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    PYC 1501 Basic Psychology - Emotions

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    This document provides an overview of emotions and emotional intelligence. It defines emotions as feelings clearly linked to a situation that involve physiological arousal, cognitive processes, and observable expressions. Emotions depend on factors like gender, age, culture, and the situation. Theories of emotion propose that emotions result from an interaction between arousal and appraisal/labeling of the situation. Emotions are classified based on whether they are primary or secondary, positive or negative, their intensity, and whether they are internal or expressed. Cultural and contextual factors also influence the interpretation of emotions. Emotional intelligence refers to managing emotions with intelligence through skills like empathy, self-control, and self-awareness. Emotions and motivation are related as emotions activate and give

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    PYC 1501 Basic Psychology - Emotions

    Uploaded by

    ektha_nankoomar91
    1K views7 pages
    This document provides an overview of emotions and emotional intelligence. It defines emotions as feelings clearly linked to a situation that involve physiological arousal, cognitive processes, and observable expressions. Emotions depend on factors like gender, age, culture, and the situation. Theories of emotion propose that emotions result from an interaction between arousal and appraisal/labeling of the situation. Emotions are classified based on whether they are primary or secondary, positive or negative, their intensity, and whether they are internal or expressed. Cultural and contextual factors also influence the interpretation of emotions. Emotional intelligence refers to managing emotions with intelligence through skills like empathy, self-control, and self-awareness. Emotions and motivation are related as emotions activate and give

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    PYC 1501 NOTES

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    PYC 1501 Basic Psychology- Emotions

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    This document provides an overview of emotions and emotional intelligence. It defines emotions as feelings clearly linked to a situation that involve physiological arousal, cognitive processes, and observable expressions. Emotions depend on factors like gender, age, culture, and the situation. Theories of emotion propose that emotions result from an interaction between arousal and appraisal/labeling of the situation. Emotions are classified based on whether they are primary or secondary, positive or negative, their intensity, and whether they are internal or expressed. Cultural and contextual factors also influence the interpretation of emotions. Emotional intelligence refers to managing emotions with intelligence through skills like empathy, self-control, and self-awareness. Emotions and motivation are related as emotions activate and give

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    1K views7 pages

    PYC 1501 Basic Psychology - Emotions

    Uploaded by

    ektha_nankoomar91
    This document provides an overview of emotions and emotional intelligence. It defines emotions as feelings clearly linked to a situation that involve physiological arousal, cognitive processes, and observable expressions. Emotions depend on factors like gender, age, culture, and the situation. Theories of emotion propose that emotions result from an interaction between arousal and appraisal/labeling of the situation. Emotions are classified based on whether they are primary or secondary, positive or negative, their intensity, and whether they are internal or expressed. Cultural and contextual factors also influence the interpretation of emotions. Emotional intelligence refers to managing emotions with intelligence through skills like empathy, self-control, and self-awareness. Emotions and motivation are related as emotions activate and give

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    of 7

    A-Z of Psychology

    Emotions
    1. Definition of the concept emotion

    Emotions are one type of feeling

    Emotions are:

    a)

    feelings clearly linked to the meaning of

    b)

    a particular situation

    The way people express, describe, define and recognise their emotions depends on
    factors like:

    1.1

    1)

    gender

    2)

    age

    3)

    cultural factors

    4)

    the situation they are in

    Emotion means to move thus and emotion can move us to do something

    E.g. fear can move us to run away etc.

    Definition of emotion =

    a)

    combination of physiological arousal (change in heart rate, blood pressure etc.)

    b)

    combined with

    c)

    perceptual-cognitive processes and (thinking and subjective experience)

    d)

    observable behavioural expressions ( crying or laughing)

    Components of emotion
    These components include: physiological; cognitive-perceptual and behavioural components

    1.1.1 Physiological component


    Regulated by
    automatic nervous
    system

    Restore
    balance &
    help build up
    and conserve
    energy

    Responsible for
    activity of smooth
    muscles, glands and
    blood vessels

    Then parasymphetic
    system counter the
    actions of arousal

    Lead to bodily
    changes to
    survival

    Divided into
    sympathetic &
    parasymphetic systems

    Emotion = arousal
    leads sympathetic
    system to activate
    body for action

    In very intense emotion the effects of sympathetic nervous system can be so strong that it
    can lead to heart attacks or sudden death in older persons or people with heart problems

    Continued effects of sympathetic system can be damaging to the body

    If the parasympathetic system continues its effects it can lead to lower blood pressure,
    dizziness, fainting and even death = this is called parasymphetic rebound

    Connection between arousal and emotion provide basis for things like lie detector tests

    Device does not actually detect lies but rather measures emotional arousal by monitoring
    changes in heart rate, breathing rate, amount of sweat on hands etc.

    1.1.2

    Idea is lying will increase physiological arousal seen in above changes

    Cognitive-perceptual component
    Emotions are very personal and rely on subjective experience (how you as an individual
    interpret the situation)

    Emotions about a specific emotion depends on what the person thinks about the situation

    E.g. driving a car can be pleasurable for some or anxiety provoking for others

    Thus the interpretation about an event influences the emotions we will experience

    1.1.3

    Behavioural component

    Emotions usually expressed in body language or non-verbal behaviour

    Bodily gestures and facial expressions show variety of basic emotions

    Facial expressions like anger, fear, disgust, sadness & happiness is mostly the same
    universally

    But in certain cultures something like sticking out your tongue means disrespect but in
    Chinese culture it is used to express surprise

    So if someone is form another culture you must make sure the expression of emotion is not
    misunderstood

    1.2

    Theories of emotion
    Experience of emotion is result of interaction between physiological arousal
    and psychological arousal

    Psychological arousal = process whereby people


    become aware of
    situations and feelings
    through conscious feeling

    Arousal that involve physiological and psychological aspects = psychophysiological arousal

    Are continuum of physiological arousal = means ones emotions and behaviour

    becomes more intense and change qualitatively as the level of physiological arousal rises
    The meaning one give to a situation (cognitive content) in conjunction with

    physiological arousal determine nature & intensity of emotions


    Several theories to try and explain the interaction between arousal,

    behaviour, cognitions and expressions and feelings:

    1.2.1 Schachters two-factor theory of emotion


    Emotions occur
    when labeling a
    general physical
    arousal

    Depends on 2
    factors:
    automatic arousal
    cognitive

    Thus:
    Stimulation arousal label/appraisal
    emotion/ behaviour
    Example p. 32

    If people do not know


    what causes arousal
    look for other causes in
    environment

    Use environmental
    clues (from happy or
    unhappy) as the cause
    of their arousal

    1.2.2 Cognitive appraisal theory


    NB requirement for
    interpretation =
    meaning attached to
    the stimulus situation
    More NB than
    physiological arousal

    Your interpretation
    (appraisal) of
    situation primary
    cause of emotions

    Process as follows:

    1) Perceive stimulus situation & categorize it to concepts familiar to you (know a lion)
    2) Primary appraisal: based on past experience or knowledge appraise situation as
    threatening or not (lions are dangerous)
    3) Emotion is differentiated: according to appraisal appropriate emotion is chosen (situation
    is threatening emotion will be fear etc.)
    4) Physiological arousal or body changes (shaking knees) accompany or follow the event
    Stimulation primary appraisaldifferentiation of emotionphysiological arousal

    Also ad 2 more steps:


    5) Secondary appraisal: includes consideration of how to act and consequences of
    various courses of action
    6) Coping strategies:

    Direct action = face the situation


    Reappraisal = reconsideration of situation in light of new
    additional info

    1.3

    Classification of emotions
    Following criteria is used to identify & describe various emotions:

    Primary & secondary emotions


    Plutchik says 8 primary emotions: fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger
    anticipation, joy & acceptance
    Combination of primary emotions can lead to others
    Different emotions can combine to give wider & richer spectrum of experience
    Cultural differences must be considered
    Tendency is to distinguish between primary & secondary emotions
    Primary emotions = emotions shared by people throughout the world regardless
    of culture
    Criteria for classification: a) must be evident in all cultures
    must contribute to survival
    must be associated with distinct facial expression
    must be evident in non-human species
    Secondary emotion = found in some cultures but not in all

    Positive and negative emotions


    Emotions can be positive or negative
    Positive usually experienced as pleasurable and rewarding
    Can lead to urge to be creative, to explore and seek new experiences
    Thus positive emotions encourages personal growth & social connection
    Negative emotions usually experienced as unpleasant
    Intense negative emotions involve arousal of sympathetic nervous system prepare
    us to run away in fear or fight in anger
    Prolonged or unresolved physiological arousal can lead to physical or psychological
    illness

    Emotions vary in intensity


    Intensity vary form extreme low intensity to extremely high
    If angry you can feel annoyed or rage the later more intense
    Intensity interacts with physiological arousal & quality of emotion experienced
    On low intensity emotions is neutral not clearly peasant or unpleasant
    High level of arousal emotions is intense and clearly defined as pleasant or
    unpleasant
    Implication is that there can be difference in intensity of primary emotions

    Internal and externally expressed emotions


    Emotions are expressed and recognized in different ways
    Physiological changes are internal expressions of emotions
    Emotions can be externally expressed by words non-verbal communication
    These expressions must be viewed in relation to context they are expressed in

    1.4

    Factors influencing the interpretation of emotions


    Following factors can be identified:

    Gender

    Woman reputation for being more emotional


    Studies show me have same physiological changes they just
    inhibit expression
    Some emotions expected by woman not by men so they
    suppress them
    Men & woman also act differently in same situation
    Also differ in interpretation of non-verbal cues woman more
    skilled
    Explanation for differences is that of emotional sensitivity
    Based on relative power of woman & men
    Evidence that followers are more sensitive to the emotions of
    leaders woman often occupy less powerful positions

    Culture

    Culture influence how we interpret and react to emotions


    Some emotions can be identified regardless of culture because they are
    interpreted the same (primary emotions)
    Also differences how people think and group emotions according to culture
    Non-verbal expression can also be interpreted differently
    Display rules = cultural specific rules that govern how, when and why
    expression of emotions are appropriate

    Context

    Knowledge of context or circumstances is NB for understanding


    & interpreting expressed emotions
    Usually use facial expression, body gestures, tone of voice &
    language to interpret emotions
    If cues are used in isolation can lead to incorrect/ inadequate
    interpretation
    Example p. 39

    2. The concept of emotional intelligence

    Refers to the ability to manage emotions with intelligence

    Includes a combination of skills including empathy, self-control, self awareness,


    sensitivity to feelings, persistence and self-motivation

    Way we approach life Being emotional intelligent means we can express and use our
    emotions wisely and appropriately

    Goldman says people who are emotionally intelligent do well in life

    He also says deficiencies in emotional intelligence increase risk for things like depression,
    aggression and eating disorders etc.

    Solution: teach young people self-awareness, self-control and empathy

    Characteristics of someone with EQ =

    1)

    motivate themselves even in face of frustration

    2)

    control impulses & delay gratification

    3)

    regulate moods

    4)

    Do not allow emotions to interfere with ability to think

    5)

    Recognise emotions in others

    6)

    Display hope

    Someone without EQ:


    A) withdrawal from others
    B)

    anxious and depressed

    C)

    having attention and thinking problems

    D) severe cases result in socially unacceptable behaviour like being


    destructive, moody, stubborn etc.

    3. The relation between emotions & motivation

    Motivation refers to = internal state


    that activates and
    gives direction to

    our thoughts, feelings and actions

    Morris & Maisto (@003) define motive:

    as specific need or desire


    that arouses the organism and
    directs it behaviour towards that goal

    Emotions refers to the experience of feelings such as joy, anger etc.

    Emotions also activate and affect behaviour

    Difficult to predict the kind of behaviour a particular emotion will prompt

    Motive and emotion are closely linked for 3 reasons:

    a)

    motives & emotions activate behaviour

    b)

    motives are often accompanied by emotions

    c)

    emotions have motivational properties

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