Bodies of Knowledge Grades 9-12

Next Generation Science Standart

NGSS Brenchmark Coding Scheme, Science (SC)
SC, grade level, body of knowledge, standar, brenchmark
example: SC.912.N.1.1
Body of knowledge Key:
N-Nature of Science
E- earth and space science
P-physical Science
LLife Science

Body of Knowledge: NATURE OF SCIENCE

Standard 1: The Practice of Science
A. Scientific inquiry is a multifaceted activity; The processes of science include the
formulation of scientifically investigable questions, construction of investigations
into those questions, the collection of appropriate data, the evaluation of the
meaning of those data, and the communication of this evaluation.
B. The processes of science frequently do not correspond to the traditional portrayal of
"the scientific method."
C. Scientific argumentation is a necessary part of scientific inquiry and plays an
important role in the generation and validation of scientific knowledge.
D. Scientific knowledge is based on observation and inference; it is important to
recognize that these are very different things. Not only does science require creativity
in its methods and processes, but also in its questions and explanations. .

Standard 2: The Characteristics of Scientific Knowledge

A. Scientific knowledge is based on empirical evidence, and is appropriate for
understanding the natural world, but it provides only a limited understanding of the
supernatural, aesthetic, or other ways of knowing, such as art, philosophy, or religion.
B. Scientific knowledge is durable and robust, but open to change.
C. Because science is based on empirical evidence it strives for objectivity, but as it is a
human endeavor the processes, methods, and knowledge of science include
subjectivity, as well as creativity and discovery.

Standard 3: The Role of Theories, Laws, Hypotheses, and Models

The terms that describe examples of scientific knowledge, for example: "theory," "law,"
"hypothesis" and "model" have very specific meanings and functions within science.

Standard 4: Science and Society

As tomorrows citizens, students should be able to identify issues about which society could
provide input, formulate scientifically investigable questions about those issues, construct
investigations of their questions, collect and evaluate data from their investigations, and
develop scientific recommendations based upon their findings.

Body of Knowledge: EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE

Standard 5: Earth in Space and Time
The origin and eventual fate of the Universe still remains one of the greatest questions in
science. Gravity and energy influence the development and life cycles of galaxies,
including our own Milky Way Galaxy, stars, the planetary systems, Earth, and residual
material left from the formation of the Solar System. Humankinds need to explore continues
to lead to the development of knowledge and understanding of the nature of the Universe.

Standard 6: Earth Structures

The scientific theory of plate tectonics provides the framework for much of modern geology.
Over geologic time, internal and external sources of energy have continuously altered the
features of Earth by means of both constructive and destructive forces. All life, including
human civilization, is dependent on Earth's internal and external energy and material
resources.

Standard 7: Earth Systems and Patterns

The scientific theory of the evolution of Earth states that changes in our planet are driven by
the flow of energy and the cycling of matter through dynamic interactions among the
atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, geosphere, and biosphere, and the resources used to
sustain human civilization on Earth.

Body of Knowledge: PHYSICAL SCIENCE

Standard 8: Matter
A. A working definition of matter is that it takes up space, has mass, and has measurable
properties. Matter is comprised of atomic, subatomic, and elementary particles.
B. Electrons are key to defining chemical and some physical properties, reactivity, and
molecular structures. Repeating (periodic) patterns of physical and chemical properties
occur among elements that define groups of elements with similar properties. The
periodic table displays the repeating patterns, which are related to the atom's outermost
electrons. Atoms bond with each other to form compounds.
C. In a chemical reaction, one or more reactants are transformed into one or more new
products. Many factors shape the nature of products and the rates of reaction.
D. Carbon-based compounds are building-blocks of known life forms on earth and
numerous useful natural and synthetic products

Standard 10: Energy

A. Energy is involved in all physical and chemical processes. It is conserved, and can be
transformed from one form to another and into work. At the atomic and nuclear levels
energy is not continuous but exists in discrete amounts. Energy and mass are related
through Einstein's equation E=mc2.
B. The properties of atomic nuclei are responsible for energy-related phenomena such as
radioactivity, fission and fusion.
C. Changes in entropy and energy that accompany chemical reactions influence reaction
paths. Chemical reactions result in the release or absorption of energy.
D. The theory of electromagnetism explains that electricity and magnetism are closely
related. Electric charges are the source of electric fields. Moving charges generate
magnetic fields.
E. Waves are the propagation of a disturbance. They transport energy and momentum but
do not transport matter.

Standard 12: Motion

A. Motion can be measured and described qualitatively and quantitatively. Net forces
create a change in motion. When objects travel at speeds comparable to the speed of
light, Einstein's special theory of relativity applies.
B. Momentum is conserved under well-defined conditions. A change in momentum occurs
when a net force is applied to an object over a time interval.
C. The Law of Universal Gravitation states that gravitational forces act on all objects
irrespective of their size and position.

D. Gases consist of great numbers of molecules moving in all directions. The behavior of
gases can be modeled by the kinetic molecular theory.
E. Chemical reaction rates change with conditions under which they occur. Chemical
equilibrium is a dynamic state in which forward and reverse processes occur at the
same rates.

Body of Knowledge: LIFE SCIENCE

Standard 14: Organization and Development of Living Organisms
A. Cells have characteristic structures and functions that make them distinctive.
B. Processes in a cell can be classified broadly as growth, maintenance, reproduction, and
homeostasis.
C. Life can be organized in a functional and structural hierarchy ranging from cells to the
biosphere.
D. Most multicellular organisms are composed of organ systems whose structures reflect
their particular function.

Standard 15: Diversity and Evolution of Living Organisms

A. The scientific theory of evolution is the fundamental concept underlying all of biology.
B. The scientific theory of evolution is supported by multiple forms of scientific evidence.
C. Organisms are classified based on their evolutionary history.
D. Natural selection is a primary mechanism leading to evolutionary change

Standard 16: Heredity and Reproduction

A. DNA stores and transmits genetic information. Genes are sets of instructions encoded
in the structure of DNA.

B. Genetic information is passed from generation to generation by DNA in all organisms

and accounts for similarities in related individuals.
C. Manipulation of DNA in organisms has led to commercial production of biological
molecules on a large scale and genetically modified organisms.
D. Reproduction is characteristic of living things and is essential for the survival of
species.

Standard 17: Interdependence

A. The distribution and abundance of organisms is determined by the interactions between
organisms, and between organisms and the non-living environment.
B. Energy and nutrients move within and between biotic and abiotic components of
ecosystems via physical, chemical and biological processes.
C. Human activities and natural events can have profound effects on populations,
biodiversity and ecosystem processes.

Standard 18: Matter and Energy Transformations

A. All living things are composed of four basic categories of macromolecules and share
the same basic needs for life.
B. Living organisms acquire the energy they need for life processes through various
metabolic pathways (primarily photosynthesis and cellular respiration).
C. Chemical reactions in living things follow basic rules of chemistry and are usually
regulated by enzymes.
D. The unique chemical properties of carbon and water make life on Earth possible.

Task: menganalisis tiap standar dengan standar

kompetensi di SMP/MTs, tiap kelompok membahas ada
tidak di kurikulum kita