Walle; Louanne H.
Lovin
245

Outcomes

SS6 Continued
The Mystery Definition Approach (Van de Walle).
Use the overhead or chalkboard to conduct the following activity.
5SS6.1 Continued
Students are presented with the following diagram:
Students are asked to identify a property that is characteristic of all

members of the first set, but not characteristic of any members of
the second set.. Once they have identified the property (i.e. all sides
are equal) they must selects shapes from the third set that have that
characteristic. Rather than verbalize the choice of shapes in the third set,
students should write an explanation for their choice.
Variations of the Mystery Definition activity may include any of the
following:
All of these have something in common
(all four sides equal)
(all angles perpendicular)
(opposites sides equal)
(one pair of opposite sides parallel)
(adjacent sides equal)
(Four right angles, opposite sides equal) etc.
None of these have it.
Various non-examples
Which of these have it?
Various examples
Continued
246
Resources/Notes
Paper and Pencil
Math Focus 5
Provide the students with a template for the Frayer Model and
have them fill in the sections individually to demonstrate their
understanding of a geometric concept such a rhombus.
(5SS6.1)
Lesson 4 (Continued): Sorting

Quadrilaterals
See the sample below:
5SS5 (5.3, 5.6, 5.9)

5SS6 (6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4)
TR pp. 31 - 35
Math Game:
TR pp. 25 - 26
Shape Eliminator
Teaching Student Centered
Mathematics
Grades 3 - 5
John A Van De Walle; Louanne H.
Lovin
247

Outcomes

SS6 Continued
5
5SS6.1 Continued
The value of the Mystery Definition Approach is that students develop

their own definitions based on their own experiences. The official
or formal definition can be presented after students have developed
a conceptual understanding of the quadrilateral property(s) being
explored.
5SS6.2 Sort a given set of

quadrilaterals, and explain the
sorting rule
Provide students with a set of quadrilaterals. Sort them into groups and
describe their sorting rule. Have them sort the shapes a different way
and describe their sorting rule.

quadrilaterals according to the
lengths of the sides.
Provide students with an assortment of quadrilaterals, have them sort

them according to different categories of properties such as:
Opposite sides equal;
All sides equal;
No sides equal;
Label each group according to the common attributes.

quadrilaterals according to
whether or not opposite sides are
parallel.
Provide students with an assortment of quadrilaterals, have them sort

them according to:
two pairs of opposite sides parallel
one pair of opposite sides parallel
no sides parallel.
label each group according to the common attributes.
248
Resources/Notes
Prepare a number of Flash Cards listing quadrilateral properties.
Have students identify the quadrilateral given the properties. Cards
could include such things as:
Math Focus 5
Quadrilaterals
- A 2-D shape with four straight sides of equal length and four rightangles.
5SS5 (5.3, 5.6, 5.9)
- A 2-D shape with four straight sides and four right-angles. One
pair of sides is longer than the other.
TR pp. 31 - 35
5SS6 (6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4)
- A 2-D shape with four straight sides. One pair of sides is parallel
with one side longer than the other.
and so on
(5SS6.1)
Paper and Pencil

What rule did Ray use to sort the shapes above into two groups?
Use the sets below to answer the question.
(5SS6.1)
Student Teacher dialogue

Have a set of quadrilaterals for students to manipulate. Ask them to
sort them and to explain the sorting rule they used. Perform the task
again using a different sorting rule.
(5SS6.2)
249

Outcomes

SS6 Continued
A
5 chievement Indicators:
5SS 6.2 Continued

5SS 6.3 Continued
5SS 6.4 Continued
250
Performance
Given the students \the following sets of quadrilaterals:
Resources/Notes
Math Focus 5
Quadrilaterals
5SS5 (5.3, 5.6, 5.9)
5SS6 (6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4)
TR pp. 31 - 35

Drawing Diagrams
5SS6 (6.2, 6.3, 6.4)
TR pp. 36 - 37
Ask: Write a sorting rule based on the lengths of the sides. (i.e. all
sides equal, opposite sides equal, adjacent sides equal or no sides
equal, etc.).
(5SS6.3)
Students will apply the skills and

concepts learned in the previous
units to solve problems involving
quadrilaterals. Students are
encouraged to draw diagrams to
solve the problems.
Given the students the following sets of quadrilaterals:

Ask: Write a sorting rule based whether or not opposite sides are
parallel.
(5SS6.4)
251
APPENDIX A
Appendix A
Outcomes by Strand
(with page references)
253
APPENDIX A
[C]
[CN]
[ME]

Communication
Connections
[R] Reasoning
and Estimation
[V] Visualization
Strand: Number
Specific Outcomes
It is expected that students will:
General Outcome: Develop number sense

The following set of indicators help determine whether students have met
the corresponding specific outcome:
5N1 Represent and describe whole

[C, CN, V, T]
p. 34, 40
5N1.1 Write a given numeral, using proper spacing without commas; e.g., 934 567.
5N1.2 Write a given numeral to 1 000 000 in words.
5N1. 3 Describe the pattern of adjacent place positions moving from right to left.
5N1.4 Describe the meaning of each digit in a given numeral.
5N1.5 Provide examples of large numbers used in print or electronic media.
5N1.6 Express a given numeral in expanded notation; e.g., 45 321 = (4 10 000) +
(5 1000) + (3 100) + (2 10) + (1 1) or 40 000 + 5000 + 300 + 20 + 1.
5N1.7 Write the numeral represented by a given expanded notation.

including:
front-end rounding
compensation
compatible numbers
pp. 40, 52, 62, 70, 124, 210
5N2.1 Provide a context for when estimation is used to:

make predictions
check the reasonableness of an answer
determine approximate answers.
5N2.2 Describe contexts in which overestimating is important.
5N2.3 Determine the approximate solution to a given problem not requiring an exact
answer.
5N2.4 Estimate a sum or product, using compatible numbers.
5N2.5 Estimate the solution to a given problem, using compensation, and explain
the reason for compensation.
5N2.6 Select and use an estimation strategy for a given problem.
5N2.7 Apply front-end rounding to estimate:
sums; e.g., 253 + 615 is more than 200 + 600 = 800
differences; e.g., 974 250 is close to 900 200 = 700
products; e.g., the product of 23 24 is greater than 20 20 (400) and less
than 25 25 (625)
quotients; e.g., the quotient of 831 4 is greater than 800 4 (200).
254
APPENDIX A
[C]
[CN]
[ME]

Communication
Connections
[R] Reasoning
and Estimation
[V] Visualization
Strand: Number
Specific Outcomes


such as:
fact
halving
facts.
[C, CN, ME, R, V]
p. 114, 204
5N3.1 Describe the mental mathematics strategy used to determine a given basic
fact, such as:
skip count up by one or two groups from a known fact; e.g., if 5 7 = 35,
then 6 7 is equal to 35 + 7 and 7 7 is equal to 35 + 7 + 7
skip count down by one or two groups from a known fact; e.g., if
8 8 = 64, then 7 8 is equal to 64 8 and 6 8 is equal to 64 8 8
doubling; e.g., for 8 3 think 4 3 = 12, and 8 3 = 12 + 12
patterns when multiplying by 9; The sum of the two digits in the product is
always 9. E.g. for 7 x 9, think: 1less than 7 is 6, 6 and 3 make 9, so the answer
is 63.
repeated doubling; e.g., if 2 6 is equal to 12, then 4 6 is equal to 24 and
8 6 is equal to 48
repeated halving; e.g., for 60 4, think 60 2 = 30 and 30 2 = 15.
5N3.2 Explain why multiplying by zero produces a product of zero.
5N3.3 Explain why division by zero is not possible or is undefined; e.g., 8 0.
5N3.4 Determine, with confidence, answers to multiplication facts to 81and related
division facts.
5N4.1 Determine the products when one factor is a multiple of 10, 100 or 1000 by
annexing zero or adding zeros; e.g., for 3 200 think 3 2 and then add two
zeros.
as:
5N4.2 Apply halving and doubling when determining a given product; e.g., 32 5 is
the same as 16 10.
using the distributive property.
5N4.3 Apply the distributive property to determine a given product involving
[C, ME, R]
multiplying factors that are close to multiples of 10;
p. 120
e.g., 98 7 = (100 7) (2 7).
(2 digit by 2-digit) to solve
problems.
[C, CN, PS, V]
p. 128
5N5.1 Illustrate partial products in expanded notation for both factors; e.g., for
36 42, determine the partial products for (30 + 6) (40 + 2).
5N5.2 Represent both 2-digit factors in expanded notation to illustrate the
distributive property; e.g., to determine the partial products of 36 42,
(30 + 6) (40 + 2) = 30 40 + 30 2 + 6 40 + 6 2 =
1200 + 60 + 240 + 12 = 1512.
5N5.3 Model the steps for multiplying 2-digit factors, using an array and base ten
blocks, and record the process symbolically.
5N5.4 Describe a solution procedure for determining the product of two given
2-digit factors, using a pictorial representation such as an area model.
5N5.5 Solve a given multiplication problem in context, using personal strategies, and
record the process.
5N5.6 Refine personal strategies to increase their efficiency.
5N5.7 Create and solve a multiplication problem, and record the process.
255
APPENDIX A
[C]
[CN]
[ME]

Communication
Connections
[R] Reasoning
and Estimation
[V] Visualization
Strand: Number
Specific Outcomes


(3-digit by 1-digit), and interpret
pp. 208, 214
5N6.1 Model the division process as equal sharing, using base ten blocks, and record
it symbolically.
5N6.2 Explain that the interpretation of a remainder depends on the context:
ignore the remainder; e.g., making teams of 4 from 22 people
round up the quotient; e.g., the number of five passenger cars required to
transport 13 people
express remainders as fractions; e.g., five apples shared by two people
express remainders as decimals; e.g., measurement and money.
5N6.3 Solve a given division problem in context, using personal strategies, and
record the process.
5N6.4 Refine personal strategies to increase their efficiency.
5N6.5 Create and solve a division problem, and record the process.
5N7 Demonstrate an understanding

of fractions by using concrete,
pictorial and symbolic
representations to:
create sets of equivalent fractions
compare fractions with like and
unlike denominators.
[C, CN, PS, R, V]
p. 156
5N7.1 Create a set of equivalent fractions; and explain, using concrete materials, why
there are many equivalent fractions for any given fraction.
5N7.2 Model and explain that equivalent fractions represent the same quantity.
5N7.3 Determine if two given fractions are equivalent, using concrete materials or
pictorial representations.
5N7.4 Formulate and verify a rule for developing a set of equivalent fractions.
5N7.5 Identify equivalent fractions for a given fraction.
5N7.6 Compare two given fractions with unlike denominators by creating equivalent
fractions.
5N7.7 Position a given set of fractions with like and unlike denominators on a
number line (horizontal or vertical), and explain strategies used to determine
the order.
5N8 Describe and represent decimals

(tenths, hundredths, thousandths)
symbolically.
[C, CN, R, V]
pp. 42, 50
5N8.1 Write the decimal for a given concrete or pictorial representation of part of a
set, part of a region or part of a unit of measure.
5N8.2 Represent a given decimal, using concrete materials or a pictorial
representation.
5N8.3 Represent an equivalent tenth, hundredth or thousandth for a given decimal,
using a grid.
5N8.4 Express a given tenth as an equivalent hundredth and thousandth.
5N8.5 Express a given hundredth as an equivalent thousandth.
5N8.6 Describe the value of each digit in a given decimal.
256
APPENDIX A
[C]
[CN]
[ME]

Communication
Connections
[R] Reasoning
and Estimation
[V] Visualization
Strand: Number
Specific Outcomes


thousandths).
[CN, R, V]
pp. 48, 168, 174
5N9.1 Write a given decimal in fractional form.

5N9.2 Write a given fraction with a denominator of 10, 100 or 1000 as a decimal.
5N9.3 Express a given pictorial or concrete representation as a fraction or decimal;
e.g., 250 shaded squares on a thousandth grid can be expressed as 0.250 or
250 .
1000
5N10 Compare and order decimals (to

thousandths) by using:
benchmarks
place value
[ CN, R, V]
pp. 52, 172
5N10.1 Order a given set of decimals by placing them on a number line (vertical or
horizontal) that contains the benchmarks 0.0, 0.5 and 1.0.
5N10.2 Order a given set of decimals including only tenths, using place value.
5N10.3 Order a given set of decimals including only hundredths, using place value.
5N10.4 Order a given set of decimals including only thousandths, using place value.
5N10.5 Explain what is the same and what is different about 0.2, 0.20 and 0.200.
5N10.6 Order a given set of decimals including tenths, hundredths and thousandths,
using equivalent decimals; e.g., 0.92, 0.7, 0.9, 0.876, 0.925 in order is: 0.700,
0.876, 0.900, 0.920, 0.925
5N11 Demonstrate an understanding

of addition and subtraction of
decimals (limited to thousandths).
[C, CN, PS, R, V]
pp. 68, 70
5N11.1 Place the decimal point in a sum or difference, using front-end estimation;
e.g., for 6.3 + 0.25 + 306.158, think 6 + 306, so the sum is greater than 312.
5N11.2 Correct errors of decimal point placements in sums and differences without
using paper and pencil.
5N11.3 Explain why keeping track of place value positions is important when
adding and subtracting decimals.
5N11.4 Predict sums and differences of decimals, using estimation strategies.
5N11.5 Create and solve problems that involve addition and subtraction of decimals,
limited to thousandths.
257
APPENDIX A
[C]
[CN]
[ME]

Communication
Connections
[R] Reasoning
and Estimation
[V] Visualization
Strand: Patterns and Relations

(Patterns)
Specific Outcomes
General Outcome: Use patterns to describe the world and to solve

problems.
5PR1 Determine the pattern rule

to make predictions about
[C, CN, PS, R, V]
p. 138
5PR1.1 Extend a given pattern with and without concrete materials, and explain how
each element differs from the preceding one.
5PR1.2 Describe, orally or in writing, a given pattern, using mathematical language,
such as one more, one less, five more.
5PR1.3 Write a mathematical expression to represent a given pattern, such as:
r + 1, r 1, r + 5.
5PR1.4 Describe the relationship in a given table or chart, using a mathematical
expression.
5PR1.5 Determine and explain why a given number is or is not the next element in
a pattern.
5PR1.6 Predict subsequent elements in a given pattern.
5PR1.7 Solve a given problem by using a pattern rule to determine subsequent
elements.
5PR1.8 Represent a given pattern visually to verify predictions.
258
APPENDIX A
[C]
[CN]
[ME]

Strand: Patterns and Relations
(Variables and Equations)
Specific Outcomes
5PR2 Solve problems involving singlevariable, one-step equations with

whole number coefficients and
whole number solutions.
[C, CN, PS, R]
p. 148
Communication
Connections
[R] Reasoning
and Estimation
[V] Visualization
General Outcome: Represent algebraic expressions in multiple ways.

5PR2.1 Express a given problem as an equation where the unknown is represented by
a letter variable.
5PR2.2 Solve a given single-variable equation with the unknown in any of the terms;
e.g., n + 2 = 5, 4 + a = 7, 6 = r 2, 10 = 2c.
5PR2.3 Identify the unknown in a problem; represent the problem with an equation;
and solve the problem concretely, pictorially or symbolically.
5PR2.4 Create a problem for a given equation.
259
APPENDIX A
[C]
[CN]
[ME]

Communication
Connections
[R] Reasoning
and Estimation
[V] Visualization

Specific Outcomes
General Outcome: Use direct or indirect measurement to solve problems.

5SS1 Design and construct different

rectangles, given either perimeter
or area, or both (whole numbers),
and draw conclusions.
[C, CN, PS, R, V]
p. 186
5SS1.1 Construct or draw two or more rectangles for a given perimeter in a problemsolving context.
5SS1.2 Construct or draw two or more rectangles for a given area in a problemsolving context.
5SS1.3 Illustrate that for any given perimeter, the square or shape closest to a square
will result in the greatest area.
5SS1.4 Illustrate that for any given perimeter, the rectangle with the smallest possible
width will result in the least area.
5SS1.5Provide a real-life context for when it is important to consider the relationship
between area and perimeter.
5SS2 Demonstrate an understanding of

measuring length (mm and km)
by:
selecting and justifying referents
for the unit mm
modelling and describing the
relationship between mm and cm
units, and between mm and m
units.
for the unit km.
modelling and describing the
relationship between m and km
units.
p. 180
5SS2.1 Provide a referent for one millimetre, and explain the choice.

volume by:
for cm3 or m3 units
estimating volume, using referents for cm3 or m3
measuring and recording volume
(cm3 or m3 )
constructing right rectangular
prisms for a given volume.
p. 190
5SS3.1 Identify the cube as the most efficient unit for measuring volume, and
explain why.
260
5SS2.2 Provide a referent for one centimetre, and explain the choice.
5SS2.3 Provide a referent for one metre, and explain the choice.
5SS2.4 Provide a referent for one kilometre, and explain the choice.
5SS2.5 Show that 10 millimetres is equivalent to 1 centimetre, using concrete
materials; e.g., a ruler.
5SS2.6 Show that 1000 millimetres is equivalent to 1 metre, using concrete
materials; e.g., a metre stick.
5SS2.7 Know that 1000 metres is equivalent to 1 kilometre.
5SS2.8 Provide examples of when millimetres are used as the unit of measure.
5SS2.9 Provide examples of when kilometres are used as the unit of measure.
5SS2.10 Relate millimetres, centimetres, metres and kilometres.
5SS3.2 Provide a referent for a cubic centimetre, and explain the choice.
5SS3.3 Provide a referent for a cubic metre, and explain the choice.
5SS3.4 Determine which standard cubic unit is represented by a given referent.
5SS3.5 Estimate the volume of a given 3-D object, using personal referents.
5SS3.6 Determine the volume of a given 3-D object, using manipulatives, and
explain the strategy.
5SS3.7 Construct a right rectangular prism for a given volume.
5SS3.8 Explain that many rectangular prisms are possible for a given volume by
constructing more than one right rectangular prism for the same given
volume.
APPENDIX A
[C]
[CN]
[ME]

Communication
Connections
[R] Reasoning
and Estimation
[V] Visualization
Strand: Shape and Space

(Measurement)
Specific Outcomes
General Outcome: Use direct or indirect measurement to solve

problems.

capacity by:
between mL and L
for mL or L units
capacity (mL or L).
p. 196
5SS4.1 Demonstrate that 1000 millilitres is equivalent to 1 litre by filling a 1 litre

container using a combination of smaller containers.
5SS4.2 Relate mL and L in problem solving situations.
5SS4.3 Provide a referent for a litre, and explain the choice.
5SS4.4 Provide a referent for a millilitre, and explain the choice.
5SS4.5 Determine which capacity unit is represented by a given referent.
5SS4.6 Estimate the capacity of a given container, using personal referents.
5SS4.7 Determine the capacity of a given container, using materials that take the
shape of the inside of the container (e.g., a liquid, rice, sand, beads), and
explain the strategy.
261
APPENDIX A
[C]
[CN]
[ME]

Communication
Connections
[R] Reasoning
and Estimation
[V] Visualization

General Outcome: Describe the characteristics of 3-D objects and 2-D
(3-D Objects and 2-D Shapes)
shapes, and analyze the relationships among them.
Specific Outcomes
It is expected that students will: The following set of indicators help determine whether students have met
5SS5 Describe and provide examples
of edges and faces of 3-D objects,
and sides of 2-D shapes that are:
parallel
intersecting
perpendicular
vertical
horizontal.
[C, CN, R, T, V]
p. 234
5SS5.1 Identify parallel, intersecting, perpendicular, vertical and horizontal edges and
faces on 3-D objects.
5SS5.2 Identify that perpendicular lines meet to form 90 degree angles.
5SS5.3 Identify parallel, intersecting, perpendicular, vertical and horizontal sides on
2-D shapes.
5SS5.4 Provide examples from the environment that show parallel, intersecting,
perpendicular, vertical and horizontal line segments.
5SS5.5 Find examples of edges, faces and sides that are parallel, intersecting,
perpendicular, vertical and horizontal in print and electronic media, such as
newspapers, magazines and the Internet.
5SS5.6 Draw 2-D shapes that have sides that are parallel, intersecting, perpendicular,
5SS5.7 Draw 3-D objects that have edges and faces that are parallel, intersecting,
perpendicular, vertical or horizontal.
5SS5.8 Describe the faces and edges of a given 3-D object, using terms such as
parallel, intersecting, perpendicular, vertical or horizontal.
5SS5.9 Describe the sides of a given 2-D shape, using terms such as parallel,
intersecting, perpendicular, vertical or horizontal.
5SS6 Identify and sort quadrilaterals,

including:
rectangles
squares
trapezoids
parallelograms
rhombuses (or rhombi)
[C, R, V]
p. 244
262
5SS6.1 Identify and describe the characteristics of a pre-sorted set of quadrilaterals.

5SS6.2 Sort a given set of quadrilaterals, and explain the sorting rule.
5SS6.3 Sort a given set of quadrilaterals according to the lengths of the sides.
5SS6.4 Sort a given set of quadrilaterals according to whether or not opposite sides
are parallel.
APPENDIX A
[C]
[CN]
[ME]

Communication
Connections
[R] Reasoning
and Estimation
[V] Visualization

(Transformations)
Specific Outcomes
General Outcome: Describe and analyze position and motion of

objects and shapes.
5SS7 Perform a single transformation

(translation, rotation or reflection)
of a 2-D shape, and draw and
describe the image.
[C, CN, T, V]
pp. 100, 102, 104
5SS7.1 Translate a given 2-D shape horizontally, vertically or diagonally, and draw
and describe the position and orientation of the image.
5SS7.2 Rotate a given 2-D shape about a vertex, and describe the direction of
rotation (clockwise or counter clockwise) and the fraction of the turn (limited
to 1 , 1 , 3 or full turn).
4
5SS7.3 Reflect a given 2-D shape in a line of reflection, and describe the position and
orientation of the image.
5SS7.4 Draw a 2-D shape, translate the shape, and record the translation by
describing the direction and magnitude of the movement.
5SS7.5 Draw a 2-D shape, rotate the shape about a vertex, and describe the direction
of the turn (clockwise or counter clockwise), the fraction of the turn (limited
to 1 , 1 , 3 or full turn) and point of rotation.
4
5SS7.6 Draw a 2-D shape, reflect the shape, and identify the line of reflection and
the distance of the image from the line of reflection.
5SS7.7 Predict the result of a single transformation of a 2-D shape, and verify the
prediction.
5SS8 Identify and describe a single
transformation, including a
translation, rotation and reflection
of 2-D shapes.
[C, T, V]
pp. 100, 102, 108
5SS8.1 Provide an example of a translation about a vertex, a rotation and a reflection.

5SS8.2 Identify a given single transformation as a translation, rotation or reflection.
5SS8.3 Describe a given rotation about a vertex by the direction of the turn
(clockwise or counter clockwise).
5SS8.4 Describe a given reflection by identifying the line of reflection and the
distance of the image from the line of reflection.
5SS8.5 Describe a given translation by identifying the direction and magnitude of
the movement.
263
APPENDIX A
[C]
[CN]
[ME]

Communication
Connections
[R] Reasoning
and Estimation
[V] Visualization
Strand: Statistics and Probability General Outcome: Collect, display and analyze data to solve problems.
(Data Analysis)
Specific Outcomes
5SP1 Differentiate between first-hand
and second-hand data.
[C, R, T, V]
p. 86
5SP1.1 Explain the difference between first-hand and second-hand data.

5SP1.2 Formulate a question that can best be answered using first-hand data, and
explain why.
5SP1.3 Formulate a question that can best be answered using second-hand data, and
explain why.
5SP1.4 Find examples of second-hand data in print and electronic media, such as
newspapers, magazines and the Internet.
5SP2 Construct and interpret double

bar graphs to draw conclusions.
[C, PS, R, T, V]
p. 90
5SP2.1 Determine the attributes (title, axes, intervals and legend) of double bar
graphs by comparing a given set of double bar graphs.
5SP2.2 Represent a given set of data by creating a double bar graph, label the title
and axes, and create a legend without the use of technology.
5SP2.3 Draw conclusions from a given double bar graph to answer questions.
5SP2.4 Provide examples of double bar graphs used in a variety of print and
electronic media, such as newspapers, magazines and the Internet.
5SP2.5 Solve a given problem by constructing and interpreting a double bar graph.
5SP3 Describe the likelihood of a single

outcome occurring, using words
such as:
impossible
possible
certain.
[C, CN, PS, R]
p. 224
5SP3.1 Provide examples of events, from personal contexts, that are impossible,
possible or certain.
5SP4 Compare the likelihood of two

possible outcomes occurring, using
words such as:
less likely
equally likely
more likely.
[C, CN, PS, R]
p. 228
5SP4.1 Identify outcomes from a given probability experiment that are less likely,
equally likely or more likely to occur than other outcomes.
264
5SP3.2 Classify the likelihood of a single outcome occurring in a probability

experiment as impossible, possible or certain.
5SP3.3 Design and conduct a probability experiment in which the likelihood of a
single outcome occurring is impossible, possible or certain.
5SP3.4 Conduct a given probability experiment a number of times, record the
outcomes, and explain the results.
5SP4.2 Design and conduct a probability experiment in which one outcome is less
likely to occur than the other outcome.
5SP4.3 Design and conduct a probability experiment in which one outcome is
equally likely to occur as the other outcome.
5SP4.4 Design and conduct a probability experiment in which one outcome is more
likely to occur than the other outcome.
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
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American Association for the Advancement of Science [AAAS-Benchmarks]. Benchmark for Science Literacy.
New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1993.
Banks, J.A. and C.A.M. Banks. Multicultural Education: Issues and Perspectives. Boston: Allyn and Bacon,
1993.
Black, Paul and Dylan Wiliam. Inside the Black Box: Raising Standards Through Classroom Assessment.
Phi Delta Kappan, 20, October 1998, pp.139-148.
British Columbia. Ministry of Education. The Primary Program: A Framework for Teaching, 2000.
Burns, M. (2000). About teaching mathematics: A K-8 resource. Sausalito, CA: Math Solutions Publications
Caine, Renate Numella and Geoffrey Caine. Making Connections: Teaching and the Human Brain. Menlo
Park, CA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1991.
Computation, Calculators, and Common Sense. May 2005, NCTM.
Davies, Anne. Making Classroom Assessment Work. British Columbia: Classroom Connections International,
Inc., 2000.
Hope, Jack A. et.al. Mental Math in the Primary Grades (p. v). Dale Seymour Publications, 1988.
National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM). Curriculum Focal Points for Prekindergarten
through Grade 8: A Quest for Coherence. Reston, VA: NCTM, 2006.
National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. Principals and Standards for School Mathematics. Reston, VA:
The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, 2000.
OECD Centre for Educational Research and Innovation. Formative Assessment: Improving Learning in Secondary Classrooms. Paris, France: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
Publishing, 2006.
Proulx, Jerome. Making the Transition to Algebraic Thinking: Taking Students Arithmetic Modes of Reasoning into Account. Selta-K44, 1(2006)
Richardson, K.. Developing number concepts addition and subtraction book 2. Pearson Education, Inc. 1999
Richardson, K. Counting comparing and pattern. Pearson Education, Inc. 1999
Rubenstein, Rheta N. Mental Mathematics beyond the Middle School: Why? What? How? September 2001,
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Shaw, J.M. and Cliatt, M.F.P. (1989). Developing Measurement Sense. In P.R. Trafton (Ed.), New Direc-
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Small, M. (2008). Making math meaningful to canadian students, K-8. Toronto, Ontario: Nelson Education
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Mathematics

Purpose of the Document.........................................2

Conceptual Framework for K9 Mathematics.................................................4

General and Specific Outcomes..............................................................................16

Appendix A: Outcomes with Achievement Indicators (Strand)....253

GRADE 5 MATHEMATICS CURRICULUM GUIDE - INTERIM

GRADE 5 MATHEMATICS CURRICULUM GUIDE - INTERIM

GRADE 5 MATHEMATICS CURRICULUM GUIDE - INTERIM

GRADE 5 MATHEMATICS CURRICULUM GUIDE - INTERIM

GRADE 5 MATHEMATICS CURRICULUM GUIDE - INTERIM

The province of Newfoundland and Labrador commissioned an

All teachers assigned to these grades will receive professional development

GRADE 5 MATHEMATICS CURRICULUM GUIDE - INTERIM

The Mathematics Curriculum Guides for Newfoundland and Labrador

Students are curious, active learners with individual interests, abilities

GRADE 5 MATHEMATICS CURRICULUM GUIDE - INTERIM

A positive attitude is an important aspect of the affective domain and

Curiosity about mathematics

Young children are naturally curious and develop a variety of

GRADE 5 MATHEMATICS CURRICULUM GUIDE - INTERIM

The main goals of mathematics education are to prepare students to:

become mathematically literate adults, using mathematics to

The chart below provides an overview of how mathematical processes

GRADE 5 MATHEMATICS CURRICULUM GUIDE - INTERIM

There are critical components that students must encounter in a

communicate in order to learn and express their understanding

connect mathematical ideas to other concepts in mathematics, to

demonstrate fluency with mental mathematics and estimation

Students must be able to

Students need opportunities to read about, represent, view, write about,

GRADE 5 MATHEMATICS CURRICULUM GUIDE - INTERIM

Contextualization and making connections to the experiences

Mental Mathematics and

Mental mathematics is a combination of cognitive strategies that

Mental mathematics and

Even more important than performing computational procedures or

GRADE 5 MATHEMATICS CURRICULUM GUIDE - INTERIM

Problem Solving [PS]

Learning through problem

Learning through problem solving should be the focus of mathematics

Mathematical reasoning helps students think logically and make sense

GRADE 5 MATHEMATICS CURRICULUM GUIDE - INTERIM

Technology contributes to the learning of a wide range of mathematical

Visualization involves thinking in pictures and images, and the ability

GRADE 5 MATHEMATICS CURRICULUM GUIDE - INTERIM

Mathematics is one way of trying to understand, interpret and describe

Change is an integral part

It is important for students to understand that mathematics is dynamic

Constancy is described by the

Different aspects of constancy are described by the terms stability,

GRADE 5 MATHEMATICS CURRICULUM GUIDE - INTERIM

An intuition about number

Number sense, which can be thought of as intuition about numbers,

Mathematics is about recognizing, describing and working with

GRADE 5 MATHEMATICS CURRICULUM GUIDE - INTERIM

Spatial sense offers a way to

Mathematics is one way to describe interconnectedness in a holistic

Spatial sense involves visualization, mental imagery and spatial

In mathematics, interpretations of data and the predictions made from