SUBJECT AREAS:

OPTICS AND PHOTONICS

OPTICAL MATERIALS
OPTICAL PHYSICS
OPTICAL MATERIALS AND
STRUCTURES

Received
24 September 2012
Accepted
25 September 2012
Published
15 October 2012

Correspondence and
requests for materials
should be addressed to
T.Y. ([email protected].
sg)

Excitation of surface electromagnetic

waves in a graphene-based Bragg
grating
Kandammathe Valiyaveedu Sreekanth1, Shuwen Zeng2,3, Jingzhi Shang1, Ken-Tye Yong2 & Ting Yu1,4
1

Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21
Nanyang Link, Singapore-637371, 2School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University,
Singapore 639798, 3CINTRA CNRS/NTU/THALES, UMI 3288, Research Techno Plaza, 50 Nanyang Drive, Border X Block,
Singapore, 637553, 4Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive, Singapore117542.

Here, we report the fabrication of a graphene-based Bragg grating (one-dimensional photonic crystal) and
experimentally demonstrate the excitation of surface electromagnetic waves in the periodic structure using
prism coupling technique. Surface electromagnetic waves are non-radiative electromagnetic modes that
appear on the surface of semi-infinite 1D photonic crystal. In order to fabricate the graphene-based Bragg
grating, alternating layers of high (graphene) and low (PMMA) refractive index materials have been used.
The reflectivity plot shows a deepest, narrow dip after total internal reflection angle corresponds to the
surface electromagnetic mode propagating at the Bragg grating/air boundary. The proposed graphene based
Bragg grating can find a variety of potential surface electromagnetic wave applications such as sensors,
fluorescence emission enhancement, modulators, etc.

n the past few years, surface electromagnetic waves (SEWs) supported by semi-infinite one dimensional (1D)
photonic crystals (PC) have been recognized and extensively studied for many applications such as sensors,
fluorescence emission enhancement, enhancement of the GoosHanchen effect112. SEWs are non-radiative
electromagnetic modes that appear on the surface of semi-infinite 1D photonic crystal (Bragg grating) and
propagate along the PC/air interface with exponentially decaying (evanescent) field in each bounding medium.
These modes are considered to be an alternative to surface plasmon polaritons which exists in a homogeneous
semi infinite metal film. The major advantages of SEWs in comparison to surface plasmons are: (i) capability to
tune the SEW excitation in a broad wavelength interval ranging from IR to near-UV, by selecting the appropriate
dielectric materials and suitable design of PC structure and (ii) capability of strong coupling between SEW and
incoming light due to the low loss in PC, which consist of dielectric materials3,5. The low loss in PC may provide
higher intensity of SEW, which leads to much sharper resonance dips and high surface electromagnetic fields. In
order to study the SEW excitation at optical frequencies, till date, high refractive index dielectric materials such as
Si, TiO2, silicon nitride, etc have been used for the fabrication of 1D photonic crystals3,5,8. Here, we propose to
employ graphene as an alternate high refractive index material for 1D Bragg grating fabrication, because of the
unusual properties of graphene and its ability to absorb biomolecules more strongly for biosensing applications.
Graphene is a single two-dimensional plane of carbon atoms forming a hexagonal lattice13. Since graphene is a
zero band gap semiconductor, the electronic properties of graphene have attracted much attention in both
experimental and theoretical research1416. Graphene based ultra high speed electronics devices such as fieldeffect transistors, pn-junctions diodes, terahertz devices, etc have been already proposed and demonstrated1719.
Apart from the electronic properties of graphene, the study of optical properties of graphene is also equally
important for many technological applications due to its strong interaction with light in a broad wavelength
interval. It is reported that the graphene exhibits universal optical conductivity from visible to infrared frequencies due to interband transition, leading to 2.3% light absorption in the case of monolayer graphene20. Since then
graphene has been attracted a great deal of attention for photonics and optoelectronics applications such as
optical modulators, photovoltaic devices, light emitting devices, photodetectors, saturable absorbers and ultrafast
lasers, etc2127. Recently, tremendous interest has been generated in the field of graphene plasmonics. The reported
works on graphene plasmonics suggests that plasmons in graphene offer potential capabilities for future technological applications2830. However, the losses in plasmon modes must be evaluated and minimized (by doping)

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prior to its usage graphene as a potential alternate low loss plasmonic
material. Graphene plasmonics at terahertz and infrared frequencies
have been experimentally demonstrated by many groups3133. However, it is barely visible and very difficult to realize at optical frequencies. The photonic crystal waveguide analogy of graphene nanoribbons have been theoretically investigated by Benisty34. More recently,
graphene based 1D and 2D photonic crystal at terahertz frequencies
have been theoretically proposed by Berman et al35,36. Furthermore,
the fabrication of tunable infrared plasmonic devices are proposed
using graphene/insulator stacks (photonic crystal like structure)33. It
shows that graphene based photonic crystals are promising for a
variety of future applications. In this context, here we propose a
graphene based Bragg grating (1D photonic crystal) and demonstrate
the excitation of surface electromagnetic waves in the multilayer at
optical frequencies using prism coupling technique. This is the first
experimental demonstration of a graphene-based 1D photonic crystal, as well as the excitation of surface electromagnetic waves in the
periodic structure. Interestingly, this phenomenon can be considered
as an alternative to graphene plasmonics at optical frequencies.

Results
Design and fabrication of Bragg grating. In order to fabricate the
graphene-based Bragg grating, alternating layers of high and low
refractive index materials have been used. Transparent materials
such as single layer graphene (SLG) and Poly methyl methacrylate
(PMMA) have been used as the high and low refractive index materials, respectively. Since graphene opacity is a universal constant at
optical frequencies (independent of wavelength), we assume that the
graphene is a dielectric material with isotropic refractive index and
light polarization does not affect on graphene refractive index. The
refractive index of graphene at visible wavelength range is obtained
C1
using the Fresnel coefficients calculation, n1 ~3zi l0 , where C1
3
55.446 mm21, is a constant and l0 is the vacuum wavelength37,38.
According to Bruna et al37, the above refractive index value can be
used to describe the optical behavior of graphene (2D) to the bulk
limit (graphite). The refractive index of graphene (n1) and PMMA
(n2) at 633 nm wavelength is 31i 1.149 and 1.49, respectively. The
Bragg wavelength, the wavelength of maximum reflectance can be
calculated from the expression, lB ~2n1 d1 zn2 d2 , where d1 and d2
are the thicknesses of graphene and PMMA, respectively. In order to
save the computation time and storage space (especially for FDTD
simulation), the thickness of graphene (SLG) is assumed to be an
unphysical value of 1 nm and PMMA thickness is taken as 470 nm.

Note that the theoretically calculated Bragg wavelength is 1.4 mm.

The Bragg wavelength is then numerically estimated by solving the
1D Helmholtz equations. The simulated reflection spectrum is
shown in Fig. 1 (a) and estimated Bragg wavelength is around 1.38
mm. However, there is a slight discrepancy between theoretical and
simulation results due to computational error. In addition, the reflection spectrum has been simulated using a graphene thickness of 0.5
nm and 0.34 nm (physical value). It is observed that the Bragg wavelength does not change when the graphene thickness is varied from
0.34 nm to 1 nm (see Supplementary Fig. S1). Fig. 1(b) represents the
schematic diagram of sample configuration. A right angle prism of
refractive index 1.515 (BK7 glass) is placed on the top of a glass slide
(BK7) in which the graphene-based Bragg grating is attached and an
index matching fluid is introduced between the prism and glass slide
to provide the optical contact between them.
Schematic diagram of fabrication method is shown in Fig. 2 (a).
The synthesis of large area, high quality monolayer graphene is possible using CVD method39. We used CVD for large area monolayer
graphene preparation and monolayer of graphene is identified with
an optical microscope (Fig. 2(b)) and subsequently confirmed by
Raman spectroscopy (Fig. 2(c)). Figure 2(b) shows the as prepared
monolayer graphene on a SiO2/Si substrate. The PMMA of thickness
around 470 nm is spin coated on the graphene sample. The SEM
cross sectional image of PMMA of average thickness 470 nm is
shown in Fig. 2(d). The Bragg grating is realized by stacking of many
graphene/PMMA layers on the glass slide (BK7). A large area Bragg
grating (1D) with 8 bilayers of graphene/PMMA stack is realized and
photograph of as prepared sample is shown in Fig. 2(e). In order to
check the homogeneity of the graphene coverage, an indirect approach is employed by measuring the Raman spectrum of graphene
from the different positions of the fabricated sample. Raman spectra
have been collected from four regions on the sample by a Renishaw
Raman system with a 2400 lines/mm grating and 532 nm laser
(Fig. 2(c)). The clear G and G9 peaks from monolayer graphene layers
in the sample were observed at ,1590 cm21 and 2685 cm21, which are
from two in-plane optical phonons related to the first-order Raman
scattering and the two-phonon double resonance process in graphene,
respectively40. These Raman features are similar to those of a monolayer graphene in the previous studies41. Since same spin coating
condition is used for fabricating the PMMA layers, we assume that
the PMMA layers are almost homogeneous in the sample.
Experimental details. According to the theory, SEWs should exist at
the interface of each of the two media (Bragg grating and air)42.

Figure 1 | (a) Reflection spectrum of graphene-based Bragg grating calculated by solving the 1D Helmholtz equations and (b) Schematic diagram of
Kretschmann configuration (prism coupling technique) for exciting the surface electromagnetic waves in the multilayer.
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Figure 2 | (a) Schematic diagram of fabrication procedure for graphene-based Bragg grating, (b) Optical image of CVD-grown monolayer graphene on
the substrate (SiO2/Si), (c) Raman spectra of monolayer graphene at four different position of the fabricated structure, (d) SEM cross section image of
PMMA with an average thickness of 470 nm, and (e) Photograph of as prepared stack with 8 bilayers (graphene/PMMA).

However, in order to excite SEWs, the incoming beam has to match

its momentum to that of the SEWs. It can be possible by passing the
incident light through a prism to increase the wavevector component
and hence to achieve the resonance at a given wavelength. This is
similar to the phase matching condition used in the surface plasmon
excitation. Hence a custom-built angular surface plasmon resonance
(SPR) spectroscopy set-up is employed for the experimental investigation. Here, we used a 4-mW 632.8-nm HeNe laser as our
optical source to excite the surface electromagnetic waves in the
structure. The polarization of the incident light is set as TM polarization and beam spot size is 1 mm in diameter. The configuration
is based on the well-known Kretschmann configuration (prism
coupling technique), which includes a right-angle prism coupler
made from BK7 glass (Edmund Optics) with 40 mm length of legs
and is immobilized on a rotary translation stage. The thin film with
graphene/PMMA stacks is attached to the hypotenuse face of the
prism with the aid of optical matching oil (Cargille Labs). The
incident light passed through the right-angle face of the prism to
the thin film of graphene/PMMA stack then reflected out. The
intensity of the total internal reflected light changing with the
incident angle is collected and monitored through a high-precision
optical power meter (Newport 2832C). During the experiment, we
focused the beam on the homogeneous part of the sample in order to
get the exact reflectance for each incident angle.
Figure 3(a) shows the experimental reflectance data obtained
using prism coupling technique. Note that the reflectance system is
calibrated against a highly reflective surface. The excitation of surface
electromagnetic wave is recognized as the angle at which reflected
intensity occurred is minimum (ATR minimum) and this ATR minimum angle has been taken as the resonance angle. From the figure, it
is evident that the obtained resonance angle is 70.7u, which is greater
than the angle of TIR (41.3u) between prism and air. Hence this
deepest dip at resonance angle corresponds to the non-radiative
SEW propagating at the Bragg grating/air boundary. In order to
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confirm the experimental data, reflectance diagram is simulated by

solving the Fresnels equations for multilayer structure. The simulated result is shown in Fig. 3 (b) and observed resonance angle is
70.8u. It is found to correlate well with the experimentally observed
value of 70.7u. In order to check the influence of graphene thickness
on resonance angle, the reflectance diagram is further simulated
using a thickness of 0.5 nm and 0.34 nm (physical value) and
observed that there is no change in resonance angle when the graphene thickness is varied from 0.34 nm to 1 nm (see Supplementary
Fig. S2). It is also found that the resonance angle decreases when the
excitation wavelength increases (see Supplementary Fig. S3).
Surface dispersion diagram. Figure 4 shows the dispersion diagram
(band structure) of frequency versus wave vector projected in to the
plane of the interface of the structure for TM polarized waves.
Transfer Matrix method43 has been used to determine the band
structure of the proposed structure. It is important to plot such
diagram to relate the experimental surface wave dispersion results
to photonic band gap of the Bragg grating1. In Fig. 4, narrow white
regions represent the photonic bands (non-radiative regions) within
the Bragg grating. The obtained photonic bands are narrow due to
the smaller thickness of graphene. It is also evident from the figure
that at certain frequencies and wave vectors, the photonic bands
shirk to zero. However, such behavior is not observed in the case
of TE polarized waves (see Supplementary Fig. S4). It is already
reported that when the incident angle equal to the Brewster angle,
the photonic bands shrink to zero for TM polarized waves43. At any
given frequency, incident light can have wave vector values ranging
from zero (normal incidence) to a maximum value of 2pf/c (light
travelling tangentially parallel to the surface, ie h590u). Therefore we
plotted the light line for air using the maximum value (2pf/c) and
indicated by blue solid line in the dispersion diagram. The area
limited by this line (hatched region) corresponds to surface wave
vector values that are radiative on the air side of the interface. The
3

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Figure 3 | (a) Experimental reflectance diagram (as a function of incident angle) acquired using prism coupling technique at optical frequency, where the
blue line is for eye guide. The observed resonance angle is 70.7u and (b) Simulated reflectance date by solving the Fresnels equations for multilayer
structure, estimated resonance angle is 70.8u.

red dark region in the dispersion diagram indicates the radiative

regions (allowed bands) within the Bragg grating. The surface
electromagnetic waves exist in the non-radiative region (photonic
bands) of the dispersion diagram and away from the air light line. It
means that SEWs cannot radiate either into the air side or into the
Bragg grating. The parallel wave vector of the mode at 633 nm
excitation wavelength, calculated using the expression 2p(f/c)n sinh
is 1.42 X 107 rad/m, where n is the refractive index of prism. This
value is indicated by blue dot in the dispersion diagram. It is visible
from the figure that this value appear away from the air light line and
occur close to second band edge, but within the non-radiative region
of the dispersion diagram. The attenuation of the Bragg grating
material is relatively weak at the band edges (close to the band
edges) so that the light is able to tunnel through the multilayer and
to excite the SEW3. There is no physical meaning beyond the dotted

Figure 4 | Surface dispersion diagram (band structure) of graphenebased Bragg grating for TM polarization. Radiative and non-radiative
regions (photonic bands) are represented by red dark region and narrow
white regions, respectively. Light line for air is indicated by solid (blue)
line. The hatched region represents the surface wave vector values that are
radiative on the air side of the interface. Yellow dots represent the
numerically estimated wave vector values for wavelengths 800 nm, 750 nm,
700 nm and 650 nm, and blue dot represents the experimentally obtained
wave vector value for the wavelength 633 nm.
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dark line. It shows that the experimental results are qualitative

agreement with the theoretical dispersion diagram.
Further, the resonance angles are numerically calculated for four
different excitation wavelengths (see Supplementary Fig. S3) and
located their wave vector values in the dispersion diagram (yellow
dots). All the wave vector values are well beyond the air light line and
close to one of the photonic band edges, but within the non-radiative
region. It is also possible to move the surface mode dispersion
through the photonic bands from one edge to the other when the
termination layer of the Bragg grating is varied42.
Surface mode electromagnetic field distribution. The surface mode
electromagnetic field distribution is simulated using finite difference
time domain (FDTD) method. The smallest spatial grid size (0.1 nm)
is used for the iteration to maintain the accuracy and stability of
FDTD calculations. The electromagnetic field profile is simulated
by assuming that the light is incident at a resonant coupling angle

Figure 5 | Simulated surface mode electromagnetic field distribution of

graphene-based Bragg grating as a function of depth along the multilayer.
E-field is decaying along the y-direction of the multilayer.
4

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of 70.7u through the prism. Figure 5 illustrates the electric field
distribution as a function of depth along the multilayer. Here, the
output electric field is normalized with respect to the incident
excitation field. The intensity is decaying along the y-direction of
the multilayer and field oscillates many times throughout the
multilayer. It is evident from the figure that the electromagnetic
field enhancement occurs within the last layer of Bragg grating
when the surface mode is excited. That means the mode at the
band edge has less attenuation and thus the evanescent filed can
penetrate much further into Bragg grating, which itself prove the
excitation of SEW in the proposed configuration. Maximum field
enhancement factor is observed at Bragg grating/air interface and
this enhancement factor is due to the tighter confinement of mode to
the surface. This large field enhancement can be used for improving
the sensitivity of sensors, fluorescence emission enhancement and
enhancement of the GoosHanchen effect.

Discussion
Here, we demonstrate the proof-of-principle functionality of the
proposed graphene-based Bragg grating. In order to show the advantages of the proposed device, a biosensor configuration based on
graphene-based Bragg grating and regular thin film dielectric
Bragg grating is numerically proposed, as shown in Fig. 6 (inset).
In both configurations, the Bragg grating is attached via index matching fluid on the top of the BK7 glass prism. We assume that the

binding layer of thickness 100 nm consists of biomolecules of refractive index 1.46, prepared in water (e.g. ssDNA) and it covers the whole
Bragg grating38,44. The thin film dielectric Bragg-grating (8 bilayers)
consists of alternating layers of TiO2 and SiO2. The thickness of TiO2
and SiO2 are taken as 169 nm and 247 nm, respectively3. At 633 nm
wavelength, the refractive index of dielectrics is directly taken from
Shinn et al.5. While the graphene-based Bragg grating consists of an
additional graphene termination layer. As mentioned above, the
surface mode dispersion can be moved through the photonic bands
when the termination layer of the Bragg grating has been varied.
Figure 6 (a) and Fig. 6 (b) respectively represent the reflectance
plot of thin film dielectric Bragg grating and graphene-based Bragg
grating. The reflectance plots show a deepest, narrow dip for graphene-based Bragg grating as compared to regular thin film dielectric
Bragg grating. It shows that the proposed structure has low loss and
maximum SEW excitation compared to thin film dielectric Bragg
grating.
Additionally, we calculated the sensitivity of both configurations
by assuming that the refractive index (n) of binding layer change due
to biomolecular reactions, however there is no change in the thickness of binding layer. The sensitivity can be defined as dR/dn, where
R is the reflectance and n is the refractive index of biomolecules44.
The sensitivity of biosensor based on thin film dielectric Bragg grating and proposed Bragg grating is shown in Fig. 6 (c) and Fig. 6(d),
respectively. At the resonance angle, sensitivity values are almost

Figure 6 | Simulated reflectance diagram (a) for regular thin film dielectric Bragg grating, (b) for graphene-based Bragg grating terminated with an
additional layer of graphene. Corresponding sensitivity plot (c) for regular thin film dielectric Bragg grating, (d) for graphene-based Bragg grating
terminated with an additional layer of graphene.
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zero, because the sensitivity corresponds to the slope in the reflectance curve. Also, the magnitude of the positive peak is greater than
that of the negative peak, because the gradient in reflectance is steeper
for the incidence angle approaching the resonance angle44. In the case
of graphene-based Bragg grating, the maximum sensitivity is found
to be 5.2, while the regular thin film dielectric Bragg grating has a
maximum sensitivity of 3.2. It should be noted that the positive value
of sensitivity is taken as the maximum sensitivity. It is shown that the
sensitivity of the graphene-based Bragg grating is 1.6 times higher
than that of thin film dielectric Bragg grating, implying that the
proposed Bragg grating can be used as an effective way to achieve
a high sensitivity. It is attributed to the fact that the ability of graphene to adsorb biomolecules more strongly, due to the p-stacking
interactions between graphenes hexagonal cells and carbon-based
ring structure in the biomolecules38,45. In addition, the proposed
graphene/PMMA stack is more flexible compared to regular thin
film dielectric Bragg gratings. Therefore, the excitation of SEWs in
a graphene based Bragg grating using prism coupling technique can
expected to find variety of potential surface electromagnetic wave
applications.
In summary, the excitation of surface electromagnetic waves in a
graphene-based Bragg grating has been experimentally investigated.
At optical frequency, prism coupling technique was used to explore
the excitation of SEW in the multilayer. The proposed graphenebased 1D periodic structure has low loss, which gives a narrow angular reflectivity resonance and high surface fields. The experimental
results are also compared with theoretical dispersion diagram of
Bragg grating. The large field enhancements associated with this
structure could be a good replacement for thin film dielectric
Bragg grating in many SEW applications such as sensors and modulators.

Methods
Graphene was grown on copper foil by using low-pressure CVD39. Before the surfacecatalyzed growth, the copper substrate was annealed at 1000uC for 20 min where H2
was used to remove surface oxide layers with a flow rate of 10 sccm. After that, 40
sccm methane was introduced as a carbon source. Monolayer graphene on highpurity (99.999%) copper foil was obtained at 1000uC under a chamber pressure of 3.6
Torr. The PMMA (950 PMMA A resist from Microchem) was spin coated on graphene/copper foil at an rpm of 2500, in order to get a thickness of around 470 nm.
Then the sample was transferred as described in a previous report46. The aqueous
solution of iron nitride (FeNO3)3 was employed to etch copper foil and isolate graphene/PMMA layer. Later, the graphene film was transferred into deionized water to
rinse for several times. Subsequently, BK7 glass substrate was used to lift up the first
graphene/PMMA layer. This process is repeated until desirable layer numbers were
achieved. 1D Bragg grating was fabricated by stacking of eight graphene/PMMA
layers.
About custom-built angular surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy set-up
was clearly explained in the main text. A Raman spectroscopic system (CRM 200,
WITec) with an excitation source of diode-pumped double-frequency Nd:YAG laser
(532 nm) was used for recording of Raman spectra and hence confirming of monolayer graphene. The laser power was kept below 0.1 mW to avoid the heat-induced
deformation of the sample.
Theoretical reflection spectrum and surface dispersion diagram of graphene-based
Bragg grating was generated using Matlab code. Reflectivity diagram was also generated using Matlab code and checked the results using WINSPALL software.
However, commercially available lumerical FDTD software was employed for surface
mode electromagnetic field calculation.
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K. V. S. and S. Z. co-wrote the manuscript. T. Y. and K.-T. Y. provided suggestions, and all
authors commented on the manuscript.

Additional information
Supplementary information accompanies this paper at http://www.nature.com/
scientificreports

Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the financial support received through National Research
Foundation NRF RF Award No. NRF-RF2010-07 and MoE Tier 2 MoE2009-T2-037. K. V.
S. thanks Mr. T. Borriboon (MAE, NTU) for support with Matlab simulations.

Author contributions
K. V. S. and J. S. fabricated the device. The experiments were conceived, designed and
carried out by S. Z., K. V. S., K.-T. Y. and T. Y. All simulations were carried out by K. V. S.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS | 2 : 737 | DOI: 10.1038/srep00737

Competing financial interests: The authors declare no competing financial interests.

License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivative Works 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy
of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/
How to cite this article: Sreekanth, K.V., Zeng, S., Shang, J., Yong, K. & Yu, T. Excitation of
surface electromagnetic waves in a graphene-based Bragg grating. Sci. Rep. 2, 737;
DOI:10.1038/srep00737 (2012).