Jose Anchondo

University of Texas of the Permian Basins

Petroleum Engineering
PENG 3301 – Drilling Engineering
Homework #5
Assignment Date: 11/20/2013 Due Date: 12/02/2013
Solve the following problems from the Applied Drilling Engineering book (the Red Book)
1. Problem 4-1 P. 183
2. Problem 4-2 P. 183
3. Problem 4-4 P. 183
4. Problem 4-13 P. 184
5. Problem 4-34 P. 185
6. Problem 4-35 P. 185
7. Problem 4-40 P. 186
8. Problem 4-41 P. 186
9. Problem 4-42 P. 186
10. Problem 4-44 P. 186

11. Determine both the surge and swab pressure for a drill string under the following well
conditions assuming:
Mud weight = 12.0 ppg, θ600 = 55 θ300 = 35
Hole diameter = 7-1/2-in. Drill pipe OD = 4-1/2-in., L = 6,200 ft
Drill Collar OD = 6-1/2-in., L = 700 ft Pipe running speed = 300 ft/min

12. Calculate the volume of oil required to reduce the hydrostatic pressure in a well by 500
psi, using the following data: Mud weight = 10 ppg
Depth = 9,843 ft Drill pipe = OD/ID = 5 in/4.276 in Hole size = 12.25 in

13. A well containing tubing filled with Methane gas (Mwt = 16) to a vertical depth of 10,000 ft.
The annulus is filled with 9.0 ppg brine. Compute the difference in hydrostatic pressure
between inside pipe and annulus if the surface pressure is 1,000 psia and the mean gas
temperature is 140 °F. If the collapse resistance of the tubing used is 8,330 psi. Will it
collapse due to high external pressure?

14. An intermediate casing is to be cemented at a depth of 10,000 ft. The well contains 10.5 ppg
mud. The cementing operation is designed so that the 10.5 ppg mud will be displaced from
the annulus by (1) 300 ft of 8.5 ppg mud flush, (2) 1,700 ft of 12.7 ppg filler cement, and (3)
1,000 ft of 16.7 ppg high strength cement. The high strength cement will be displaced from
the casing with 9 ppg brine. Calculate the pump pressure required to displace the cement
from the casing.

15. A 12 ppg mud is being circulated at 400 gpm. The drill string has a 5-in. D/P (ID = 4.33-in.)
and D/C with an ID of 2.5-in. The bit has a diameter of 9.875-in. Calculate the average
velocity in the (1) D/P, (2) D/C, and (3) annulus opposite to D/P.
16. Determine the friction pressure drop in 10.000 ft of 4.5-in. D/P having an internal diameter of
3.826-in. if a 20-cP Newtonian fluid having a density of 10 ppg is pumped through the D/P at
a rate of 400 gpm.
17. A 10 ppg mud having a plastic viscosity of 40 cP and a yield point of 15 lb/100 sq ft is being
circulated at a rate of 600 gpm. Estimate the frictional pressure losses in the annulus opposite
the drill collar if the drill collars are in 6.5-in. home having a length of 1,000 ft and 4.5-in.
OD. Check for turbulence using both the apparent viscosity concept and the Hedstrom
number approach (Figure below). Use 0.816(d2-d1) as an equivalent diameter.

18. A sandstone formation having a porosity of 0.2, water saturation of 0.3, and methane gas
saturation of 0.7 is being drilled at a rate of 50 ft/hr with 9.875-in. bit at a depth of 12,000 ft.
A 14 ppg mud is being circulated at a rate of 350 gpm while drilling. Calculate the change is
Hydrostatic pressure caused by the drilled formation materials entering the mud. The mean
temperature is 620 oR and the formation water has a density of 9.0 ppg. The density of the
drilled solids is 21.9 ppg.

Good Luck
1. Problem 4-1 P. 183
Calculate the hydrostatic pressure at the bottom of the fluid column for each case
shown in Fig. 4.52.

Hydrostatic Pressure = 0.052 x Depth (True Vertical) x Density

𝑃ℎ = 0.052 ∗ ℎ ∗ 𝜌

Case A – 𝑃ℎ = 0.052 ∗ 10,000 𝑓𝑡 ∗ 10 𝑝𝑝𝑔 = 5,200 𝑝𝑠𝑖

Case B – 𝑃ℎ = 0.052 ∗ 10,000 𝑓𝑡 ∗ 10 𝑝𝑝𝑔 = 5,200 𝑝𝑠𝑖

Case C – 𝑃ℎ = 0.052 ∗ 10,000 𝑓𝑡 ∗ 10 𝑝𝑝𝑔 = 5,200 𝑝𝑠𝑖

2. Problem 4-2 P. 183

Calculate the mud density required to fracture a stratum at 5,000 ft if the fracture
pressure is 3,800 psig.

Hydrostatic Pressure = 0.052 x Depth (True Vertical) x Density

𝑃ℎ = 0.052 ∗ ℎ ∗ 𝜌

𝑃ℎ ≥ 3800𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑔

h = 5,000 ft

𝑃ℎ 3800 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝜌= = = 14.6𝑝𝑝𝑔
0.052 ∗ ℎ 0.052 ∗ 5000 𝑓𝑡
3. Problem 4-4 P. 183
The mud density of a well is being increased from 10 to 12 ppg. If the pump is stopped
when the interface between the two muds is at depth 8,000 ft in the drilstring, what
pressure must be held at the surface by the annular blowout preventers to stop the well
from flowing? What is the equivalent density in annulus at 4,000 ft after the blowout
preventers are closed?

Hydrostatic Pressure = 0.052 x Depth (True Vertical) x Density

𝑃ℎ = 0.052 ∗ ℎ ∗ 𝜌

𝑃ℎ = 0.052 ∗ 10𝑝𝑝𝑔 ∗ 8000𝑓𝑡 = 4160𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑔

𝑃ℎ = 0.052 ∗ 12𝑝𝑝𝑔 ∗ 8000𝑓𝑡 = 4992𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑔

4992𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑔 − 4160𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑔 = 832𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑔

𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠: 𝑃ℎ = 0.052 ∗ 10𝑝𝑝𝑔 ∗ 4000 = 2080𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑔

4992𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑔 − 2080𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑔 = 2912𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑔

𝑃ℎ = 0.052 ∗ ℎ ∗ 𝜌

𝑃ℎ 2912 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝜌= = = 14 𝑝𝑝𝑔
0.052 ∗ ℎ 0.052 ∗ 4000 𝑓𝑡

4. Problem 4-13 P. 184

A derrick is capable of supporting 500,000 lbf. How many feet of 13 3/8-in., 72-lbm/ft
casing could be supported by the derrick if the casing was run open-ended through the 12-
lbm/gal mud and not “floated in”

𝜌𝑚
𝑊𝑒 = 𝑊(1 − )
𝜌𝑠𝑡
𝑙𝑏 12
500,000=(72 𝑓𝑡)ℎ (1 − 65.5)
ℎ = 8502 ft
5. Problem 4-34 P. 185
A 40-cp oil is flowing through 9,000 ft of 3-in. tubing at a rate of 2,500 B/D. Compute
the frictional pressure loss in the tubing. Assume that the flow pattern is laminar.

Oil: 𝜇 = 40cp

Tubing: 9000ft, 3in,

Q = 2,500BPD

ID = 3in

Assume Newtonian

2500𝑏𝑏𝑙 1𝑑𝑎𝑦 1ℎ𝑟 42𝑔𝑎𝑙

∗( )∗( )∗( ) = 72.92𝑔𝑝𝑚
𝑑𝑎𝑦 24ℎ𝑟 60min 1𝑏𝑏𝑙

q 72.92
Pipe Flow - V = = 2 = 3.31𝑓𝑡/𝑠
2.448 d 2 2.448∗3

V = average velocity, ft/s

q = flow rate, gal/min

d = internal diameter of pipe, in.

DP mV
Hagen-Poiseiulle equation: =
DL 1, 500d 2

𝑑𝑝 40 ∗ 3.31
𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒: = = .0098𝑝𝑠𝑖/𝑓𝑡 ∗ 9000𝑓𝑡 = 88.2𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑑𝐿 1500 ∗ 32
6. Problem 4-35 P. 185 A 9.2-ppg Newtonian fluid having a viscosity of 30 cp is being
circulated at a rate of 100 gpm in a vertical well containing a 6-in.-ID casing and a 4.5-
in.-OD drillstring. Compute the static and circulating pressure in the annulus of 15,000
ft. Assume that the flow pattern is laminar.
Static:

𝑃ℎ = 0. 052 ∗ 9.2 𝑝𝑝𝑔 ∗ 15,000 𝑓𝑡. = 7176 𝑝𝑠𝑖

Dynamic:
Newtonian Fluid

𝜇 = 30 𝑐𝑝

𝜌 = 9.2 𝑝𝑝𝑔
Casing ID – 6 in.
Drillstring OD – 4.5 in.
q = 100 gpm
𝑞 100
𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 − 𝑉 = = = 2.6 𝑓𝑡/𝑠
2.448൫𝑑22 − 𝑑12 ൯ 2.448(62 − 4.52 )

V = average velocity, ft/s

q = flow rate, gal/min

d2 = internal diameter of outer pipe or borehole, in.

d1 =external diameter of inner pipe, in.

Equation for flow of Newtonian Fluid in annulus

∆𝑃 𝜇𝑉 30 ∗ 2.6
= = = .035 ∗ 15,000 𝑓𝑡 = 520 𝑝𝑠𝑖
∆𝐿 1000(𝑑2 − 𝑑1 ) 1000(6 − 4.5)2

7176 psi +520 psi = 7696 psi

7. Problem 4-40 P. 186
A well is being drilled at a depth of 5,000 ft using water having a density of 8.33 ppg
and a viscosity of 1 cp as the drilling fluid. The drill pipe has an external diameter of 4.5
in. and an internal diameter of 3.826 in. The diameter of the hole is 6.5 in. The drilling
fluid is being circulated at a rate of 500 gal/min. Assume a relative roughness of zero.

a) Determine the flow pattern in the drill pipe.

q 500
Pipe Flow - V = =2.448∗3.8262 = 13.95 𝑓𝑡/𝑠
2.448 d 2

V = average velocity, ft/s q = flow rate, gal/min d = internal diameter of pipe, in.

928𝜌𝑉𝑑 928 ∗ 8.33 ∗ 13.95 ∗ 3.826

𝑁𝑅𝑒 = = = 412,583.78 > 4,000 = 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝜇 1

ρ = fluid density, lbm/gal v = mean fluid velocity, ft/s

d = pipe diameter, in. μ = fluid viscosity, cp.

b) Determine the frictional pressure loss per 1,000 ft of drill pipe.

𝑑𝑃 𝜌0.75 𝑣̅ 1.75 𝜇 0.25 8.330.75 13.951.75 ∗ 10.25

= = = 51.3 𝑝𝑠𝑖/1000𝑓𝑡
𝑑𝐿 1800𝑑1.25 1800 ∗ 3.8261.26

c) Determine the flow pattern in the annular opposite the drill pipe.

𝑞 500
𝑉= 2 2 = 2.448(6.52 − 4.52 ) = 9.28 𝑓𝑡/𝑠
2.448(𝑑2 − 𝑑1 )

d2 = internal diameter of outer pipe or borehole, in. d1 =external diameter of inner pipe, in.

757𝜌𝑉(𝑑2 − 𝑑1 ) 757 ∗ 8.33 ∗ 9.28 ∗ (6.5 − 4.5)

𝑁𝑅𝑒 = = = 117,035 > 4,000 = 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝜇 1

d) Determine the frictional pressure loss per 1,000 ft of annulus.

𝑑𝑃 𝜌0.75 𝑣̅ 1.75 𝜇 0.25 8.330.75 9.281.75 ∗ 10.25
= = = 72.9 𝑝𝑠𝑖/1000𝑓𝑡
𝑑𝐿 1396(𝑑2 − 𝑑1 )1.25 1800 ∗ (6.5 − 4.5)1.25
8. Problem 4-41 P. 186
Work Exercise 4.40 for a Bingham plastic fluid having a density of 10 ppg, a plastic
viscosity of 25 cp, and a yield point of 5 lbf/100 sq. ft.

Bingham – 𝜌 = 10 𝑝𝑝𝑔 - 𝜇𝑝 = 25 𝑐𝑝 - 𝜏𝑦 = 5𝑙𝑏𝑓/100𝑠𝑞𝑓𝑡

a) Determine the flow pattern in the drill pipe.

q 500
Pipe Flow - V = =
2.448∗3.8262
= 13.95 𝑓𝑡/𝑠
2.448 d 2

V = average velocity, ft/s q = flow rate, gal/min d = internal diameter of pipe, in

6.66𝜏𝑦 𝑑 6.66 ∗ 5 ∗ 3.826
𝜇𝑎 = 𝜇𝑝 + = 25 + = 34.1 𝑐𝑝
𝑉 13.95
928𝜌𝑉𝑑 928∗10∗13.95∗3.826
𝑁𝑅𝑒 = = = 14524.88 > 4000 = 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝜇𝑎 34.1

b) Determine the frictional pressure loss per 1,000 ft of drill pipe.

𝑑𝑃 𝜌0.75 𝑣̅ 1.75 𝜇 0.25 100.75 13.951.75 ∗ 250.25 131.5𝑝𝑠𝑖

= = =
𝑑𝐿 1800𝑑1.25 1800 ∗ 3.8261.26 1000𝑓𝑡

c) Determine the flow pattern in the annular opposite the drill pipe.
𝑞 500
𝑉= 2 2 = 2.448(6.52 − 4.52 ) = 9.28 𝑓𝑡/𝑠
2.448(𝑑2 − 𝑑1 )

d2 = internal diameter of outer pipe or borehole, in. d1 =external diameter of inner pipe, in
757𝜌𝑉(𝑑2 −𝑑1 ) 757∗10∗9.28∗(6.5−4.5)
𝑁𝑅𝑒 = = = 5619.9 > 3025 = Turbulent
𝜇𝑝 25

d) Determine the frictional pressure loss per 1,000 ft of annulus.

𝑑𝑃 𝜌0.75 𝑣̅ 1.75 𝜇 0.25 100.75 9.281.75 ∗ 250.25

= = = 186.86 𝑝𝑠𝑖/1000𝑓𝑡
𝑑𝐿 1396(𝑑2 − 𝑑1 )1.25 1396 ∗ (6.5 − 4.5)1.25
9. Problem 4-42 P. 186
Work Exercise 4.40 for a power-law fluid having a density of 12 lbm/gal, a flow
behavior index of 0.75, and a consistency index of 200 eq cp.

Power Law – 𝜌 = 12 ppg - n = 0.75 - k = 200 eq cp.

a) Determine the flow pattern in the drill pipe.

q 500
Pipe Flow - V = =
2.448∗3.8262
= 13.95 𝑓𝑡/𝑠
2.448 d 2

V = average velocity, ft/s q = flow rate, gal/min d = internal diameter of pipe, in

n
æ ö .75
Kd 1-n ç 3+ 1 n ÷ 200∗3.8261−.75
1
3+( )
Apparent Viscosity = me = .75
= 96∗13.951−.75 ∗ ( .0416 ) = 49.2𝑐𝑝
96V 1-n çè 0.0416 ÷ø

928 ∗ 12 ∗ 13.95 ∗ 3.826

𝑁𝑅𝑒 = = 12,080.5 > 2,442.5 = 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡
49.2

b) Determine the frictional pressure loss per 1,000 ft of drill pipe.

𝑑𝑝 𝑓𝜌𝑉 2 . 006 ∗ 12 ∗ 13.952

𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 4.34 𝑓 = .006 = = 142𝑝𝑠𝑖/1000𝑓𝑡
𝑑𝐿 25.8𝑑 25.8 ∗ 3.826

c) Determine the flow pattern in the annular opposite the drill pipe.
𝑞 500
𝑉= 2 2 = 2.448(6.52 − 4.52 ) = 9.28 𝑓𝑡/𝑠
2.448(𝑑2 − 𝑑1 )

d2 = internal diameter of outer pipe or borehole, in. d1 =external diameter of inner pipe, in
Apparent Viscosity for annulus:
n
K ( d2 - d1 )
1-n æ 2+ 1 ö 1 .75
me = ç n ÷ = 200∗(6.5−4.5)1−.75 ∗ (2+(.75)) = 42.6𝑐𝑝
144V 1-n ç 0.0208 ÷ 144∗9.281−.75 .0208
è ø
.75
109000∗12∗9.282−.75 .0208∗(6.5−4.5)
𝑁𝑅𝑒 = ∗( 1 ) = 3955.2 > 2442.5 = 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡
200 2+( )
.75

d) Determine the frictional pressure loss per 1,000 ft of annulus.

. 0791 𝑑𝑝 . 00997 ∗ 12 ∗ 9.282
𝑓= = .00997 = = 244𝑝𝑠𝑖/1000𝑓𝑡
3957.7.25 𝑑𝐿 21.1 ∗ (6.5 − 4.5)
10. Problem 4-44 P. 186
A 15-lbm/gal cement slurry has a flow-behavior index of 0.3 and a consistency index of
9,000 eq cp. Compute the flow rate required for turbulent flow in an 9.097-X4.5-in.
annulus. Also estimate the frictional pressure loss and the shear rate at the wall for this
flow rate.

𝑄 𝑄 𝑓𝑡
𝑉𝑎 = =
2.448(𝐼𝐷𝑎2 − 𝑂𝐷𝑃2 ) 110.9 𝑠

1−𝑛 1 𝑛 1 0.3
𝑘൫𝐼𝐷𝑎 − 𝑂𝐷𝑝 ൯ 2+ [9000 ∗ (8.097 − 4.5) 1−0.3 ] 2 +
𝜇𝑒 = ( 𝑛) = ( 0.3 ) = 808.6 = 21836
1−0.3
144𝑉𝑎1−𝑛 0.0208 𝑄 0.0208 𝑄 0.7 𝑄0.7
144 ∗ ( ) ( )
110.9 110.9

𝑁𝑅𝑒 > 3200 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐹𝑖𝑔. 4.34

𝑄
[757 ∗ 𝜌 ∗ 𝑉𝑎 ∗ ൫𝐼𝐷𝑎 − 𝑂𝐷𝑝 ൯] [757 ∗ 15 ∗ (110.9) ∗ (8.097 − 4.5)]
𝑁𝑅𝑒 = = = 0.01687 ∗ 𝑄1.7
𝜇𝑒 21836
( 0.7 )
𝑄
3200<0.0167*Q1.7
191617<Q1.7
1.7
Q> √191617
Q> 1280 𝑔𝑎𝑙/𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝑄 1280
𝑉𝑎 = = = 11.5 𝑓𝑡/𝑠
110.9 110.9
21836 21836
𝜇𝑒 = 0.7
= = 147.9
𝑄 12800.7
150.75 11.51.75 147.90.25
∆𝑃𝑎 ∗ 1000𝑓𝑡 = ∗ 1000𝑓𝑡 = 275 𝑝𝑠𝑖/100𝑓𝑡
1396 ∗ (8.097 − 4.5)
48𝑉𝑎 1 48 ∗ 11.5 1 1
𝛾= (2 + ) = (2 + ) = 818
(𝐼𝐷ℎ − 𝑂𝐷𝑃 ) 𝑛 8.097 − 4.5 0.3 𝑠
11. Determine both the surge and swab pressure for a drill string under the following well
conditions assuming:
Mud weight = 12.0 ppg θ600 = 55 θ300 = 35
Hole diameter = 7-1/2-in. Drill pipe OD = 4-1/2-in., L = 6,200 ft.
Drill Collar OD = 6-1/2-in., L = 700 ft. Pipe running speed = 300 ft./min
Pipe total = 6,900 ft.

Drill Pipe:
𝑑𝑝2 4. 52
𝑉 = [0.45 + ] ∗ 𝑉𝑝 = [0.45 + ] ∗ 300 = 303.75 𝑓𝑡/𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑑ℎ2 − 𝑑𝑝2 7. 52 − 4. 52
𝑉𝑚 = 1.5 ∗ 𝑉 = 1.5 ∗ 303.75 = 455.63 𝑓𝑡/𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝜃600 55
𝑛 = 3.32 log ( ) = 3.32 log ( ) = .6517
𝜃300 35
𝜃300 35
𝑘= = = .6012
511𝑛 511.6517
2.4 ∗ 455.63
𝛾𝑚 = = 364.5
7.5 − 4.5
𝑛
𝜏 = 𝑘𝛾𝑚 = .6012 ∗ 364.5.6517 = 28.09
3.33𝜏 𝐿 3.33 ∗ 28.09 6200
𝑃𝑠 = ∗ = ∗ = 193.32
𝑑ℎ − 𝑑𝑝 1000 7.5 − 4.5 1000

Drill Collar:
𝑑𝑝2 6. 52
𝑉 = [0.45 + ] ∗ 𝑉𝑝 = [0.45 + ] ∗ 300 = 1040.36 𝑓𝑡/𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑑ℎ2 − 𝑑𝑝2 7. 52 − 6. 52
𝑉𝑚 = 1.5 ∗ 𝑉 = 1.5 ∗ 1040.36 = 1560.54 𝑓𝑡/𝑚𝑖𝑛
1560.54[7.52 − 6.52 ]
𝑄= = 894.74 𝑓𝑡/𝑚𝑖𝑛
24.5
. 000077 ∗ 12.8 ∗ 894.741.8 ∗ 20.2 ∗ 700
𝑃𝑠 = = 1273.98 𝑝𝑠𝑖
(7.5 − 6.5)3 ∗ (7.5 + 6.5)1.8

𝑃𝑡 (𝑝𝑠𝑖) = 𝑃𝑠 (𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒) + 𝑃𝑠 (𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟) = 193.32 + 1273.98 = 1467.30 𝑝𝑠𝑖

Surge pressure
𝑃𝑡 (𝑝𝑠𝑖) 1467.30
𝑃𝑠 (𝑝𝑝𝑔) = 𝑀𝑊 + = 12 + [ ] = 16.09 𝑝𝑝𝑔
0.052 ∗ 𝑇𝑉𝐷(𝑓𝑡. ) 0.052 ∗ 6900

Swab Pressure
𝑃𝑡 (𝑝𝑠𝑖) 1467.30
𝑃𝑠 (𝑝𝑝𝑔) = 𝑀𝑊 − = 12 − [ ] = 7.9 𝑝𝑝𝑔
0.052 ∗ 𝑇𝑉𝐷(𝑓𝑡. ) 0.052 ∗ 6900
12. Calculate the volume of oil required to reduce the hydrostatic pressure in a well
by 500 psi, using the following data:

Mud weight = 10 ppg Depth = 9,843 ft

Drill pipe = OD/ID = 5 in/4.276 in Hole size = 12.25 in

𝑃ℎ = 0.052 ∗ 𝑇𝑉𝐷 ∗ 𝜌 = 0.052 ∗ 9843 ∗ 10 = 5118.4 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝑃ℎ2 = 𝑃ℎ1 − 500 = 5118.4 − 500 = 4618.4 𝑝𝑠𝑖

𝑃ℎ2 = 4618.4 = 0.052 ∗ 9843 ∗ 𝜌2

4618.4
𝜌2 = = 9.02 𝑝𝑝𝑔
0.052 ∗ 9843
𝜋 2 𝜋 1 𝑓𝑡 1 𝑏𝑏𝑙
𝑉= 𝐷 ∗ 𝑇𝑉𝐷 = (12.252 − 52 + 4.2762 ) ( ) ∗ 9843𝑓𝑡 ∗ ( ) = 1370.5 𝑏𝑏𝑙
4 4 12 𝑖𝑛 5.615 𝑓𝑡 3
𝑉𝑖 + 𝑉𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 1370.5

10𝑉𝑖 + 7𝑉𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 9.02 ∗ 1370.5

𝑉𝑖 = 922.8 𝑏𝑏𝑙

1370.5-922.8=447.7 bbl of old mud discarded

𝑉𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 447.7 𝑏𝑏𝑙

13. A well containing tubing filled with Methane gas (Mwt = 16) to a vertical depth of
10,000 ft. The annulus is filled with 9.0 ppg brine. Compute the difference in
hydrostatic pressure between inside pipe and annulus if the surface pressure is 1,000
psia and the mean gas temperature is 140 °F. If the collapse resistance of the tubing
used is 8,330 psi. Will it collapse due to high external pressure?

The pressure in the annulus at a depth of 10,000 ft

𝑝2 = 0.052(9.0)(10,000) + 14.7 = 4,695 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎

The pressure in the tubing at a depth of 10,000 ft

𝑀(𝐷−𝐷𝑜 ) 16(10,000)
=1,188 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
𝑝1 = 𝑝𝑜 𝑒 1,544𝑧𝑇 = 1,000𝑒 1,544(1)(460+140)

Thus, the pressure difference is 𝑝2 − 𝑝1 = 4,695 - 1,188 = 3,507 psi

It will not collapse because it is considerably below the collapse pressure of the tubing.

14. An intermediate casing is to be cemented at a depth of 10,000 ft. The well contains 10.5
ppg mud. The cementing operation is designed so that the 10.5 ppg mud will be
displaced from the annulus by (1) 300 ft of 8.5 ppg mud flush, (2) 1,700 ft of 12.7 ppg
filler cement, and (3) 1,000 ft of 16.7 ppg high strength cement. The high strength
cement will be displaced from the casing with 9 ppg brine. Calculate the pump pressure
required to displace the cement from the casing.

The complex well fluid system is understood more easily if viewed as a manometer. The
hydrostatic pressure balance is written by starting at the known pressure and moving through
the various fluid sections to the point of the unknown pressure. When moving down through
the section, (Di+1-Di) is positive and the change in hydrostatic pressure is added to the known
pressure; conversely, when moving up through a section, (Di+1-Di) is negative and the change
in hydrostatic pressure is subtracted from the known pressure.

𝑝𝑎 = 𝑝𝑜 + 0.052[10.5(7000) + 8.5(300) + 12.7(1700) + 16.7(1000) − 9.0(10000)]

Since the known pressure 𝑝𝑜 is 0 psig, then 𝑝𝑎 = 1,266 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑔
15. A 12 ppg mud is being circulated at 400 gpm. The drill string has a 5-in. D/P (ID = 4.33-
in.) and D/C with an ID of 2.5-in. The bit has a diameter of 9.875-in. Calculate the
average velocity in the (1) D/P, (2) D/C, and (3) annulus opposite to D/P.

400
1. 𝑣𝑑𝑝 = 2.448(4.33)2 = 8.715 𝑓𝑡/𝑠

400
2. 𝑣𝑑𝑐 = 2.448(2.5)2 = 26.143 𝑓𝑡/𝑠

400
3. 𝑣𝑑𝑝𝑎 = 2.448(9.8752 −52 ) = 2.253 𝑓𝑡/𝑠
16. Determine the friction pressure drop in 10.000 ft of 4.5-in. D/P having an internal
diameter of 3.826-in. if a 20-cP Newtonian fluid having a density of 10 ppg is pumped
through the D/P at a rate of 400 gpm.

The mean fluid velocity is given by

𝑞 400
𝑣̅ = 2.448𝑑2 = 2.448(3.862)2 = 11.16 𝑓𝑡/𝑠

The Reynolds number is given by

928𝜌𝑣̅𝑑 928(10)(11.16)(3.826)
𝑁𝑅𝑒 = = = 19811.95 > 2100 = 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝜇 20

For commercial steel the absolute roughness, 𝜖 = 0.000013

𝜖 0.000013
Relative Roughness 𝑑 = = 0.0000034
3.826

0.0791 0.0791
Fanning Friction Factor 𝑓 = 0.25 = 19811.950.25 = .00666
𝑁𝑅𝑒

𝑑 𝑝𝑓 𝑓𝜌𝑣̅ 2 (.00666)(10)൫11.152 ൯
Frictional Pressure Loss ∆𝑃𝑓 = ∆𝐿 = 25.8𝑑 ∆𝐿 = (10000) = 840 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑑𝐿 25.8(3.826)

Or

Using the simplified turbulent flow equation

𝜌0.75 𝑣̅ 1.75 𝜇 0.25 (10)0.75 (11.16)2 (20)0.25 8103447.81

∆𝑝𝑓 = 1.25
∆𝐿 = 1.25
(10000) =
1800𝑑 (1800)(3.826) 9631.72

= 841.33𝑝𝑠𝑖
17. A 10 ppg mud having a plastic viscosity of 40 cP and a yield point of 15 lb/100 sq ft is
being circulated at a rate of 600 gpm. Estimate the frictional pressure losses in the
annulus opposite the drill collar if the drill collars are in 6.5-in. home having a length of
1,000 ft. and 4.5-in. OD. Check for turbulence using both the apparent viscosity concept
and the Hedstrom number approach (Figure below). Use 0.816(d2-d1) as an equivalent
diameter.

𝑞 600
The average velocity is given by 𝑣̅ = 2.448(𝑑2 −𝑑2 ) = 2.448(6.52 −4.52 ) = 11.14 𝑓𝑡/𝑠
2 1

The apparent viscosity at this mean velocity is given by

5𝜏𝑦 (𝑑2 −𝑑1 ) 5(15)(2)
𝜇𝑎 = 𝜇𝑝 + = 40 + = 53.5 𝑐𝑝
𝑣̅ 11.14

Computing an equivalent diameter yields 𝑑𝑒 = 0.816(𝑑2 − 𝑑1 ) = 0.816(2) = 1.632 𝑖𝑛.

The Reynolds number for an apparent viscosity of 53.5 cp is given by

928𝜌𝑣̅𝑑𝑒 926(10)(11.14)(1.632)
𝑁𝑅𝑒 = = = 3154 < 2100 = turbulent flow
𝜇𝑎 53.5

37100𝜌𝜏𝑦 𝑑𝑒2 37100(10)(15)(1.632)2

𝑁𝐻𝑒 = 2 = = 9263
𝜇𝑝 402

Using graph critical Reynolds number of 3300 is indicated. The Reynolds number for a
plastic viscosity of 40 cp is given by
928𝜌𝑣̅𝑑𝑒 928(10)(11.14)(1.632)
𝑁𝑅𝑒 = = = 4218
𝜇𝑝 40

4218 is greater than (𝑁𝑅𝑒 )c=3300, a turbulent flow pattern again is indicated.
18. A sandstone formation having a porosity of 0.2, water saturation of 0.3, and methane
gas saturation of 0.7 is being drilled at a rate of 50 ft/hr with 9.875-in. bit at a depth of
12,000 ft. A 14 ppg mud is being circulated at a rate of 350 gpm while drilling. Calculate
the change is Hydrostatic pressure caused by the drilled formation materials entering
the mud. The mean temperature is 620 oR and the formation water has a density of 9.0
ppg. The density of the drilled solids is 21.9 ppg.

The hydrostatic head exerted by 12,000 ft of 14 ppg mud would be

𝑝 = 14.7 + 0.052(14)(12000) = 8751 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎

The formation is being drilled at a rate of

𝜋(9.875)2 7.48
50 [ ]( ) = 3.31 𝑔𝑎𝑙/𝑚𝑖𝑛
4(144) 60

Drilled solids are being added to the drilling fluid at a rate of

3.31(1 − 0.2) = 2.65 𝑔𝑎𝑙/𝑚𝑖𝑛

Formation water is being added to the drilling fluid at a rate of

3.31(0.2)(0.3) = 0.2 𝑔𝑎𝑙/𝑚𝑖𝑛

The density of the drilling after the addition of the water and drilled solids would be

14(350) + 21.9(2.65) + 9(0.2)

𝜌̅ = = 14.057 𝑝𝑝𝑔
350 + 2.65 + 0.2
Methane gas is being added to the drilling fluid at a rate of

3.31(0.2)(0.7) = 0.464 𝑔𝑎𝑙/𝑚𝑖𝑛

Assuming the gas is ideal and the formation pressure is approximately 8751 psia, the gas
density is

8751(16)
𝜌𝑔 = = 2.8 𝑝𝑝𝑔
80.3(1.00)(620)

Thus, the gas mass rate entering the well is given by

(2.8)(0.464)
= 0.081 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝑚𝑖𝑛
16
Since the mud is being circulated at a rate of 350 gal/min, the moles of gas per gallon of mud
is given by
 0.081
𝑁𝑣 = = 0.000231 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝑔𝑎𝑙
350

𝑎 = 0.052൫𝜌𝑓 + 𝑀𝑁𝑣 ൯ = 0.052[14.057 + 16(0.000231)] = 0.7312

𝑏 = 𝑧̅𝑁𝑣 𝑅𝑇̅ = (1)(0.000231)(80.3)(620) = 11.5

Since the well is open to the atmosphere, the surface pressure 𝑝1 is 14.7 psia. The bottomhole
pressure 𝑝2 must be estimated from Eq. 4.13 in an iterative manner. As shown in the table
below, various values for 𝑝2 were assumed until the calculated (𝐷2 − 𝐷1 ) was equal to the
well depth of 12,000 ft.

Thus, the change in hydrostatic head due to the drilled formation material entering the mud is
given by

∆𝑝 = 8716 − 8751 = −35 𝑝𝑠𝑖