LIBRARY OF CONGRESS.

Shelf ...C^-C Op
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

THE

GATE TO O^SAE
^"^

-^-^-Xv n_
\

BY

WILLIAM

C.

COLLAR, A.M.

Head Master Roxburt Latin School

,38

1o9l

1i^
BOSTON,

U.S.A.

GINN & COMPANY, PUBLISHEES

1891

^\

^
o
^v

^v^'
Copyright,

By William

1891,

C. Collar.

All Rights Reserved.

/2-

Typography by

J. S.

^/S-Q'

Cushing

Prbsswork by Ginn &

&

Co.,

Co.,

Boston, U.S.A.

Boston, U.S.A.

PREFACE.
The

recent discovery of a

work

of Aristotle has^ inter-

ested and delighted the whole learned world; but one

venture to say that

if,

instead, a

may

book had been found

written in the best period of the Latin language for the

amusement or instruction of youth, by some Koman De

Foe, or Goldsmith, or Lamb, or Burnett, there would be ten
times the reason for rejoicing. Unhappily there is no
likelihood that

we

shall

ever congratulate ourselves on

such a "find," for probably no such work ever existed.

What a misfortune that it did not occur to Cicero to divert
himself in some leisure hour by writing a story for Koman
youth
Millions of boys and girls in these later ages would
have had good reason to bless his name. Caesar could have
done it but to him, too, the gods denied such an inspiration,
and we must suffer for it. Seeing that he had composed a
treatise on Latin Grammar, one almost wonders that a mind
so original and fertile should not have conceived the idea
of adapting his Gallic War, or some part of it, to the
powers and comprehension of youth. What measureless
gratitude would he not have won from unborn generations
of schoolmasters, who have now to struggle desperately and
often unavailingly to make clear to their pupils the meaning
of his intricate periods, and untwist the strands of his
knotty syntax
!

PKEFACE.

IV
Caesar

is

difficult author.

Some

War

parts of his Gallic

are as hard, or nearly as hard, as any prose Latin that has

come down to us. Yet it has somehow strangely enough

become the fashion to read that work first in a Latin course.
My own conviction is that for young learners a year's reading in easier Latin is not too much before taking up the
Even then the
less difficult books of the Gallic War.
transition to Caesar comes with something of a shock for
the learner is soon and often brought face to face with
sentences that seem to him of most bewildering intricacy,
however they may, as commentators sometimes remark,
beautifully illustrate most important principles of Latin
order and construction. There is a sentence in the second
book, by no means the most difficult one to be found, that
that is, something more
extends through eighteen lines,
;

than half a page,

containing twenty-one distinct ideas,
and having the verb separated from its subject by ninetyfour words.
I

know no more

disheartening task than that of under-

taking to carry a class unprepared in age and knowledge

Yet

of the language through Caesar's Gallic War.

it is

pre-

cisely this disheartening task that thousands of teachers are

set to do, or set themselves to do, every year.

The

results

Teachers are blamed, they blame

themselves, they blame their pupils. Pupils may sometimes
be stupid, teachers may lack knowledge of the language
and the subject, but the fault may also lie wholly with the
are often dismal enough.

author or with the Latin language

there

is

no help.

Latin,

ingly difficult language to

why, in attacking
removed.

We

itself

if

with the

latter,

must be confessed, is an exceedAll the more reason then

learn.

it

it,, every unnecessary obstacle should be

should make our approaches with caution

PREFACE.
and

skill

we should take

should not begin with a

it, if

possible, aperto latere.

difficult

work

of Latin suited to the juvenile mind, this

able,

common

We

in the dearth

or

if,

is

deemed unavoid-

sense suggests the query, wJiy not remove

provisionally^ from the text those

more

intricate

parts that dis-

courage the learner and bar the ivay of progress?

Caesar knew how to write his own language well

but he
he wrote with compression and in haste, and
there are passages in his works that are tough reading for a
good Latin scholar. It is the fashion to praise Caesar's lucidity but brevity and haste are not conducive to lucidity.
;

wrote for men,

*'

For

my

Ther nys no werkman, what so ever lie be,

That may bothe werke wel, and hastily.
This wol be doon at leyser parfitly."

part I confess that I sometimes find

Moreover, when I

am

him

obscure.

meaning and appeal

to the commentators, I find that they generally disagree and
sometimes quarrel about the sense. Therefore to put young
in doubt as to his

learners to reading Caesar as his text stands, bristling with

difficulties, before they have acquired anything more than a
meagre vocabulary and gained a modicum of insight by some
practice in reading easier Latin, is to set them at a task
harder than that which Pharaoh set the Israelites.
I am of the opinion that, even when a fair working vocabulary has been acquired through some previous reading, there
is no book of the Gallic War that does not require a certain
degree of simplification to bring it to the level of the powers
of young boys and girls,
It is this conviction born of long
observation of the vexation of spirit, discouragement, and
waste of time by pupils in wrestling with difficulties that
1

It is

presumed that the learner will subsequently read the complete

text.

PREFACE.

Vi

me
may seem,

inevitably floor them, that has prompted

hand

to this work, which, slight as

the leisure of
fold,

many months.

through this

if,

little

it

But

me

book, boys and girls are enabled

more

fresher interest, and added sense of power;

it

my

I shall feel repaid ten-

to read Caesar with less waste of time,

words,

to put

has cost

proves in reality what

it

is

easily,
if,

with

in other

in name, a Gate to

Gaesar.

A few words will be sufficient to explain the principle on

which I have simplified Caesar's text, the amount of excision,
and the degree of change. It would have been a comparatively easy task to simplify the text by the mere process
of omission, never deviating from the ipsissima verba of the
author by so much as the change of a mode or tense. One
could do this and still string together the disjecta membra
of the text into something like a connected narrative. But
that would be to preserve the integrity of the words at the
expense of everything

Or the

spirit.

else,

inner

relation, structure, style,

might be effected by a virtual

by amplification rather than suppres-

simplification

rewriting of the text,

coupled with changes in the collocation of words,

where the arrangement seemed to obscure the meaning and
sion,

perplex the learner.

My purpose and plan differed essentially from both these

My aim has been, first, to keep the narrative in-

methods.
tact

second, to retain as

with the
third, to

effort to

much

disburden

make the fewest

of the text as
it

was consistent

of its greater difficulties

practicable changes in

what was

retained, these, I believe, being almost entirely limited to

modification of verb forms with the necessary concomitant

alterations

word;

fourth, very rarely to change the position of a

finally,

never to insert a word, except occasionally

PREFACE.
to supply a

form plainly understood, or to introduce some

connective, like

As

to the

Vll

et,

turn, itaque,

amount

autem.

of excision, I find that I have omitted

almost exactly one-fifth of Csesar's text.

If the beginner in Csesar reads the simplified text and
concurrently turns the Exercises into Latin, laying firm
hold of the grammatical principles selected for illustration,
I believe he will find the remaining difficulties of the origiI should even hope that
he would then read with something of the joy of conscious

nal text not beyond his scope.

power.

If the reading of the texts

and the writing of the

Exercises should require more time than

is

usually spent

on the second book of Csesar, which, however, I doubt, I

believe subsequent progress would still be rapid and satisfactory enough to amount to a net gain and saving of time.
It has seemed best to mark long vowels, ex<}ept the
vowels of final syllables and of monosyllables, the rules for
which can be readily learned. I have, however, marked a
few monosyllables, as a constant reminder to teachers who
find their old pronunciation clinging to certain words.
We
used to say his, sic, non, quin, hoc. These words, therefore,
I have marked.
On the other hand, one is in no danger of
saying de, hi, si, pro, for old habit would not mislead.
I take pleasure in acknowledging my obligations to Mr.
Alfred G. Eolfe for several useful criticisms, and to Miss

Caroline Ober Stone for carefully reading the proof-sheets

as far as the vocabularies.

To Mr. Clarence W. Gleason

am specially indebted. But

for his timely

and generous

aid,

both in the correction of the proof and in the preparation

of the vocabularies, the publication of this book must have
been very considerably delayed.

WILLIAM
Seaconnet, July

25, 1891.

C.

COLLAR.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Introductory Note
I

Simplified

Text

1-22

Complete Text

23-41

Notes on Both Texts.

43-71

Exercises on Simplified Text

72-87

Vocabulary
I

89-123

Etymological Vocabulary

125-141

ix

NOTE ON THE USE OF THE BOOK.

The
first

Simplified Text

importance.

The

and the Exercises based upon

it

are of the

viva voce translation of the Exercises, followed

by the writing of them, will illustrate and help to implant in the

memory the most important principles of syntax met with in the text.
Let the teacher insist upon thorough work here, and he may safely
omit other syntactical instruction.
But little power of reading Latin can be gained without making
the acquisition of a working vocabulary a distinct object. The Latin
synonyms and the Etymological Vocabulary may be made useful
agents to that end. If the words added to each chapter are read
aloud, reviewed, and compared where backward references are made,
the learner will acquire a useful stock of

and with small expenditure

synonyms

easily, naturally,

of time.

It is often easier to retain in

mind a number

of words,

grouped

according to some principle of similarity or contrast, than a single

word with nothing to hook it to the memory. For this reason it is

recommended that the Etymological Vocabulary be often pressed into
the service. Suppose, for example, the word conspectus occurs in the
If the teacher will turn to page 138 and have the ten words
lesson.
read out under the root SPEC, he will multiply several times the
chances that this particular word will be remembered on its next
occurrence.

He

will

He

have done much more.

will

have increased

the chances that nine other words will be lodged in the

to each one a fresh interest will be

added by

not as an isolated, and therefore barren,

The

its

memory

and

being seen in relation,

fact.

may

be used for comparing in the text the

It is through such
different meanings and uses of the same word.
comparisons that one gets at the heart and spirit of the language,
while cultivating at the same time a mental habit of great value.
Having read the Simplified Text, the learner should be well equipped
for wrestling with the difficulties that remain in the unchanged text,
for he is already familiar with the thought and the language. Comparison of the two texts by the teacher, so far as time permits, may
first

vocabulary

now be made to illustrate important

principles, as of indirect discourse,

which are here and there discussed in the notes.

C^SAE'S GALLIC

WAR

Book IL
B.C.

57

A.U.C. 697.

THE BELGIAN LEAGUE DEFEATED.

Simplified Text.

The Belgce form a league against

the

Romans.

1, Cum esset Caesar in citeriore Gallia, crebri ad eum

rumores adf ere bant ur. Litteris item Labieni certior fiebat omnes Belgas contra populum Eomanum coniurare
obsidesque inter se dare. Coniurandi hae erant causae
primum verebantur ne ad se exercitus noster adducereHi Gertur; deinde ab nonnuUis Gallis sollicitabantur.

manos

diutius in Gallia versari noluerant et populi

Eomani

exercitum hiemare atque inveterascere in Gallia moleste

ferebant.

]^onnulli mobilitate et levitate animi no vis

imperils studebant.

quod

Ab

nonnullis etiam sollicitabantur,

in Gallia a potentioribus atque

iis qui ad conducendos homines facultates habebant, vulgo regna occupabantur qui minus facile eam rem imperio nostro consequi
;

poterant.
vereor, timeo.

versor: maneo^ sum,

moleste, graviter.

deinde,

studeo, cupio.

QTehemr, freqiiens.

turn.

C^SAU

GALLIC

WAR

Ccesar levies two legions and marches against them.

His nuntiis litterisque coramotus est Caesar. Duas

In interiorem Galliam qui has legiones deduceret Q. Pedium
legatum misit. Ipse, cum primum pabuli c5pia esse
Senones finitimi Belgis
inciperet, ad exercitum venit.
Ea quae apud Belgas geruntur cognoscunt Caesaerant.
2.

legiones in citeriore Gallia novas conscrTpsit.

lo

remque de his rebus certiorem faciunt. Hi constanter

omnes nuntiaverunt manus cogi, exercitum in unum locum
Tum vero non dubitavit Caesar quin ad eos
conduci.
Itaque castra movet diebusque circiter
proficisceretur.
quindecim ad fines Belgarum pervenit.
nantius, rumor.
finitimus vicimis, propinquus.
gero: ago, facio.

cogo, conligo.

The Semi at once shoiv

the white feather.

condaco,

3.

Eo

de improviso celeriterque venit Caesar.

Eemi

ad eum legates Iccium et Andocumborium miserunt, qui

dixerunt se omnia in fidem atque in potestatem populi
Eomani permittere. "Eemi neque cum Belgis reliquis
consenserunt neque contra populum Eomanum coniuraParati sunt obsides dare et Caesaris imperata

verunt.
facere et

eum

iuvare.

Eeliqui omnes Belgae in armis sunt.

qui cis
lo

conligo.

pervenio, accedo.

Tantus

oppidis recipere et f rumento ceterTsque rebus

Ehenum
est

incolunt,

sese

cum

Germani,

his coniunxerunt.

eorum omnium furor ut ne Suessiones quidem

deterrere possint Eemi.

Suessiones fratres

sanguineique sunt eodemque

Eemorum con-

Tsdem legibus utuntur.

IJnum imperium unumque magistratum cum iis habent.'^
consentlo coniuro, me coniungo,
de improviso siibito, repente.
:

permitto, dedo.

itire et

deterreo, dissuddeo.

BOOK

II.

Coesar learns the number of the enemy's forces.

4t.

Cum

ab his quaereret quae civitates quantaeque in

armis essent et quid in bello possent,

sic

reperiebat

Rhenumque

plerique Belgae sunt orti ab Germanis

an-

tiquitus traducti ibi consederunt, Gallosque qui ea loca

Soli fuerunt qui Teutonos Cimbrosque intra fines suos ingredi prohibuerunt. Qua ex

incolebant expulerunt.
re llebat ut

magnam

sibi

auctoritatem magnosque spiritus

De numero eorum omnia se

Eemi dicebant. Quantam quisque mulcommuni Belgarum concilio ad id bellum pol-

in re militari sumerent.

habere explorata
titudinem in

licitus esset cognoverant.

Plurimum

hominum numero

et virtute et auctoritate et

Hi poterant

c5nficere

armata milia centum

ex eo numero electa sexaginta totiusque

sibi postulabant.

Suessiones

Remorum

valebant.

polliciti

belli

sunt

imperium

erant fmitimi;

latissimos feracissimosque agros possidebant.

fuit rex nostra

lo

inter eos Bellovaci

Apud

15

eos

etiam memoria Divitiacus, totius Galliae

cum magnae partis harum regionum

tum etiam Britanniae imperium obtinuit. Nunc erat rex
Galba; ad hunc propter iustitiam prudentiamque suam
potentissimus^ qui

belli

He

summa

delata est.

quaero, interrogo.

explore, cognosco,

reperio, cognosco.

valeo, possum.

orior, ndscor.

conficio, comparo.

consido, me colloco.

ferax,

spiritus

summa

adrogantia^ animi.

takes hostages from the

Bemi and

/er^zVzs.
:

cura^ imperium.

crosses the

Axona,

5. Caesar omnem senatum ad se convenire principumque liberos obsides ad se adduci itissit. Quae omnia ab his
Ipse Divitiacum Aeduum
diligenter ad diem facta sunt.

20

C^SAH

GALLIC

WAR

magno opere cohortatus est. Eei publicae interest maniis

cum tanta multitudine uno tempore

hostiiim distineri, ue

confligendiim

sit.

Id

fieri potest,

snas copias Aedui

si

in fines Bellovacorum introduxerint et

lo

eorum agros popu-

eum ab se dimittit. Postea

Caesar omnes Belgarum copias in unum locum coactas
ad se venire vidit neque iam longe abesse. Hoc ab iis
His mandatis

lari coeperint.

quos miserat exploratoribus et ab Eemis cognovit. Tum

Axonam exercitum traducere maturavit atque ibi

fiumen

Quae

castra posuit.

15

reddebat.

unum castrorum
eum quae essent tuta ab

res latus

minis muniebat et post

Commeatus etiam ab Eemis

Ibi praesidium ponit et in altera parte fluminis

erat.

Titurium Sabinum legatum cum sex cohortibus

quit
20

hostibus

reliqulsque civi-

In eo flumine pons

tatibus sine periculo portari poterant.

Q.

ripis flu-

castra in altitudinem

duodeviginti

pedum munire

pedum

iubet.

interest, pertinet.

populor, msto.
cogo, conduco, 2.
cognosco, reperio^

distlneo, dlvido.

maturo, propero.

iubeo, impero.

magno

opere, vehementer.

confligo

How
Ab

reli-

xii vallo fossaque

pugnOy dimico.

commeatus,

the Belgce lay siege to

4.

cibus.

a town,

oppidum Kemorum nomine Bibrax

Id ex itinere magno impetu
Belgae oppugnare coeperunt. Aegre eo die sustentatum
Gallorum eadem atque Belgarum oppugnatio est
est.
6.

his castris

aberat milia passuum octo.

Circumiecta multitudine hominum totis moenibus

haec.
undique in murum lapides iaciunt. Ubi murus defensoribus nudatus est, testudine facta portas succedunt murumque subruunt. Quod tum facile f lebat. Nam cum tanta

BOOK

II.

multitudo lapides ac tela conicerent, in muro consistendi

Postremo fmem oppugnandi nox

Turn Iccius Eemus, qui oppido praefuerat, nuntium ad Caesarem mittit: nisi subsidium sibi submittatur, sese diutius sustinere non posse.

potestas erat nuUi.

lo

fecit.

totus, omnis.

subra.o, suffodio.

undique, ex omni parte.

consisto,

ubi, cum.

praesuni, praefectus sum.

nudo, prlvo.
succedo accedOj subeo.

subsidium, auxilium.
sustineo, sustento.

They abandon
7.

Eo

sto,

and turn against

the siege

Ccesar,

de media nocte Caesar ISTumidas et Gretas sagit-

tarios et funditores Baleares subsidio oppidanis mittit;

quorum adventu hostibus spes potiundi oppidi

discessit.

Itaque paulisper apud oppidum morati agrosque Eemo-

rum depopulati ad

castra Caesaris omnibus copiis con-

tenderunt et ab milibus passuum minus duobus castra

posuerunt

quae

castra, ut ftimo atque Tgnibus signifi-

cabatur, amplius milibus

passuum octo in

latittidinem

patebant.

subsidium, auxilium^

moror, cunctor.
depopulor, vdsto.
contendo, mdturo,

6.

potior, occupo.

discedo, abeo.
paulisper, 7idn diu.

5.

pateo, pertineo.

Coescm* awaits the attack

of the enemy,

Caesar primo propter multitudinem hostium et

propter eximiam opmionem virtutis proelio supersedere
8.

statuit; cotidie

tamen quid

hostis virtute posset et quid

Locus erat pro castris ad

aciem mstruendam nattira opporttinus atque idoneus. Is
nostri auderent periclitabatur.

autem

coUis, ubi castra posita erant,

paululum ex planitie

c^sak's gallic

6
editus

tantum adversus

loci acies instructa

war
quantum
Atque ex utraque

in latitudinem patebat

occupare poterat.

parte lateris deiectus habebat, et in frontem leniter fastilo

gatus paulatim ad planitiem redibat.

Ab

utroque latere

eius collis transversam f ossam obduxit circiter

15

passuum

quadringentorum et ad extremas fossas castella constituit

ibique tormenta conlocavit, ne hostes ab lateribus pugnantes suos circumvenire possent.
Hoc facto duabus
legionibus quas proxime conscripserat in castris relictis,
reliquas sex legiones pro castris in acie constituit.

Hostes

item suas copias ex castris eductas mstruxerant.

eximius

excellens, egregiiis,

idoneus

apt^is,

commodus.

supersedeo, ahstineo.

deiectus, declwitas,
fastigatus, adclivis.

periclitor

conloco, pono.

opinio, fdma.

tento, experior,

Finally the enemy

make a dash

to cross the

Axona.

9. Palus erat non magna inter nostrum atque hostium

Hanc

exercitum.

si

nostri transirent hostes exspecta-

Interim proelio equestri inter duas acies contendebatur. Ubi neutri transeundae eius paludis initium

bant.

faciunt, secundiore

in castra reduxit.

Axonam

equitum proelio nostris Caesar suos

Hostes protinus ex eo loco ad flumen

quod esse post nostra castra

Partem suarum cdpiarum traducere

contenderunt,

demdnstratum

est.

conati sunt, ut castellum cui praeerat Q. Titurius legatus

10

expugnarent pontemque interscinderent si minus potuagros Eemorum popularentur commeatuque

;

issent, ut

nostros proliiberent.
initium, principium.

contendo, mdturo,

secundus, prosperus.
protinus statim^ extemplo^

praesum, praefectus swm,

repente, subito,

7.

interscindo, ahrumpo,

commeatus,

cibus, 5.

6.

BOOK

battle follows, the Belgce

II.

are defeated and disperse.

10. Caesar omnem equitatum et levis armaturae Numidas, funditores sagittariosque pontem traducit atque

ad eos contendit.

Acriter in eo loco pugnatum

tes impeditos nostri in flumine adgressi

numerum

est.

Hos-

magnum e5rum

Primos qui transierant equitatu

Hostes, ubi de expugnando
oppido spem se fefellisse mtellexerunt neque nostros in
locum iniquiorem progredi viderunt atque ipsos res frumentaria deficere coepit^ concilium convocaverunt. Conocciderunt.

circumventos interfecerunt.

stituerunt

optimum

esse

domum suam quemque

Constituerunt etiam ut quorum in fines

reverti.

lo

primum Eomani

exercitum introduxissent ad eos defendendos undique

convenirent.

Quod

eo consilio fecerunt, ut potius in suis

Ad eam sententiam
haec ratio eos deduxit, quod Divitiacum atque Aeduos
finibus Bellovacorum adpropinquare cognoverant.
His
quam

in alienis finibus decertarent.

15

persuaderi ut diutius morarentur non poterat.

armatara, arma.

constituo, statuo.

acriter, vehementer,

reverter, redeo.

adgredior: adorior.

decerto

occido, concido.

sententia, cdnsilium,

progredior: procedo, prodeo,

moror,

TJiey are

11.

Ea

pugno, dimico,

cunctor, 7.

pursued imth awful slaughter.

re constituta,

secunda vigilia magno cum

stre-

pitu ac tumultu castris egressi, nullo certo ordine neque

imperio^ fecerunt ut consimilis fugae profectio videretur.

Hac

re statim Caesar per speculatores cognita insidias

veritus exercitum equitatumque castris continuit.

luce

omnem equitatum

qui novissimum

Prima
agmen moraretur

CiESAR

8
praemlsit.

T.

subsequi

lo

GALLIC

WAR

Labienum legatuin cum legionibus

Hi novissimos

iussit.

tribus

adorti et multa milia

passuum prosecuti magnam multitudinem eorum fugientium conclderunt. li ad quos ventum erat consistebant
sed priores,
f ortiterque impetum nostrorum sustinebant
quod abesse a periculo videbantur, exaudito clamore per;

omnes

turbatis ordinibus
bant.
15

in fuga sibi praesidium pone-

magnam eorum multitudinem

occasumque solis destiterunt seque
ut erat imperatum, receperunt.

Ita sine ullo periculo

nostri interf ecerunt sub

in castra,

constituo, statuo,
strepitus

subsequor

10.

clamor, fremitus,

proseqiior, insequor.

adorior, adgredior^

conslmilis, persimilis.

concido, occido,

vereor, timeo,

consisto,

1.

inoror, cunctor^

A forced

march and

sto, 6.

sustineo, sustento,

7.

attack on

10.

10.

6.

Noviodunum,

The town

surrenders,

12. Postridie eius diei Caesar in fines Suessionum

exercitum duxit et magno itinere confecto ad oppidum
Noviodunum contendit. Id ex itinere oppugnare conatus,

10

quod vacuum ab defensoribus esse audiebat, expugnare

non potuit. Interim omnis ex fuga Suessionum multittido in oppidum proxima nocte convenit. Celeriter vineis
ad oppidum actis, aggere iacto turribusque constittitis,
magnitudine operum et celeritate Eomanorum permoti
sunt Suessiones. Itaque legatos ad Caesarem de deditione mittunt et petentibus Eemis ut conservarentur impetrant.

contendo, propero.

ago pello^ duco, traho.

permoveo, commoveo.

vacuus:

deditio, trdditio.

conficio, perficio,
carens, nudus,

interim, interea.

impetro, consequor.

BOOK

II.

The Bellovaci also submit at Ccesar^s approach,

13 Caesar obsidibtis acceptis armisqiie omDibus ex
oppido traditis in deditionem Suessiones accepit exer-

citumque in Bellovacos duxit. Qui cum se suaque omnia

oppidum Bratuspantium contulissent, atque ab eo
oppido Caesar cum exercitu circiter milia passuum quinque abesset, omnes maiores natu ex oppido egressi manus
ad Caesarem tendere et voce significare coeperunt sese in
eius fidem ac potestatem venire.
Item, cum ad oppidum
accessisset, pueri mulieresque ex muro passis manibus
suo more pacem ab E/omanis petierunt.
in

trado do^ dedo.

me confero me

pueri,

pando, tendo,
mos, consuetudo.

coepi, incepi.

peto, oro.

recipio, eo,

lo

liberi.

egredior, exeo.

Divitiacus pleads earnestly for the Bellovaci,

14. Pro his Divitiacus tacit verba: '^Bellovaci omni

tempore in fide atque amicitia civitatis Aeduae fuerunt

impulsi a suis principibus, qui dicebant Aeduos omnes

indignitates contumeliasque perferre, ab Aeduis defece-

runt et populo

Romano bellum

intulerunt.

li qui eius 5

Britanniam profugerunt.
Petunt non solum Bellovaci sed etiam pro his Aedui ut
tua dementia ac mansuetudine in eos utaris. Quod si
feceris, Aeduorum auctoritatem apud omnes Belgas amplificabis, quorum auxiliis atque opibus, si qua bella
consili

principes

fuerunt

in

incidunt, sustentare consuerunt."

impello incito^ induco,

contumelia, iniuria.
:

deficio

desero.

mansuetado,

lenitas,

auctoritas, gratia.
amplifico, augeo.
sustento, sustineo,

coasuesco,

soleo.

6.

10

Cesar's gallic

10

war

The temperance, courage, and patriotism of

the Nervii.

Caesar honoris Divitiaci atque Aeduorum causa

15.

sese eos in fidem recepturum et conservaturum dixit

quod
5

erat civitas

magna

inter Belgas auctoritate, sexcen-

traditis omnibusque armis

ex oppido conlatis, ab eo loco in fines Ambianorum pervenit.
E5rum lines Nervii attingebant; quorum de
natura moribusque Caesar cum quaereret, sic reperiebat
nihil patieNullus aditus erat ad eos mercatdribus
bantur vini reliquarumque rerum inferri, quod iis rebus
relanguescere animos et remitti virtutem exlstimabant
increpitabant
erant homines f eri magnaeque virtutis
atque incusabant reliquos Belgas, qui se populo Eomano

tos

obsides poposcit.

His

lo

dedidissent.
auctoritas, gratia^ 14.

patior, sino.

posco, impero.
confero, cogo^ 2.

relanguesco, effeminor.
remitto, minuo,

attingo, contingo.

incuso, accuso.

aditus, accessus,

dedo, permitto.

Encamped on

the Sabis the Nervii await the

coming

of Ccesar.
16.

Cum

per eorum fines triduum iter fecisset,

in-

veniebat ex captivis Sabim flumen ab castris suis non

amplius milia passuum

abesse.

Nervii consederant adventumque

5

Trans id flumen omnes

ibi

Romanorum

exspec-

Exspectabantur etiam ab his Aduatucorum copiae

atque erant in itinere. Mulieres quique per aetatem ad
pugnam intitiles viderentur in eum locum coniecerantj
quo propter paludes exercitui aditus non esset.
tabant.

consido,

me

colloco, 4.

conicio, depono,

aditus, 15.

BOOK
They plan

11

II.

Ccesar^s advance guard.

to attack

His rebus cognitis exploratores centurionesque

Cum ex
dediticiis Belgis reliquisque Gallis complures Caesarem
secuti una iter facerent, quidam ex his nocte ad Nervios
pervenerunt. His demonstrarunt inter singulas legiones
impedimentorum magnum numerum intercedere, neque
esse quicquam negoti, cum prima legio in castra venisset,
hanc sub sarcinis adoriri qua pulsa futurum ut reliquae
17.

praemittit qui locum idoneum castris deligaut.

legiones contra consistere

antiquitus,

quo

facilius

non auderent.

Nervii autem

finitimorum equitatum impedi-

rent^ teneris arboribus incisis

atque

lo

inflexis, crebrisque

in latittidinem ramis enatis, et rubis sentibusque interiectis,

effecerant ut instar muri hae saepes

munimenta

modo non intrari sed ne perspici

His rebus cum iter agminis nostri im-

praeberent, quo non

quidem

posset.

non omittendum

pediretur,

sibi

15

consilium Nervii existi-

maverunt.
idoneus

aptus,

commodus,

consisto,

8.

sto, 6.

deligo, eligo.

incido, accido.

intercedo, intervenio.
sarcinae: impedimenta, onera.

instar forma, similitudo,

omitto, neglego.
existimo, ^w^o.

adorior, adgredior,

11.

The

Roman

18.

Loci natura erat haec,

delegerant.

camping-ground and the position of the

enemy,

Collis ab

summo

quem locum

nostri castris

aequaliter declivis ad flumen

Sabim, quod supra nominavimus, vergebat. Ab eo flumine pari adclTvitate collis nascebatur, ab superiore parte
Intra
silvestris ut n5n facile introrsus perspici posset.
eas silvas hostes in occulto sese continebant

in aperto

Cesar's gallic

12
loco

"

secundum flumen paucae

bantur.

culmen.

in occulto, abditus,

vergo, pertineo.
nascor, orior, 4.

circiter, ad.

is skilfully

static, custodia.

earned out by

Sed quod ad hostes adpropinquabat, consue-

sua sex legiones expeditas ducebat;

post

eas

impedimenta conlocarat inde duae legiones, quae proxime conscriptae erant, totum agmen claudebant praesidioque impedimentis erant. Equites nostri,

totius exercitus
5

the Nervii,

Caesar equitatu praemisso subsequebatur omni-

copiis.

tudine

introrsus, intra.

declivis, proclivis.

The plan of attack

19.

equitum vide-

stationes

Fluminis erat altitudo pedum circiter trium.

summum,

bus

war

cum

funditoribus sagittariisque flumen transgress!,

cum

h ostium equitatu proelium commiserunt. Illi se identidem in silvas ad suos recipiebant ac rursus ex silva in
lo

Interim legiones sex, quae

nostros impetum faciebant.
prlmae venerant, opere dimenso castra munire coeperunt.
Ubi prima impedimenta nostri exercitus ab iis qui in
silvis abditi latebant visa sunt, subito omnibus copiis
provolaverunt impetumque in nostros equites fecerunt.

15

His facile pulsis ac proturbatis, incredibili celeritate ad

flumen decucurrerunt, ut paene uno tempore ad silvas et
in flumine et

Eadem autem

iam

in

manibus nostris hostes viderentur.

coUe ad nostra castra

celeritate adverso

atque eos qui in opere occupati erant contenderunt.

subsequor, j^rosegwor, 11.
conloco, pono^ 8.
trail sgredior, trdnseo.
identidem, iterwn atque iteriim.
rursus, iterum.
interim, interea, 12.

dimetior, me^ior.
lateo,

me

celo.

provolo, proruo.
nvotwvho, fug o.
paene, fere.
contendo, propero,

7.

BOOK
But

the soldiers

and

13

II.

lieutenants

know what

to do.

20. Caesari omnia uno tempore erant agenda: vexillum

prop5nendum, sTgnum tuba dandum, ab opere revocandi
milites, acies instruenda, milites cohortandi, signum dandum. Quarum rerum magnam partem temporis breviSed erat subsidio
tas et successus hostium impediebat.
scientia atque usus mllitnm, quod superioribus proeliis
exercitati, non minus commode ipsi sibi praescribere

quam ab

aliis

gulisque

legionibus

doceri poterant.

singulos

Praeterea ab opere
legatos

commode:

os^6?2f?o.

successus,

sin-

lo

apte, bene.

praescribo, praecipio.

accessiis, 15.

subsidium, auxiUum,

Caesar discedere

Hi propter propinquitatem et celeritatem

vetuerat.
hostium nihil iam Caesaris imperium exspectabant, sed
per se quae videbantur administrabant.
propono,

6.

veto, prohibeo.

usus, experientia.

propinquitas,

exercitatus, J9m^?/s.

administro

Fighting begins before the soldiers can

vicinitas,

provideo, ago.

arm

themselves,

21. Caesar necessariis rebus imperatis ad cohortandos

milites decucurrit et ad legionem decimam devenit.

non longiore oratione cohortatus quam uti suae

virtutis memoriam retinerent neu perturbarentur animo hostiumque impetum fortiter sustinerent,
quod non longe hostes aberant, proeli committendi slgniim dedit. Atque in alteram partem item cohortandi
causa profectus pugnantibus occurrit. Temporis tanta
fuit exiguitas hostiumque tam paratus ad dimicandum
animus, ut non modo ad Insignia adcommodanda, sed
Milites

pristinae

etiam ad galeas induendas scutisque tegimenta detrudenda

tempus

defuerit.

Quam

in

partem quisque ab opere casu

lo

Cesar's gallic

14

war

devenit'quaeque prima signa conspexit, ad haec constitit,

ne in quaerendis suis pugnandi tempus dimitteret.

adcommodo,

devenio, pervenio,
pristinus vetus, antiquus.
perturbo, commoveo, 12.
sustineo, siistento,

All

is

apto.

induo, induco.
detrudo, detraho,
casu, forte.

6.

occurro, incido.

conspicio, conspicor,

exiguitas, brevitas.

dimitto, dmitto.

confusion in the battle; the

commander can do

little,

22. Instructo exercitu magis ut loci natura deiectuscollis et necessitas temporis quam ut rei militaris

que

ratio atque ordo postulabat, fiebat ut aliae legiories alia

in parte hostibus resisterent

5

saepibus autem densissimis,

ut ante demonstravimus, interiectis prospectus impedielatur, ut neque certa subsidia conlocari, neque ab uno
Itaque in tanta
omnia imperia administrari possent.
rerum inlquitate, fortunae quoque eventus varii seque-

bantur.
deiectus, dedivitas,

administro, ago,

8.

20.

ratio, scientia.

iniquitas, varietas.

intericio, interpono.

eventus, casus.

The

battle

seems

to be

going against Ccesar.

23. Legionis nonae et decimae milites, ut in sinistra

parte acie constiterant, Atrebates cursu ac lassitudine

exanimatos vulneribusque confectos

superiore in flumen compulerunt.
5

conantes insecuti, gladiis

fecerunt.

celeriter

Tum

eos

ex loco
transire

magnam partem eorum

inter-

non dubitaverunt

et in

Ipsi transire flumen

locum iniquum prdgressi, hostes redintegrato proelio in

fugam coniecerunt. Item alia in parte diversae duae
legiones, undecima et octava; ex loco superiore in ipsis

BOOK
flfiminis ripis proeliabantur.

15

II.

At

totis fere a frdnte et lo

ab sinistra parte nudatis castris, omnes Nervii confertissimo agmine, duce Bodnognato, qui summam imperi
tenebat, ad

eum locum contenderunt quorum

pars aperto

summum

castrorum

latere legiones circumvemre,

locum petere

pars

^5

coepit.

lassitado, defatigdtio,

confertus, densus,

confectus, defessus.

compello, ago.

sumnia, cura^ 4.
contendo, propero,

redintegro, renovo.

peto, accurro.

It is

beginning

to look

very dark for the

24: Eodem tempore equites nostri

pedites, qui cum iis una fuerant^ cum

rent,

liostibus

Romans.

levisque armaturae
se in castra recipe-

occurrebant ac rursus aliam in partem

fugam petebant;

cum

12.

calones,

et

praedandi causa egressi,

respexissent et bostes in nostris

castris

versari

mandabant.
Simul
eorum qui cum impedimentis veniebant clamor fremitusque oriebatur, aliique aliam in partem perterriti ferebantur.
Quibus omnibus rebus permoti sunt equites
Treveri, qui auxili causa ab civitate ad Caesarem missi
venerant. Ergo cum multitudine hostium castra compleri, legiones premi et paene circumventas teneri, calovidissent,

praecipites

fugae

nes, equites, funditores in

desperatis nostris rebus,

omnes partes fugere

domum

manos pulsos superatosque

armatura, arma,

me reclpio, me

fremitus,

confero, 13.

occurro, incido, 21.

egredior, exeo, 13.
versor, siim ocmipdtiis,

mando, commendo.

1.

10

vidissent,

contenderunt atque Eo-

civitati renuntiaverunt.

10.

sese

strepitus^ 11,

orior, ndscor, 4.

premo,

urgeo.

paene,

fere, 19.

pello

fugo, proturbo, 19.

supero, vinco.

15

wak

cjesar's gallic

16

Will Ccesar^s coolness

and courage save

his

army

25. Caesar ab decimae legionis cohort atione ad dextrum corDU profectus suos urgeri et duodecimae legionis
confertos milites sibi ipsos ad pugiiam esse impedimento

Quartae cohortis omnes centuriones occisi sunt

signum est amissum. Eeliqua-

vldit.
S

et,

signifero interfecto,

rum cohortium omnes fere centuriones aut vulnerati aut

occisi sunt, in Ms primipilus P. Sextius Baculus, fortissimus

vir,

multis gravibusque vulneribus confectus ut iam

se sustinere
lo

non

His rebus reliquos esse tardiores

posset.

Vldit Caesar et nonnullos deserto proelio excedere ac tela

vitare; hostes

autem neque a fronte ex mferiore loco

subeuntes intermittere et ab utroque latere instare, et

rem

esse in angusto,

submitti posset.
15

neque ullum esse subsidium quod

Tum

vero scuto uni militi detracto,

quod ipse eo sine scuto venerat, in primam aciem processit, centurionibusque nominatim appellatis, reliquos
cohortatus milites signa inferre et manipulos laxare

quo

facilius gladiis uti possent.

mllitibus ac redintegrato
20

tardatus est.
urgeo, premo,

animo paulum hostium impetus

confertus, densus, 23.

subeo, succedo.
intermitto desino,

sTgnifer, aquilifer.

iiisto

amitto, dhnitto, 21.

detraho, rapio.

fere, paene, 19.

laxo, aperio.

confectus, defessus, 23.

infero (2) do, adfero.

redintegro, renovo, 23.

excedo,

24.

exeo.

A shifting scene.

iussit,

Cuius adventu spe inlata

iirgeo,

premo,

desisto,
24:.

Pull Romans, pull Nervii!

26. Caesar cum septimam legionem, quae iuxta conitem urgeri ab hoste vTdisset, tribunos militum
monuit ut paulatim sese legiones coniungerent. Quo
stiterat,

BOOK
cum

facto,

subsidium

alius alii

ac fortius pugnare coeperuut.

17

II.

ferret, audacius resistere

Interim milites legionum

duarum, quae in novissimo agmine praesidio impedimennuntiato cursu incitato in summo colle
ab hostibus conspiciebantur et T. Labienus castris hostium potitus decimam legionem subsidio nostris misit.
Qui cum quo in loco res esset, quantoque in periculo castis fuerant, proelio

tra

legiones

et

ad celeritatem

nihil

sibi reliqui fecerunt.

iaxta, prope.

paulatim, graddtim.

potior, occupo,

consisto,

interim, interea^
conspicio, video.

versor, sum^

6.

urgeo, 25.

In
27.

12.

cognosco,

the fierce wrestle the brave

Horum

lo

imperator versaretur, cognovissent,

et

7.

1.

reperio, 4.

Nervii go under,

adventu tanta rerum commutatio est facta

ut nostri, etiam qui vulneribus confecti procubuissent,

proelium redintegrarent

equites vero, ut turpitudinem

fugae virtute delerent, omnibus in locis pugnae se legionariis militibus praeferrent.

maximam

spe salutis

At

hostes etiam in extrema

virtutem praestiterunt

nam cum

primi eorum cecidissent, proximi iacentibus comitibus

insistebant atque ex

eorum corporibus pugnabant his

tumulo
;

deiectis et coacervatis cadaveribus, ceteri ut ex

tela in nostros coniciebant et pila intercepta remittebant

ut iudicari deberet

non nequlquam tantae

virtutis

nes ausos esse transTre latissimum flumen, ascendere

simas ripas, subire iniquissimum locum

difficillimis

deleo,

procido.

ignominia, infdmia.

eocstingiio.

iaceo, procumbo.

coacervo
cadaver,

congerOy cogo.

corpus.

extreiTiiis, ultimus.

nequTquam,

praesto

redigo,

altis-

facilia

animi magnitudo redegerat.

procumbo,
tiirpitudo

quae

praeheo^ ostento.

frustra.

facio.

homi-

ex

lo

war

c^sak's gallic

18

Why
28.

Hoc

poor remnant

slay the

Let them

live,

proelio facto et prope ad iuternecionem gente

ac nomine JSTerviorum redacto, maiores natu, quos una

cum

pueris mulieribusque in paludes coniectos dixeramus,

cdnsensu
5

omnium

miserunt seque
civitatis

hominum

qui supererant legatos ad Caesarem

dediderunt.

ei

Postea in commemoranda

calamitate, ex sexcentis ad tres senatores, ex

milibus lx vix ad quingentos qui

possent, sese redactos esse dixerunt.

arma

miseros ac supplices usus misericordia videretur,

lo

ferre

Qu5s Caesar ut in
dili-

gentissime conservavit suisque finibus atque oppidis uti

iussit et finitimis

imperavit ut ab iniuria et malelicio se

suosque prohiberent.
prope, paene^

conicio, depono, 16.

19.

interneclo, interitus.

dedo, permiUo,

redigo,

commeinoro,

pueri,

rediico.

15.

ndrro.

finitimus, viclnus,

liberi, 13.

The Aduatuci prepare

to

make a

2.

desperate resistance,

29. Aduatuci, qui cum omnibus copiis auxilio Nerviis

veniebant, hac pugna nuntiata ex itinere domum reverterunt

cunctis oppidis castellisque desertis sua

unum oppidum
5

egregie

Quod ex omnibus

omnia

in

natura munitum contulerunt.

in circuitu partibus altissimas rupes

despectusque habebat, sed una ex parte leniter adclivis

aditus relinquebatur;

quem locum

duplici altissirao

muro

munierant; tum magni ponderis saxa et praeacutas trabes

in muro conlocabant. Ipsi erant ex Cimbris Teutonisque
lo

prognati^ qui,

cum

iter

in

provinciam nostram atque

Italiam facerent^ custodiam ex suis ac praesidium sex

milia

hominum

rellquerunt.

Hi

post eorum obitum

BOOK

19

II.

multos annos a finitimis exagitati, consensu eorum om-

nium hunc

sibi domicilio

locum delegerunt.

reverter, redeo, 10.

aditus, accessus,

cunctus, omnis.
egregie: 'optime, eximie,
despectus, prospectus.

conloco, pono, 8.
prognatus, oi^tus,

8.

4.

obitus, interitus, 28.

deligo, eligo^ 17.

leniter, pauldtim.

From

15.

their loalls they taunt the

Romans,

30. Ac primo adventu exercitus nostri crebras ex

oppido excursion es faciebant parvulisque proeliis cum
nostris contendebant

XV milium

pedum

postea vallo

xii in circuitu

crebiisque castellis circummuniti oppido sese

continebant.

Ubi

vTneis actis aggere exstructo turrim 5

procul constitui vlderunt,

primum

inridere ex mtiro atque

quod tanta machinatio ab

tanto spatio Instrueretur quibusnam manibus aut quibus viribus praesertim homines tantulae staturae turrim
tanti oneris in muro sese conlocare confiderent ?
increpitare vocibus coeperunt,
:

adventus, accessus,
creber, frequens,

15.

1.

iucrepito, maledico.

excursio, eruptio.

tantulus, parvulus,

constituo, pono.

onus, pondus.

But soon
31.

they lose confidence

Ubi vero turrim moveri

10

inrideo, derideo.

and
et

offer to surrender.

adpropinquare moeni-

bus viderunt, nova atque inusitata specie commoti legatos

ad Caesarem de pace miserunt, qui ad hunc modum locuti
sunt Aduatuci non existimant Eomanos sine ope divina
:

bellum gerere, qui tantae altitudinis machinationes tanta

celeritate promovere possint; itaque se suaque omnia

eorum

potestati permittunt.

Unum

petunt

si

forte

Cesar's gallic

20

war

Caesar pro sua dementia ac mansuetudine statuerit

Aduatacos esse conservandos, ne eos armis despoliet.
lo

Omnes

fere fmitinii sunt inimici ac suae virtuti invident,

a quibus se defendere traditis armis non poterunt.

Sibi

eum casum deducantur, quamvis fortunam

a populo Eomano pati, quam ab inimicis per cruciatum

praestet, si in

interfici.

novus, mlrus.

peto, oro, 13.

inusitatiis

niansuetado,

insolitus, novus.

lenitaSy 14.

species, fades.

statuo, constituo, 10.

modus,

fere, paene, 25.

ratio.

casus, fdtum, 22.

ops, auxilium.

permitto, dedo,

deduco,

15.

They must disarm, but are promised

Ad

32.

redigOj 28.

protection,

haec Caesar respondit: "Magis consuetudine

mea quam merito vestro civitatem.conservabo, si

quam murum aries attigerit, vos dedideritis sed
:

tionis nulla est condicio nisi armis traditis.

5

Nerviis feci faciam finitimisque imperabo ne

prius
dedi-

Id quod in

quam

iniii-

riam dediticiis populi Eomani inferant." Ee nuntiata

ad suos, quae imperarentur facere dixerunt. Armorum
tanta niultitudo de muro in fossam quae erat ante oppidum iacta est, ut prope summam muri aggerisque alti10

ttidinem acervi
tertia,

retenta
tisi

eorum adaequarent,

ut postea perspectum
est.

et

tamen

circiter pars

atque in oppido
Delude portis patefactis eo die pace sunt
est, celata

oppidani.
prius quam, ante quam.

prope, paene, 28.

deditio, trdditio, 12.

circiter, ad, 19,

finitimus, viclnus,

perspicio, intellego.

infero: ferOjfacio.

2.

patefacio, apen'o.

BOOK

21

II.

brave dash for freedom, hut a terrible fate,

33. Sub vespernm Caesar portas claiidi militesque ex

oppido exire iussit. Oppidani consilio ante inito, iit
intellectum

est,

quod deditione facta nostros praesidia

deducturos aut denique indiligentius servatiiros crediderant, tertia vigilia,

qua mininie arduus ad nostras mumomnibus copiis repentino ex

tiones ascensus videbatur,

oppido eruptionem fecerunt.

Celeriter, ut ante Caesar

imperarat, ignibus significatione facta ex proximis castellis

eo concursum est.

Ibi

pugnatum

est acriter ab

hostibus in extrema spe salutis iniquo loco contra eos

omnis spes

salutis

cum

consisteret.

in

milibus quattuor reliqui in oppidum reiecti sunt.

die eius diei refractis portis,

cum iam

Postri-

defenderet nemo,

atque intromissis militibus nostris sectionem eius oppidi

ilniversam Caesar vendidit.

numerus ad eum

relatus est

Ab

iis

milium qumquaginta trium.

eruptio, excursio, 30.

denique,

significatio, signum.
iniquus, incommodus.
universus, totiis.

indiligenter, neglegenter,

arduus,

difficilis.

repentinus, subitus.

15

qui emerant capitum

intellego, perspicio, 32.

saltern.

10

una virtute
Occisis ad hominum

qui ex vallo turribusque tela iacerent,

refero, renuntio.

All the maritime nations submit

to the

Romans.

34. Eodem tempore a P. Crasso, quem cum legione

una miserat ad Venetos, Unellos, Osismos, Curiosolitas,
Esuvios, Aulercos, Eedones, quae sunt maritimae civitates Oceanumque attingunt, certior factus est omnes eas
civitates in

dicionem potestatemque populi Eomani esse

redactas.
attingo, ^aw^o.

dicio,

mpenwm.

redigo, paco.

C^SAU'S GALLIC WAR.

22

Gaul

lies

crushed and bleeding,

Rome

rejoices

and thanks

the gods,

35. His rebus gestis omni Gallia pacata, tanta htiius

ad barbaros opinio perlata est uti ab iis nationibus

belli

quae trans Ehenum incolerent mitterentur legati ad

Caesarem, qui se obsides daturas, imperata facturas polli5

Quas legationes Caesar, quod in Italiam Illyriinita proxima aestate ad se reverti

Ipse in Carnutes, Andes Turonesque, quae civi-

cerentur.

cumque properabat,
iussit.

tates

propinquae his

locis

erant ubi bellum gesserat,

legidnibus in hibernacula deductis, in Italiam prof ectus

lo est.

Ob easque

res ex litteris Caesaris dies

supplicatio decreta est,

paco, redigOy

tempus

id

quindecim

accidit nuUi.

ineo, incipio.

34.

opinio, fdma^ 8.
propero, mdturo,

quod ante

propinquus
5.

vicinus^ finitimus, 2.

accido, contingo.

C.

lULI CAESARIS

DE BELLO GALLICO
LIBER SECUNDUS.
B.C. 57; A.U.C. 697.

THE BELGIAN LEAGUE DEFEATED.

Cum

esset Caesar in citeriore Gallia in hibernis, ita

demonstravimus, crebri ad eum rumores adferebantur, litterisque item Labieni certior fiebat omnes Belgas, quam tertiam esse Galliae partem dixeramus, contra
populum Komanum coniurare obsidesque inter se dare.
Coniurandi has esse causas primum quod vererentur ne
omni pacata Gallia ad eos exercitus noster adduceretur
partim
deinde quod ab nonnullis Gallis sollicitarentur,
1.

uti supra

qui, ut

Germanos

ita populi

diutius in Gallia versari noluerant,

Eomani exercitum hiemare atque

scere in Gallia moleste ferebant

invetera-

animi no vis imperils studebant ab nonnullis

in Gallia a potentioribus atque iis qui ad
conducendos homines facultates habebant, vulgo regna
occupabantur, qui minus facile eam rem imperio nostro
consequi poterant.
2. His nuntiis litterisque commotus Caesar duas legiones in citeriore Gallia novas conscripsit, et inita aestate
in interiorem Galliam qui deduceret Q. Pedium legatum
et levitate

etiam,

misit.

10

partim qui mobilitate

;

quod

Ipse,

cum primum

pabuli copia esse inciperet,

23

15

20

24

lULI CAESAKIS

C.

ad exercitum

venit.

Dat negotium Senonibus reliquisque

quae apud eos

Gallis, qui finitimi Belgis erant, uti ea

gerantur cognoscant seque de his rebus certiorem

Hi constanter omnes nuntiaverunt manus

ant.
5

lo

faci-

cogi, ex-

ercitum in unum locum conduci. Turn vero dubitandum

non existimavit quin ad eos proficisceretur. Ee frumentaria comparata castra movet diebusque circiter quindecim ad fines Belgarum pervenit.
3. Eo cum de improviso celeriusque omni opinione
venisset, Eemi, qui proximi Galliae ex Belgis sunt, ad
eum legatos Iccium et Andocumborium primos civitatis
miserunt qui dicerent
Se suaque omnia in fidem atque
:

in potestatem populi

'

Romani

permittere, neque se

cum

Belgis reliquis consensisse neque contra populum Ro15

manum

coniurasse, paratosque esse et obsides dare et

imperata facere et oppidis recipere et frumento ceterisque rebus iuvare reliquos omnes Belgas in armis esse,
;

Germanosque qui cis Rhenum incolant sese cum liis

coniunxisse, tantumque esse eorum omnium furorem ut
20

ne Suessiones quidem, fratres consanguineosque suos, qui

eodem

iure et isdem legibus utantur,

unum imperium

unumque magistratum cum ipsis habeant,

tuerint quin cum his consentirent.'
25

deterrere po-

4. Cum ab his quaereret quae civitates quantaeque in

armis essent et quid in bello possent, sic reperiebat

plerosque Belgas esse ortos ab Germanis

Rhenumque

antiquitus traductos propter loci fertilitatem ibi consedisse Gallosque qui ea loca incolerent expulisse, solosque

patrum nostrorum memoria, omni Gallia vexata,

Teutonos Cimbrosque intra fines suos ingredi prohibuerint
qua ex re fieri uti earum rerum memoria magesse qui

30

nam

sibi

auctoritatem magnosque spiritus in re militari

LIBER
sumerent.

Remi

De

25

II.

nuinero eorum omnia se habere explorata

dicebant, propterea

quod propinquitatibus

adfini-

tatibusque coniuncti, quantam quisque multitudinem in

communi Belgarum concilio ad id bellum poUicitus sit

Plurimum inter eos Bellovacos et virtute
et auctoritate et hominum numero valere
hos posse conficere armata milia centum, poUicitos ex eo numero electa
eognoverint.

imperium

sexaginta, totiusque belli

suos esse finitimos

siones

sibi postulare.

Sues-

latissimos feracissimosque

Apud eos fuisse regem nostra etiam

memoria Divitiacum, totius Galliae potentissimum, qui
cum magnae partis harum regionum tum etiam Britanniae imperium obtinuerit nunc esse regem Galbam ad
hunc propter iustitiam prudentiamque suam totius belli
agros possidere.

summam omnium
mero

Nervios, qui

oppida habere nuarmata quinquaginta totidem

voluntate deferri

xii, poUiceri milia

maxime

10

15

feri inter ipsos habeantur, longis-

simeque absint; quindecim milia Atrebates, Ambianos

decem milia, Morinos xxv milia, Menapios vii milia;
Caletos

milia;

Velocasses et Veromanduos totidem;

20

Aduatucos decem et novem milia Condrusos, Eburones,

Caeroesos, Paemanos, qui uno nomine Germani appellantur, arbitrari ad xl milia.
;

5.

Caesar

prosecutus

Remos

cohortatus liberaliterque oratione

omnem senatum ad

se convenire principum-

que liberos obsides ad se adduci iussit. Quae omnia ab

his diligenter ad diem facta sunt.
Ipse Divitiacum
Aeduum magno opere cohortatus docet quanto opere rei
publicae communisque salutis intersit manus hostium
distineri, ne cum tanta multitudine uno tempore confligendum sit. Id fieri posse, si suas copias Aedui in fines
Bellovacorum introduxerint et eorum agros populari coe-

25

30

26

C.

lULI CAESARIS

His mandatis eum ab se dimittit. Postquam

omnes Belgarum copias in unum locum coactas ad se
venire vidit, neque iam longe abesse ab iis quos miserat
exploratoribus et ab Kemis cognovitj flumen Axonam,
quod est in extremis Eemorum finibus, exercitum traducere maturavit atque ibi castra posuit.
Quae res et
latus unum castrorum ripis fluminis muniebat et post
eum quae essent tuta ab hostibus reddebat, et commeatus
ab Kemis reliquisque civitatibus ut sine periculo ad eum
perint.

10

portari posset efficiebat.

In eo flumine pons erat. Ibi
praesidium ponit et in altera parte fluminis Q. Titurium
Sabinum legatum cum sex cohortibus relinquit. Castra

pedum

in altitudinem

pedum munire
15

Ab

xii vallo fossaque duodeviginti

iubet.

oppidum Eemorum nomine Bibrax

Id ex itinere magno impetu
Belgae oppugnare coeperunt. Aegre eo die sustentatum
est.
Gallorum eadem atque Belgarum oppugnatio est
haec.
Ubi circumiecta multitudine hominum totis moenibus undique in muruni lapides iaci coepti sunt, mu6.

his castris

aberat milia passuum octo.

20

rusque defensoribus nudatus

succedunt

murumque

est,

subruunt.

testudine facta portas

Quod tum

facile fiebat.

Nam cum
muro
25

tanta multitudo lapides ac tela conicerent, in

consistendi potestas erat nulli. Cum finem oppug-

nandi nox

Eemus, summa

fecisset, Iccius

gratia inter suos, qui

tum oppido

nobilitate et

praefuerat, unus ex

iis

qui legati de pace ad Caesarem venerant, nuntium ad

eum

mittit

nisi

subsidium

sibi submittatur, sese diutius

non posse.
Eo de media nocte Caesar isdem ducibus usus qui

sustinere
30

7.

nuntii ab Iccio venerant,

Numidas

et Cretas sagittarios

et funditores Baleares subsidio oppidanis mittit;

quorum

LIBER

27

II.

adventu et Eemis cum spe defensionis studium propugnandi accessit, et hostibus eadem de causa spes potiundi
oppidi discessit. Itaque paulisper apud oppiduin morati
agrosque Eemorum depopulati, omnibus vicis aedificiisque quos adire potuerant incensis, ad castra Caesaris
omnibus copiis contenderunt et ab milibus passuum
minus duobus castra posuerunt; quae castra, ut fumo
atque ignibus significabatur, amplius milibus passuum

octo in latitudinem patebant.

8.

Caesar primo et propter multitudinem hostium et

10

propter eximiam opinionem virtutis proelio supersedere

tamen equestribus

cotidie

statuit;

virtute

Ubi nostros non

tris

proeliis quid hostis

posset et quid nostri auderent periclitabatur.

esse inferiores intellexit, loco pro cas-

ad aciem instruendam natura opportuno atque idoneo

quod

is collis,

planitie editus

quantum

15

ubi castra posita erant, paululum ex

tantum adversus in latitudinem patebat

loci acies instructa

occupare poterat, atque ex

utraque parte lateris delectus habebat et in frontem

leniter fastigatus paulatim

utroque latere eius

circiter

sas

collis

ad planitiem redibat

cum aciem

et

ad extremas

fos-

ibique tormenta conlocavit, ne,

instruxisset, hostes,

quod tantum multitu-

dine poterant, ab lateribus pugnantes suos circumvenire

Hoc

20

transversam fossam obduxit

passuum quadringentorum

castella constituit

ab

25

duabus legionibus quas proximo

conscripserat in castris relictis, ut, si quo opus esset,
subsidio duci possent, reliquas sex legiones pro castris
in acie constituit.
Hostes item suas copias ex castris
possent.

facto

eductas instruxerant.
9. Palus erat

exercitum.

30

non magna

Hanc

si

inter

nostrum atque hostium

nostri transirent hostes exspecta-

28

C.

initium transeundi

fieret,

ut impeditos adgrederentur, parati in armis erant.

Inte-

bant; nostri autem,

lULI CAESARIS
si

ab

illis

rim proelio equestri inter duas acies contendebatur. Ubi

neutri transeundi initium faciunt, secundiore equitum
proelio nostris Caesar suos in castra reduxit.
Hostes
protinus ex eo loco ad flumen Axonam contenderunt,

quod esse post nostra castra demons tratum

est.

Ibi

vadis repertis partem suarum copiarum traducere conati

sunt eo consilio, ut,

10

si

possent, castellum cui praeerat

pontemque interscindeminus potuissent, agros Eemorum popularentur,

qui magno nobis usui ad bellum gerendum erant, comme-

Q. Titurius legatus expugnarent

rent

si

atuque nostros prohiberent.

omnem equitatum
armaturae Numidas, funditores sagittariosque
pontem traducit atque ad eos contendit. Acriter in eo
Hostes impeditos nostri in fluloco pugnatum est.
mine adgressi magnum eorum numerum occiderunt: per
10. Caesar certior factus ab Titurio

15

et

levis

eorum corpora reliquos audacissime

20

transire

conantes

primos qui transierant

equitatu circumventos interfecerunt. Hostes, ubi et de
expugnando oppido et de flumine transeundo spem se
fefellisse intellexerunt neque nostros in locum iniquimultitudine telorum reppulerunt

orem progredi pugnandi causa viderunt, atque ipsos

25

res

frumentaria deficere coepit, concilio convocato constituerunt optimum esse

domum suam quemque

reverti, et,

quorum in fines primum Eomani exercitum introduxissent, ad eos defendendos undique convenirent, ut potius
in suis

quam

30 copiis rei

in alienis finibus decertarent et domesticis

frumentariae uterentur.

Ad eam

sententiam

quoque ratio eos deduxit, quod

Divitiacum atque Aeduos finibus Bellovacorum adpro-

cum

reliquis causis haec

LIBER

29

II.

pinquare cognoverant. His persuader! ut diutius morarentur neque suis auxilium ferrent non poterat.
11.

Ea

re constituta, secunda vigilia

magno cum

stre-

pitu ac tumultu castris egressi, nullo certo ordiue neque

imperio,
et

cum

domum

sibi

quisque primum itineris locum peteret

fugae profectio videretur.

Hac

re statim Caesar per

speculatores cognita insidias veritus,

discederent

que

pervenire properaret, fecerunt ut consimilis

nondum

castris continuit.

ploratoribus

quod qua de causa

perspexerat, exercitum equitatum-

Prima

luce coufirmata re ab ex-

omnem equitatum

qui novissimum

10

agmen

moraretur praemisit. His Q. Pedium et L. Aurunculeium

Cottam legatos praefecit; T. Labienum legatum cum legionibus tribus subsequi

iussit.

Hi novissimos

adorti et

multa milia passuum prosecuti magnam multitudinem

eorum fugientium conciderunt, cum ab extremo agmine
ad quos ventum erat consisterent fortiterque impetum
nostrorum militum sustinerent; priores, quod abesse a
periculo viderentur neque ulla necessitate neque imperio
continerentur,

omnes

exaudito clamore

perturbatis

in fuga sibi praesidium ponerent.

periculo tantam

eorum multitudinem

ordinibus

15

20

Ita sine ullo

nostri interfece-

runt quantum fuit diei spatium, sub occasumque solis

destiterunt, seque in castra, ut

erat imperatum, rece-

perunt.

25

12. Postridie eius diei Caesar, priusquam se hostes

ex terrore ac fuga reciperent, in fines Suessionum, qui

proximi Remis erant, exercitum duxit et magno itinere
confecto ad oppidum Noviodunum contendit.
Id ex
itinere oppugnare conatus, quod vacuum ab defensoribus
esse audiebat, propter latitudinem fossae murique alti-

tudinem paucis defendentibus expugnare non

potuit.

30

30

C.

lULT CAESAKIS

Castris munitis vineas agere quaeque ad

Usui erant comparare coepit.

Suessionum multitudo
venit.
5

in

oppugnandum

Interim omnis ex fuga

oppidum proxima nocte conoppidum actis, aggere iacto

Celeriter vineis ad

turribusque constitutis, magnitudine operum, quae neque

Romanorum permoti, legates ad Caesarem de deditione mittunt

et petentibus Eemis ut conservarentur impetrant.
viderant ante Galli neque audierant, et celeritate

13.
10

Caesar obsidibus acceptis primis civitatis atque

ipsius Galbae regis duobus

oppido

traditis, in

tumque in Bellovacos ducit.

in oppidum Bratuspantium
15

20

25

30

liliis,

armisque omnibus ex

deditionem Suessiones accepit exerci-

Qui eum se suaque omnia

atque ab eo

contulissent,

oppido Caesar cum exercitu circiter milia passuum quinque abesset, omnes maiores natu ex oppido egressi manus
ad Caesarem tendere et voce significare coeperunt sese
in eius fidem ac potestatem venire neque contra populum
Komanum armis contendere. Item, cum ad oppidum accessisset castraque ibi poneret, pueri mulieresque ex muro
passis manibus suo more pacem ab Bomanis petierunt.
nam post discessum Belga14. Fro his Divitiacus
rum dimissis Aeduorum copiis ad eum reverterat
facit
verba: Bellovacos omni tempore in fide atque amicitia
civitatis Aeduae fuisse: impulses a suis principibus, qui
dicerent Aeduos ab Caesare in servitutem redactos omnes
indignitates contumeliasque perferre, et ab Aeduis defecisse et populo Romano bellum intulisse.
Qui eius
consili principes fuissent, quod intellegerent quantam
calamitatem civitati intulissent, in Britanniam profugisse.
Petere non solum Bellovacos sed etiam pro his
Aeduos ut sua dementia ac mansuetudine in eos utatur. Quod si f ecerit, Aeduorum auctoritatem apud omnes

LIBER

31

II.

Belgas amplificaturum, quorum auxiliis atque opibus,

qua

si

bella inciderint^ sustentare consuerint.

Caesar honoris Divitiaci atque

15.

Aeduorum causa

sese eos in fidem recepturum et conservaturum dixit;

quod erat civitas magna inter Belgas auctoritate atque

hominum multitudine praestabat^ sexcentos obsides po-

His traditis omnibusque armis ex oppido conlaab eo loco in fines Ambianorum pervenit, qui se
suaque omnia sine mora dediderunt. Eorum fines Ner-

poscit.
tis,

quorum do natura moribusque Caesar

Nullum aditum esse ad eos
mercatoribus
nihil pati vini reliquarumque re rum inferri, quod iis rebus relanguescere animos eorum et

vii

attingebant;

cum

quaereret, sic reperiebat

10

remitti virtutem existimarent esse homines feros magincrepitare atque incusare reliquos
naeque virtu tis
Belgas qui se populo Eomano dedidissent patriamque
virtutem proiecissent
confirmare sese neque legatos
missuros neque ullam condicionem pacis accepturos.
16. Cum per eorum fines triduum iter fecisset, inveniebat ex captivis Sabim flumen ab castris suis non
amplius milia passuum x abesse trans id flumen omnes
Nervios consedisse adventumque ibi E-omanorum exspectare una cum Atrebatis et Veromanduis finitimis suis,
:

15

20

nam
nam

his utrisque persuaserant uti

experirentur

eandem belli fortuAduatucorum

exspectari etiam ab his

copias atque esse in itinere

25

mulieres quique per aetatem

ad pugnam inutiles viderentur in eum locum coniecisse,

quo propter paludes exercitui aditus non esset.
17. His rebus cognitis exploratores centurionesque
praemittit qui locum idoneum castris deligant. Cum ex
dediticiis Belgis reliquisque Gallis complures Caesarem
secuti una iter facerent, quidam ex his, ut postea ex

30

32

C.

lULT CAESARIS

captivis cognitum est,

eorum dierum consuetudine

ris nostri exercitus perspecta,

itine-

nocte ad Kervios pervene-

rmit atque his demonstrarunt inter singulas legiones

impedimentorum magnum numerum intercedere, neque

quicquam negoti, cum prima legio in castra venis-

esse
set,

10

reliquaeque legiones

magnum

spatium abessent, banc

qua pulsa impedimentisque direptis

futurum ut reliquae contra consistere non auderent.
Adiuvabat etiam eorum consilium qui rem deferebant,
quod Nervii antiquitus, cum equitatu nihil possent
(neque enim ad hoc tempus ei rei student, sed quicquid
possunt, pedestribus valent copiis) quo facilius finitisub sarcinis adoriri

morum

si

equitatum,

praedandi causa ad eos venissent,

impedirent, teneris arboribus incisis atque inflexis, cre15

brisque in latitudinem ramis enatis, et rubis sentibusque

interiectis, effecerant ut instar muri hae saepes munimenta praeberent, quo non modo non intrari sed ne
His rebus cum iter agminis
perspici quidem posset.
nostri impediretur, non omittendum sibi consilium Nervii

20

existimaverunt.

25

ab summo aequaliter declivis ad flumen Sabim, quod supra nominavimus, vergebat. Ab eo

flumine pari adclivitate collis nascebatur adversus huic
et contrarius, passus circiter ducentos infimus apertus,

IS. Loci natura erat haec,

delegerant.

quem locum

nostri castris

Collis

ab superiore parte silvestris ut non facile introrsus perspici

posset.

stationes
30

pedum

in

circiter trium.

Caesar equitatu praemisso subsequebatur omnibus

19*
copiis

Intra eas silvas hostes in occulto sese

aperto loco secundum flumen paucae

equitum videbantur. Fluminis erat altitudo

continebant

sed ratio ordoque agminis aliter se habebat ac

LIBER

33

II.

Nam quod ad hostes

Belgae ad Nervios detulerant.
adpropinquabat, consuetudine sua Caesar sex legiones
expeditas ducebat
conlocarat

post eas totius exercitus impedimenta

inde duae legiones quae proxime conscriptae

agmen claudebant praesidioque impedimentis

Equites nostri, cum funditoribus sagittariisque

erant totum
erant.

cum hostium

flumen transgressi^
miserunt.

Cum

se

illi

equitatu proelium com-

identidem in silvas ad suos

perent ac rursus ex silva in nostros

impetum

reci-

facerent,

neque nostri longius quam quern ad finem porrecta loca

10

aperta pertinebant cedentes insequi auderent, interim

legiones sex, quae primae venerant, opere dimenso castra

munire coeperunt. Ubi prima impedimenta nostri exercitus ab iis qui in silvis abditi latebant visa sunt, quod
tempus inter eos committendi proeli convenerat, ut intra
silvas aciem ordinesque constituerant atque ipsi sese
confirmaverant, subito omnibus copiis provolaverunt impetumque in nostros equites fecerunt. His facile pulsis
ac proturbatis, incredibili celeritate ad flumen decucurrerunt, ut paene uno tempore et ad silvas et in flumine
Eadem
et iam in manibus nostris hostes viderentur.
autem celeritate ad verso coUe ad nostra castra atque eos

15

20

qui in opere occupati erant contenderunt.

20. Caesari omnia uno tempore erant agenda vexillum proponendum, quod erat insigne cum ad arma concurri oporteret, signum tuba dandum, ab opere revocandi
:

25

milites, qui paulo longius aggeris petendi causa proces-

serant arcessendi, acies instruenda, milites cohortandi,

signum dandum.

Quarum rerum magnam partem tem-

successus hostium impediebat. His

scientia atque
duae res erant subsidio
usus militum, quod superioribus proeliis exercitati, quid
poris

brevitas

difficultatibus

et

30

34

C.

fieri

lULI CAESARIS

commode

ipsi sibi praescribere

doceri poterant; et

quod ab opere singu-

oporteret non minus

quam ab

aliis

lisque legionibus singulos legatos Caesar discedere nisi

munitis castris vetuerat.

5

Hi

21.

Caesar necessariis rebus imperatis ad cohortandos

quam

milites

in partem fors obtulit decucurrit et ad

legionem decimam devenit.

10

propter propinquitatem et

celeritatem hostium nihil iam Caesaris imperium exspectabant, sed per se quae videbantur administrabant.

tione cohortatus

quam

Milites

non longiore

uti suae pristinae virtutis

ora-

memo-

riam retinerent neu perturbarentur animo hostiumque

impetum

quod non longius hostes

committendi
signum dedit. Atque in alteram partem item cohortandi
causa profectus pugnantibus occurrit. Temporis tanta
fuit exiguitas hostiumque tam paratus ad dimicandum
animus, ut non modo ad insignia adcommodanda, sed
etiam ad galeas induendas scutisque tegimenta detrudenda tempus defuerit. Quam quisque ab opere in partem casu devenit quaeque prima signa conspexit, ad
haec constitit, ne in quaerendis suis pugnandi tempus
aberant

15

20

fortiter sustinerent,

quam quo telum

adici posset, proeli

dimitteret.

22. Instructo exercitu magis ut loci natura deiectuscollis et necessitas temporis quam ut rei militaris

que
25

ratio atque ordo postulabat,

alia in parte hostibus

simis,

cum

diversis legionibus aliae

resisterent,

saepibusque densis-

ut ante demonstravimus, interiectis prospectus

impediretur, neque certa subsidia conlocari, neque quid

esset provideri, neque ab uno
omnia imperia administrari poterant. Itaque in tanta
rerum iniquitate, fortunae quoque eventus varii seque-

in quaque parte opus

30

bantur.

LIBER

35

II.

nonae et decimae

23.^ Legionis

milites, ut in sinistra

parte acie constiterant^ pilis emissis, cursu ac lassitudine

nam his
exanimatos vulneribusque confectos Atrebates
celeriter ex loco superiore in fluea pars obvenerat
men compulerunt et transire conantes insecuti gladiis

magnam partem eorum impeditam

non dubitaverunt,

transire flumen

interfecerunt.

et in

Ipsi

locum iniquum

progressi, rursus resistentes hostes redintegrato proelio

fugam coniecerunt. Item alia in parte diversae duae

undecima et octava, profligatis Veromanduis,
quibuscum erant congressi, ex loco superiore in ipsis

in

legiones,

fluminis ripis proeliabantur.

ab sinistra parte nudatis

At

castris,

totis fere

cum

10

a fronte et

in dextro cornu

duodecima et non magno ab ea intervallo septima

omnes Nervii confertissimo agmine duce
Boduognato qui summam imperi tenebat, ad eum locum
legio

constitisset,

contenderunt

quorum pars aperto

cumvenire, pars

summum

15

latere legiones cir-

castrorum locum petere coepit.

Eodem tempore equites nostri levisque armaturae

cum iis una fuerant, quos primo hostium
impetu pulsos dixeram, cum se in castra reciperent,
24,

pedites, qui

20

adversis hostibus occurrebant ac rursus aliam in partem

fugam petebant;

summo

et calones, qui

ab decumana porta ac

iugo collis nostros victores flumen transisse con-

spexerant, praedandi causa egressi^

hostes in nostris

castris versari

cum

respexissent et

25

vidissent^ praecipites

Simul eorum qui cum impedimentis veniebant clamor fremitusque oriebatur, aliique
aliam in partem perterriti ferebantur. Quibus omnibus
rebus permoti equites Treveri, quorum inter Gallos virfugae sese mandabant.

tutis opinio est singularis, qui auxili

causa ab civitate

ad Caesarem missi venerant, cum multitudine hostium

30

36

C.

lULI CAESARIS

castra compleri, legiones premi et paene circumventas

teneri,

calones,

equites,

funditores,

Numidas, diversos

dissipatosque in omnes partes fugere vidissent, desperatis nostris

5

rebus

domum

contenderunt

Eomanos

pulsos

superatosque, castris impedimentisque eorum hostes potitos civitati renuntiaverunt.

25. Caesar ab decimae legionis cohortatione ad dex-

10

trum cornu profectus, ubi suos urgeri signisque in unum

locum conlatis duodecimae legionis confertos milites sibi
quartae
ipsos ad pugnam esse impedimento vidit
cohortis omnibus centurionibus occisis signiferoque interfecto, signo amisso, reliquarum cohortium omnibus

fere centurionibus aut vulneratis aut occisis, in his pri-

mipilo P. Sextio Baculo, fortissimo viro, multis gravi15

busque vulneribus confecto ut iam

se

sustinere

non

posset, reliquos esse tardiores, et nonnullos ab novissi-

20

25

30

mis deserto proelio excedere ac tela vitare, hostes neque

a fronte ex inferiore loco subeuntes intermittere et ab
utroque latere instare, et rem esse in angusto vidit,
neque ullum esse subsidium quod submitti posset
scuto ab novissimis uni militi detracto, quod ipse eo sine
scuto venerat, in primam aciem processit centurionibusque nominatim appellatis reliquos cohortatus milites
signa inferre et manipulos laxare iussit, quo facilius
gladiis uti possent.
Cuius adventu spe inlata militibus
ac redintegrato animo, cum pro se quisque in conspectu
imperatoris etiam in extremis suis rebus operam navare
cuperet, paulum hostium impetus tardatus est.
26. Caesar cum septimam legionem, quae iuxta constiterat, item urgeri ab hoste vidisset, tribunos militum
monuit ut paulatim sese legiones coniangerent et con-

versa signa in hostes inferrent.

Quo

facto,

cum

alius

LIBER
subsidium

alii

ferret,

37

ir.

neque timerent ne aversi ab hoste

circumvenirentur, audacius resistere ac fortius pugnare

Interim milites legionum duarum, quae in

coeperunt.

novissimo agmine praesidio impedimentis fuerant, proelio

summo coUe ab hostibus conLabienus castris hostium potitus et

nuntiato cursu incitato in

spiciebantur

et T.

ex loco superiore quae res in nostris castris gererentur

conspicatus decimam legionem subsidio nostris misit.

Qui cum ex equitum et calonum fuga, quo in loco res

quantoque in periculo et castra et legiones et
imperator versaretur, cognovissent, nihil ad celeritatem
esset,

10

sibi reliqui fecerunt.

Horum adventu

27.

tanta rerum commutatio est facta

ut nostri, etiam qui vulneribus confecti procubuissent,

scutis innixi proelium redintegrarent

tum

calones per-

15

etiam inermes armatis occurut turpitudinem fugae virtute

territos hostes conspicati

rerent

equites

delerent,

vero,

omnibus

in locis

militibus praeferrent.

At

pugnae quo

se

legionariis

hostes etiam in extrema spe

salutis tantam virtutem praestiterunt ut, cum primi

eorum cecidissent, proximi iacentibus insisterent atque
ex eorum corporibus pugnarent; his deiectis et coacervatis cadaveribus, qui superessent ut ex tumulo tela in
nostros conicerent et pila intercepta remitterent ut non
nequiquam tantae virtutis homines iudicari deberet ausos

20

transire latissimum

esse

ripas, subire

cillimis

28.

tos

quae

facilia

ex

diffi-

animi magnitudo redegerat.

Hoc

ac nomine

cum

iniquissimum locum

25

ascendere altissimas

flumen,

proelio facto et prope ad inter necionem gente

Nerviorum redacto maiores natu, quos una

pueris mulieribusque in aestuaria ac paludes coniec-

dixeramus

hac pugna nuntiata,

cum

victoribus nihil

30

38

C.

impeditum,

lULI CAESARIS

victis nihil

tutum arbitrarentur, omnium qui

supererant consensu legatos ad Caesarem miserunt seque

ei

10

dediderunt

commemoranda

et in

civitatis calamitate

ex sexcentis ad tres senatores, ex hominum milibus lx

vix ad quingentos qui arma ferre possent sese redactos
esse dixerunt.
Quos Caesar, ut in miseros ac supplices
usus misericordia videretur, diligentissime conservavit
suisque finibus atque oppidis uti iussit, et finitimis imperavit ut ab iniuria et maleficio se suosque prohiberent.
29. Aduatuci, de quibus supra scripsimus, cum omnibus copiis auxilio Nerviis venirent, hac pugna nuntiata
ex itinere domum reverterunt cunctis oppidis castellisque desertis sua omnia in unum oppidum egregie natura
munitum contulerunt. Quod cum ex omnibus in circuitu
partibus altissimas rupes despectusque haberet, una ex
parte leniter adclivis aditus in latitudinem non amplius
ducentorum pedum relinquebatur quem locum duplici
altissimo muro munierant, tum magni ponderis saxa et
praeacutas trabes in muro conlocabant. Ipsi erant ex
Cimbris Teuton isque prognati, qui, cum iter in provinciam nostram atque Italiam facerent, iis impedimentis,
quae secum agere ac portare non poterant, citra flumen
Rhenum depositis custodiam ex suis ac praesidium sex
milia hominum una reliquerunt. Hi post eorum obitum
multos annos a finitimis exagitati, cum alias bellum
inferrent, alias inlatum defenderent, consensu eorum
omnium pace facta hunc sibi domicilio locum delegerunt.
30. Ac primo adventu exercitus nostri crebras ex
oppido excursiones faciebant parvulisque proeliis cum
nostris contendebant postea vallo pedum xii in circuitu
XV milium crebrisque castellis circummuniti oppido sese
;

15

20

25

30

continebant.

XJbi vineis actis aggere exstructo turrim

LIBER
procul constitui viderunt,

39

II.

primum

inridere ex

muro atque

quod tanta machinatio ab tanto spatio

quibusnain manibus aut quibus viribus
instrueretur
nam plerumque
praesertim homines tantulae staturae
hominibus Grallis prae magnitudine corporum suorum
increpitare vocibus,
:

brevitas nostra contemptui est

muro

tanti oneris turrim in

sese conlocare confiderent ?

Ubi vero moveri et adpropinquare moenibus videnova atque inusitata specie commoti legatos ad
Caesarem de pace miserunt, qui ad hunc modum locuti
^Non existimare E-omanos sine ope divina bellum gerere,
31

runt,

10

qui tantae altitudinis machinationes tanta celeritate pro-

movere possent
mittere

dixerunt.

se suaque
'

Unum

omnia eorum potestati perpetere ac deprecari

pro sua dementia ac mansuetudine,

quam

ipsi

si forte

ab

aliis

15

audirent, statuisset Aduatucos esse conserv^andos, ne se

armis despoliaret.

Sibi

omnes

imicos ac suae virtuti invidere

armis non possent.

traditis

fere finitimos esse in-

a quibus se defendere

Sibi praestare, si in

eum

casum deducerentur, quamvis fortunam a populo Romano

pati,

quam ab

20

his per cruciatum interfici, inter quos

dominari consuessent.'
32.

Ad

haec Caesar respondit:

^Se magis consuetu-

quam merito eorum civitatem conservaturum, si

quam murum aries attigisset se dedidissent; sed

dine sua
prius

25

deditionis nullam esse condicionem nisi armis traditis.

Se id quod in Nerviis fecisset facturum finitimisque

imperaturum, ne quam dediticiis populi Romani iniuriam
inferrent.'
Re nuntiata ad suos, quae imperarentur
Armorum magna multitudine de muro
facere dixerunt.
in fossam quae erat ante oppidum iacta sic ut prope

summam muri

aggerisque altitudinem acervi

armorum

30

40

C.

lULI CAESARIS

adaequarent, et tamen circiter parte tertia, ut postea

perspectum

est, celata

atque in oppido retenta, portis

patefactis eo die pace sunt usi.

33. Sub vesperum Caesar portas claudi militesque ex

oppido exire iussit, ne quam noctu oppidani ab militibus
iniuriam acciperent.
consilio,

Illi

ante inito, ut intellectum

est,

quod deditione facta nostros praesidia deduc-

turos aut denique indiligentius servaturos crediderant

lo

cum

quae retinuerant et celaverant armis,

partim scutis ex cortice factis aut viminibus intextis,
quae subito, ut temporis exiguitas postulabat, pellibus induxerant
tertia vigilia, qua minime arduus ad nostras
munitiones ascensus videbatur, omnibus copiis repentino
ex oppido eruptionem fecerunt. Celeriter, ut ante Caesar imperarat, ignibus significatione facta ex proximis
castellis eo concursum est, pugnatumque ab hostibus ita
acriter est ut a viris fortibus in extrema spe salutis
iniquo loco contra eos qui ex vallo turribusque tela iacerent pugnari debuit, cum in una virtute omnis spes

partim

iis

15

20 salutis consisteret.

Occisis ad

hominum

tuor reliqui in oppidum reiecti sunt.

refractis portis,

cum iam

milibus quat-

Postridie eius diei

defenderet nemo, atque intro-

missis militibus nostris sectionem eius oppidi universam

Ab iis qui emerant capitum numerus

ad eum relatus est milium quinquaginta trium.
34:, Eodem tempore a P. Crasso, quem cum legione
una miserat ad Venetos, Unellos, Osismos, Curiosolitas,
Esuvios, Aulercos, Redones, quae sunt maritimae civiCaesar vendidit.

25

tates
30

Oceanumque

attingunt, certior f actus est

eas civitates in dicionem potestatemque populi

esse redactas.

omnes

Eomani

LIBER

41

IJ.

35. His rebus gestis omni Gallia pacata, tanta huius

ad barbaros opinio perlata est uti ab iis nationibus,

belli

quae trans

Khenum

incolerent mitterentur legati ad

Caesarem, qui se obsides daturas, imperata facturas

polli-

Quas legationes Caesar, quod in Italiam Illyricumque properabat, inita proxima aestate ad se reverti
Ipse in Carnutes, Andes Turonesque, quae civiiussit.
tates propinquae bis locis erant ubi bellum gesserat,
cerentur.

legionibus in hibernacula deductis, in Italiam profectus

est.

Ob

easque res ex

supplicatio decreta est,

litteris

Caesaris dies quindecim

quod ante

id

tempus

accidit nuUi.

10

I^OTES.
Introductory Note.

To

translate Latin into English

is

to express

meaning of the Latin in English words and in the English idiom. But the
meaning must he discovered before it can be expressed. Discovering the
sense is, therefore, a process preparatory to translation, but yet measurably
distinct from it. For discovering the meaning, the golden rule is, Take
If the first chapter
xoords and clauses in the order in which they stand.
of this book were rendered into English words exactly in the Latin order,
the thought would be readily apprehended by any one quite unacquainted
with Latin. Such a word for word rendering, mental or oral, is for the
beginner a necessary preliminary to translation, but, I repeat, must not be
confounded with translation. For that, the golden rule is, Express the
thought in pure English^ loithout admixture of Latin idiom.
the

Notes under the beading Chap, refer to the simplified text; those that follow,
under the heading Page, supplement the former and refer to the unchanged text.
The grammatical references are to the Latin Grammars of Allen & Greenough and
Harkness.

Chap.

1,

line 2.

certior fiebat

he teas

made more certain = he was informed,

Review the forms. 142

fiebat the passive of facio.

H. 294.
:

Coniurandi pronounce the i of the second syllable like y,

verebantur the subject is Belgae, understood
supply
the same subject for soUicitabantur.
:

ad se refers to the subject of verebantur.

Germanos subject-accusative of versari that
:

the

Germans

should remain.

exercitum

subject- accusative of

hiemare and invetera-

scere.

inveterascere
meaning from
:

get
its

a foothold; but what

is

its

derivation ?

43

primary

NOTES.

44
line 10.

imperils: 227 e H. 385.

supply mentally ab before
;

11.

iis

13.

qui and these, referring to potentiores, etc.

earn rem read again the preceding sentence, and you

it.

what eam rem

see to

imperio nostro: under

our

Roman)

(i.e.

rule.

and the meaning is,

255, d, 4 H. 431, 2, (3).

tive implies condition,

the sovereignty,

will

refers.

The

abla-

if we should get

Page 23,
1.

ita uti

3.

Labieni

as.

Caesar's lieutenant

Sequani.
4.

quam

See a

map

whose country.

was now in the country

of the

of Gallia.

We

Belgas, but the relative

might expect quos referring to

made to agree with the predi-

is

6.

cate noun partem.

has esse causas: depending on rumores adferebantur,
like Belgas
conlurare and obsldes
dare. 272 H.

7.

omni

pacata

9.

11.
12.

Gallia:

all

except their country.

the Romans, with cruel humor, called a couptry

when they had enslaved it.

partlm qui: some of whom.
ut
ita: as ... so.
partlm qui: others of whom.
ab nonnullis etiam: these, then, are the third class by
whom it is said, Belgae solllcitabantur first, the conservative and patriotic second, the restless and dissatisfied; third, the selfish and ambitious.
pacified"

'*

8.

Chap.

2,
2.

3.

interlorem Galliam: the interior of Gaul; that is, Gaul

beyond the Alps. Refer constantly to a map.
deduceret: qui refers to Q. Pedlum, and the
qui
" clause qui
deduceret denotes purpose, to lead,
Ipse supply Caesar.
Ea = eas res, as shown by rebus following.
manus cogi that parties of men were gathering. The conconlurare, in chap. 1.
struction is the same as Belgas
conducl was mustering ; a very different meaning in chap. 1.
.

4.
6.

8.

9.

quin

proficisceretur

to

march.

What

literally ?

45

NOTES.
Page 23,
line 18.

when summer had begun at the beginning of

summer ; marks the time of deduceret, not of misit.

inita aestate

Page 24,

What

1.

Dat negotium

2.

uti (same as ut)

3.

se

5.

compare the passive form in chap. 1.

dubitandum in full the sentence would be, Caesar dubitandum esse sibi non existimavit and the word for

he charges.

literally ?

cognoscant:
depends on dat negotium.
.

refers to Caesar.

certiorem faciant

to

find out; the clause

word rendering,

Caesar did not think an-obligation-of-hesitating

to be to himself.

Translate, he ought

to hesitate.

Chap. 3,
1.

Eo

3.

se

that
.

7.

ad

fines Belgarum.

in fidem
6.

is,

permittere
permittere.
.

here se

is

See the end of chap.

2.

the subject- accusative of

to the protection.

Caesaris imperata facere to do what Ccesar required.

Literally what ?
oppidis recipere in meaning in oppida recipere.
:

ceteris

not

other,

but

all

other.

Their submission

is

abject.
9.

sese

not different from se.

10.

Suessiones

12.

iure

isdem

the object of deterrere.

constitution,
:

oftener written iisdem, 101,

c.

Page 24,
9.

10.
12.

omni opinione than any one could expect.

ex Belgis - Belgarum, or inter Belgas.

247,

H. 417.

qui dicerent compare qui deduceret, p. 23, 1. 19, and

note on simplified text.
se the object (with sua omnia = their all) of permittere.
Another se must be mentally supplied as the subject of
permittere.
incolant why not incolunt, for it must be translated as
if it were incolunt ?
Because the clause qui
incolant depends on the clause Germano.s
coniunxisse.
:

18.

46

NOTES.
It is therefore a dependent clause of indirect discourse^

as such must have the subjunctive.

most important principle

this, the

how

main

the

into

line 19.

the descriptive clause, qui

fur5rein

and independence

of liberty

Mark

of Latin syntax.
.

incolant,

is

framed

clause.

the politic or cowardly

and
Thoroughly master

Remi

considered the love

of their brother Belgse blind

passion.
20.

qui
iitantur though they
sometimes be rendered though
.

only

when

21.

iitantur

22.

ipsis

23.

quin
.

enjoyed,

qui, then,

he, though

must

they, etc.,

but

Hemi.

consentirent from
:

proficisceretur, p. 24,

supply immediately following atque.

the subjunctive follows.

refers to

1.

6,

Compare qum
and note on simplified

uniting.

text.

Chap. 4,
1.

quantae

refers to extent of country

were
2.

and population.

connect with quae civitates

arms, and how powerful they were.

in armis essent

quid in beUo possent

literal translation,

(do) in war, does not convey the

meanmg.

what

states

what they could

Render, what

force they could bring into the field,

cis

Rhenum.

4.

ibi

6.

ex

re

7.

The Remi said, in direct disand below, siiniant.

spiritus means in the singular air, and is here used just
as we use " airs," in the phrase ** to put on airs."
omnia
expl5rata full information.
Quantam quisque: notice the order. Quisque likes to
stand after quantus, quotus, se, and suus; here it
means each nation.
valebant about equivalent to plurimum
Pliirimum

equivalent to

fiSbat

it

ivas

course, fit

ex causa.

coming about.

8.
9.

11.

poterant, had
18.

cum

19.

Britanniae

author."

tum:
:

*'

the

most power,

not only

the

first

but also,

mention of Britain by a

Roman

NOTES.

4T

Page 24,
propter fertilitatem to be connected with consedisse.
incolerent why not incolebant? See note on p. 24,1. 18,
qui
incolant.
within the memory ; but two lines below, because
29. memoria

line 27.

28.

of the memory.

Page 25,
10.

nostra etiam memoria: compare patrum nostronim

13.

obtinuerit: held, not obtained, which

15.

by adsecutus est, conseciitus est, or adeptus

omnium voluntate with the assent of alL

23.

arbitrari

memoria,

p. 24,

29.

1.

is

usually expressed
est.

that

is,

Remos

arbitrari.

Chap. 5,
2.

4.

obsides: as hostages, in apposition with liberos. What

would have been the fate of these, if the chieftains had
broken their pledges ?
Rei publicae interest: it concerns the (Eoman) republic.
The real subject of interest, represented in English by
tf,

is

manus hostium

manus

distineri.

the subject-accusative of distineri,

to be

kept

from

uniting,
5.

ne

confligendum

sit

that

it

may

not be necessary to

fight.
9.

coactas

venire

= T^d assembled
vidit = intellexit.
ing

10.

having been assembled

fo be

com-

and were coming.

neque iam = et iam non.

iis

13.

14.

take with exploratoribus.

quae res: that is, his crossing the river and fixing his
camp there.
post eum quae essent = ea quae post eum essent,
his rear.
What should you expect in place of eum ?
tuta: goes with the whole expression, post eum quae
essent.

portari be brought down the river

19. in altitudinem
to the height.
16.

to

him.

20.

duodeviginti

pedum

that

is,

in latitudinem, in width.

KOTES.

48
Page 25,
line 24.

liberaliterque oratione prosecutus ITberaliter means

in a generous or kindly manner ; oratione indicates in what
:

sense prosecutus

to be taken, accompanying with words

is

prosequor has its common meaning

pany, but with the meaning unusually applied
encouraged the Remi, and he accompanies the
:

ment with kind words.

29.

30.

Translate,

of accom-

finally,

Caesar

had

encourage-

Ccesar encouraging the

Hemi and adding kind words.

communis salutis by the common interests Csesar means
those of the ^dui and the Romans.
confligendum sit compare dubitandrmi (esse)p. 24, 1. 5,
Here, as there, sibi, referring to
and read the note.
Caesar and the ^dui, must be mentally supplied, showing
:

for

whom

the duty or necessity of action (hesitating,

fighting) exists.
31.

Id

fieri

posse

To what does id

depends upon docet.

refer ?
32.

introduxerint the Roman way of speaking is this can

be done, if that shall he done, or shall have been done ; hence
the future perfect. But mark that such a future or future
perfect is often best rendered by a present.
:

Page 26,
1.

Postquam
he

3.

saw

neque

vidit
and found
.

out,

cognovit,
(then)

maturavit

when

he hastened.

cognovit: and from those^couts, etc. found out

now not for distant,
et connects reddebat and efficiebat, which have the same
The order makes this sentence diffisubject, quae res.
Caesar might have written et efficiebat ut comcult.
.

that they (the Belgse) were

8.

meatus ab Remis reliquisque civitatibus sine periculo ad eum portari posset. The order is so perplexed
and perplexing because Caesar wrote in haste, and because
he began with the word which was uppermost in his
mind, commeatus.
Chap.

6,
2.

ex

3.

sustentatum est

itinere

immediately after
:

the

Bemi

their

march.

held out.

What

literally ?

49

NOTES.
line 4.

Gallorum
common

5.

8.

oppugnatio

around

all

testudine facta forming a

:

cum

mode of attacking towns

the

Gauls and Belgai,

258, 4, f

the walls,

and 2

H.

II. 2.

was
11.

moenibus

totis

425,
7.

to the

What

testudo.

the soldiers did

to lap their shields over their heads.

What mode

since.

nuntium

follows

cum

in this sense ?

mittit: one of the expressions that are fol-

lowed by the accusative and

posse. Compare in chapter

infinitive; here,
1,

sese

certior fiebat, followed

by Belgas ... coniurare in chap. 4, reperiebat,

lowed by Belgas ortos esse, in complete text.
;

fol-

Iccius Remus Iccius^ a Remian,

sese subject- accusative of posse.
:

13.

Page 26,
19.

moenibus

murum

haste in writing
20.

is

mums

murum

Caesar's

often manifest.

coepti sunt it may seem strange that the passive should

be used instead of the active, coeperunt but see 143, a
H. 297, 1.
:

22.

Quod how
:

is

a relative after a period often best rendered

For an example, see note on qui, chap.

1,

1.

13, simplified

text.

24.

mark

nulli:

the emphasis from the position.

Many similar

cases occur, notwithstanding A. &. G., p. 389,

Rem.

oppugnandi = oppugnatidnis.
25.

summa

nobilitate et gratia
a descriptive ablative
highest rank and popularity,
:

man of the
26.

praefuerat render as if an imperfect. The meaning is, he

had been placed in command and was then in command.

27.

legati

ex

iis

the same as
as envoys.

appositive, p. 25,
28.

Chap.

submittatur

1.

eorum.
Compare the use

of

obsides as an

26.

can you make out the force of the sub

7,
2.

to aid the people in the town.

But
subsidio oppidanis
what literally ? For the construction, see 238, a H. 390.
:

60

NOTES.
line 3.
5.

6.

quorum adventu in consequence of their coming.

contenderunt the subject is hostes, suggested by hosti:

bus in the preceding sentence.

ab distant, off, away ; ab is here an adverb.
ab milibus passuum minus duobus: a word
:

for

rendering would be, distant thousands of paces

two y that

word
than

less

than two miles distant.

is, less

Page 26,
30.

isdem see p. 24, 21, and note on simplified text.

isdem ducibus the same persons as guides. Compare qui
1.

legati, p. 26,

qui nuntii

1.

and note on

27,

simplified text.

see the preceding note.

Page 27,
3.

apud oppidum ad

4.

agros

sis

is

more

usual.

vicis aedificiisque
having laid waste
fields

depopulati

literally,

the

buildings having been burned.

9.

Mark how

incenand

the villages

the construction

changes for want of a deponent verb in place of incendo.

in latitudinem compare in altitudinem, p. 26, 1. 13.
:

Chap. 8,
2.

eximiam

3.

quid virtute posset what their real eminence in valor was.

Compare quid in bello possent, chap. 4, 1. 2.
tantum
patebat quantum loci: render as if loci
depended on tantum instead of quantum, extended over

7.

virtutis

their eminent reputation

for

valor.

as much space as.

adversus facing
:

the

enemy ; adversus an adjective, agree-

ing with coUis.

in latitudinem
8.

from,
10.

laterally.

ex utraque parte

lateris

both sides ; so

ab, below,

ad planitiem redibat:
Caesar describes a
steep sides,

hill

1.

gentle ascent,

gradually resumed (impf.) a

level.

over against the enemy, having

for battle.

and

not

on,

10.

and a front only broad enough

when arranged
is

Compare chap 7, 1. 8.
= ex utroque latere:

In front the

hill

for his

army

rose with a

at the top blended with the plain.

It

possible that leniter fastigatus means, as the die-

61

NOTES.

on this passage and as many editors say,

down ; in which case, ad planitiem redibat
would mean sank down gradually to the level at its base. This
attributes an improbable meaning to fastigatus.
extremas fossas: at the ends of the trenches; compare in
chap. 2, 1. 2, interiorem Galliam, the interior of GauL
tionaries define

gently sloping

line 12.

castella
17.

there were, then, four.

eductas instruxerant to make good English, render as if

eductas were a verb followed by et so, very often, when
a perfect participle and verb are closely connected.
:

Page 27,
10.

et

we

we do not say

et:

find et

loth

et in Latin

and so frequently as

accordingly

will generally

it

be found better to omit in translation the

render the second and also.
11.

proelio

14.

loco

21.

obduxit

24.

cum

proeliis: a decisive

battle

first et,

and

skirmishes.

ablative absolute, as there was a place.

Csesar elsewhere commonly uses perduco of running a wall or trench. Why obduco here ? Because the
fossae were dug against the enemy, or to cover his position.
.

instruxisset

Caesar's thought was, according

to Latin idiom, when 1 shall have

drawn

up.,

mstnixero

but such a future perfect of direct speech becomes pluperfect subjunctive in narration, after a past tense in the
principal clause.
24.

27.

28.

quod

poterant because they were so strong in numbers.

Find two other similar uses of possum.
si quo opus esset
if there should be need of them anywhere ;
not, if there should be need of any thing.
.

subsidio
26,

1.

meaning and construction

in

like

subsidio, p.

32.

Chap. 9,
transirent

if our

men

si

3.

contendebatur there was fighting.

sustentatum est.

4.

neutri: neither of the two armies.

nostris as the cavalry skirmish proved rather
secundiore

5.

to see

favorable

to

our men.

ivould cross this

(banc).

2.

Compare

chap. 6,

1.

3,

NOTES.

52
line 9.

castellum
Caesar

10.

read over again the last half of chap.

makes no mention there

5.

of a castellum.

potuissent the thought was, according to the Latin idiom,

''if we shall not have been able" (potuerimus)
but
such a future perfect of direct speech becomes a pluper:

fect subjunctive in narration after a past tense.

Page 28,
1.

nostri autem,

etc.

difficult

sentence

but treat

it

as

directed in the Introductory Note, p. 43, only observing

that si has

usual meaning of

its

they should get stuck fast ^ agrees

2.

ut

adgrederentur

if^

and impeditos, when

with hostes understood.

expresses the purpose of parati

in armis erant.
9.

eo consilio with this design ; explained by ut castellum

expugnarent.
possent they said to themselves, if we shall he able, poterimus but if we shall not have succeeded, si minus potuerimus hence potuissent, when related. See note on
:

instruxisset,
12.

nobis usui

p. 27,

1.

24.

compare subsidio oppidanis,

p. 26,

1.

32.

Chap. 10,
3.

pugnatum

4.
6.

est

contains

its

own

subject, there was fierce

9, 1. 3, and note.
impeditos while they were struggling.
circumventos interfecerunt they surrounded and killed.
Bead again the note on eductas instruxerant, chap. 8,

See contendebatur, chap.

fighting.

1.17.
7.

spem:

subject-accusative of fefellisse

but translate,

that

they were disappointed in the hope.

neque
8.

10.

ipsos

take the negative part with progredi.

that

quemque
chap. 4,

11.

1.

is,

se ipsos, namely, hostes.

subject- accusative of reverti.

See also note on

9.

quorum ... ad eos you

:

will very often find the relative

clause preceding the antecedent.

the English

way

antecedent clause

In almost

all

such cases

of speaking requires us to render the

first.

63

NOTES.
line 13.

Quod

thiSy

eo consilio

referring to the last

two sentences.
by the following

with this design, explained

clause.
16.

His persuaderi
Csesar write,

he means,

depends on non
Hi persuaderi

poterat.

these could not be

Why

did not

non

persuaded?

poterant, since
230 H. 301, 1.
;

Page 28,
19.

reliquos

21.

Hostes

conantes

the rest

while they were trying.

25, while a pronoun

hostes may be mentally supplied as subject
of intellexerunt and viderunt. This sentence illustrates an important principle of Latin order, attention to
which will be of great aid in translation. When the verb
of the principal clause and that of the dependent clause
have the same subject, it is commonly expressed in the
principal, and left out in the dependent, clause.
In
English we do the opposite. We often begin with the
dependent clause the Latin frames it into the principal
:

subject of constituerunt,

1.

referring to

clause.

repeat mentally with viderunt and coepit.

21.

ubi

28.

ad eos defendendos:

a very

illustrates

common way

of

expressing a purpose.

Chap. 11,
1.

ea re

2.

egressi

3.

consimilis

4.

Caesar

that

is,

to disperse to their

the subject
:

is

homes

chap. 10,

10.

1.

Belgae, understood.

altogether like.

What

as the subject of veritus

is

the force of

con ?

and continuit, Caesar

seems strangely placed in the grip of the ablative absolute

but the position shows by whom the knowledge was got.
Caesar getting wind of this movement immediately through
his spies.
5.

veritus

try always to render a participle so as to

logical relation to the

contrast, or

6.

what not

qui

moraretur

show

its

verb, whether of time, cause,

here, because he feared.

substantially equivalent to in castris.

castris

and

main

note.

compare qui deduceret, chap.

2,

1.

3,

54

NOTES.

line 10.

ventum
chap.

erat
6,

11.

priores

15.

sub

est,

those in advance.

The

towards.

had come. Compare sustentatum

contendebatur, chap. 9, 1. 3.

they

1.

idea of place being transferred to that

of time.

Page 29,
5.

quisque

8.

qua

itineris

cum

18.

priores

1.

and note on

3,

locum
:

on

carry

in

perspexerat.

at the very extrem-

of the rear, kept making a stand.

et understood while those

quod

simplified text,

the first place on the road.

discederent following quod

consisterent since the enemy,

16.

ity

see p. 25,

primum

advance.

also into the next clause

and because

they

were not held together (continerentur)

21.

sine

uUo periculo

any"

ordine, without any

23.

quantum
there

was

of expressing

that

definite order.

spatium

is

"without

we have nullo certo

how great a space of time (diei)

(they killed as great a number) as the
:

of the time allowed.

length

24.

two ways

in this chapter; for above

seque in castra
reoeperunt: and they and
pitiless commander probably slept well that night.
.

their

Chap. 12,
3.

ex

itinere

6.

omnis
noun

see chap. 6,

oppiignare
.

means here
multitiido

2,

1.

note.

an adjective and a
by words depending on the

notice that

are often separated

noun.

and

carry by assault.

Here ex fuga from the position

is

almost equiva-

lent to fugientium.
6.

vineis

wooden frames with sloping roof and covered with

number of besiegers.
from ago, brought up ; the vineae were often moved

hides, to protect a
7.

actis

on wheels.
aggere iacto when earth had been thrown into the trench.
This was done so that wooden towers could be brought
up near the walls.
ut conservarentur mark how often a dependent clause
precedes the one on which it depends. Attention to this
:

10.

NOTES.

65

will often help in unravelling a long sentence.

qui
.

deduceret, chap, 2, 1. 3
auderent, chap. 8, 11. 3, 4
.

chap. 11,

quid
qui

Now

see

posset et
moraretur,
.

6.

1.

Page 29,
line 32.

paucis defendentibus

though the defenders were few.

Page 30,
1.

Castris munitis after making a fortified camp. The first

and most important thing, after selecting the site of a
camp, was to intrench it. That may be all that is meant
:

in this instance.

vineas agere

quaeque
2.

usui

5.

quae

depends on coepit.
and to get ready whatever,

comparare

compare subsidio,

the like

p. 26,

1.

32.

of which.

Chap. 13,
1.

obsidibus acceptis
traditis
armis
.

afier receiving hostages,

was

it

Caesar's practice to disarm his

conquered enemies.
3.

Qui cum

the relative is in the right place in Latin, but we

cannot translate in this order. The natural place for both
words is at the beginning of a clause but when they
:

come

together, the relative takes precedence.

quinque

5.

circiter

6.

abesset governed by cum.

maiores natu elders ; seniores would not do.
venire they surrendered to him unconditionally.
sese
pueri children, as homines often means men and women.

only about five miles.

7.

9.

Page 30,
9.

atque

17.

neque

20.

passis

and

besides^ or

and

contendere

manibus

in particular.

and

that they were not in arms,

pitiful

Chap. 14,

verba

1.

facit

2.

in fide

4.

perferre

intercedes.

fuerunt: havebeen faithful and friendly.

were enduring.

Eor the

tense, see 336,

A.

;;

NOTES.

56
line 5.

6.

ius consili principes the prime movers

cipes = auctores, authors,

in this

in Britanniaxn profugerunt

plan

priu-

and

as lately Boulanger

others have done.

8.

dementia

who has power

said of one

to exercise the

opposite, severitas, crudelitas.

said of one who is humane and gentle,

opposed to feritas.
feceris
amplific^bis we say, 'if you do this, you
will add to
in Latin, if you shall have done this,
you will add to.'
qua 105, d. H. 190, 1.

mansuetudine
9.

'

10.

si

qua

bella, etc.

hy whose aid

and

resources they

(the

-/Edui) are accustomed to hear the burden of whatever wars

befall them.

Page 30,
26.

perferre

28.

quod

defecisse

intellegerent

31.

sua: emphatic

32.

quod

si fecerit

were enduring

subjunctive;

revolted,

his own, that is, his well-known,

:

if he should do this

is

the subjunctive of

no separate form

hence the form of the perfect subjunctive

is

had
,^.

the future perfect, for which there

the tense

seeing,

is

borrowed.

If

named by its form, it will be called perfect

if by its meaning, yw^wrc perfect subjunctive.

Page 31,
1.

amplificaturum (esse)

the subject must be inferred from

the subject of fecerit.

Chap. 15,
1.

honoris

3.

magna

causa:

out of regard to Divitiacus,

auctoritate

one of great influence ; a predicate

such an ablative must always

have a modifier, as here, magna. The genitive may be
used in the same way, as below, magnae virtutis. On
ablative of description

the order, see note, chap. 12,

6.

quorum,

etc.

1.

5.

translate closely in the order of the Latin

and customs, Ccesar, on inquiry; SO,

do your best to keep close to the Latin

about their character

generally,
order.

Read again the Introductory Note,

p. 43..

57

NOTES.
line 12.

dedidissent for having surrendered ; what would

qui
dediderant ?
be the meaning of qui
.

Page 31,
6.

hominum

praestabat

was

populous

the most

what

is it literally ?

12.

pati

Supply eos, referring to Nervii,

that they permitted.

as the subject of pati, esse, increpitare, and confir-

mare.
13.

16.

quod
quod

existimarent observe in the simplified text

existimabant why the difference ?
proiecissent for having surrendered
dedissent
qui
and renounced ; literally, since they had surrendered,
sese subject-accusative of missuros.
.

17.

Chap. 16,
1.

triduum

2.

Sabim

6.

quique

for three days, accusative of duration.

called the Sambre.

now

equivalent to et eos qui, and

per aetatem

by reason of their age

all

such as.

that

is,

whether too

old or too young.

7.

eum locum

in

quo

a place

into

to

The idea

which.

would be, into a place of such

a character (eum) that to it (quo) there would be no access
for an army. 319, 2 and note H. 500, I. Compare qui
of the Latin fully expressed

vidgrentur, immediately preceding.

exercitui for an army, not necessarily, for
.

8.

army.

Ccesar'^s

Page 31,
19.

Cum

fecisset

best rendered

by

cum

a temporal
when,

etc.

clause

not always

is

marching for three

ajler

days.
24.

his

persuaserant

observe on

p. 29,

ple of the impersonal construction of

passive

his persuaderi

non

1.

1,

an exam-

persuadeo

poterat,

it

in the

teas not

possible for these to be persuaded.

27.

coniecisse the verb implies hurried action, and so differs

from depono, which Csesar uses in Book IV., 19, of putting women and children in a place of safety.
:

NOTES.

68
Chap. 17,
line 2.

compare qui deduceret, chap. 2,

moraretur, chap. 11, 1. 6.
Cum since. See note on chap. 6, 1. 8.
demonstrarunt shortened from demonstraverunt,
qui
deligant
and note qui
.

1.

3,

5.

a, 1

inter singulas
6.

7.

between each two; the

tween each," is common

negoti and
neque
.

at

cum

128,

H. 235.

same mistake,

''be-

in English.
it

was a matter of no

difficulty

all.
.

venisset

when

should reach the

the first legion

In the direct form, venerit, shall have

then regularly such a future perfect is changed

camping ground.
reached ;

to the pluperfect subjunctive in indirect discourse after a

See note on chap 9, 1. 10.

"Besides his arms, the Roman soldier carried
stakes (valli), used for the palisades of the camp, food
past tense.

8.

sarcinis:

and utensils, a saw, a spade, a chain for his prisoners,

and other things. He was loaded like a mule." Long.

qua pulsa if this legion were beaten.

futurum (esse) depends on demonstrarunt
:

would
9.

Nervii autem: now

effecerant.

12.

the result

the Nervii.

Nervii

This long sentence

is

is

not so

the subject of
difficult

as

it

at

Follow closely the Latin order to discover

the sense, render quo in order that, effecerant had caused,
and instar like.
teneris
enatis: bg lopping the trees when young, and
intertwining the branches which grew out thick in a lateral
direction ; enatis from enascor.
interiectis it does not appear possible to take this word
first

11.

be.

seems.

in the sense given to

it

in the dictionaries, thrown or

So Moberly translates, *'by throwing in

brambles and thorns for the present occasion." But is it
to be supposed that this was done everywhere ? If not,
how would the Nervii know where to do it ? Moreover,
what they had done was done antiquitus, from of old.
Translate, therefore, by planting among them.
stuffed

in.

NOTES.
line 14.

quo non modo non

59

sed ne

mula, or (without the second non)

ne

quidem,

quidem
non modo
.

not, but not even.

Instead, translate as

were complete in

itself

it

was

if

the

modo),

(suppressing

which

sed

usually awkwardly rendered, not only

is

nay, nor even, thus

this for-

first

member

followed by

not possible to pass through,

nay, nor even see through,

15.
16.

HTs rebus by these obstacles.

consilium they ought
non
:

not to disregard the advice.

Page 32,
4.

impediment5rum

here, baggage animals ;

impedunentis,

below, baggage.
9.

Adiuvabat:
Nervii

is

the long sentence following,

of those who reported

the advice

10.

the subject

effecerant. ^X2iW.^2X^,this circumstance favored

(quod).

the intelligence, that

possent compare quid in bello possent, p. 24,

1. 25
quid virtute posset, p. 27, 1. 12.
not.
Observe that enim
neque enim: and in fact
nihil

11.

here does not

12.

pedestribus valent copiis

p. 25,

13.

ad eos

1.

5.

that

mean /or.

The

ablative

is

compare virtiite

valere,

ablative of means.

the Nervii.

is,

Chap. 18,
1.

quem locum /

mean

the place which.

3.

Ab eo

that

is,

4.

pari adclivitate collis: a

flumine

on the other
hill

side.

of similar upward slope; a

descriptive ablative.

ab superiore parte in the upper part. Ab not seldom

means on, in, at, by, because the idea of removal {from)
:

implies previous contact or nearness,

and the

latent idea

sometimes the most important.

ut: may be considered as referring to an ita suppressed
with silvestris so thickly wooded that.
non
posset one could not easily see within. Impersonal expressions, like perspici potest, are common in
is

5.

7.

Latin. Mark the mode of translation.

secundum along, ^roj^etiy following, from sequor.
:

NOTES.

60
Page 32,
line 24.

adversus huic et contrarius

corresponding

to this

and

right opposite.

25.

passus

apertus

paces up from

infimus

ab

clear of woods for about two

hundred

base.

its

inferiore parte.

Chap. 19,
1.

omnibus copiis

Caesar often uses

cum omnibus

copiis.

2.

consuetudine according
consuetudine.

4.

conlocarat: for conlocaverat.

See demonstrtrunt,
chap. 17, 1. 5, and note.
praesidioque impedimentis compare subsidio oppidanis, chap. 7, 1. 2, and note.
opere dimenso after laying out the work; the expression
refers to marking off the ground preparatory to trenching,

6.

11.

to

custom

ez

just as frequently

making a rampart, etc.

castra munire to make a camp,
:

17.
18.

manibus nostris: close upon us.

ad towards repeat it mentally before

in

adverso coUe:
before them

up

straight

eos.

literally,

with the hill

so perhaps strictly neither an ablative abso-

an ablative of the

lute nor

the hill;

*'

way by which."

Page 32,
32.

ratio

ordoque agminis

aliter

ac

otherwise

the

plan and

than,

the

different

order of marching.

from what ;

this

strange idiom looks like an abridged, colloquial expres-

probably it was, fully expressed, aliter ac aliter,

way and another way. The order of march was one
way and the Belgse had reported it another way. So I
have heard a child say, "This is different and that is
different," meaning '' this is different from that."
sion

one

Page 33,
8.

10.

cum

neque

while ; to
.

men were

be repeated mentally with facerent.

cedentes insequi auderent: and

hesitating to pursue them

quem ad finem
quern,

translate as

to the line to

which the

when they
if

it

while our

retreated.

were ad finem ad

level, clear

ground extended.

NOTES.
line 15.

ut

confirmaverant

of battle and ranks within

aged each other to do.

61

as they had arranged their order

the woods,

and as

they

had

encour^

Chap. 20,
2.

signum tuba dandum

(erat)

in order to call the

take their places in the ranks.

Some might not

men

to

see the

flag.

3.

6.

7.

signum dandum

this time the signal is for the charge, or

perhaps to get ready for a charge.
subsidio dative of end or service, but render as if a nominative, which might have been used, a help,
:

commode:

modifies praescribere.

ipsi sibi praescribere

poterant: they could

direct

any orders (ipsi).

nihil: not
at all; stronger than non.
per se on their own responsibility.
themselves without

11.
12.

quae videbantur

whatever seemed

best.

Page 33,
27.

qui does not refer to milites, but to ii understood.

aggeris petendi causa for the purpose of seeking materials
:

Mark

for a rampart.

the position of causa, always fol-

lowing the genitive depending on

30.

his difficult atibus

in this strait;

it.

but the words are in the

Find two other instances of

dative with subsidio.

this

construction of two datives.

32.

quid

oporteret

fieri

the object of praescribere.

Chap. 21,
1.

necessariis rebus imperatis when you meet with res,

ask yourself exactly what it means, and then find a
proper rendering. Translate, after giving the necessary
:

orders.
4.

pristinae

and

neu
6.

quod

still
.

this

animo
.

word

is often

used of what was formerly

continues.

and not lose presence of mind,

aberant gives the reason of the following, not
:

the preceding, clause.

8.

pugnantibus occurrit

he finds them fighting.

NOTES.

62
line 8.

Temporls mark how the important word comes first.

Take this sentence in thought almost without change in
:

the order of the words, then translate.

tanta

exiguitas

10.

so great

was

the littleness

= such was

Translate, so short was the time.

the shortness.

insignia: ''the crests, feathers red and black, and other

... On the march

was not carried on the head. The shields had
Long.
coverings when they were not in use."
devenit to whatever part of the army each one

decorations which the soldiers had.

the helmet
leather
12.

Quam

13.

ab opere
quaeque

happened

sight

to

come,
is, making the camp
see chap. 19, 1. 11.
conspexit and whatever standards he caught

that

of first.

Page 34,
13.

quo

posset

whither a javelin could he hurled

a javelin

throw.
19.

Quam

... in partem: compare the second line of the

quisque seems oddly placed, but it is crowded
out of the first place, where it would like to stand, by
quam.
chapter,

Chap. 22,

ordo

and arrangement,

2.

rei militaris

3.

flebat the result was.

aliae ... parte in this idiom the second part only of the
thought is expressed.
Other legions were fighting in another

military science

'

some were fighting in one part of the field.'

So claudus altero pede, lame in the other foot^ implies

part

'

implies

'

6.

one foot sound.

to be taken with saepibus.
ut so that, conlocari depends on possent.

7.

in

8.

iniquitate

6.

interiectis

of reason, because of or owing

some

to,

by
and such is the common meaning of
but the context shows that the meaning here

usually translated unfavorable condition^ or

similar phrase,

inlquitas

hence

is closer

to the original sense, that of unevenness

we may

translate, owing to such inequality in the condition

of things.

NOTES.

63

Page 34,
line 25.

cum

governs impediretur as well as resisterent.

di versus means turned different

since,

diversis legionibus:

ways, not with united line; hence here, disjoined.

Trans-

late, sj'nce, owing to the legions being separated.

28.

neque certa subsidia

here begins the statement of the

certa subsidia subject of poterant.
neque quid, etc. nor was it possible to foresee what was needed
everywhere. After provideri supply mentally poterat, of
which the whole preceding clause is the grammatical subject.
result

Chap. 23,
1.

ut

Would

since.

same,

mode of constiterant have been the

been used in place of ut ?

the

cum had

if

2.

acie an old form of the genitive for aciei.

Atrebates object of compulerunt.

6.

Ipsi;

refers to the

8.

10.

11.

subject of interfecerunt

nonae et decimae

legionis

that

is,

milites.

diversae = aliae what should it mean from its derivation ?

a fronte along the front. See chap. 18, 1. 4, and note.
ab sinistra parte on the left. Compare a fr5nte, preceding
line, and ab superiore parte, chap. 18, 1. 4, and note.
nudatis castris as the camp was left unguarded.
aperto latere on their (the legions') exposed flank.
summum
locum: the summit occupied by the camp;
castrorum is a possessive geuitive.
;

13.

14.

Page 35,
3.

ezanimatos

confectos

breathless

and exhausted by

wounds,

the ninth and tenth legions.

ea pars that is, ea pars hostium.
conantes accusative, agreeing with Atrebates understood, or a pronoun referring to Atrebates.
resistentes hostes object of coniecenuit.
sununam imperi chief command.

his

4.

5.

8.

16.

Chap. 24,
2.
6.

cum
reciperent
cum respexissent on
.

as they were returning,

looking back.

always best translated by a

A cum

full clause.

clause

is

not

NOTES.

64
line 6.

praecipites

7.

8.

mandabant

ran

away as fast as

they

literally ?

eorum depends on clamor fremitusque.

ferebantur began to rush. Observe the imperfects followed
:

by
10.

What

could.

The imperfect

perfects.

auxili causa

paints, the perfect describes.

for the purpose of rendering aid

as

auxil-

iaries.

11.

cum

See note, chap.

since.

compleri:

6,

8.

1.

and the following

this

infinitives

depend on

vidissent.
13.

vidissent

14.

rebus

15.

pulsos superatosque

the subject

How

fortunes.

is equites Treveri.
might a clause be substituted here

in Latin for the ablative absolute ?

:

supply esse.

"

Page 35,
21.
22.

pulsos supply esse.

adversis hostibus occurrebant
:

What

enemy.
23.

calones

came

straight against the

literally ?

ac

summo

iugo

the porta

decumana was

the rear gate of the camp, opposite the porta praetoria.

appears from this passage that the place for the

calones was at the back of the camp, and that in this
instance the camp was partly on sloping ground.
virtutis opinio reputation for valor.
It

30.

Page 36,
2,

diversos dissipatosque

running in different directions and

scattered.
5.

hostes

subject-acausative of potitos (esse).

Chap. 25,
2.

suos urgeri:

3.

depends on vidit.
confertos milites

that his

8.

ut

posset

9.

His rebus
tardiores

12.

that the soldiers by being

impedimento

sibi
.

men were hard pressed; the

crowded

hindered one another.

so that he could no longer stand,

for these reasons.

were losing heart.

subeuntes intermittere

infinitive

cease mounting the

hill.

together,

NOTES.
line 12.

ab utroque latere

ore parte, chap.

13.

rem

angusto

Compare ab superi-

on both flanks.

18,
:

65

4.

1.

was

the situation

that

What

critical.

literally ?

14.

17.

uni a peculiar use of unus, quite equivalent to a ; not to

be imitated in writing Latin.
he ordered them to advance and at the
iussit
signa
same time to open out their ranks.
:

Page 36,
7.

Caesar: subject
formidable

but

if

it

Introductory Note,

To

This

of processit, fifteen lines below.

sentence extending through eighteen lines looks very

first

translate the sentence

repeat

''''and saw''''

taken in accordance with the

is

the meaning will be evident.

p. 43,

is

more

difficult.

In translating

before the words quartae cohortis,

and render the ablative absolutes by clauses, thus and

saw that all the captains of the fourth cohort were killed.
Then, reliquos esse tardiores, that the rest (in consequence) were losing heart.
conlatis and since the standards were
signisque
brought together. Try constantly to make out the relation
in thought expressed by participles
that is, whether the
:

8.

idea

is

that of time, when, while^ etc.

concession, though, notwithstanding

panying circumstances,
16.

ab novissimis

27.

operam navare cuperet

etc., to

of cause, as, since

of

or of condition, accom-

be variously rendered.

So below, 1. 21. Compare ab

sinistra parte, p. 23, 1. 13. In both places in this chapter
it would be easy to make the mistake of taking ab in the
in the rear.

sense of ex, as a substitute for the partitive genitive.

:

^^

wished

to

do

his

What

best,''''

literally ?

Chap. 26,
3.

ut

coniungerent

for

the

legions

gradually

to

draw

together.
7.

proelio nuntiato on the report of the battle.

cursu incitato quickening their speed. The participle following is causal they began to run because of the report
:

of the battle.

NOTES.

66
line 10.

qui

decimam legionem. What is the gramhow is it to be accounted for ?

refers to

matical irregularity, and

cum

be taken with cognovissent.

to

quo

in loco res esset

literally ?

12.

nihil

What
reliqui

Account
fecerunt

what

the

situation

was.

What

way of

speed.

for the subjunctive.

left

nothing undone in the

literally ?

A partitive

neuter of reliquus.

genitive depend-

Find a similar construction

ing on nihil.

in chap. 15.

Page 36,
31.

conver^a signa: the

object of inferrent, but

veniently rendered as coordinate with

and

it,

to

most conface about

It is thought that by this movement the

and the seventh legions formed a circle or a square.

charge.

twelfth

Page 37,
1.

neque timerent
clause

aversi

and

mentally from the preceding

(no longer) feared.

turned

literally, being

cum

repeat

since they

away ;

translate,

from

their

rear being unguarded.

Chap. 27,
2.

vulneribus confecti badly wounded. What literally ?

procubuissent from procumbo.
vero emphasizes equites, but is better left untranslated
:

3.

say, while the cavalry.

4.

praeferrent thrust themselves before ; a result clause,

se
dependent on tanta
est facta.
in extrema spe salutis '' when all hope of saving themselves
.

5.

was

at

an

end.''''

Here a

literal translation

would be mean-

ingless or misleading.
7.

proximi

insistebant

their prostrate
8.

10.

11.

those nearest

would stand upon

companions.

when these (in turn) were thrown down.

intercepta remittebant would catch and hurl back. See
eductas instruxerant, chap. 8, 1. 17, and note.
so that one ought to judge that it was not without cause
ut, etc.
that men of such valor.
On iudicare deberet, compare
his deiectis

perspici posset, chap.

18,

1.

5,

and

note.

NOTES.
line 13,

quae

facilia

difficillimis

67

things which^ most difficult in themselves,

a predicate adjective with redegerat.

Page 37,
15.

innixi

from inmtor, agrees with nostri.

supply esse the subject-accusative

perterritos

is

hostes.

23.

inermes agrees with calones, even though unarmed,

qui superessent: the survivors. Supply ii as antecedent

24.

ut as. So used p. 34, 1. 23.

conicerent a result clause, with ut dependent on tantam

16.

of qui.
:

virtuteuft praeatiterunt.

Chap. 28,
1.

2.

prope modifies ad, not redacto.

redacto see the last word of the preceding chapter,
maiores natu see chap. 13, 1. 6, and note.
pueris see chap. 13, 1. 9, and note.
consensu
supererant with the consent of all the
:

3.
4.

sur-

vivors,
; for ad vix, as some say.
erga might have been used.

7.

vix ad

8.

in

9.

videretur not that he might seem^ but that he might he seen.

prohiberent refrain and keep their dependents from
se
prohibere is appropriate to suos, but hardly to se.

11.

barely

to

towards

Page 37,
31.

aestuaria: *'the country lying to the north (the modern

Zealand) is low and marshy, cut up with tidewater inlets
and bays."
Allen & Greenough.

32.

cum

victoribus,

for the

victors,

etc.

since they thought there

was no

obstacle

no safety for the vanquished.

Page 38,
4.

milibus lx.
It

they had promised

was natural

fifty

thousand

see chap. 4.

that they should exaggerate their losses.

Chap. 29,
1.

4.

auxilio Nerviis: compare subsidio oppidanis, chap. 7,

1. 2, and note.
Find other examples of this construction.

unum oppidum

supposed to be at the junction of the

Sambre and Meuse.

5.

ex omnibus

in circuitu partibus

simply,

all

round.

NOTES.

68
line 9.

conlocabant

there

a reading, conlocarant.

is

If that is

the true reading, turn in the preceding line would

mean

besides.

Page 38,
10.

cum

16.

aditus

Four lines below cum means though.

pedum an approach of two hundred
not more; pedum depends on aditus.

while.

breadth,

21.

iis

impedimentis

22.

agere ac portare

24.

una

25.

cum

with

that

it

alias, etc.

drive or carry.

the plunder.

is,

What

defensive war.

in

take with depositis, two lines below.

since they carried

feet

on now aggressive now

literally ?

Chap. 30,
1.

primo adventu = cum primum advenisset,

as soon as

our army had got there.

3.

pedum
chap.

4.

oppido
11,

6.

1.

xii.
5,
:

1.

that

is,

in altitudinem, which

is

expressed,

19.

might have been in oppido.

Cf castris, chap.
.

5.

actis from ago see chap. 12, 1. 6, and note.

aggere exstructo an embankment of timber, stones, and
earth was begun at a distance from the walls of a town,
wide enough to roll one or more towers upon, and was
carried forward by soldiers working under the shelter of
the vineae up to the defensive works.

vineis actis

6.

c5nstitui

7.

ab tanto spatio
chap.

8.

7,

being raised.

1.

and

6,

far away.

so

Compare ab milibus,

note.

quibusnam manibus

with what hands, pray

nam

added

for emphasis, to point their sarcasm.

10.

conlocare strangely used for conlocaturos (esse). The

Aduatuci may have thought that the Romans intended to
hoist the tower upon their wall, or they may have been
joking. Which is more likely ?
:

Page 39,
5.

hominibus

contemptui:

another pair of datives.

Find other examples. The Italians of the present time do

not strike one as conspicuously shorter than the Germans.

NOTES.
line 5.

magnitudine

69

being contrasted with brevitas,

is

used in

the sense of altitudine.

Chap. 31,
1.

mover!

This word here has suggested a change

moving.

of conlocare, in the last line of the preceding chapter, to

moturos, a very

plausible conjecture, but

it

spoils the

joke of the Aduatuci.

11.

Compare qui
dedidissent, chap. 15,
and note.
pro sua dementia according to his well-known clemency.
See chap. 14, 1. 8, and note. What did they think of his
clemency when he sold 53,000 of them into slavery ?
traditis armis = si arma tradidissent, if they should sm^-

13.

per cruciatum interfici:

5.

qui
1.

8.

since they.

12,

render their arms.

to

be tortured to death.

What

No

mistake

literally ?

Page 39,
16.

statuisset
is

not had decided, but should decide.

oftener

made by

beginners than in the rendering of a

pluperfect subjunctive of indirect discourse representing

a future perfect of direct discourse. Such a subjunctive

be rendered by the auxiliary should, not had. To
tell whether a pluperfect subjunctive represents a future
perfect, think what form a speaker's words would take,
remembering that the Komans commonly used the future
is to

or future perfect of things really future, while

we very

often use the present.

Chap. 32,
1.

consuetudine

3.

aries: *'a long, strong

ablative of cause.

beam

of wood, furnished with

iron head in the form of a ram's head.

4.

5.

an

was suspended
from a framework by a strong chain or ropes, and worked
by men, who drove it against the wall."
Long.
in Nerviis in the case of the Nervii ; a common meaning of
in with names of persons.
not to do any harm to those who
inferrent
ne quam
had surrendered to the Roman people.
It

NOTES*

70
line 7

facere

one would expect the future with subject- accusar

se facturos (esse). Compare conlocare, for conlocaturos esse, chap. 30, 1. 10.
adaequarent: came up almost to the very top
prope
summam with altitudinem. What literally ?
tive,

9.

12.

pace sunt usi = conquieverunt,

kept quiet.

Chap. 33,
3.

nostros our commanders, subject-accusative of deducturos and servaturos (esse)

praesidia men stationed in the castella see below.
observe how frequently.
servaturos
deducturos
esse is omitted with the future participle.
denique: at any rate. What is its usual meaning ?
:

4.

5.

tertia vigilia:

Romans

the

divided the night into four

equal divisions, watches, of about three hours each.

9.

eo concursum est

What

the soldiers hurried thither.

lit-

Find similar constructions in chaps. 6, 9, 10, 11.

in extrema spe salutis compare chap. 27, 1. 5, and note.
The context shows, however, that the meaning is not
erally ?

10.

same

quite the

Translate, as their

here.

last

chance of

saving themselves,
14.

nemo

observe the emphasis from

in English, ''Silver

16.

Compare

its position.

and gold have

I none.''

nemo and

nuUus are often so placed. Cf. nuUi, chap. 6, 1. 10.

ab iis qui emerant = ab emptoribus: by the purchasers,
who were the mercatores, traders who followed the
army as hungry sharks follow a ship.
capitum: we say ''souls." It depends on quinquaginta
trium.

17.

quinquaginta trium
in gangs and sent
Italy

53,000 captives, probably chained

to be sold in the Province

and in

a source of great gain to the general.

Page 40,
4.

milites
p. 26,

1.

6.

ne quam

9.

iis

19,
.

militibus

with armis.

another evidence of haste.

and note.
iniuriam

see p. 39,

1.

28,

and

note.

Observe the order of the words.

See

NOTES.
line 10.

viminibus intextis

71
mentally

repeat

ex

before these

Some supply factis.

pugnatumque, etc. translate
words.

16.

17.
18.

20.

as if hostibus and viris

were subjects.
ut
debuit as brave men ought to fight. What literally ?
iacerent the subjunctive shows that the remark is a general one. The indicative would have a limiting force.
The difference can hardly be brought out in translation.
In the former case we may render, against men who could
throw ; in the latter, against those who were throwing,
:

ad = circiter.

Chap. 34,
2.

miserat

had

sent,

that

before the defeat of the

is,

Adua-

tuci.
6.

dicionem
If that

under

some texts, in deditionem.

meaning would be, were

the

sway

is

correct, the

reading

in

brought to surrender.

Chap. 35,
1.

pacata

4.

qui

see p. 23,

deduceret
qui
6.

inita

1.

and note.
compare p. 23, 1. 19, qui
moraretur p. 31, 1.
12, qui

7,

pollicerentur
;

p. 29,

1.

30,

deligant.

proxima aestate

see p. 23,

1.

18,

and

note.

10.

ex

11.

supplicatio: a public, religious festival of thanksgiving,

'' The
decreed by the senate.
fifteen days' rejoicing

litteris

in consequence

marks the constant

of the

letters,

which had haunted

Kraner
remarks that the longest supplicatio ' till this had been
one of twelve days, for Pompeius' success against Mith-

Romans

the

fear of the Gauls

ever since the 'dies Alliensis.'

'

ridates."
niilli

Moberlt.

see p, 40,

1.

22

also p, 26,

1.

24,

and

note.

EXERCISES ON SIMPLIFIED TEXT.

The
The
and

references are to the

Grammars

of Allen and Greenougb, and Harkness.

learner is expected, before writing the Exercises, to review the Latin text,

find therein

and commit to memory

grammatical principles

illustrations of the

selected.

Chapter
1.

Indirect Discourse

2.

Cum Temporal with

336, 1

I.

and 2

H. 523 and

I.

H. 521, II. and 2.

Subjunctive after Verbs of Fearing; 331, f. ; H. 498, III.

3.

was

Subjunctive: 325

in hither Gaul.

1.

Caesar

2.

Reports were brought into hither Gaul.

While Labienus was in Gaul, the Belgae made a league.^
A report is brought that^ the Belgae are conspiring.
They are afraid that our army is coming^ against them.
They are vexed ^ that our army remains in Gaul.
Csesar feared that the Belgae were conspiring.
Letters kept coming/ while they were conspiring.

3.

4.
5.

6.
7.
8.

Notes.

made a

league

one word in Latin.

memory and mentally

vexed

apply the rules.

^ is

Be

the that clause in this and the following sentence.

careful about

Recall the text to

coming

use venio.

are

rumores adferebantur,
kept coming one word in

in Latin one of the expressions, like

requiring the accusative and inlQnitive.

Latin.

Chapter

II.

and N.

1.

Relative Clauses of Purpose

2.

Accus. and Infin. of Indirect Discourse

and

317, 2

H. 497,

336, 1

1.

1.

In hither Gaul there ^ were two legions.

2.

Two new
72

legions Caesar levies.

I.

and 2

H. 523

EXEKCISES ON SIMPLIFIED TEXT.

3.

The two new

4.

Caesar sends his lieutenant to lead

legions are sent into the interior of Gaul.

them.^

6.

Pedius was sent to lead the new legions.

The Senones report that the Belgians are gathering.*

7.

The Senones informed

5.

Notes.

by the

there

infinitive.

omit.

them

Latin, because the sense

Caesar about the Belgians.

to lead

is, ai-e

do not express a purpose in Latin

a passive form in

are gathering

eas.

Means

III.

H. 420.
249

1.

Ablative of

2.

Ablative with potior, utor, etc.

3.

Accus. and

1.
2.

being collected together.

Chapter
248, 8, c

Infin. of Indirect

H. 421,

Discourse

336, 2

H. C23,

Caesar came unexpectedly to the borders of the Eemi.

The Eemi said they had not combined^ against the

Eoman

people.

3.

They

4.

All the rest of the Belgae^ had joined^ with the Germans.

6.

They aided Caesar with corn and other ^ things.

The Eemi and their ^ kinsmen enjoy the same laws.

6.

Notes.
2

73

said they were ready to give hostages.

they had not combined: themselves not to have combined.

not the genitive. ^ had joined in Latin, had joined

of the Belgse

themselves, if

you use coniungo.

* aliis.

their

omit.

Chapter IV.
1.

Indirect Questions

2.

Substantive Clauses of Result

334

H. 529,
:

1.

332

H. 501.

1.

Whence ^

2.

whence very many of the Belgae sprung.

What states are in arms ?
Caesar asked what states were in arms.

3.

4.

did very

Caesar asked

many

of the Belgae

spring ?

EXERCISES ON SIMPLIFIED TEXT.

74
5.

6.

is

While Divitiacus was king, lie was most powerful.

From Galba's foresight and justice it results that he

a powerful king.
7.

From

the valor of the Bellovaci

came about that

it

they demanded the management^ of the war.

Notes.
3

Whence: unde.

management

the

of

not the genitive.

Belgse:

summa.

Chapter V.
1.

2.
3.

1.

Interest with Gen. of Person 222 H. 406, III.

270 H. 538.
Infin. with Subject-Accus. as Subject
272 and Rem.
Infin. with Subject-Accus. as Object
:

The children

men

of the leading

H. 534.

are brought to Caesar

as hostages.
2.

He

3.

It concerns Csesar for

4.

It concerns Divitiacus to

5.

Caesar sees that

6.

He

7.

orders

all

the children to be brought to him.^

the senate to come to him.

send the forces of the ^dui.

the forces of the Belgse are hastening.

learns that the Axona is not far away.

This river he crossed^ and protected his camp

means of
Notes.
Latin.

its

him

^ tj^^t

by-

banks.

in Latin, hitnseJf.

about

be careful

for

not to be expressed in

Mai-clauses.

he crossed

use

transeo.

Chapter VI.
1.

2.
3.

1.

243 H. 413.
Causal with Subjunctive 326 H. 517.
Ablative Absolute 255 and Note on p. 262 H. 431.
Ablative of Separation

Cum

The enemy formed a testudo and advanced

close to^

the wall.
2.

The enemy having hurled

stones

made a

testudo.

::

EXEECISES ON SIMPLIFIED TEXT.

75

3.

Since there were so many,^ they undermined the wall.

4.

They easily cleared the walls of soldiers.

The Belgae having cleared the wall made an attack.
Having made an attack * they threw missiles against

5.

6.

the wall.
Since the missiles were many, no one was able to

7.

stand on the wall.

Notes.
stones
tot.

advanced close

you must

to

one word in Latin.

say, stones having been hurled.

having made an attack

why

not

having hurled

Why ?

impetum

go

H. 231,

2.

many

facti ?

Chapter VII.

1.

1.

Ablative of Cause

2.

Perfect Participles of Deponents

At midnight

245

H. 416.

135, b.

archers and slingers were sent by Caesar

to the town.

On

the archers and

town ^ had good hopes.
3. The enemy had no hope of taking ^ the town, because
of the coming of Caesar's soldiers.
2.

the assistance of

account of

slingers, the people in the

4.

Caesar, delaying^ a little while, sent aid to Iccius.

5.

Iccius, after laying

sar's

waste the

fields,

hastened to Cae-

camp.

Notes.

expugnandi.

people in the town

^

delaying

one word in Latin.

of taking

not present participle.

Chapter VIII.
1.

Indirect Questions: 334

2.

Partitive Genitive

1.

What

2.

Caesar tries

216

H. 529,

can the enemy do by their valor

what the

I.

H. 396, IV.

valor of the

enemy

is

capable of .^

EXERCISES ON SIMPLIFIED TEXT.

76
3.

How much

4.

Caesar

men

do our

makes

trial of

dare ?

the daring ^ of his men.

5.

How much

6.

Caesar explains^ over

army occupy

space can Caesar's

how much

space the hill ex-

tended in front.

Notes.

is

capable of

can,

the daring

men

dare.

explains

of, etc.

recast the sen-

Ccesar makes trial what his

tence mentally before translating, thus:

docet.

Chapter IX.

1.

2.

3.

4.
5.

He

Clauses of Purpose

The Gerundive:

begins to

317 and 1

113, d, 2

H. 497,

and 296; H.

II.

644,

I.

cross the river.

They began to lead their forces across.

They lead their forces over in order to take the redoubt.
Caesar has shown that the river was behind him.^
They will cross so as to lay waste the lands of the Eemi.

Notes.

eum

1.
2.

He

begins to

makes a beginning

of,

him

should

it

be

or se ?

Chapter X.

1.

1.

Passive of Intransitive Verbs

2.

Accusative of Limit

3.

Substantive Clauses of Purpose

258,

230

b and N.
:

H. 301, 1.
H. 380,

331 and N. 1

II. 2.

H. 498.

Those of the Belgse who were not killed returned home.

3.

They resolve to fight in their own territories.

They decide that it is best ^ to lead over their army.

4.

Divitiacus cannot be persuaded ^ to advance to an un-

2.

favorable place.
5.
6.

The ^dui were persuaded to return to their homes.

The enemy advancing into the river were surrounded.

Notes.

trying to turn

that
it

it is

best:

into Latin.

it

to be best,

recast the clause, before

EXERCISES ON SIMPLIFIED TEXT.

77

Chapter XI.
Ablative of

2.

Perfect Participles

On

1.

Time

1.

266

H. 429.

290, d. 1

and 2

enemy

the departure of the

H. 650, N.

4.

Caesar sent ahead all

his cavalry.

At

5.

sunset the three legions returned ^ into camp.

In the second watch they attacked the enemy's rear.
The Belgae, fearing ^ an attack, set out at daybreak.
The spies, having seen ^ the fugitives, bring back word.'*

6.

Caesar, after

2.

3.
4.

Labienus to set

keeping his soldiers in camp, ordered

out.

^ returned
Notes.
two words in Latin. 2 fearing the participle
veritus does not usually denote time prioi^ to that of the main verb in
the sentence, like most perfect participles, but the same time. ^ having
seen do not say visi. * bring back word one word in Latin.
:

Chapter XII.
1.

Ablative of Cause, 245

2.

Ablative Absolute

H. 413.

255 and Note on

p.

262

H. 431.

1. Caesar could not take the town on account of the great

number ^ of the Suessiones.
2. Owing to^ the works of the Komans, their "vineae"
and towers, the Suessiones send envoys.^
3. The next day Caesar made a forced march and * tried

to take the town.

4.

The townsmen,^ making a

5.

Because of their surrender they got their request.

The surrender made, they were spared.^

6.

surrender, got their request.^

i great number
one word in Latin. 2 Owing to like ** on
Notes.
account of," not separately expressed in Latin. ^ envoys use legatus.
* made a forced march and
a different turn in Latin. ^ townsmen
:

use oppidanus.

got their request

one word.

230

H. 301,

1.

EXERCISES ON SIMPLIFIED TEXT.

tS

Chapter XIII.

1.

1.

Cum Temporal with Subjunctive

2.

Constructions with peto

When

239,

c.

325
N. 1

H. 521,
H. 374,

II. 2.

2,

N.

4.

the arms had been given up/ the elders came

forth.
2.

All the elders came out of Bratuspantium and begged

Csesar for peace.^

3.

Caesar,

men

the

when he had

received their submission, asked

for their ^ arms.

4. According to their ^ custom they stretched out their

hands and asked the Romans for peace.

Render this clause in two ways first by two words, then

So each of the three following sentences contains a
clause to be rendered in two ways. ^ Caesar for peace quite other^ their
wise in Latin. ^ their omit.
is this to be expressed by
Notes.

by a

full clause.

eorum?

Chapter XIV.
Means

1.

Ablative of

2.

Ablative with utor,

248, 8, c
etc.

249

H. 420.
H. 421,

I.

1.

Divitiacus intercedes for the conquered Belgse.

2.

Divitiacus begs that Caesar will show

3.

Caesar will exercise kindness toward the Belgse.

4.

By

5.

Divitiacus says the chiefs had fled to

6.

show clemency, you will increase our influence.

Whatever ^ war befalls, by means of their ^ resources

7.

we

the help of the Belgse the

If you

^dui

clemency.

sustain wars.
^

Britain.

shall be able to hold out.

Notes.
^ will show
not the future in Latin. 2 to
not well rendered by present indicative. ^ whatever

edrum.

not ad.

if any,

show
their:

EXERCISES ON SIMPLIFIED TEXT.

79

Chapter XV.
H. 396, IV.
H. 419, II.
Causal Relative Sentences 320, e H. 517.

1.

Partitive Genitive

2.

Ablative of Quality

3.

216
:

251

4.

The territories of the Nervii border on the Ambiani.

The Nervii blame the Ambiani for having surrendered.^
The Nervii have ^ great influence among the Belgae.
They use no wine, because it weakens ^ character.

5.

Those men think minds

1.
2.
3.

lose energy

through wine.

having surrendered: turn by a relative clause.

2 have
say are (men) of. ^ because it weakens a relative clause with
subjunctive, to indicate their view, as distinguished from a statement
Notes.

^ f or

of fact.

Chapter XVI.
1.

2.

Comparative amplius, etc. 247, c. H. 417, N. 2.

Accusative of Time and Space 256 and 257 H. 379.
:

1.

The Nervii were

2.

Caesar finds out that they are ten miles distant.

3.

He

4.

They have taken a

distant a three days' march.

learns from prisoners

what the Nervii are doing.

more than five miles from

position

the Sambre.
5.

He

learns

from prisoners that he ^

waited for by the

is

Nervii.
Notes.

are doing

be careful about the mode.

that he

himself.

Chapter XVII.

1.

quisquam

1.

Use

2.

Relative Clauses of Purpose: 317

3.

Substitutes for Partitive Gen.

of

202,

c.

H. 457.

216,

H. 497, I.
H. 397, N.
c.
;

Certain of the Belgae went by night to the

the Nervii.

3.

camp

of

EXERCISES ON SIMPLIFIED TEXT.

80
2.

Caesar says that certain

3.

Many

to the Nervii.

5.

They were sent to their friends to report ^ the matter.

To lop trees is a matter^ of no difficulty at all.

6.

Men

4.

were sent ahead to select

Notes.
3

men went

of the prisoners found out about the legions.

matter, etc.

try

went
:

to

have gone.

a suitable place.

to report:

not the

recast, before trying to turn into Latin.

infinitive.

to select

two ways.

Chapter XVIII.
1.

2.

Descriptive Ablative 251

H. 419, IL
Clauses of Result; 319 H. 500, I. and
;

II.

1.

Along the

2.

Among these trees

3.

So ^ close together ^ were these trees that the Romans

river

Sambre were

trees

of great height.^

the Nervii keep themselves hidden.

could not see through.

4.

The

5.

On

Notes.
depth,

river

is

of such depth that

men can

cross.

the open ground are pickets of great courage.

So

trees
ita.

arbor,

fern.

close together

height

the

same word that means

creber.

Chapter XIX.
Dative of Service

2.

Imperfect of Repeated Action

3.

Ablative of

233 a

H. 390.

1.

Manner

277

248 and Rem.

H. 469,

II.

H. 419,

III.

2.

The cavalry of the enemy kept making attacks.

They would attack our horsemen with great courage.

3.

These horsemen had been sent ahead by Caesar as a

1.

protection to the camp.

4.

Again and again did the enemy pour forward from

the woods, where they had hidden.

5.

The

slingers

and archers helped ^ the horsemen.

EXEECISES ON SIMPLIFIED TEXT.

6.

With, great speed they would run as far as

7.

With wonderful bravery they engage

81
^

the woods.

in battle with

the Nervii.

Notes.

helped

two words

in Latin.

as far as

ad, or

usque ad.

Chapter XX.
1.

The Gerundive

2.

Dative of Apparent Agent

3.

Ablative of Agent with a or

4.

The
The
The
The

5.

Experience

6.

The work

1.

2.

3.

113, d.

H. 234.

232

ab

H. 388.
H. 415,

246

I.

^ by Caesar.
must be directed by Caesar.
was displayed by the soldiers.
had to be displayed by the soldiers.

soldiers are directed

soldiers
flag
flag

is

is

often helpful

hindered by

to soldiers.

the near approach * of the

enemy.
Notes.
3

are directed: use doceo.

by the near approach

why

not a or

turn by a noun.

helpful:

ab ?

near approach

one

word.

Chapter XXI.
1.
2.

3.

1.

2.
3.
4.
5.

301 H. 544, 2.
Gerundive Construction instead of Gerund: 296 H. 544, 1.
Purpose expressed by Gerundive 318 and b H. 544, 2, N.

Ablative of Gerundive with Prepositions

2,

In looking for his shield a soldier lost time.

is wanting for putting on a helmet.
Seeing ^ the standards, each one went forward.
A line was drawn up ^ to resist ^ the enemy's charge.
Caesar encouraged the tenth legion for the purpose of

Time

strengthening * their courage.

Notes.
chap. XX.

seeing

resist

not the gerundive.

sustlneo.

a line was drawn

strengthening

up

use confirmo.

see

EXERCISES ON SIMPLIFIED TEXT.

82

Chapter XXII.
Clauses of Result with ut (ut non)
1.

2.
3.

319 ; H. 500,

II.

So dense was the hedge that it obstructed the view.

The result was that no legion could execute orders.
One legion opposes the foe in one part, another in an-

other.

Chapter XXIII.
1.

Place to which

2.

Place from which

3.

Place in which

258
:

H. 380, I.
H. 412,

258

258, 4,

and

I.

260, b.

H. 425,

1.

1. The Roman soldiers drive the enemy, exhausted by

wounds, into an unfavorable place.
2. They followed them up from the left part of the line.
3. As they attempted to cross ^ the river, a great part of
them were put to the sword.
4. In another part many of the Belgians were killed.
5.

On

6.

But

the front the Belgae pushed for the camp.

at last they

were put to

flight.

^ As they attempted to cross

express the
Note.
by a participle, first recasting the sentence.
:

first

three words

Chapter XXIV.
1.

2.

causa with genitive 245, c.

Temporal Clauses with cum 325 H. 521,
Position of

II. 2.

2.

The Bomans see that the horsemen are scared.

Horsemen were coming to Caesar to render aid.

3.

When

1.

the camp-followers had gone out for the purpose

of plundering, they
4.

saw that our men were

Seeing the slingers

Notes.

flee,^

flee, to flee.

fleeing.

they fled themselves.^

2

themselves

use ipse.

EXERCISES ON

SJJklPLIFIED TEXT.

83

Chapter XXV.
255 and

1.

Ablative Absolute

2.

Perfect Participles of Deponents

3.

Substitutes for Perf Act. Parte.

H. 431,

Caesar saw that the

1.

a.

4.

290, d.

290, d. 2

H. 195, 2.
H. 550, N.

4.

soldiers of the twelfth legion

were

hard pushed.
Caesar, seeing

2.

the soldiers of the twelfth legion hard

pushed, went to the right wing.

3. As^ all the standard-bearers were wounded, the standards were

lost.

Then Caesar snatched a shield from a soldier.

The soldiers renewed their courage and delayed^ the

4.
5.

enemy's attack.
Notes.
clause

first

seeing: not well rendered

videns; try casting into a

with ubi, then with cum.

participial construction.

as

renewed and delayed

wounded
it is

use a

better not to

turn into Latin by coordinate verbs.

Chapter XXVI.
216; H. 397.
334 H. 529,

1.

Partitive Genitive

2.

Indirect Questions

3.

Dative of Service and of Object

I.

&

II.

233 and

a.

H. 390.

5.

One was sent for assistance to another.^

The soldiers of two legions guarded the baggage.^
He saw in how great peril the camp was.
They will leave nothing undone ^ in point of courage.
He will report to me in what state the army is.

6.

He saw

1.

2.
3.

4.

that the tenth was fighting very bravely.

1 another
Notes.
bring the two forms
guarded the baggage make a different turn.
done a strange Latin idiom.

of
^

alius

together.

leave nothing un-

;;

EXERCISES ON SIMPLIFIED TEXT.

84

Chapter XXVII.

cum

1.

Temporal Clauses with

2.

Clauses of Result with ut (ut non)

H. 521, 2.
319 H. 500, II.
Clauses of Purpose with ut (ne, ut ne)
317 H. 497,

3.

325

II.

1. So great is the courage of the Nervii that they fight

from the heaps of corpses.
2. Ascending ^ very high banks, they displayed the great-

est courage.
3.

They dared

to cross a

wide stream in order to renew

the fight.
4.

The

cavalry, to wipe out

their disgrace, advance even

into a disadvantageous position.

6.

The greatness

of their spirit rendered difficult things

easy.
Notes.
not the

ascending

turn by a clause with

cum.

To wipe out

infinitive.

Chapter XXVIII.
1.

Ablative of Separation: 243; H. 413.

2.

Substitutes for Partitive Genitive

3.

Substantive Clauses of Purpose with ut (ne)

1.

2.

216, c

H. 397, N.
:

331

3.

H. 498.

Of five hundred senators, three were left.

Out of forty thousand men, four hundred were able

to

bear arms.
3.

Caesar will keep their

4.

The name and nation

neighbors from doing ^ harm.

of the Nervii are reduced ^ almost

to destruction.
5.

He

orders the neighboring people to refrain from

doing harm to the Nervii.

Notes. - 1 their

not a form of suus.

doing

omit.

the Latin participle used as an adjective in the neuter plural.

reduced

EXEKCISES ON SIMPLIFIED TEXT.

86

Chapter XXIX.
Limit of Motion: 258 and b H. 380 and 2.
Accusative of Duration of Time 256 H. 379.
Locative Ablative with Preps. 260, b H. 425,

1.

2.

3.

1.
2.
3.

4.

They carry all their property into one town.

During two days they hold out very bravely.
For many years they were harassed by the Gauls.
On two sides they have high rocks on another, a wall.
;

Leaving six thousand

return ^ home.
5.

Notes.

this side:

cis.

men

this side

return

the Ehine, they

commonly reverter

in the

present, reverti in the perfect.

Chapter XXX.

1.

Time when

256

H. 429.

1.

Ablative of

2.

Imperfect of Repeated Action

3.

Perfect of Completed Action

On

277 H. 469, IL
279 H. 471, I. and
;

6.

the day of our arrival frequent sallies were

made

by the enemy from the town.

2. During the first days they taunted us from the walls.
3. At a distance the soldiers made an " agger '^ and a tower.
4. Then the Aduatuci began to jeer.^
5. Can ^ men of such little stature place a tower on our wall?
Notes.

jeer:

two words

in Latin.

2 i3egiii

with num.

Chapter XXXI.
1.

2.
3.

1.

2.

Causal Relative Clauses 320, e H. 517.

Dative with certain Intrans. Verbs 227 H. 385.
Future Conditions less vivid 307, b H. 509, N. 1.
:

They surrender to Caesar, since he is so powerful.^

The envoys say the enemy are jealous of their ^ valor.

EXERCISES ON SIMPLIFIED TEXT.

86

endure death than slavery.

3.

It is better to

4.

If Caesar should rob the Aduatuci of their arms,^ they

would be

killed.

Their enemies would

6.

them,

kill

if

they should sur-

render their arms.

It is better to persuade

6.

Notes.

by the

is

so powerful

reflexive pronoun.

them

of their

Chapter
Ablative of Cause

to give

up

can so much (tantum).

arms

XXXIL

3.

Substantive Clauses of Purpose with ut (ne)

their: express

H. 416.

245
Clauses of Result with ut (ut non)
:

not the genitive.

2.

1.

their arms.

319

H. 500,
:

331

II.
;

H. 498.

They order the people to deliver up their arms.

Through Caesar's orders, no wrong will be inflicted.
Caesar spared, according to his custom, those who had

1.

2.

3.

surrendered.^
Caesar orders the neighbors of

4.

the Nervii not to

harm them.^
There

is

so great a quantity of

a third part

is

concealed.

5.

Notes.

those

who had surrendered

arms in the town that

one word in Latin.

them

dative.

Chapter XXXIII.

cum 326 H. 517.

255 and a H. 431, 4.
Pass, of Intrans. Verbs used impersonally: 230; H. 465,
Causal Clauses with

1.

Ablative Absolute

2.
3.

1.

1.

^The Aduatuci fought very

2.

3.

After the shutting ^ of the gates, the townsmen formed

a plan.

Thither hasten

all

spiritedly.

the forces of the town.

EXERCISES ON SIMPLIFIED TEXT.

87

4. Since they had been driven back, they no longer^

defended themselves.
5. Now ^ that the town was occupied, the booty was sold.

Use the passive construction.

two ways. ^ no longer non iam.
occupied turn in two ways.
Notes.

After the shutting

in

Now

that the

turn

town was

Chapter XXXIV.
1.

Ablative of Agent with a (ab)

2.

Accus. and Infin. of Indirect Discourse

1.

50

246

H. 415,
;

I.

336, 2

H. 523,

I,

All the maritime states were subdued by Csesar.

2.

Caesar says that the maritime states have been reduced.

3.

At

4.

Crassus informs Csesar that one legion has been sent

this time P. Crassus

had been sent with one

legion.

the Veneti.
5.

The

Veneti, to

whom

one legion had been sent, border

on the ocean.

Chapter XXXV.
1.

2.
3.

1.

2.

H. 497, I.
317, 2
Verbs of Promising, Hoping, etc. 330, f. 535, II.
Dative with Certain Adjectives 234, a H. 391, I.
Kelative Clauses of Purpose

The embassies promised to return ^ the next summer.

Near the Ehine were many nations of barbarians.

3.

These barbarians promised to do

4.

The barbarians send men to give ^ hostages.

So great was the joy ^ that a thanksgiving was

5.

Notes.
eturn,

Caesar's bidding.

to return: in the Latin idiom, themselves

to give

put in two ways.

joy

gaudium.

decreed.

to he

going

to

VOCABULARY.
he refers to this vocabulary for the meaning of a word,
group of words given in the Et^-mological Vocabulary under the
find his knowledge of the relations and meaning of words, and

If the learner, as often as

will glance over the

same

root,

he

will

consequently his power to read Latin, rapidly increase.

or

Ab

(abs),

prep.

w.

abl.

[APA-], from, away from,

at the hands
13, 18, 24, 25

6,
of,

31, 33

30;

awaij, at a distance of,

in, on, at, 23,

25; by,

1,

7,

5,

-ditum [2 DA-],

3, -did!,

put away ;

Ab'sum,

away from,

11

[CAD-], go towards, approach,

13, w. ad and ace. arise, increase
in, 7, with dat.
Accido (adc), 3, -cidT,
[CAD-], fall to or towards ; be;

happen, 35; w. dat.

Cf.

incido, evenio.

Ac-cipio (adc-), 3, -cepi,

tum [CAP-], tal-e to one's
accept, 15

brought

receive, 13

-T,

to

-cepself;

suffer, 33.

AC-], thing
a point; pile, heap,
m.

[1

8, 9,

AC-], sharply

[1

prep. w. ace,

28, etc.
;

up

for,

Ad -aequo,

army,

fiercely, desperately, 10, 33.

be distant, 4, 5,

21; with a or ab

32.

_ 19, 20, 23, 25.

Acr-iter, adv.

according

[ES-],

and abl.
Ac, see At que.
Ac cedo (adc-), 3, -cessi, -cessum

Acervus,

line of battle,

be

afuT

23), f. [1 AC-],

(-e,

el-

21, 33

hide, 19.

-esse,

6, 13, 16, 17,

fall,

edge

Ad,

9, etc.

Ab-do,

Acies,

to,

to,

17

1, 4, 8,

towards,
;

8, 13,

near, 4, 19,

21, etc.

after,

to, 31.

[IC-,

AIC-], make

equal to, equal, 32.

Ad- clivis (ace-), -e, adj. [CLI-],
sloping upward, 29. Cf declivis.
.

Ad

clivitas (ace-),
[CLT-], upward slope,

-atis,

f.

rise,

18,

Cf. d-eclivitas, delectus.

Ad com modo

MA-, MAD-],

[2

put on,

Ad

(aceonm-), 1
fit

or adapt to;

Cf. induo.

21.

dueo, 3, -duxT, -ductum

[DVC-], lead or bring to, 6;
lead up, 1 w. ad and ace.
Ad-eo, -Tre, -IT, -itum [1 I-], go

to

Ad

reach, get at, 7.

ero (aff-) -f erre, attulT, allatum [1 FER-], bring or carry

to, 1.

;
;

VOCABULARY.

90

Ad

finitas

r.

-atis,

(aff-),

[2

ID-], relationship by marriage,

[GKAD-], go
tack,

1),

Ad'icio,

3, -gressus

(agg-),

approach;

to,

at-

Cf. adorior.

10.

[IA-,

3, -ieci, -iectuin

itus, -us, M. [1

AT-], going

I-,

approach, IG, 29

to,

access, ad-

iuvo, 1,

DI-,

-iuvT,

DIAV-],

put the hand

to

-iutum [DIV-,

[2

MAN-,

MI-],

attend, to, 20, 22.

orior, 4, -ortus [0L-, OR-],

up against; attack,

rise

barely, with difficulty, 6.

Aequaliter,
Aestas,

adv.

A1C-],

[1C-,

-atis, f.

11,

17.

Cf. adgredior.

[AID-], burning

season; summer, .2, 35.

-i,

[AID-], per-

n.

taining to rolling;

sea-

inlet,

marsh, 28.
f.

-atis,

[1

AI-], age,

I-,

old age, 16.

Ager,

help, aid, 17.

Administro, 1

Ad

adv., with regret or displea-

Aetas,

mittance, 15.

Ad

sure

Aestuarium,

cast, 21.

Ad

Aeduan^

adj.,

evenly, 18.

1AC-], throw to or against; hurl,

'

-um,

-a,

5, 14.

Aegre,

Cf. propinquitas.

4.

Ad-gredior

Aeduus,

m.

-grl,

land; land,

Ag-ger,

-eris,

which

[AG-],

[GER-], that

m.

brought

is

cultivated

field, 4, 5, 7, 9.

to

a place,

materials for a mound, 20

^moimd, rampart, 12, 30, 32.
i.e.

Adpropmquo (app ),1 [PARC-, Agmen, -inis,

PLEC-], come near
31,

10,

w. dat.

approach,
19, w. ad and
to,

n. [AG-], that which

motion marching col-

is set in

umn,

11, 17, 19, 23, 26.

ace.
Cf. subeo, succed(3.
Ago, 3, egi, actum [ AG-], put in
Aduatuci, -5rum, m., tribe, origimotion ; bring up, 12, 30 take
nally German, in Belgian Gaul,
along, 29 carry on, do, 20.
on left bank of the Maas, 4, 16, Alias, adv. (ace. pi. f. of alius)
;

[2 AL- (ALI-)], at another time

ventus, -us, m. [BA-, VA-,
alias, at one time
alias
VEN-], coming to or drawing
at another, 29.
near; approach, arrival, 1, 16, Alienus, -a, -um, adj. [2 AL-,

29, 31.

Ad

25, 27, 30.

Ad -versus,

Cf. successus, aditus.

-a,

-um,

adj.

(P. of

(ALI-)], belonging

to

another,

another's, 10.

adverto) [VERT-], turned to or Al-iter, adv. [2 AL-], otherwise,

in another manner, 19.
towards; opposite, in the face,
ad verso eolle, up hill, Alius, -a, -ud, adj., gen. alius [2
8, 18, 24
AL- (ALI-)], other, another,
19 w. dat.
Aedi ficium, -i, n. [AID- PAC-],
different, 20, 22, 23, 24, 26, 31.
Alter, -era, -erum, adj., gen. -ius
huildinri, 7.
AeduT, -orum, m., povjerful Cel[2 AL-], other (of two), 5, 21 ;
alter, the one
tic people between upper courses
alter
the
other.
of Loire and Seine, 5, 10, 14, 15.
;

yOCABULARY.

91

AppellS

(adp), 1 [PAL-,
PEL-], bring ones self to a person ; accost, address, 25 call, 4.
Altus, -a, -um, adj. [1 AL-], become great by nourishment; Ap ud, prep. w. ace. [APA-],
near, among, 2, 4, 7, 14.
lofty, high, 27, 29.
Ambiani, -orum, m., Belgian tribe Arbitror, 1 [BA-, VA-], be a
hearer or spectator, think, supnear modern Amiens, 4, 15.
pose, believe, 4, 28 w. ace. and
Amicitia, -ae, r. [AM-], friendAltitudS,

-inis, f. [1

AL-], eleva-

tion, height, 5, 12, 18, 31, 32.

_ship, 14.
mitto,
[MIT-],

inf.

let

-missum Arbor,

-misT,

3,

go from one^s self;

Ar

lose, 25.

Amplifico,
FAC-],

[PLE-,

adv.

r.

AL-, AR-],

[1

cesso, 3,

-ivi,

cause to come to

-itum [CAD-],
summon, send

for, 20.

compar. of Arduus, -a, -um, adj.

PLE-, PLO-],
AK-, strengthened to

(n.

amplus) [ambimore,

PLO-;

77iake larger, increase, 14.

Am-plius,

-oris,

tree, 17.

7, 16, 29.

AL-,

[1

ARDH-],

steep, 33.

Andecumborius, -i, m., man of Aries, -etis, m., battering-ram, 32.

Arma, -orum, n. [AR-], things
high rank among the Bemi, 3.
adapted; arms, weapons, 3, 4,
Andes, -ium, m., tribe of Gaul
north of the Loire, modern An-

Augustus,

-um, adj., having

a compression; difficult; in angusto, in a critical state, 25.
Animus,-!, m. [AN-], soul; mind,
-a,

feelings, 21
21, 25, 27

Annus,

sj)irit,

27.

round; year, 29.

Ante, [ANT-], before-, as

adv.,

= antea,

m.,

before,

foi^merly,

12,

22, 33; as prep. w. ace, before

(of time), 35

pertus,

-a,

-um, adj.

(P.

of

aperio) [2 PAR-, POR-], without covering ; open, unobstructed,

18, 19

scensus (adsc), -us, m.

[SCAND-], ascending; ascent,
way up, 33.

At,

conj., but,

on

the other hand,

23, 27.

(before vowels and consonants), ac (before consonants

only), and also, and especially,

[ANT-], from

ancient times; in olden times,

4 from of old, 17.

At que

(of place), 32.

Antiquitus, adv.

arms; arm, equip, 4, 27.

(adsc), 3, -di, -scensum [SCAND-], mount up, climb,

Ascendo

1.

goes

-T,

-ae, r. [AR-], arming

equipment, 10, 24.
Armo, 1 [AR-], furnish with

courage, 15,

character,

that lohich

9, 13, etc.

Armatura,

jou, 35.

uncovered, exposed, 23.

and,

3,

19.

Cf. et

5,

Atrebates,

6,

etc.

and

-,

as,

than,

-que.

-um, m., Belgian

people in the region of modern
Arras, 4, 16, 23.

VOCABULARY.

92

At

tingo (adt-), 3, -tigi, -tactum, Barbarus, -a, -um, adj., foreign,

ap[TAG-], touch against;
non-Roman, 35.
proach^ reach, 32 border upon, Belgae, -arum, m., collective name

15, 34.

Auctoiitas, -atis, r. [AYG-],

power, standing, influence, 4,
14, 16.

adv. [1 AV-], boldly

Audeo,

2,

ture,

dare,

ausus

AV-], ven-

[1

17,

8,

complementary

27

19,

yf.

infin.

Audio, 4

[2 AV-], listen to ; hear,

hear about, 12, 31, w. ace. 12,
w. ace. and infin.
Aulerci, -orum, m., tribe in Bretagne and Normandy, 34.
Aurunculeius, -i, m., L. A. Cotta,
;

lieutenant of Ccesar, 11.

conj. [2 TA-], or (excluding

Au't,

the other)

either

or, 25.

tern,

TA-],

-orum,

Bellovaci,

30, 33

aut

on

aut,

Oise and Somme, 4, 5, 10, 13, 14.

Bellum, -T, n. [DVA-, DVI-], contest

between two ; war,

conj.

Auxilium,

14,

Bibrax,
Remi,

-ctis, r. (n.?),

town of the

6.

Boduognatus,

m.,

leader of

-i, n.,

chief town

-i,

the Nervii, 23.

Bratuspantium,

of the Bellovaci, 13.

Brevitas, -atis, f., shortness, brev-

Britannia,

Cf. exiguitas.

-ae, f., Britain, 4, 14.

C.

[AVG-],

aid,

support, assistance, 10, 24, 29

auxiliary forces, 14.

Of. sub-

sidium.

Cadaver,

-eris,

n.

which falls down

[CAD-], that
dead; dead

body, 27.

A-verto, 3, -ti, -sum [VEKT-], Cado,

turn away from. Aversi, see
fall,
note, 26.

Axona,

9,

the other hand, 9

n.

-i,

4,

16, 29, 31, 35.

ity, 20, 30.

postpositive

but,

of the
Seine and on right bank of the

moreover, 19.

pi.

strongest

m.,

tribe of the Belgce, north

10, 26.

following.

1, 2, 3,

Audac'ter,

Au

of tribes living in the country

bounded by the Seine, Marne,
Moselle, Rhine, and the ocean,

-ae, f., river in

of the Belgce,

country

5, 9.

3, cecidT,

casum [CAD-],

27.

CaeroesT, -orum, m., German tribe

in Belgian Gaul, 4.
Caesar, -aris, m., Gains Julius
Ccesar, conqueror of Gaul and
author of the Commentaries, 1,
2, 5, etc.

Baculus,

-1,

M.,

P.

Sextius

B.,

centurion, 25.

Balearis, -e, adj., Balearic, of the

Balearic Islands, 7.

Calamitas,

-atis, f.

[SCAL-],

in-

jury, disaster, 14, 28.

CaletT, -orum (-es, -um), m., tribe

in Normandy, on the Seine, 4.

VOCABULARY.
Calo, -onis, m., groom^

soldier''

servant^ 24, 26, 27.

Captivus,

-um,

-a,

taken prisoner

Caput,

-itis, N.

Ceteri, -orum,

pi. adj.

the others, rest, 3.

[CAP-],

adj.

captive^ 16, 17.

93

[CAP-], head; in-

Cimbri, -orum,

m.,

[CA-, CI-],

Cf. reliqui.

German

tribe

which invaded Gaul and the Province in the second century, 4, 29.

adv.
[CVR-, C1R-;
-um, m., important
1 I-], going in a circle; about,
not far from, 2, 8, 13, 18, 32.
Gallic tribe between the Loire
Circuitus, -us, m. [CVR-, CIRand Seine rivers^ 35.
1 I-], going in a circle; circumCastellum, -T, n. dim. [SCAD-,

Circiter,

dividual^ person^ 33.

Carnutes,

CAD-],

redoubt^ stronghold^

8,

Castra, -orum, n. [SCAD-, CAD-],

camp, 2, 6, 6, etc.

Casus, -us, M. [CAD-], falling;

happening; chance, 21; misfortune, 31.

Causa,

-ae,

f.

[CAV-], cause,

causa, used
reason, 1, 7, 10, 11
like prep, post-positive, for the
;

sake

of,

ference, 29, 30.

Circum-, prep. w.

9, 29, 30, 33..

for the purpose

10,

of,

15, 17, 20, 21, 24.

Cedo,

3, cessi, cessum [CAD-],

go ; fall back ; give way, retreat,
19.

ace.

[CVR-,

C1R-], around, about; here only

in composition.
Circum icio, 3, -iecl, -iectum
1AC-], throw around;
[1A-,
place around, 6.
Circum munio, 4, [2 MV-], wall
up around; blockade, 30.
Circum- venio, 4, -venT, -ventum
[BA-, VA-, VEN-], come around ;
surround, outflank, 8, 10, 23, 24,

26.

Cis, prep. w. ace. [CA-, CI-], on

this side, this side of, 3.

Celeritas,

-atis, f.

[CEL-],

swift-

ness, quickness, 12, 19, 20, 26, 31.

Celer-iter, adv. [CEL-], swiftly,

quickly, promptly, 3, 12, 23, 33.

Celo, 1 [2 CAL-, SCAL-], hide,

conceal, 32, 33.

Centum,

num.

adj.

indeclin.

Citerior,
CI-],

-us,

-oris,

more on

adj.

[CA-,

this side; hither,

nearer, 1, 2.
Citra, prep. w. ace. [CA-, CI-], on
this side, this side of, 29.

Cf. cis.

Civitas, -atis, f. xitizenship ; community, 3, 4, 5, etc.

[CEN-], hundred, 4.
Clamor, -oris, m. [1 CAL-], loitd
Centurio, -onis, m. [CEN-], comcall; shouting, 11, 24.
mander of a century, centurion, Claudo, 3, -sT, -sum, shut, close,
captain, 17, 25.

33

-um, adj. [2 CER-,

CRE-], determined; definite, 11
certain, regular, 22
certiorem
facere, inform, 1, 2, 10, 34
w.

Certus,

-a,

ace.

and

infin.

close, bring tip, 19.

Cle mentia, -ae, f. [CLI1

MAN-, MEN-], indulgent disposi

tion

gentleness, mildness, 14, 31.

Co-acerv6, 1
27.

[1

AC-], heap up,

VOCABULARY.

94

Co

epi,

-i-sse,

-ptus (defective verb,

with tenses from present stem

lacking) [AP-, 0P-], have begun,
began,

5, 6, 10, 12, 13, 19, 23, 26.

C6-gn6sc6,

3, -gnovi, -gnitum

[GNA-, GNO-], understand

oughly ; perceive,
tain, 2, 5,
inf.

17, w. ace. and

w. indir. question

knew,

plperf.

Co -go,

ascer-

11,

26,

4,

learn,

thor-

10.

-actum [AG-],
compel; gather,
Of. conduco.

-egi,

3,

drive together,
rally, 2, 5.

Co

hors, -hortis,

closed: cohort,

Co

f.,

multitude en-

5, 25.

hortatio, -onis,

f.,

cheering on,

urging, encouraging, appeal to, 2^.

Co* hortor,
upon,
foil,

1, cheer on, urge, call

by clause w.

Collis,

-is,

M.,

ace; 21

25, w.

5, 20, 21,

hill, 8,

to

and fro ;

-us,

m.,

train of sup-

1 [1
SMAR-, MAR-], keep in mind;
(conm-),

mention, relate, 28.

Com-mitto (conm-),

3,

-missum [MIT-], cause

gether

to

-misT,

go

to-

join, 19, 21.

Com 'mods

get ready, provide, procure, 2, 12.

Com

pello (conp-), 3,

-pulT, -pul-

sum [PAL-, PEL-],c?TOe together,

gather ; drive in a body, rout, 23.

Com

pleo (conp-), 2, -evi, -etum

[PLE-, PLO-], fill completely;

24.

fill,

Complures

(conp-), -a (-ia),
[PLE-, PLO-,
PLV-], several together, a large
number, 11
Con-, for scom- = cum [SEC-],
with, together; in composition,
denoting completeness or union
gen.

4um,

adj.

sometimes intensive.
cido, 3, -cTdl, -cisum [2 SAC-,
SEC-, SCID-], cut up entirely

(conm-),

Concilium,
which

-T,

n. [1

CAL-],

that

called together; meet-

is

ing, assembly, 4, 10.

plies, provisions, 5, 9.

Commemoro

cut to pieces, destroy, 11.

meatus (conm-),

going

mutatio (conm-), -onis, p.

MV-, MOV-], change, 27.
Com-paro (conp-), 1 [2 PAR-,
POR-], bring or put together;
[1

Con

ut.

high ground,

18, 19, 22, 24, 26.

Com

Com

Con

curro, 3, -curri or -cucurrT,

-cursum [CEL-, CER-], run tog ether ; hurry, r ally, gather, 2^, ^Z.
Con- dicio, -onis, f., [DIC-, DIC],
talking together

agreement,

stip-

ulation, terms, 15, 32.

Condrusi, -orum, m., Belgic tribe

on the Meuse, 4.
advantageously 20.
Con duco, 3, -dux!, -ductum
Commoveo (conm-), 2, -movT, [DVC-], lead together; collect,
-mdtum [1 MV-, MOV-], move
muster, 2
hire, 1.
-ferre,
-tuli,
-latum
violently; startle, alarm, make C6n*fer6,
anxious, 2, 31.
[1 FER-], bring or bear toCommunis (conm-), -e, adj.
gether ; gather, collect, 15, 25, 29
v^^ith reflex, pronoun, betake one's
[2 MV-], serving together ; common, general, 4, 5.
self, go, 13.

MA-, MAD-],

adv.

duly, aptly
,

[2

; easily,

VOCABULARY.
C6n-fertus, -a, -um, adj. (P. of
c5n terci5) pressed together ;

compact^

in

Con

ficio,

array

close

crowded together^

-fectum

[FAC-], make completely; perform, accomplish^ 12 raise, put

in the field, 4 exhaust, wear out,
;

fido, 3, -fisus sum [1 FID-,

FID-], trust entirely; believe,

and infin.
FER-], make

trust firmly, 30, w. ace.

Con-firmo, 1

[2

firm ; give assurance, pledge one's

enself, 15, w. ace. and infin.
;

courage, reassure,

19

confirm,

-ctum [FLAG-,
FL1G-], strike or dash together
contend, fight, 5 w. cum and abl.

fligo, 3, -XI,

Con

scribo,

list);

gredior,

3,

-gressus

[GRAD-], step together;

have an engagement with,

meet,

3,

-psi,

-ptum
a

ivrite together (in

enroll, enlist, 2, 8, 19.

agreement,

.-us,

[SENT-],

m.

harmony,

concerted

action, 28, 29.

Con

sentio, 4, -sens!, -sensum

[SENT-],/ee? with, 3 join hands

make common cause

with,

w. cum and abl.

Con sequor, 3, -secutus [SEC-],
follow thoroughly; attain, ob3

tain, 1.

Con

servo, 1 [SAL-, SER-],

keep thoroughly ; preserve, save,
spare, 12, 15, 28, 31, 32.

Con

11.

Con

[SCARP-],

(with),

28, 25, 27.

Con

Con

Consensus,

25.
-feci,

3,

23

95

sido, 3, -sedT, -sessum [SED-,

SID-], sit down together ; settle,

take position, 4, 16.

Con

silium,

design,

-i,

n.,

consultation

plan of action,

9, 14,

33

;
;

advice, suggestion, 17.

fight, Con similis, -e, adj.,

[2 SA-,
SIM-], altogether
pugn5.
like,
quite
similar, 11; w. dat.
Con-icio, 3, -iecT, -ieetum [IA-,
[STA-],
IAC-], throw together; hurl, 6, Con-sisto, 3, -stiti,
make stand ; take position, stand,
27 drive, rout, 23 place hastily,
make a stand, rally,
6, 23, 26
Cf compello.
16, 28.
depend upon, be based
11, 17, 21
Con-iungo, '3, -iiinxT, -iunctum
on, 33.
[IV- IVG-], draw together, join,
Conspectus, -us, m. [SPEC-],
3,4,26.
vieio, sight, 25.
Coniuro, 1 [IV-, IVG-], swear
together; make a sworn agree- Con spicio, 3, -spexT, -spectum
[SPEC-], look at with attention;
ment, conspire, 1, 3.
behold, catch sight of, see, 21, 26,
Con -loco (coll-), 1, place, staw. ace. 24, w. ace. and infin.
tion, set, 8, 19, 22, 29, 30.
Conor, 1, undertake, attempt, 9, Conspicor, 1 [SPEC-], get a
'

Cf. conflTgo,

23.

10, 12, 23.

Con

sanguineus, -a, -um, adj.,

possessing the same blood; kin

dred, 3.

sight

of espy, observe,

26,

27.

Cf. cdnspicio.

Con

stanter, adv. [STA-], stand-

ing firm ; uniformly,

2.

VOCABULARY.

9G

Con

stituo, 3, -uT, -utum [STA-]

place together; determine^ ap

point, fix, 11

30

set

station, 8, 19

and

C'opia,

-ae, r. [AP-, 0P-],

ample supply, supply, 2

ity ;

up, place, 12,

resources,

decide, 10, w.

troops, 6, 7, 8, etc.

supplies,

10

abil;

pi.,

forces,

Cornu, -us, n. [CAR-], horn;

Con suesco, 3, -suevi, -sue turn
wing of an army, 23, 25.
[SOVO-, SVO-], accustom; be- Corpus, -oris, n. [1 CER-, CRE-],
come accustomed; pf. he accuswhat is made ; body, 30 corpse,
tomed (= solere), 14, 31.
10, 27.
Con suetudo, -inis, r. [SOVO-, Cortex, -icis, m. and f. [CAR-],
part that splits off ; bark, 33.
SVO-], custom, habit, 17, 19, 32.
Coti- die, adv. [CA- DIV-, DI-],
Cf. mos.
on every day ; daily, regularly, 8.
Con temptus, -us, m. [TEM-],
ace.

Cf. statu5.

infin.

Cotta, -ae, m., L. Arunculeius, one

tendo, 3, -di, -ntum [1 TA-,
of Ccesar's lieutenants, 11.
TEN-], strain with all one's Crassus, -i, m., P. Licinius, one of
Caesar's lieutenants, 34.
might ; march, push on, hasten,
struggle, Creber, -bra, -brum, adj. [1 CER-,
7, 9, 10, 12, 19, 23, 24
CRE-], made to increase; thick,
contend, 9, 13, 30.
numerous, frequent, 1, 17, 30.
Con tineo, 2, -uT, -tentum [1 TA-,
TEN-], hold or keep together; Credo, 3, -didi, -ditum [CRATscorn, contempt, 30.

Con

keep, 11,

2 T>A-'],put trust in; believe, 33,

w. ace. and infin. Cf. confido.

adv. [SEC-], against, on

Cres, -etis, m., Cretan, 7.

Cruciatus, -us, m. [CVR-, CIR-],

restrain, hold back, 11

18, 30.

Con- tra,

the other hand, 17

as prep., w.

ace., 1, 3, 13, 33.

Con

trarius,

situated

18

Con

-a,

torture, 31.

-um,

[SEC-],

adj.

Cum,

over against, opposite,

w. dat.
tumelia,

f.

[TEM-],

venio, 4, -veni, -ventum

[BA-, VA-, VEN-], come together, meet, 5, 10, 12
impersonal, be agreed upon, 19.

wholly turn

Con-voco, 1 [VOC-],
summon,

loith,

[CA-, CI-], temporal,

1, 4, 6,

8,

following
as, 2

as, since, 11, 17, 22, etc.

unctus,

-a,

cum

conces-

although, while^ 29
tum, both
and, 4.

sive,

causal,

cum

-um,

adj.

[IV-,

I VG-] , all together ; all, entire, 29.

direct, 26.

gether,

same time

at

with, provided ivith, 11,

primum, as soon

-sum [VERT-],

turn around, turn,

eonj.

when,

-ti,

[SEC-], %dth,

with, together with,

33.

3,

16

6, 7,

Cum,

14.

Converts,

abl.

Yf.

3, 10, 13, etc.

-ae,

great swelling ; disgrace, insult,

Con

prep.

company

in

10.

call

to-

Cupio,

3, -ivi, -itum, desire eagerly,

be eager, 25.

;;,

VOCABULARY,
Curiosolites, -um, m. (ace. -es,
-ais)y people of Armoric GauU 34.

Cursus, -us, M. [CEL-, CER-],

running speed, 23, 26.
Custodia, -ae, r. [SCV-, CV-],
f

guard-keeping ;

guard,

protec-

De

97

ditio, -onis, f. [1

up;

one's self
32, 33.

De

do, 3, -didi, -ditum [1 DA-]

up ox away ; surrender, 15,

give

28, 32.

De duco, 3, -xi, -ductum [D VC-],

tion y 29.

lead away, bring

bring (to),

D.

De,

w.

prep.

abl.,

from; down

from, 32 of time, in, about, 7

for, on account of, 7 for, about,
;

concerning,

2, 4, 6, etc.

De*be6

[for dehibe5], 2, -ui,

-itum [HAB-], have from; im-

Decern, num.

adj. indecl.

[DEC-],

De-cerno, 3, -crevi, -cretuni

[2 CER-, CKE-], decide; decide
upon, decree, 35.
De certo, 1 [2 CER-'], fight a de

10.

battle,

Cf.

confligo,

35

2, 33,

Cf. redigo.

3, -di,

-fensum [FEN-,

thrust

away ;

repel,

29

defend, 10, 12, 31, 33.

De

fensio,

-onis,

[FEN-,

f.

E^T>-], protection, defence, 7.

De fensor, -oris, m. [FEN-,

FEND-],

defender, 6, 12.

fero,

-ferre,

-latum

-tulT,

FER-], bear or

[1

away

bi'ing

Decimus,

-a,

-um, adj. [DEC-],

tenth, 21, 23, 25, 26.

De-clivis,

-e,.

ing down-hill, sloping, 18.

Decumanus (deci-), -a, -um, adj.

[DEC-], of

the tenth cohort, in

phrase,

rear

gate., 24,

decumana porta,
main entrance to

ficio, 3, -feci,

-fectum [FAC-],

give out, fail, 10

(from), forsake, desert,

w. ab and abl.

7'evolt

14

3, -ieci, -iectum [IA-,

IAC-], hurl down; drive away,

icio,

Delectus,
slope,

curro, 3, -cucurri or -currT,

-cursum [CEL-, CER-], run
down, 19, 21.
De diticius, -a, -um, adj. [1 DA-],
one ivho has surrendered; as
noun, M., priso7ier of war, 17

m.

-us,

declivity,

8,

[IA-, IAC-],
22.

Cf.

de-

elivis, adclivis.

De'inde,

adv.

thereupon,
place,

De

Roman camp.

subjects, 32.

make from ;

dislodge, 27.

adj. [CIA-'], inclin-

the

w. ad and ace.

De

De

congredior, dimico, pugii5.

off,

10, 31.

bear, report, 17, 19; bestow, 4;

ten, 4.

De

De-fendo,
FEND-],

De

personal, oioe, ought, 27, 33.

cisive

DA-], giving

surretider, 12, 13,

[2 I-],/rom here;

then,

in

next

the

1.

leo, 2, -evi, -etum [LI-] wipe

,

out, desti'oy, 27.

De

ligo, 3, -leg!, -Iectum [1 LEG-,

LIG-], choose out ; choose, select,

17, 18, 29.

Cf. elig5.

De monstro, 1

[1

MAN-, MEN-],

point out, explain, mention,

22 w. ace. and infin., 17.
;

1, 9,

VOCABULARY.

98
Denique,
finally

Densus,

and

adv.,

-a,

thereupon,

any

rate, at least, 33.

-um,

adj., thick, dense,

at

close, 22.

De-pono,

3,

-positum

-posuT,

[1 SA-, SI-], put aside or

down;

populor, 1 [SCAL-,* SPOL-],

lay waste, ravage,

De

to he spared, 31.

with; abandon, desert, 25, 29.

[STA-], reDe sisto, 3, -stiti,

Despectus,
looking

infin.

m.

-el,

and

[DIV-, DI-],

r.

2, 5, 6, etc.

ficilis (disf-), -e, adj.

not to be done;

[FAC-],

difficult,

hard,

27.

Dif ficultas (disf-), -atis, f.

[FAC-], difficulty, strait, trouble,

sero, 3, -ui, -turn [1 SER-,

SVAR-], undo, sever connection

move from;

day,

Dif

7.

precor, 1 [PREC-], avert by

praying ; petition against, pray

De

and
Dies,

lay aside, place in safety, 29.

De

(Dicio), -onis, f., no nom. [DIC-,

DIC-], sway, control, 34.
Dico, 3, -XI, -etum [DiC-, DIC-],
point out by speaking ; say, state,
mention, 1, 3, 4, etc.
w. ace.

ter, adv. [1

LEG-, LIG-],

scrupulously,

attentively,

painstaking,

cease, stop, 11.

with

5, 28.

[SPEC-], Di-metior, 4, -mensus [1 MA-,

MAN-], measure off; stake off,

m.

-us,

20.

Di ligen

down upon ; opportunity

lay out, survey, 19.

for distant views, prospect, 29.
PA-], give Di-mico, 1, move rapidly back
and forth ; fight, contend, 21. Cf
up hope ; despair of, 24.
confligd, congredior, contendd.
DespoUo, 1 [SCAL-, SPOL-],
-misT,
missum
w. ace. and Di mitto,
3,
rob, deprive, 31
{MIT-'], send out in different
abl.

Despero, 1 [SPA-,

De*sum,
away;

-esse,

-fui

[ES-],

be lacking, fail, 2\.

be
Cf.

directions, despatch, 5, 14, 21.

Di-ripio, 3,

RVP-],

deficio.

-ui,

tear

-reptum [RAP-,
in pieces;

sack,

jolunder, 17.
De'terreo, 2, -ui, -itum [TER-,
TERS-], frighten from ; prevent, Dis cedo, 3, -cessi, -cessum
[CAD-], go apart; go away,
deter, 3.
depart, 7, 11, 20.
De*trah6, 3, -xT, -ctum, drag
Dis'cessus, -us, m. [CAD-], defrom ; take from, remove, 25.

parture, vnthdrawal, 14.

De*trud6, 3, -si, -sum, thrust
away ; remove, 21. Cf. detrahd. Dis sipo, 1, scatter, break up, 24.
De venio, 4, -veni, -ventum [BA-, Dis tineo, 2, -uT, -tentum [1 TA-,
TEN-] keep apart ; prevent union
VA-, VEN-], come down into;
come to, reach, 21 w. prep, and
of separate, 5.

ace.

Cf.

Dexter,

adpropTnqud.

-tra,

-trum, adj, right, on

the right hand, 23, 25.

Diu, adv. [DIV-, DI-], by day ; for

a long time, long ; compar. diutius, 1, 6, 10.

VOCABULARY.
Di- versus, -a, -um. adj. (P. of
divertd) [VERT-], turned away

from; facing
tionSf 22

23

sejMra-

-a,

-mn,

[DVA-

adj.

twofold, double,

-cis,

[DVC-],

M.

leader, 23

7.

[DIV-,

adj.

DI-], of the gods, divine, 31.

Divitiacus, -T, m., leader of the
uEdui, brother of Dumnorix, 5,
chieftain of the Sues10, 14, 15

E or

Ex, prep. w.

of, 3, 6, 13, etc.

abl.,

from, out

after, G

on, 8

in consequence of, 35.

siones, 4.

datum

dare, dedT,

give, 2, 3, 20, 21,

exchange,

35

DA-], Eburones, -um,

[1
;

inter se,

-ctum [DIC-,

m., Belgian people

near the Rhine, 4.
ditus, -a, -um, adj. (P. of edo)

__

1.

2, -uT,

DAC-

(DOC-)^, show, teach, explain,

5,

[1

DA-],

E- duco,

20.

forth

elevated, ris-

3, -XI,

-ductum [DVC-],

lead out, lead forth, 8.

Ef-ficio (ecf-), 3, -feci, -fectum

[ F AC-], ^(7or^ out; bring about,
w. ut and subj.
__ effect, 5, 17
E gredior, 3, -gressus [GRAD-],
go out; sally forth, 24; depart
[DOM-], home, 10, _^from, go forth, 11, 13.

of home, native, own, 10.

cilium, -T, n. [DOM- 2
C A L-, SC A L-] ,dwelling-place, 29.
Dominor, 1, lord it, he master^

set

__ ing, 8.

Domesticus, -a, -um, adj. [DOM-]

Domi

-ids,

29.

guide,

DIvinus,

Doceo,

plex,

Dux,

ted, 24.

Do,

PARC-, FLEC-],

in different direc-

different,

Du

99

31.

Domus,

-us, F.

E'gregie, adv., out of the flock

11, 24, 29.

Dubito, 1 [DVA-; BA-],

go

remarkably, excellently, 29.

to

E-ligo, 3, -legi, -lectum [1 LEG-,

and fro ; doubt, hesitate, 2, 23.
LIG-], choose out; pick from,
Du'centi, -ae, -a, num. adj.
[DVA-, DVI- CEN-], two hun- __ choose, 4. Cf. deligo.
E mitto, 3, -misT, -missum [MIT-],
dred, 18, 29.
Diico, 3, -xl, ductum [DVG-], ZeacZ,
send out ; hurl, let fly, 23.
;

conduct,

Dum

[for

Emo,

8, 12, 13, 19.

dium],

adsr.

[DIV-,

adj.

[DVA-,

DI-], while.

Duo,

-ae,

DVI-],

Duo

-o,

num.

[DVA-, DVI-

-a,
;

-um,

DEC-],

adj.

twelfth,

nascor,

GNA-],

3, -natus

grouj

Enim,

viginti,

[DVA-, DVI-],

num.

adj. indecl.

eighteen, 5.

take

out,

[GEN-, GN-,
spring up;

co-ord. conj., post-positive,

for, in fact, 17.

E6, adv. (old

23, 25.

Duo de

emptum [EM-],

sprout forth, 17.

tujo, 2, 7, 8, 9, etc.

decimus,

3, eml,

in exchange; buy, 33.

[2 I-],
33.

Cf.

nam.

dat. or abl. n. of is)

there, thither,

3,

5,

25,

VOCABULARY.

100
EquSs, -itis,

m. [2 AC-], liorseman,

cavalry -man, knight,

9,

18,

19,

24, 26, 27.

Equester,

[2 AC-],

-tris, -tre, adj.

of horsemen, cavalry,

Equitatus,

-us, m. [2

Ex

iguitas,

shortness,

-atis,

2rl,

f.,

scantiness,

33.

Ex'imius, -a, -um [EM-], taken

out from; eminent, excellent,
high, 8.

8, 9.

AC-], riding ;

Ex

istimo, 1, judge, value ; judge,

_^cavalry, 10, 11, 17, 19.

think, believe, 2, 15, 17, 31

Eruptio,-onis,F. [RAP-, RVP-],

ace.

w.

and infin.
bursting forth; sally, 33. Cf. Ex'peditus, -a, -um, adj. (P. of
excursid.
expedio) [y^T)-\unencumbered,
Esuvii, -orum, m., people in Norin light marching order, 19.
mandy, 34.
Ex pello, 3, -pull, -pulsum [PAL-,
Et, co-ord. conj. and, 1, 2, 3, etc.
PEL-], drive out, banish, 4.
et
et, both
and, 3, 4, 5, etc. Ex-perior, 4, -pertus [1 PAR-,
Et'iain, adv. and conj. and now;
PER-], try thoroughly ; test, try,

also, 1, 4, 14, 16, 17, 21

even,

16.

Ex

__ still, 4, 25, 27.

ventus, -us, m. [B A-, VA-,

VEN-], coming forth ; outcome,

plorator,

-oris,

[PLV-

m.

(PLOV-)], searcher out;

scout,

Cf. speculator.

spy, 5, 11, 17.

Ex-ploro, 1 [PLV- (PLOV-)],

issue, result, 22.

Ex, see E.
Ex-agito, 1 [AG-],

search out ; try to find out, recondisturb, har-

noitre, 4.

Ex

ass, 29.

Ex*anim6, 1 [AN-], deprive

life ; make breathless, 23.

of

pugno, 1 [PAC-,
PVG-], take by storm;

PAG-,
take, 9,

10, 12.

Ex

audio, 4 [2 AV-], hear dis- Ex-specto, 1 [SPEC-], look out

tinctly; hear from a distance,
for greatly ; ivait for, await, 9,
16, 20.

11.

Ex'cedo,

-cessum Ex'struo, 3, -struxT, -structum

[STRV-], pile up thoroughly
[CAD-], go out; withdraw, go
ei^ect, construct, 30.
away, 25.
Ex cursio, -onis, r. [CEL-, Extremus, -a, -um, adj., furthest;
most distant, extreme, 5, 8, 25
C^B.-'], running forth ; sally, SO.
3,

-cessT,

last, 11, 27, 33.

Cf. eruptio.

Ex-eo,
out

-itum [1 I-], go
withdraw, 33. Cf excedo.
-Tre, -ii,

Ex-ercito, 1 [ARC-]
of the

enclosure),

{drive out

keep

busy; Facile, adv. [FAC-],

train, drill, 20.

Ex

ercitus, -us, M.\^k'KC-'],trained Facilis,

body of men; army,

easily, 1, 6,

17, 18, 19, 25.

1, 2, 5, etc.

done;

-e, adj.

[FAC-], able

easy, 27.

to be

VOCABULARY.
Facio,

3, feci,

fieri,

f actus

fornif 3, 5, 6,
etc.

F. [1 FER-], that which brings;

factum pass, fio,
chance, 21.
[FAC-], do, peretc.
make, 1, 2, 6, Forte, adv. abl. of fors, by chance ;
;

cause, bring about, 4, 11.

101

perhaps^ 31.
Fortis, -e, adj. [2 FER-], courage-

See certus.
ous, brave, stout-hearted, 25, 33.
Facultas, -atis, f. [FAC-], power
of doing; opportunity ; pi. re- Fort -iter, adv. [2 FER-], bravely,
sources, facilities,

gallantly, 11, 21, 26.

1.

Fallo, 3, fefellT, falsum, cause to Fortuna, -ae, f. [1 FER-], fortune, 16, 22, 31.
stumble; deceive, 10.
Fastigatus, -a, -um, adj. (P. of Fossa, -ae, f., thing dug ; ditch, 5,
fastigo), brought to a point; slop8, 12, 32.
Frater, -tris, m., brother, 3.
Cf. adclivis, declivis.
ing, 8.

Ferax,
bear

PER-], apt

-acis, adj. [1

to

Fremitus,

-us, m., dull

noise, 24.

; fertile, 4.

roar ; din,

Cf. strepitus.

Fere, adv. [2 FER-, FRE-], nearly, Frons, -ntis, f. [FVR-, FERV-],

brow; front, 8, 23, 25.
almost, 23, 25, 31.
Fero, ferre, tuli, latum [1 FER-], Frumentarius, -a, -um,
adj.
bear, bring, carry, 10, 26, 28
[1 FVG-, FRVG-], of grain, w.
res, grain supply, 2, 10.
bear, endure, 1, w. ace. and infin.
Frumentum, -T, n. [1 FVG-,
rush (in pass.), 24.
;

EER-],

Fertilitas,

-atis, f.
[1
fruitfulness, fertility, 4.

Ferus,

-a,

-um,

FRVG-],
grain,

adj., wild, fierce,

ferocious, 4, 15.

Fuga,

-ae,

YlT>-'],trust,

confidence; protection,

3, 13,

14,

eaten;

corn,

[2 ^YG-'], fleeing

f.

rout, 11, 12,

flight,

Fides, fide (rare), f.[1

thing

3.

23, 24,

26,

27.

Fugio,

3,

fugi,

[2 FVG-],j^ee,

fly, 11, 24.

15.

Filius,

-i,

Finis,

-is,

thing

Fumus,

M., son, 13.

m.

[2

FID-], dividing

end, limit, 6, 19

pi.

land,

-a,

-um,

rushing

M.,

thing;

7.

Funditor,

-oris, m., sling er, 7, 10,

19, 24.

territory, 2, 4, 5, etc.

Finitimus,

-1,

smoke,

adj. [2

FID-], Furor,

bordering upon ; neighboring, 2

pi. neighbors, 4, 16, 17, 28, 29,
;

[FVR-], raging;

-oris, m.

blind passion, madness,

3.

31.

Fio,

fieri, factus,

be made, become,

Galba,

see facio.

Fliimen,

-inis, n., that

which floios ;

Galea,

river, 5, 9, 10, etc.

Fors,

forte,

nom. and

abl. only,

-ae, m.,

king of the Sues-

siones, 4, 13.
-ae, f.

[2

CAL-, SCAL-],

covering ; helmet, 21.

VOCABULARY.

102
Gallia, -ae,

Gallus,

Gaul,

f.,

3, 4, 35.

1, 2,

a Gaul,

M.,

-1,

2, 4, 6,

1,

laceo, 2,
thrown ;

12, 17, 24, 30.

Gens,

gentis, r.,

what

is

begotten

lacio, 3,

race, tribe, 28.

Germani, -orum,

Germans,

m.,

[I A-

IAC-], be

27.

iactum [IA-, IAC-],

ieci,

hurl, throio, 6, 32, 33

1,

throio up,

construct, 12.

3, 4.

Gero,

-ui,
lie,

gestum [GER-], lam,

gessT,

3,

bear; carry on, go on ivith, 9,

pass., be carried on, take
31, 35

longer,

place, 2, 26

res gestae, opera-

tions, campaigns, 35.

Gladius, -i, m. [CEL-,

33.

4, 5, 8, etc.

Belgian of high rank,

M.,

3, 6, 7.

favor, popularity,

f.,

dem, eadem, idem, determ. pron.

[2 I-; 3

heavy;

adj.,

-e,

or that time;

this

neque iam, and no

5, 20, 25,

CER-], Iccius, -1,

influence, 6.

Gravis,

at
;

Ibi, adv. [2 I-], in that place, there,

sword, 23, 25.

Gratia, -ae,

adv.,

now, 19

severe,

DA-], the very; same,

3, 6, 7, 16, etc.

Iden-tidem,

serious, 25.

adv.

[2 I-],

very

same ; again and again, 19.

I doneus, -a, -um, adj. [2 I-],^^;

H.

suitable, 8, 17.

Habeo, 2 [HAB-], grasp;

possess,

1, 3, 4, 8,

pronoun,

29

have,

Ignis,

with reflex

-is,

fire, 7

M.

[AG-],

fire

Ille, -a, -ud, gen. illius,

be, 19.

Hibernacula, -orum,

n.

[HIM-],

pron.

camp-

signal-fire, beacon, 33.

demonstr.

[ANA-], that; that one,

winter quarters, 35.

the former, 9, 33
latter,!^.
-um, adj. [HIM-], lUyrioum, -T, n., coastland on
belonging to winter; hiberna
eastern side of upper Adriatic,
(castra), winter quarters, 1.
35.
Hi c, haec, hoc, demonstr. pron. Im pedimentum (inp-), -i, n.
[CA-, CI-], this, this of mine, 1,
[PED-], thing entangling ; hinhe, she, it, 3, 4, 9,
drance, 25 pi., baggage, 17, 24,
2, 4, etc.
etc.
29 baggage-train, pack-animals,
Cf. sarcina.
Hiemo, 1 [HIM-], pass the win17, 19, 24, 26.

Hibernus,

-a,

Im-pedio

ter, 1.

Homo,

-inis,

person,

Hon5s

m.

[HAM-],

barrass,

1, 4, 6, 15, 27, etc.

(honor),

-oris, m.,

(inp-),

4 [PED-],

the feet in, entangle

mail,

honor,

make

get

hinder, em-

difficult, 9, 10, 17,

20, 22, 23, 28.

Im

pello (inp-), 3, -pull, -pulsum

[PAL-, PEL-, PVL-], drive on;

distinction, 15.

Hostis, -is, M., one who hurts;

enemy, 5, 7, 8, 9, etc.

incite, influence^ 14.

|

VOCABULARY.
Im

103

-oris,
m. In-cito, 1 [CI-], set in rapid
perator (inp-)
PAR-, POR-], commander (in
motion ; urge on, hurry, hasten,

[2

Cf. impell5.

26.

chief), 25, 26.

Im perium

(inp),

-T,

n. [2

PAR-, Incolo,

3, -ui,

inhabit,

live in,

4
live, dwell, 3, 35.
POR-], command, order, 1, 20,
22 chief command, authority, 4, In ere dibilis, -e, adj. [CR AT2 DA-], not to be believed; mar23 power, control, 1, 3, 11. Cf.
;

vellous, incredible, 19.

auctoritas.

Impero

PAR-, In crepito, 1,
make noise
against; upbraid^ taunt, abuse,
POR-], put a command upon;
15, 30.
impose upon, command, 3, 21, 28,
w. In cuso, 1 [CAV-], make charges
direct, dictate, 11, 33
32, 35
against, accuse, rebuke, 15.
dat. and subjunctive w. ut.
Im-petro (inp-), 1 [POT-], ac- Inde, adv. [2 1-'], from that; then,
(inp-),

[2

next, 19.
complish; obtain, succeed in obw. ut and subjunc- In dignitas,
taining, 12

ness

Impetus

-atis,

tive.

f.,

unworthi-

outrage, insult, 14.

[PET-], In di ligen ter, adv. [1 LEG-,

LIG-], c^irelessly, listlessly, 33.
In duco, 3, -XI, -ductum [D VC-],
24, 25 fury, violence, 6.
lead into ; draw on, cover, 33.
Im-pro'visus (inp), -a, -um,
adj. [VID-], not foreseen; de Ind'uo, 3, -ui, -utum, put into;
put on, 21.
improvis5, unexpectedly, without
In*e6, -ire, -ivi and -ii, -itum
notice, 3.
In, prep. w. ace. and abl. [ANA-],
[1 I-], go into ; enter upon, un(inp),

-us, m.

onset, attack, charge, 11, 19, 21,

into, to, 2, 3, 5

in, 5, 8, 29, etc.

upon,
among, 25 in

in, within, on, 1,2,8, etc.

over, 5, 29, 30

inferior,

the case of, 32.

In- cendo, 3,
in

set

In-cido,

-di, -cqh^wod., put fire

on fire,

7.

3, -cidi,

[CAD-],/a?Z

into; happen, occur,

accidd, evenid.

14.

Cf.

3, -cidi, -cisum [2 SAC-,

SEC-, SCID-, CiD-], cut into,

In cido,

notch, 17.

begin, 2, 35.

-ius,

inferus),

adj.

lower,

(compar.. of

25;

inferior,

_ 8.

Infimus,

-a,

-um,

adj. (superl. of

above), lowest; lowest p)art of,

bottom, 18.
-ferre,
-tuli,
in-fero,
illatum
[1 FER-], bring into; make
upon, wage, 14, 29 inspire in,
bmng upon, cause, inflict,
25
carry forward, advance,
14, 32
bring in, import, 15 ; w.
25, 26
;

In cipio, 3, -cepi, -ceptum [CAP-],

take in hand; begins 2 w. compl.
infin.

dertake, 33

In-ermis, -e, adj. \^A^-'], without

armor ; unarmed, 27.

ace, or ace. and dat.

VOCABULARY.

104
In fleets,

3, -flex!, -flexum, bend,

draw

up,

22; build,

8, 20,

erect,

30.
bend down, 17.
In- gredior, 3, -gressus [GRAD-], Intel lego (interl-), 3, -lexi, -lectum [1 LEG-], choose between;
go into, enteVy 4.
In-imicus, -a, -urn, adj. [AM-],
understand, be aware, know, find
Cf.
out, 8, 10, 33
not friendly; hostile, 31.
w. ace. and infin.

hostis.

w. indir. quest.
Inter, prep. w. ace. [ANA-], in the
midst; between, 9, 17; among,
14,

In iquitas,

-atis, f.

[IC-,

AIC-],

unevenness, inequality, 22.

In Iquus, -a, -um, adj. [1C-, AIC-],

not equal ; uneven, unfavorable,

10, 23, 27, 33.

1, 4, 0,

15, 19, 24, 31.

Inter -cedo, 3, -cessi, -cessum

[CAD-], go between; be between,

In-itium, -i, n. [1 I-], entering

move between, 17.
upon; beginning, 9; w. partit. gen. Inter cipio, 3, -cepT, -ceptum
In iuria, -ae, f. [1V-, IVG-], thing
[CAP-], take between; inteixept,
27.
done contrary to justice ; wrong,
[ANA-; 2 I-]
injury, violeiice, 28, 32, 33.
Inter -ea,
adv.
In-nitor, 3, -nixus, lean upon,
between these things; in the meanprop one''s self on, 27.
time^ meanwhile.
In-rideo (irr-), 2, -risi, -risum, Inter -ficio, 3, -feci, -fectum
laugh in ridicule; laugh at,
[FAC-], make to be between,
mock, 30.
break in pieces; kill, put to
Cf.
fn-sequor, 3, -secutus [SEC-],
death, 10, 11, 23, 25, 31.
concido, occid5.
follow close upon; follow up,
Inter icio, 3, -iecT, -iectum [IA-,
_ pursue, 19, 23.
IAC-], hurl between; place or
In* sidiae,-arum, f. [SED-, SID-],
taking a position at ; stratagem,
plant among, 17 pass., intervene,

trap, snare, 11.

In-signe,
tinctive

-is,

22.

n.

mark ;

[3

SAC-],

oimament, crest, 21.

In'sistd, 3, -stitT,

[STA-],

__

dis-

sign, signal, 20

19, 26.
set

one's self on; take a stand on,

w. dat.
;

27

fn-star, tadecL,
as pred.
w. gen.

n.,

adj., like,

Inter im, adv. [ANA-; 2 I-], in

the meantime, meanivhile, 9, 12,
Interior, -ius, adj., compar. of
obsolete interns [ANA-], inner,
interior of, 2.

image; used Inter -mitto, 3,

inform

of,

17

in- sto, 1, -StitT, -statCirus [STA-],

stand upon ; press forward, 25.
in'stru5, 3, -struxi, -structum
[STRV-], build into; arrange.

-misi,

-missum

[MIT-], make go apart; discontinue, cease, 25.

Inter -neciS, -onis,

NOC-], complete

f.

[1

NEC-,

destruction, an-

nihilation, 28.

Inter scindd, 3,
'

-scidi,

-scissum

VOCABULARY.
[2 SAC-, SEC-, SCID-], separate
by splitting ; cut down, hew away,
demolish, 9.
Inter -sum, -esse, -fui [ES-], he
between; be the concern of, conw. gen. of price.
cern, 5
;

n.
-i,
[1 VEL-,
VAL-], space between stakes of a

Inter vallum,

palisade; distance, interval, 28.

Cf. spatium.

In texo,

3,

-uT,

-xtum

[TEC-,

TAX-], vjeave in; plait, 33.

Intra, prep. w. ace. [ANA-], on
the inside

105

son or thing mentioned; self, 3,

sometimes conveniently
rendered he, they {the latter), 2,
4, 5, etc.;

20, 29.
Is,

ea,

determ. pron.

id,

Ita, adv. [2 I-], in the icay stated;

so, thus, 11,

33

w. ut,

the

iii

way

that, just as, as, 1.

Italia, -ae, r., Italy, 29, 35.

Ita que, conj. [2

and so ;
penetrate, Item, adv.
wise,

17.

I-],

within, 4,18, 19.

Intro, 1 [ANA-], enter,

[2

person or thing mentioned; he,

that, this, 1, 2, 3, etc.
akin to
talis, foil, by subj. clause, 9, 16.

I-

CA-, CI-],

therefore, 7, 22.

[2 1-], even so

so, like-

21, 23, 26.

1, 8, 13,

Intro duco, 3, -xT, -ductum Iter, itineris, n. [1 I-], going;

[DVC-], lead in, bring in, 5, 10.
march, route, line of inarch,
Intro mitto, 3, -misi, -missuin
road, 6, 11, 12, 16, 17, 29.
[MIT-], cause to go within; let lubeo, 2, iussi, iussum [IV-,
IVG-], or^^er, command, bid, 5, 11.
in, admit, 33.
w. ace. and infin.
Intr orsus, adv. [VERT-], towards
25, 28, 33, 35
the inside; into the interior, ludico, 1 [IV-, IVG-; DIC-],
within, 18.
declare what is law ; judge, supIn usitatus, -a, -um, adj. [1 AV-],
pose, think, 27.

lugum,

unusual, strange, 31.

In

utilis, -e, adj. [1

AV-], useless ;

-i,

N. ITV-,

TV G-2, joining ;

ridge, chain of hills, 24.

w. lus, iuris, n. [IV-, IVG-], thing

ad and ace.
binding ; constitution, law, 3.
In venio, 4, -venT, -ventum [BA-, lustitia, -ae, f. [IV- IVG-], upVA-, VEN-], come upon; find,
rightness, justice, fairness, 4.
w. ace. and infin. luvo, 1, iiivi, ititum [E>IV-, DI-,
learn, 16
unserviceable, incapable, 16

Cf. c5gnosco.

In veterasco,

3, -avi,

[VET-],

become of long standing ;

DIAV-],

delight ; help, assist, 3.

luxta, adv. [IV-, IVG-], closely

gain a
joined ; close by, near at hand,

permanent foothold, 1.
In video, 2, -vidi, -visum [VID-],

26.

look tovmrds ; be jealous

of,

envy,

31.

I'pse,

-a,

-um

(gen. ipsius), in-

tensive pron. [2 I-

3 ^ A-'], per-

proenomen Lucius, 11.

Labienus, -i, m., Titus, most emiL.,

VOCABULARY.

106
nent of

lieutenants,

Caesar'' s

1,

11, 20.

Lapis,

-idis, m., stone, 6.

Lassitude,

[LAG-'], faint-

-inis, f.

ness, exhaustion, 23.

Lateo,

2, -ui,

he

hidden-^

concealed, 19.

Latitude,

acter

f. [LI-],

pi.,

letters;
1, 2,

de-

35.

[STER-, STRA-, Locus,

breadth;

panse, extent,

written char-

letter,

spatch, despatches,

inis, r.

STLA-],

ents), 5.

Littera, -ae,

lie

Liberi, -erorum, m. [LIB-], tJiose

who do as they desire, free persons ; children {of free par^

ex-

29;

lat-

12,

8,

7,

width,

eral direction, 17.

-1, M., that placed or situated; place, point, position, situation, 2, 4, 5, etc. state, condition, 26
pi., loca, -orum, n.,
;

Latus,

-um,

-a,

STRA-,

broad, wide,

Latus,

[STER-,

adj.

STLA-],

extended;

4, 27.

-eris, n.

far, at a distance,

[PLAT-], thing

tending ; side, flank,

Laxo, 1 [LAG],

region, section, tract, 4, 19.

adv. [2 LEG-], in length;

Longe,

ex-

6, 8, 23, 25.

loose; change to

open order, widen, 25.

Legatio, -onis, f. [3 LEG-], em-

Longus,

4, 5, 19, 20, 21.

-um, adj. [2 LEG-],

-a,

long, lengthy, 21.

Loquor, 3,
Lux, lucis,
light,

locutus, speak, talk, 31.

that ivhich shines

F.,

dawn, daylight,

11.

bassy, legation, 35.

Legatus,

-T,

LEG-], envoy,

m. [3

35

6, 12, 15, 28, 31,

M.

lieutenant,

2, 5, 9, 11, 20.

Legio,

-onis, f. [1

LEG-], levying

largest military division, consist-

ing of 10 cohorts; legion,

2, 8,

Machinatio,

-onis, f., contrivance,

engine, machine, 30, 31.

Magis,

adv.

[MAC-, MAG-], in a

higher degree

17, etc.

more, 22, 32.

Legionarius, -a, -um, adj. [1 Magistratus, -us, m. [MAC-,

LEG-], belonging to a legion;
MAG-], magistracy, ruler, 3.
legionary, 27.

Len-iter, adv. [1

mod-

I-], gently,

erately, 8, 29.

Levis,

-e,

moving ;
Levitas,

adj.

Magnitude, -inis,
MAG-], greatness,

f.

size,

[MAC-,
height,

12, 27, 30.

[2

LEG-],

lightly

light, 10, 24.

-atis, f. [2

LEG-],

light-

Magnus,
MAG-],

-a,

-um,

adj.

[MAC-,

increased; great,

4,

5,

6, etc.

ness; inconstancy, fickleness, 1. Maior, -ius, adj., compar. of above,

legis, f. [3 LEG-], thing
greater ; maior natu, elder, 13, 28.
n.
read; written law, law, 3. Cf. Male ficium,
-T,
[MAL- ;

Lex,

FAC-], evil-doing ; outrage^ hos-

ius.

Liberal-

iter, adv.

[LIB-;

generously, graciously,

5.

I-],

tile act, 28.

tas.

Cf. iniuria, indigni-

VOCABULAKY.

Man

do, 1 [1 MA-, MAN-; 2

DA-], put into one^s hands ; give

in charge^ enjoin^ order^ 6

consign^ 24

trusty

en-

w. ace. and

[MIL-], large number asso-

ciated; thousand, 4,

Minime,

adv.,

6, 7, etc.

of minus,

superl.

least, 33.

-us, adj. [2 MAN-, MI-],

smaller ; minus, n. as adv. less,
1, 7, 20; not (=non), 9.
Miser, -era, -erum, adj. [MIS-],

Minor,

dat.

Mani

adj.

107

pulus,

-T,

MA-, MAN-

m. [1

PLE-, PLV-], thing filling the

hand; (subdivision of a cohort)^
wretched, miserable, 28.
company^ maniple^ 25.
Man suetudo, -iiiis, f. [1 MA-, Miseri cordia, -ae, f. [MIS-],
MAN- SOVO-, SVO-], tameheart-pity ;
pity,
compassion,

gentleness, kindness,

ness ;

Cf.

31.

Manus,

-us, f.

MA-, MAN-],

[1

measuring thing ; hand,

30

hand, force,

14,

dementia.

etc.

Mobilitas,

2, 6.

Maritimus (-umus),
of the sea ;

13, 19,

28.

Mitto, 3, misi, missum [MIT-],

let go; send, despatch, 2, 3, 5,

-um, adj.,
on the coast, mari-a,

time, 34.

MOV-],
ity ;

q. V.

adv., superl. of magis,

most, very,

Medius,
dle

-a, -um,
middle of,

Modus,

f.

stabilitas.

-1,

[2

[1

1.

Cf. levitas.

MA-, MAD-], in a

only, merely, 17, 21.

M.

[2

MA-, MAD-],

measuring thing ; manner, fash-

4.

adj., in the

mid-

ion, 31.

Moenia, -ium, n. [2 MV-],

SMAK-,
that ward off; walls, city

7.

MV-,

moved, agih

inconstancy,

fickleness,

0pp. to

Maturo, 1, make ripe; hasten, Modo, adv.

make haste, 5. Cf. contendo.
measure ;

Maxime,

-atis,

ability to be

Memoria, -ae, f. [1
MA^-^, faculty of remembering ;

things
walls,

6, 31.

recollection, memory, 4, 21.

Moleste, adv. [1 MAC-, MAG-],
Menapii, -orum, m., Gallic tribe
in a troublesome manner; mobetween the Meuse and Scheld, 4.
leste ferre, be annoyed or vexed,
Mercator, -oris, m. [2 SMAR-,
w. ace. and infin.
1
MER-], trader, 15.
Moneo, 2 [1 MAN-, MEN-], cause
Meritum, -i, n. [2 SMAE,-, MER-],
to think ; direct, 26
w. ace.,
thing deserved; deserts, merit,
foil, by clause w. ut.
;

Mora,

32.

-ae, f. [1

SMAR-, MAR-],

Miles, -itis, m. [MIL-], one of the

stopping, delay, 15.
thousand; soldier, 11, 20, 21, etc. Morini, -orum, m., tribe of Belgce
MHitaris, -e, adj. [MIL-], of solon Channel, near Calais, 4.
diers

pertaining

to

war, mili-

tary, 4, 22.

Mille,

pi.

milia or millia,

Moror, 1

[1

SMAR-, MAR-],

lin-

ger, tarry, delay, 7, 10, 11.

num. Mos, moris, m.

[1

MA-, MAN-],

manner,

custom^

will;
Ct".

VOCABULARY.

108

15.

13,

consuetMo.

Moveo,

MOV-],

[1

MV-,

motion; move,

set in

2,

[MAL-], woman,

-eris, f.

-iiiis,

large

f.,

ber, body, 4, 5, 0, etc.

number,

Multus,
many,

num- Necessarius,

quantity,

-um,

much,

adj.,

pi.

11, 25, 29.

Munimentum,

-T,

means of defence;

n.

MV-],

[2

fortification,

[2

MV-], wall;
about,

defences

erect

fortify,

protect,

make, (castra), 5, 12, 19, 20, 29.

Munitio, -onis, f. [2 MV-], foi^tifying ; fortification, works, 33.

Murus,

-1,

M. [2 MV-], encircling

wall, city wall, 6, 12, 13,

Necessitas,

-atis,

f.

NEC-],

[2

unavoidableness ; necessity, compulsion, 11

urgency, 22.
Negotium, -i, n., [1AV-], not
;

leisure; business, task, 2; trou-

defence, 17.

Munio, 4

-a,
-um, adj. [2
NEC-], unavoidable; pressing,

urgent, 21.

10, 32.

-a,

conj., that not,

expressions involving

lest (after

fear), 1, 5, 8, etc.

female, 13, 16, 28.

Multitude,

thing

one's best, exert one's self, 25.

Ne, adv. and conj. [NA-], no;
adv., not, 3, 17

31.

Mulier,

and zeal; do

with knowledge

mo VI, motum

2,

Navo, 1 [GNA-, GNO-], perform

Cf. moenia.

17, 29, 30, 32.

ble, difficulty, 17.

Ne mo,

man ;

f.

abl,

[HAM-], no

nobody, no one, 33.

Ne que

and

CI-],

[NA- CA-,
and so not, 3,
neque,
neque

or nee, adv.

10,

5,

nemini,

dat.

wanting, m. and

neither

etc.
.

not,

nor, 11, 12, 15, 25.

adv. [CA-, CI-],

Nequiquam,
not in any

way ;

Nervii, -orum,

Nam,

co-ord. conj.

[GNA-],

for,

30 as enclitic,
quisnam, really, pray, 30.
Cf.
the postpositive enim.
Nascor, 3, natus [GEN-, GNA-],
be born; begin, arise, 18.
6, 14, 16, 19, 23,

Natio,

-onis,

birth;

f.

[GEN-, GNA-],

people,

race,

Cf.

35.

populus, gens.

Natura,

-ae,

f.

[GEN-, GNA-],

birth; nature, character,

18, 22, 29.

to

no purpose,

in vain, 21.

N.

8,

15,

of the

tribe

m.,

most warlike

Belgee,

4,

15,

16,

etc.

Neuter,

-tra,

adj.

[CA-,

two),

9.

-trum,
CI-],

gen. -trius,
neither

(of

Ne-ve

or neu, conj. [NA-], and

not; and that not^ 21.
Nihil, indecl., n. [NA-], nothing,
15, 26, 28; as adv., not at all,
17, 20.

Ni

si,

conj.

[NA- SOVO-, SVO-],

;

if not, unless, except, 6, 20, 32.

(Natus, -us), only abl. sing., m. Nobilitas, -atis, f. [GNA-, GNO-],

[GEN-, GNA-], birth, 13, 28.
being known; high birth, 6.

VOCABULARY.
Noctu,

NEC-, NOC-], by Nun-c, adv. [NV-; CA-,

adv. [1

nighty 33.

Nolo,

nolui,

nolle,

[VOL-],

not wish; be univilling,

Nomen,
.

n.

28.

Nuntius,

adv. [GNA-, GNO-].

-1, M.
[NV-], person or
newly come; messenger,
message, news, 2, 6 w. ace.

thing
7

Nominatim,

CI-],

now, at the present time, 4.

Nuntio, 1 [NV-], announce^
report, 2, 26, 28, 29, 32.

1.

[GNA-, GNO-],
means of knowing ; name^ 4, 6,
-inis,

109

and

infin.

by name, expressly, 25.

Nomin5, 1 [GNA-, GNO-],

mention,

Non,

7iame,

18.

[NA-

adv.

not one;

I-],

Non-dum,
nut

[NA-

adv.

DIV-],

yet, 11.

-um, adj. [2 L],

not none ; some, 1, 25.
Noaus, -a, -um, adj., ninth, 23.
Nos, nostrum, pi. of ego, pron.
[NV-], ice, 9.
-a,

-stra, -strum, poss. pron.

[NV-], our, ours,

1, 4, 8, etc.

Novem, num. adj., indecl., nine, 4.

Noviodunum, -T, n., chief town of
Novus,

-um, adj. [NV-],

-a,
new, fresh, 1,2; strange, novel,
;

superl., last, in the rear, 11,

25, 26.

Nox,

-ctis,

F.

[1

NEC-, NOC-],

night, 6, 7, 12, 17.

Nudo,
6

1,

make bare;

bare, strip,

-um,

[2L], not
any; none, no, 11, 15, 32; as
-a,

adj.

dat. of nemo, no one, 6, 35.

Numeiiis, -i, m., distributed thing
number, amount, numbers, 4, 10,
17, 33.

Numida,
24.

-ae, m.,

Ob

diico, 3,

Numidian,

7, 10,

of, 35.

-ductum [DVC-],

-xT,

toiuards

extend,

itus (-us), M. [1

destruction, 29.

Ob'ses,

con-

-idis,

going

1-],

to ;

Cf. internecio.

m. and

f.

[SED-],

one staying in a place ; hostage,

1, 3, 5, 13,

15, 35.

Ob'tineo, 2, -uT, -tentum [1 TA-,

TEN-], lay hold of ; have possession of, hold,

4.

venio, 4, -venT, -ventum [BA-,

VA-, VEN-], come in the way of;
come against, meet, 23 w. dat.
Oc casus (cbc-), -us, m. [CAD-],
going down; setting, 11.
Oc-cid5 (obc-), 3, -cidi, -cisum
[2 SAC-, SCiD-, CID-], strike

against;

Oc

leave unguarded, 23.

N-uUus,

[APA-], towards;

ace.

stJ'uct, 8.

Ob

Snesslones, 12.

31

Ob

lead

Non-nuUus,

Noster,

Ob, prep. w.

on account

not, 2, 6, 8, etc.

kill, slay, 10, 26, 33.

cultus (obc-),

(P. of occulo)

[2

-um, adj.

-a,

CAL-],

cov-

ered over ; hidden, secret, 18.

Oc'cupo

(obc-), 1 [CAP-], take

hold of; cover, occupy, 8 take
possession of, hold, 1 pass., be
engaged, occupy one's self, 19.
Oc'curro (obc-), 3, -currT, -cur;

sum [CEL-, CER-], run toicards;

no

VOCABULARY.
come against^

fall in withj meet ;

__21, 24, 27.

Cf. obvenio.

Oceanus,

m., ocean, Atlantic,

-i,

-urn, adj., eighth, 23.

adj.,

indecl.,

eight,

(no nom. or dat.

0P-], obtaining
help, aid, 31; pL, re-

opis, F.

[AP-,

sing.)

thing;

sources, 14.

6, 7.

Offers

(obf-),

-ferre,

obtuli,

[1

FER-],

bring

oblatum

toicards; offer, bear, carry, 21.

mitto,
[M1T-],

go;

let

Optimus,
superl.

neglect,

leave

-e, adj.

[AP-, 0P-], every,

adj.

used as

[AP-,

0P-],

how

[AP-, 0P-], obtainwork, siege-work,

thing;
19,

20,

21

quant5 opera,

magno

greatly,

much,

all. entire, 1, 2, 3, etc.

-um,
bonus

-eris, n.

ing
12,

untried, 17.

-a,

of

best, 10.

-missum Opus,

-misi,

3,

Omnis,

PVG-],

carry by assault^ 12.

(Ops),

Octavus, -a,
Octo, num.

[PAC-,

fight against; attack, storm, 6;

34.

Oppugns, 1

opere, very

5.

[AN-], burden; Opus, indecl. n. (really same word

as above) [AP-, 0P-], w. est, is
Opera, -ae, f. [AP-, 0P-], work- _ necessary, is need, 8, 22.
OratiS, -onis, f., speaking; ading ; work, service, 25.
dress, speech, words, 5, 21.
Opinio, -oiiis, f. [AP-, 0P-],
thinking; impression, idea, ex- OrdS, -inis, m. [0L-, OR-], weav-

Onus,

-eris,

n.

bulk, weight, 30.

pectation,

portet,

3, ^6b

2,

reputation, 8, 24.

-uit,

impers.

[2 PAR-, POR-], is necessary

must, ought, 20 ; w. pass, infin.
or ace. and infin.
Oppidanus (obp-), -a, -um,
adj. [PED-], of a town; as
noun, M., townsman, inhabitant
of a town {other than Borne), 7,

ing ; succession, order, 11, 19,

22; rank, line, 11, 19.
Orior, 4, ortus [0L-, OR-], bestir
one''s self; arise, be raised,

24

be descended from, 4.

Osismi, -orum,

m., people of

Gaul

(in Brittany), 34.

33.

P.

Op pidum

(obp-), -T, n. [PED-],

on the ground; town, 3, 4, 6,
Cf. urbs
vlcus.
etc.
Op'portunus (obp-), -a, -um,

P., abbrev. of Publius, 25, 34.

Pabulum,

-T, n. [PA-], thing affecting feeding ; fodder, forage, 2.

adj. [1 PAR-, PER-], of what Paco, 1 [PAC-], bring to peace;
is opposite the harbor ; suitable,
subdue, 1, 35.
convenient, 8. Cf. idoneus.
PaemanT, -orum, m. German tribe
;

Oppugnatio (obp),

-onis,

f,

of the Belgce,

[PAC-, PVG-], act of assault- Paene,

ing; mode of attack^ assault^ 6.
24.

adv.,

4.

nearly, almost,

19,

VOCABULAEY.

Ill

having wet Paucus, -a, -um, adj. [PAY-],

made to cease; pi. only, few,
marshy swamp, moi^ass, 9,
18
as substantive, a few, small
16, 28.
number, 12.
Pando, 3, -di, passum [2 PAT-,
PAD-], cause to go ; spread out, Paulatim, adv. [PAY-], by little

Palus,
clay

-udis, f., thing

and

extend, 13.

Par, paris,

PAE-, PER-],

adj. [1

gradually, gently,

little;

8,

26.

Paulis per, adv. [PAY- 1 PAR-],

-um, adj. (P. of
for a short time, 7.
paro) [2 PAR-, POR-], brought; Paulo, adv. (abl. n. of paulus)
[PAY-], by a little; a little, 20.
made ready, ready, prepared, S,
w. infin. or expression of Paululum, dim. adv. [PAY-],
9, 21
equal, 18.

Paratus,

-a,

purpose.

Pars,
that
etc.

29

very

very slightly,

little ;

8.

PAR-, POR-], Paulum, adv. (ace. n. of paulus)

[PAY-], a little, 25.
cut ; part, portion, 1, 4, 9,
quarter, direction, 21, 24, Pax, pacis, f. [PAC-], binding

partis, r. [2

point, side,

5, 8, 22.

tiling ; peace, 6,

32.
Partim, adv. (ace. of Pars) [2
PAR-, POR-], by a dividing; Pedes,

partly,

13, 15, 29, 31,

[PED-], one that

-itis, 3i.

goes on foot ; foot-soldier, 24.

1, 33.

Parvulus, -a, -um, dim. adj. Pedester, -tris, -tre, adj. [PED-],
[PAY-], very small; slight, unof infantry, infantry, 17.
Pedius, -1, M., Quintus Pedius,
important, 30.
Caesar's nephew, and lieutenant
Passus, -lis, M. [1 PAT-], going
under him, 2, 11.
double pace, step, pace, 8, 18
milia passuum, mile (= 5000 Pellis, -is, F. [PLE-], hide, skin,
feet), 6, 7, 11, 13, 16.

33.

Pate-facio, 3, -feci, -factum [2 Pello, 3, pepulT, pulsum [PAL-,

PEL-], cause to move ; drive, disPAT- PAC-], ma^'e open; open,
;

lodge, 24

throiv open, 32.

rout, defeat, 17, 19, 24.

Pateo, 2, -ui,
[2 PAT-], stand Per, prep. w. ace. [I'PAR-, PER-],
through ; by, by m^-ans of, 11, 20,
open; be open, spread out, ex31
tend, 7, 8.
on account of, 16 through,
;

accomby way of, 16 over, 10.

plisher of protecting or nour- Per'fero, -ferre, -tulT, -latum [1
FER-], carry through; bear,
ishing ; father, 4.
Patior, 3, passus, suffer, endure,
endure, 14 bear, spread among,

Pater,

-tris,

m.

[PA-],

31

suffer, allow, 15.

35.

Patrius, -a, -um, adj. [PA-], of a PericUtor, 1 [1 PAR-, PER-],

test; prove, make trial, 8.
father; of one"^ s ancestors, ancestral, 15.

Periculum,

-i,

n. [1

PAR-, PER-],

VOCABXJLAKY.

112
means of

trying^ trial

perils 5, 11,

Per mitto,

danger

Plerum que,

-missum

erally, 30.

i^6.

3,

-misT,

adv. (ace. n. of plerusque), for the most part, gen

through; yields give Plerus que, -raque, -rumque, adj.

[PLE-; CA-, Ql-'], larger part
w. ace. and dat.
up, 3, 31
Per* moved, 2, -movi, -motum
of; most of, 4.
[1 MV-, MOV-], stir up thor- Plurimus, -a, -um, adj. (used as
superl. of multus) [PLE-, PLO-,
oughly; disturb, alarm, 12, 24.
PLV-], most; ace. n. as adv.,
Per spicio, 3, -spexi, -spectum
[SPEC-], see through, 17, 18;
most, 4.

[M1T-],

let

perceive clearly, find out, ascertaiii, 11, 17, 32.

PolUceor, 2 [LIC-, L1QV-],

offer very much ; offer, promise,

Per-suadeo,

2, -sT, -sum, thor4, 35.

oughly advise; prevail upon, Pondus, -eris, n., iveighing thing ;
persuade, 10, 16
w. dat. and
weight, bulky 29. Cf. onus.
subjunctive w. ut.
Pono [for portsino], 3, posui,
positum [1 SA-, SI-], let down;
Per terreo, 2 [TER-], thoroughly
demoralize,
render
place, establish, pitch, &, 7, 8, 13
frighten ;
;

Cf. per-

panic-stricken, 24, 27.

place, base on, 11.

turbo.
Pons, pontis, m. [1 PAT-], means
Pertiiieo, 2, -uT,
[1 TA-,
(f going ; bridge, 5, 9, 10.
TEN-], thoroughly hold; extend Populor, 1 [SCAL-, SPOL-],po^^r

tn, 19.

Per -turbo, 1 [TVR-], throw

confusion;

utter

alarm, 11, 21.

into

disconcert,

Cf. pernio veo.

out people; lay luaste, ravage,

Cf depopulor, vasto.

raid, 5, 9.

Populus,

many;

-T,

M. [PLE-, PLO-], the

people, nation, 1, 3, 13,

Cf gens.
etc.
Per-venio, 4, -venT, -ventum
[BA-, YA-, VEN-], come quite Por* rectus, -a, -um, adj. (P. of
porrigo) [REG-, RJG-], stretched
to ; reach, arrive at, 2, 11, 15, 17.
out, stretched forward, 19.
Pes, pedis, m. [PED-], going
Porta, -ae, r. [1 PAR-, POR-],
thing ; foot, 5, 18, 29, 30.
Peto, 3, -ivi and-il, -itum [PET-],
thing passed through; gate, 6,
aim at,
24, 32, 33.
fall upon ; seek, 20, 24
make for, 11, 23 seek, make re- Porto, 1 [1 PAR-, POR-], bear
quest, ask, 12, 14, w. ut and subalong, carry, convey, 5, 29.
[PREC-],
junct.
Posco, 3, poposci,
ask, beg, 13, 31, w. ace.
PHum, -T, N. [PIS-], crushing
ask for urgently; demand, re.

thing; heavy javelin, 23, 27.

Planities (-el), f. [PLAT-],^a^
ness ;

level

plain,

8.

stretch

of country,

quest, 15.

Po3 -sides,

Cf. peto.

-sessum
-sedi,
2,
[SED-], have and hold, possess, 4.
Pos-sum, posse, potui [POT-],

VOCABULARY.
he able, can,
be

to,

1, 3, 4, etc.

amount Prae

or powerful,

influential

Post, prep. w.
after, 14, 29

ace.
;

[POS-], behind;

behind,

-ferre,

I-], after

after hoards, 17, 30, 32.

Post-quam,

[PCS-

conj.

after, as

'CI-], after that;

CA-,
soon

when, 5.
Postri die, adv. (contr. from postero die) [POS-; DIV-, DI-],
on the day after, 12, 33 w. gen.
Postulo, 1 [PREC-], ask, demand,
as,

require,

Poteas,

Cf. posco.

4, 22, 33.

-entis,

mighty, powerful, 1, 4.
Pofcestas, -atis, r. [POT-] ability ;
power, control, 3, 31, 34 power,
,

ability, 6.

Potior, 4 [POT-], become master

of; get control

of,

gain, 7, 24,

(compar.)

rather, preferably,

10

[POT-],
foil,

by

quam.

ficio,

PRAE-],

[PRO-, PRI-,

abl.

before; in comparison

with, 30.
-a,
-um, adj. [1
sharpened
in
front;
pointed, shaipened at the point,

aciitus,

AC-],
29.

Pra3-beo

advance, 11, 17,

[for

praehibeo],

afford, 17.

Prae-ceps,

fore; dictate, prescribe, direct,

20 w. dat. and indir. question.
Prae sertim, adv. [1 SER-,
SVAR-], by an arranging be

fore

especially, particularly, 30.

Prae sidium,

-i,

n.

[SED-],

sitting

before; guard, defence, support,

29, 33; protection,
6, 19, 26,
safety, 11.

exhibit,21

-stiti,

1,

stand before

[STA-],

15 put forth,
be preferable,be better
; excel,

Prae -sum,

-esse,

[ES-], be

-fui

of, comw. dat.

Premo, 3, pressT, pressum, press
push closely, press hard, 24.

before;

be

mand,

6,

in

charge

-i, m. [PRO-, PRIPIS-], first centurion of the tria-

Primi pHus,

rii^

25.

adv.

[PRO-,

PRI-],

at

first, 8.
-ipitis,

foremost;

adj.

[CAP-],

headlong^

haste, 24.

in

Primum,

adv. (ace. n. of primus)

[PRO-, V^l-\

first

thing;

in the first place, 1, 10, 30

primum, as soon as, 2.

Prae dor [for praehedor]

1,
make booty ; plunder, raid, 17,24. Primus,

19.

Prae'scribo,
-psT,
-ptum
3,
[SCARP-, SCALP-], write be-

[HAB-], hold forth; furnish, Primo,

head

-fectum

-feci,

3,

(impers.), 31.

Pras, prep. w.

[PAC-], place over ; put at the

head of, place in command of,
11
w. ace. and dat.
Prae mitto, 3, -misi, -missum
[MIT-], send before; send in

Prae-sto,

26 w. abl.
Potius, adv.

be-

outdo, 27

[POT-], able,

adj.

-latum

-tulT,

w. ace. and dat.

Prae

5, 9, 19.

Post-ea, adv. [rOS-; 2

Prae

fero,

FEK-], bear before; place

fore, thrust forward,

4,8.

this

[1

113

-a,

-um,

adj.

first,

cum

[PRO-,

VOCABULARY.

114
PRI-],
17, etc.

foremost, 10, 11,

as noun, m., chief, lead-

first,
;

Pro

ficTscor, 3, -f actus [FAC-],

begin to go fonvard ; set out, go,

ing man, 3, 18.

march, 2, 21, 25, 35.
Prin ceps, -ipis, adj. [PRO-, Profligo, 1 [ELAG-, FLIG-],
PRI- CAP-], talcing first place
strike to the ground; rout, defeat,

as noun, leader^ chief

Cf.

5, 14.

primus.
Prior, -ius, gen. -oris, adj. [PRO-,
PR1-], former ; those preceding,

men in front,
Pris'tinus,

PRI-;

0pp. novissimi.
-um, adj. [PRO-,

11.

-a,

TA-, TEN-] former;

former, old time, 21.

Prius, adv. (ace. n. of prior)
[PRO-, PRI-], earlier, sooner,
32 foil, by quam.
Prius- quam, adv., conj. {= prius
quam) [PRO-, PRICA-],
sooner than, before, 12 w. subj.
;

Cf. prius

quam,

3, -fugi,

before;

fiee

[2 EVG-],
for

flee

refuge,

escape, 14.

Pro gnatus,

-a, -um, adj. [GEN-,

GN-, GNA-], born, descended,
sprung from, 29.

Pro

[GRAD-],

gredior,3,-gressus

go forward; advance, proceed,

Cf. procedo.
10, 28.
Prohibeo, 2 [HAB-], hold
before; hinder, prevent, 4, w.
ace. and infin.
keep from, cut
;

off, 9,

Pro

32.

Cf. pello, conicio.

23.

Pro- fugio,

28,

Yf.

and

ace.

abl.

icio, 3, -iecT, -ieetum

[IA-,

[PRO-, PRI-],

IAC-], cast forward; give up,

abandon, renounce, 15.
before ; in front of, before, 8
in behalf of, 14 in proportion to, Pro moveo, 2, -movT, -m5tum
to the best of one's ability, 25 in
[1 MV-, MOV-], move forward,
advance, 31.
accordance with, agreeably ^o, 31.
Pro cedo, 3, -cessi, -cessum Prope, adv. [PARC-, PLEC-],
near ; nearly, almost, 28, 32.
[CAD-], go forward; advance,

Pro, prep. w.

abl.

proceed, 20, 25.

cul, adv. [CEL-] driven forward ; at a distance, afar off, 30.
Pro cumbo, 3, -cubuT, -cubitum,

Pro

bend forvjards ; fall fonvard,

sink to the ground, 27.
Proelior, 1, fight, contend, 23. Cf.
dimico, congredior.

Proelium,
25,

26,

-T,

27;

ment, battle,

Pro

feotio,

^. fighting^ fight, 2S,

,

skirmish,

engage-

8, 9, 20, 21, 28, 30.

-onis,

r.

[EAC-],

going away ; setting out, departure, 11.

Propero, 1
hasteii,

make

[2

PAR-, POR-],

haste, 11, 35.

-atis, r. [PARC-,
PLEC-], nearness, proximity, 20

Propinquitas,
family

connection,

kinship,

4,

Cf. adfinitas.

Propinquus,-a, -um, adj. [PARC-,

PLEC-], being near; near, close,
adjacent, 35, w. dat.

Pro'pono,

3,

-posui,

-positum
put

[1 SA-, SI-], place before;

forth,
20.

Prop

expose

to

view,

ter, prep. w. ace.

display,

[PARC-,

VOCABULARY.
PLEC-], near; on

accciint of,

4, 8, 12, 16, 20.

Propter-ea,adv.[PARC-,PLEC-],
on account of that ; foil, by quod,
for the reason {that),
4

by

foil,

make
Pro'sequor, 3,
defence,

folloio

[PAC-,

fight

to the people;
w. res, republic, state, government, 5.
Puer, -eri, m., one begotten; boy^
child, 13, 28.

Cf proelium.

before; fight in
defensive sallies, 7.

Pugno, 1 [PAC-, PAG-, PVG-],

[SEC-],

fight, contend, 8, 10, 21, 26, 27,

-sectitus

onward; pursue, follow

after, 11

PLO-], belonging

Pugna, -ae, f. [PAC-, PAG-,

PVG-], thrusting thing; fight,
PAG-,

indie.

Propugno,
PVG-],

because,

115

follow, address, 5.
Prospectus, -us, m. [SPEC-],
;

battle, 16, 25,28, 29.

contendo,

33.
Cf. congredior,
dimico, proelior.

forward look; out-look, distant

view, prospect, 22.

Protinus,

adv. [1 TA-,

TEN-], Q., abbrev. for Quintus, 2, 5, 9, 11.

imme- Qua, adv. (abl. f. of qui) [CA-],
on which side; at what point,

before one's self; at once,

diately, 9.

Pro -turbo, 1 [TVR-],

ward;
19.

drive

off,

drive forfrighten away,

where, 33.

Quadrin- genti,

num.

-ae, -a,

[CEN-], /oi<r hundred,

Cf. pello.'

adj.

8.

Pro video,

-visum Quaero, 3, -sivi, -situm, seek;

-vTdT,
2,
[VXD-], see before; look out,
ask, enquire^ make enquiry, 4,

see,

attend

to,

Provincia,

22.

15

[VIC-], territory acquired by conquest ; prov-ae, f.

ince, 29.

Pro volo,

1, -avi,

Proxime, adv., superl. of prope

[PARC-,PLEC-], nearest; most,
-a,

propior,

of

PLEC-],

-um,

no

Quam,

adv. (ace. of qui) [CA-],

adj.

pos.)

Quam

vis, adv.

VOL-], as
like,

any-so-ever, any, 31.

in indir. quest.; as great as, as

much

pr5 videntia)

Cf. tantus.

as, 8, 11.
-a,

-um,

Quattuor, num.
*

[PARC-,

12, 35.

(for

[CA-

you will ; as much as you

33; next, following, 21, (of time) Quartus,

than, 10, 19,

Cf ac (19).

Quantus, -a, -um, adj. [CA-], how

great, how many, 4, 5, 14, 26,

nearest, closest, 3, 12,

Pru dentia

manner;

20,21,22,31,32.

(superl.

recently, last, 8, 19.

Proximus,

look for, seek, try to find, 21.

in ivhat

fly forth ;
hasten forth, hurry forward, 19.

Cf peto.

?idj.,

fourth, 25.

adj., indecl.,

four,

33.

[VXD-], seeing before; Que, enclitic conj. [CA-, CI-],

wisdom, prudence, 4.
and, 1, 2, 3, etc. Joins kinPublicus, -a, -um, adj. [PLE-,
dred expressions
sometimes
-ae,

F.

foresight,

VOCABULARY.

116

couples a sentence to a preceding

one. Cf. et, atque.
Qui, quae, quod, rel. and adj.
pron. [CA-, CI-], lolio, ichlch,
whatf that^

Qui dam,

certainly

ne

17.

CI-

quidem,

en-

word or ex-

pression, not even,

3, 17.

conj. w. subj.

[CA-, CI-

NA-], by which not; hut

that, from, 2, 3.

Qui -nam
who?

pron.

Quin decim, num.

adj.,

Quin

pray?
indecl.

-ae,

-a,

indecl.,

num.

ginta,

adj.

adj.,

Quinque, num.

adj., indecl., j^ve.

Quis, quae, quid ? interrog. pron.

[CA-, CI-], who? which? what?
Indef. after si

4, 8, 11, etc.

ne, any one, any,

and

8, 14, 32, 33.

Quis quam, ,quicquam(quidq-),

indef. pron. [CA-, CI-], any,

at all^ 17

Quis -que,
indef.

each

pron.

07ie,

any

in negative clauses.
quae-,

quid- (quod-),

[CA-, CI-], each,

every, 4, 10, 11, 21, 22,

25.

quicquid (quidq-)
or quodquod, indef. rel. pron.
[CA-, CI-], whatever, whatsoever, everything which, 17.

the fact that, 17.

que, adv. [CA-, CI-], also,

too, as well, 10, 22
placed after
word to be emphasized.
;

growing thing;

m.,

-T,

branch, 17.
r.

[JiA-^, rec7co7iing

consideration, 10
system, 19, 22.

plan, method^

Re-, Red-, back, away, in comp.

Re

cipio,
-cepi,
-ceptum
3,
[CAP-], take back; admit, re

ceive, 3,

15; with reflex, pron.,

betake one's self, re;

treat, go, 11, 19, 24.

Cf. se c5n-

ferre.

Red

do, 3,

-didi,

-ditum [1 DA-],

give back; render, 5.

Red-eo,

-ire, -ii, -itum [1 I-], go

back ; recede, decline, slope aicay,

8.

Red'igo,

3, -egi,

drive back

-actum [AG-],

bring down, reduce,

Cf.
render, 27.
14, 28, 34;
reddo.
Red in tegro, 1 [TAG-], make
whole again ; renew, restore, 23,

Quis quis,

ut eo, by

recover, 12

4, 33.

j^/^?/,

only.

num.

[CEN-],j^ve hundred, 28.

Quinqua

Quo

Ramus,

fifteen, 2, 4, 30, 35.

genti,

conj. (rel. adv.),

ivhat in the world? 30.

[DEC-],

[CA-, CI-], for Ratio, -onis,

vjhich, ichat,

ivho,

21

that,

(quis-), quae-, quod-,

interrog.

(dat. use) where, whither, 16, 17,

10, etc.

3 J)A-],

closing emphatic

Qui-n,

and abl. of
what place ;

some one,

Qui dem, adv. [CA-,

(dat.

quoddam, Quod, conj. (ace. n. of qui) [CA-,

3 DA-],
CI-], that; in that, because, 1, 4,

indef. pron. [CA-, CI-

certain one,

adv.

rel.

qui) [CA-, CI-], in

which, so that, that, 25.

1, 2, 8, etc.

quaedam,

Quo,

25, 27.

Redones, -um,
tany, 34.

m., tribe

of Brit-

VOCABULARY.
Re duco,

-ductum [DVC-],

3, -XI,

lead backy

9.

Re

117

perio,

repperi,

4,

-pertum

PAR-, POR-] produce again ;

[2

w.
Re'fero, -ferre, rettuli, -latum
fiiid, find out, ascertain, 9
ace. and infin., 4, 15.
[1 EER-], bear back; report,
Cf. adfero, re- Res, rei, f. [RA-], thing spoken
announce^ 33.
;

niintio.

Re

f ring 5,

back; break

break

-fractum,

-fregi,

3,

open,

tear

open, 33.

Regio,
'

[KEG-],

-onis, r.

ing, direction;

direct-

region, distnct,

locality, country, 4.

Regnum,

n.

-i,

[REG-],

that

which rules; power, control, 1.

Re-icio, 3, -iecT, -iectum [IA-,
IAC-], hurl back; throio back,
drive back, 33.

Re

etc.

res

rumen taria,

supply, provisions, 2
state, republic, 5.

Re

grain-

respublica,

-stitT,
sisto,
[STA-],
3,
stand back; hold one^s ground,

maintain one^s position,

resist,

22, 23, 26.

Re

spicio, 3, -spexT, -spectum

[SPEC-], look back, look behind

one, 24.

languesco,

3,-guT,

[LAG-],

lose energy, be loeakened, 15.

Re

of; thing, circumstance, matter,

affair, business, fact, 1, 2, 3,

-liquT,
linquo,
3,
[LIC-, LIQV-] leave

-lictum
behind,

Re spondeo,

2, -ndi,

promise in return ;
32.

Re

tineo, 2,

-ui,

TEN-], keep

leave, 5, 8, 29.

Re-liquus, -a, -um, adj. [LIC-,

LIQV-], remaining ; other, rest
as noun, m., the
of, 2, 3, 5, etc.
;

rest, the others, 10, 25.

-sponsum,

reply, answer,

maintain, 21

32, 33.

Re

-tentum [1 TA-,
back; keep up,

keep back, reserve,

[VERT-], turn
verto, 3, -i,
back ; return, go back, 14, 29.

Remi, -orum, m., people of Bel- Re*vertor, 3, -versus (Pass, of

gium on the Axona, 3, 4, 5, etc.
above, as deponent) [VERT-],

Re

-mlsi,
-missum
mitto, 3,
[MIT-], send back; hurl back,
relax, weaken, 15.
return, 27

Cf. reicio.

turn back; return, go back, 10,

35.

Revoco, 1
back,

(VOC-, VAG-),

summon,

call

20.

Re-nuntio, 1 [NV-], bring back Rex, regis, m. [REG-], ruler;

word; announce, report, 24; w.
king, chieftain, 4, 13.
dat. and ace. and infin.
Cf. Rhenus, -T, M.,the Rhine, 3, 4, 29,
adferd, refero.

35.

Re-pell6, 3, reppulT, -pulsura Ripa, -ae,

[PAL-, PEL-, PVL-], drive back,
23, 27.
repulse, 10.

Cf. reicio.

Repentino, adv.

(abl. of repenti-

nus), suddenly, 33.

f.,

Romanus,
1, 3, etc.

-a,
;

bank, river-bank,

-um,

adj.,

as noun, m.,

10, 12, 13, etc.

5,

Roman,
Roman,

Rubus,

red-colorrd thing;

M.,

-1,

bramble^ 17.

Rumor,
Rapes,

sounding ;

m.,

re-

1.

[KAP-, RYP-],

r.

-is,

broken thing

; cliffy

steep rocky 29.

R-ursus, adv. [VERT-], turned

again, back again, 19, 23,

following; second, 11; successful, favorable, 9

-5ris,

rumor

port,

back
24.

S.

Sed, co-ord. conj., adversative

[SOVO-, SVO-], apart from;
but, 14, 17,

Senator,

man

Titurius Sabinus, lieutenant of Cmsar, 5.

Sabis, -is, m., river Sambre in
countri/ of Nervii, 16, 18.

Saepes,

m., Q.

-i,

r.

-is,

[1

old

Senatus, -us, m. [SEN-], office of

an old man ; council, senate, 5.
S:?nones, -um, m., tribe on upper
2.

Sententia,
ing

[SENT-], think-

-ae, f.

opinion, vieio, 10.

Sentes,

m.

-iuin,

thorns,

briars,

brambles, 17.

SAC-, SAG-], Septimus,

hedge, 17, 22.

19,20,21,32.
m. [SEN-],

-oris,

elder, senator, 28.

Seine,

Sabinus,

-a,

-um,

adj.,

seventh,

23, 26.

-T, m. [1 SAC-, SAG-],

of an arrow; archer, boxmnan,

Sagittarius,

Sequor,

3, secutus [SEC-], follow ; go along, accompany, 17;

follow, result, 22.

7, 10, 19.

Salus,

VOCABULARY.

118

-utis,

F.

[SAL-, SER-],

preservation, salva-

tion, safety,

27, 33; well-being,

being well

Servitus,

f.

-utis,

SVAR-],

[1

SER-,

slavery, servitude, sub-

jection, 14.

Servo,

1 [SAL-, SER-], save;

keep, maintain, 33.
bundle; lugSex, num. adj., indecl., six, 5, 8,
gage, personal baggage, 17.
19, 29.
Saxum, -T, n. [2 SAC-, SEC-],
fragment of rock ; rock, stone, 29. Sexaginta, num. adj., indecl.,
sixty, 4.
Scientia, -ae, r. [2 SAC-, SEC-,
SCI-], knowing ; knowledge, 20. Sex centT, -ae, -a, num. adj.
[CEN-], six hundred, 15, 28.
Scribo, 3, -psi, -ptum [SCARP-,
welfare,

5.

Sarcinae, -arum,

f.,

SCALP-], scratch;
an account, 29.

Scutum,

-T,

write,

give

[SCV-, CV-], cover-

N,

ing thing ; shield, 21, 25, 27, 33.

Sectio, -5nis, f. [2 SAC-, SEC-],
cutting

lot

Secundum,

of booty, booty, 33.

prep. w. ace. (ace. n.

of secundus) [^^C-'], following

in the direction of, along, 18.

Secundus,

-a,

-um, adj. [SEC-],

[SOVO-, SVO-], if in

Si, conj.
case,

8,

5,

9,

etc.

to

see

if,

w. indir. question.
Si-c, adv. [3 SA-; CA-, CI-], in
this manner; so, in such a manner, 32
in following manner,
whether,

9,

as follows,

4, 15.

Signi fer, -eri, m. [3 SAC- 1

PER-], standard-bearer, ensign,

25.

VOCABULARY.
Signi ficatio, -onis, f. [o SACEAC-], pointing out ; announce

119

course ; space, distance, 17, 30

extent, time, 11.

Species, -iei, f. [SPEC-], seem^;

ment^ signal, 33.
sight, form, appearance, 31.
Significo, 1 [3 SAC-; FAC-],
show by signs; indicate, show, Speculator, -oris, m. [SPEC-],
searcher; scout, spy, 11. Cf. exannounce, make known, 13
7
plorator.
w. ace. and infin.
Signum, -i, N. [3 SAC-], mark; Spes, -ei, f. [SPA, PA-], hope,
;

sign^

signal,

20,

21

military

expectation,

7, 25,

27, 33.

Spiritus, -us, M., breathing ; feeling, pride, haughtiness, 4.

convertere, face about, wheel,
mf erre, advance to attack, Statim, adv. [STA-], in standing ;
26
consistere, rally
at once, immediately, 11.
Cf.
charge, 25 ad
protinus.
round the standards, 21.
Silva, -ae, f. [2 SER-, SVAL-], Static, -onis, f. [^T A-I, standing
guard, out-post, picket, 18.
wood, forest, 18, 19.
adj. [2 SER-, Statuo, 3, -uT, -utum [STA-],
-e,
Silvestris,
make stand; fix, determine, deSVAL-], of a wood; wooded, 18.
cide,^, 31.
Simul, adv. [2 SA-, SIM-], toStatiira, -ae, f. [STA-], standing
gether ; at the same time, 24.
upright stature, size, 30.
Si-ne, prep. w. abl. [SOYO-],
Strepitus, -us, m., clashing, clatwithout, 5, 11, 15, 25, 31.
ter, noise, din, 11.
Singularis, -e, adj. [2 SA-, SEM-,
Cf. clamor,
fremitus.
SIM-], one by one ; remarkable,
[SPA-, PA-],
extraordinary, 24. Cf. exiinius. Studeo, 2, -ui,
Singuli, -ae, -a, distrib. num. adj.
be eager; strive after, he bent
upon, desire, 1 devote one's self
[2 SA-, SEM-, SIM-], one to
to, pay attention to, 17
each; one at a time, sepai'ate,
w. dat.
-standard, ensign^ 21, 25, 26

Studium,-!, N. [SPA-, PA-],^6aZ,

single, 17, 20.

Sinister,
the

Sol,

-tra,

left,

23.

-is,

M.

-trum, adj.

left,

on

eagerness, enthusiasm,

Sub, prep. w.
[2

SER-, SVAL-],

sun^ 11.

beneath

'7;

abl.

7.

and ace, under,

near

to,

toward, 11,

33.

SoUi-cito, 1 [SAL-; CI-], move Sub-eo, -ire, -ii, -itum [1 I-], go

under ; go near, approach closely,
violently; stir up, instigate, income up, 25, 27. Cf. adproplncite, 1.

Solum,

adv.

(ace.

n.

of

solus)

[SAL-, SER-], alone, only, 14.

Solus, -a, -um, adj. [SAL-, SER-],

suddenly, unexpectedly, 19

alone, only, sole, 4.

Spatium, -i,

n.

quo, suecedo.

Sub'ito, adv. (abl. of subitus)

[1 I-], by coming on stealthily

[SPA-, PA-] race,

tily,

offhand, 33.

has-

Cf. repentino.

VOCABULARY.

120
Sub-mitto (summ-),
-missum

send to aid,
w. dat.

Sub ru6

dig under,

undermine,

6.

12, 13.

se (sese), reflex, pron.

referring to subject or speaker,

[SOVO-, SVO-],
of themselves,

Sum,

self; of himself

etc., 1, 2, 3, etc.

esse, fui[ES-],?)e; exist, be,

1, 2, 3, etc.

Summa,

-ae,

sc. res),

Super -sedeS,
[SED-],

-sedi,

2,

-sessum

over; refrain from,

omit, postpone, 8
w. abl.
Super -sum, -esse, -fui [ES-], be
sit

3, -secutus [SEC-],

sibi,

Cf. vinc5.

quish, 24.

follow closely, pursue, 11, 19.

sidium, -i, n. [SED-], sitting
behind ; reserve forces, reserves,
22, 25 ; aid, assistance, help, 6,
Cf auxilium.
7, 8, 20, 26.
Suc'cedd (subc-), 3, -cessi,
[CAD-], go below;
-cessum
draw near, approach closely, 6.
Cf. subeo, adpropinquo.
Suc'cessus (subc-), -us, m.
[CAD-], going below ; advance,
close approach 20.
Suessiones, -um, m., German
tribe north of the Marne, 3, 4,

Sui,

down below;

Sub'sequor,

Sub

per, 18, 23, 2^] preceding, former

below;
past, 20.
Cf altior pristinus.
despatch, send, 6, 25
Supero, 1, go over ; defeat, van-

(surr-), 3, -rui,-rutuni,

tear

3, -misi,

[MIT-], send

above; remain, survive, 27, 28.

Sup-plex

(subpl-),

-ids,

adj.

[PARC-, PLEC-], folding

beneath;

knees

suppliant,

the
be-

seeching, 28.

Sup

plicatio (subpl-) -onis,

f.

[PARC-,
PLEC-],
kneeling
down ; thanksgiving, 35.
Supra, adv., on upper side ; above,
before,

1,

18, 29.

Sustento, 1

[1

keep holding up
tain one''s

Sus

TA-, TEN-],
hold out, main-

self, 6, 14.

tineo, 2, -ui, -tentum [1 TA-,

TEN-], hold up under; with

with rekeep
hold out, 6
upright, stand up, 25.
Suus, -a, -um, poss. adj. [SOVO-,
SVO-], of himself, his own, their
own, etc., 3, 4, 5, etc. as noun,
M., their
(his) countrymen,
stand, sustain, 11, 21
flex,

pron.

f.

(p.

of

summus,

highest {thing)

control, general

chief

management,

4,

friends,

6, 8, 9, etc.

n.,

property,

possessions, 3, 13, 29.

23.

Summus,
of

-a,

superus),

-um, adj.

(superl.

highest,

topmost, 6, 23, 24, 32

greatest,
;

part, summit, top, 18, 26.

Su mo,

highest

T.,

praenomen

Titus, T. Labienus,

11, 26.

-mptum [EM-], Tam,

adv. [2 TA-], so far; so, to

such a degree, 21.
Superior, -ius, gen. -oris, adj. Tamen, adv. [2 TA-], in so far;
compar. of superus, higher, upstill, however; nevertheless, 8, 32.

3, -mpsi,

take, claim, assume, 4.

VOCABULAEY.
Tantulus, -a, -um, dim. adj.
TA-], so small; so trifling
,

[2
30.

Cf. parvulus.

121

Titurius,

-i, 3i., Q.
Titurius Sabinus, lieutenant of CcEsar'^s, 5,

9, 10.

TA-], of Titus, -T, M., praenomen of Labienus, Coesar^s lieutenant, 11, 26.
such size; so great, so much, S,

Tantus,

-a,

-um,

adj.

[2

Tormentum,

5, 6, etc.

Tardo,

1,

make

slow, retard, check,

25.

Tardus,

-a,

-um,

slow (loeary,

adj.,

exhausted), 25.

Tegimenta

(tegn-), -orum,

means of covering;

n.,

covering,

-i,

n.

[TEC-],

weapon, javelin,

missile,

6, 10, 21, 25,

27,

hurling, 8.

Tot -idem, adj., indecl. [2 TA3 DA], jwsf as many, same number

of, 4.

-a, -um, gen. totius, adj.

[TY-, TO-], increased; whole,

entire, 4, 6, 19, 23.

Trabs,

33.

Tempus,

TA-, TEN-],

-oris, n. [1

time (in general), 5, 14, 19, 20,

moment, 19 time,
21, 24, 33, 34
;

period, day, 17, 35

emergency,

trabis, r.

3, -xi,

over;

3, tetendi,

lead

[1

over, 4, 5, 9, 10.

stretch

out,

pando.

extend,

13.

Cf.

29.
[1

DA-],

give up,

surrender, 13, 15, 31, 32.

tentum (tenTA-, TEN-], stretch;

[TARC- (TARP-),

TREP-], beam, timber,

Tra- do, 3, -didi, -ditum
give over; hand over,

Tra duco,

crisis, 22.

Tendo,
sum)

[TAHC-

n.

Totus,

cover, 21.

Telum,

-i,

(TARP-), TREP-], thing tioisted; machine of war, engine for

-ductum [DVC-],

lead across,

bring

Trans, prep. w. ace, across, over,

beyond, 16, 35.

TA-, TEN-], Trans eo, -ire, -ii, -itum [1 I-], go

over; go across, cross, 9, 10, 23,
hold, have, 23; hold, surround, 24.
24, 27.
Tener, -era, -erum, adj. [1 TA-,
Trans gredior,
TEN-], tender, young, 17.
3,
-gressus
[GRAD-], go, over; go across,
Terror, -oris, m. [TER-, TERS-],

Teneo,

2, -uT,

[1

frightening ; great fear, fright,

panic, 12.
Tertius, -a, -um, adj., third, 1, 32,

having a shell
tortoise, bulwark of shields, 6.
Teuton!, -orum (-es, -um), m.,

German
Timeo, 2,

adj.

cross-

wise, at right angles, oblique, 8.

33.

Testudo,

Cf. transeo.

cross, 19.

Trans versus, -a, -um,

[VERT-], turned across ;

-inis, f.,

tribe, 4, 29.

-ui,
be afraid,
, fear,
entertain fears, 26, w. ne followed by subjunctive.

Tres,

-ium,

gen.

tria,

num.

adj.,

three, 11, 18, 28, 33.

Treveri, -orum,

m., Celtic tribe

on

the Moselle, 24.

Tribunus,

-T,

Triduum,
DIAV-],

m., tribune, 26.

-T,

n.

[DIV-,

DI-,

three days' time, 16.

122

VOCABULARY.

Tuba,

-ae, r., trumpet, 20.

time,

2,

both

and,

Tumultus,sioelling

cum

addition,
.

turn,

uproar,

adj.

34;

swelling up; mound, hillock,

hill,

Turones, -um (-1, -orum), m., tribe

of Gaul on Loire, 85.
[TARC-irxis,
r.
Turpitudo,
(TARP-), TREP-], ugliness;

20

Urgeo,

-is,

rel. adv. [CA-, CI-], iii which

place; where, 8, 36; lohen, as
_ soon as, 6, 8, 9, 10, 19, 25, 30, 31.
Ullus, -a, -um, gen. ullius, dim.
adj. [2 I-], a7iy one (at all), any,
11, 15, 25; w. negative expres-

Ubi,

sion.

adv. (abl. f. of tinus) [2 I-],

and the same place; at

in one

time, together, 16, 17,

;

foil,

DEC-],

by cum. and

-a,

abl.

-um, adj. [2 I-;

adv.

[CA-,

CI-],

whencesoever ; from every quarter,

from

all sides, 6, 10.

Unelli, -orum, m., tribe in Nor-

mandy

34.

use, ad-

[CA-, CI-], in
w.

as, 1, 7, 11, etc.,

to, 2, 8,

that, so that, 3, 4, 5, etc.

-trumque,

-traque,

both one and the other ; each of

both, 8, 16, 25.

tivo,

employ, have,

of,

use,

make

3, 7, 10, 25,

28 use, practise, 14, 28

maintain, 32 w. abl.
;

enjoy,

Vacuus,

-a, -um, adj., empty, clear,

unoccupied ; w. ab and abl.,

12.

Vadum,

-T, n. [BA-, VA-], place

through which one can go ; ford,

crossing,

Valeo,

9.

2, -ui, -itiirus, be strong,

have influence,

eleventh, 23.

Undi-que,

que,

free,

29

AV-], using;

gen. utriusque, pron. [CA-, CI-],

use

24, 28,

[1

Utor, 3, usus [1 AV-],

U.

Un-decimus,

VERG-, VRG-],

in order that, that,

9, etc.

Uter

same

M.

-us,

what manner ;

__

the

vantage, 9, 12.
Ut or Uti, conj.

Tutus, -a, -um, adj. (P. of tueor),

well guarded; safe, secure, 5, 28.

Una,

a, 25.

practice, experience, 20

12,

30, 33.

2, ursi,

indie.

[TVR-], tower,

r.

-lus,

^press, press hard, 25, 26.

disgrace, dishonor, 27.

Turris,

-um, gen.

and the same, 3, 5, 19,

common, one alone, 4, 22

Usus,

27.

-a,

alone, only, 33

[TV-, TVM-],

M.

num.

[2 I-], one, 2, 5, 6, 29, 31,

one, one

Cf. strepitus.
-1,

[2 I-;

whole,

in a mass, 33.

all,

ijnus,

[TV-, TVM-],

confusion,

4.

us, M.

noise, 11.

Tumulus,

in

then,

further, 27, 29

Uni versus, -a, -um, adj.

VERT-], turned into one;

Turn, adv. [2 TA-], then, at that

Vallum,

-1,

N.

4, 17.

[1

VEL-, VAL-],

earthen wall ; earth-ioorlcs, rampart, 5, 30, 33.

-um, adj.,
-a,
changing, different, 22.

Varius,

spotted;

YOCABULAEY.
Vasts,

1,

make empty ;

lay loaste,

Cf. populor, depopulor.

ravage.

123

Vicus,

-T,

row of

M.,

hoitses

; vil-

lage, hamlet, 7.

Velocasses, -um, m., one of the Video, 2, vidi, visum [YID-], see,
perceive, 12, 19
see, know, 5,
minor Belgian tribes, 4.
Ven do, 3, -did! (-ditum) [1 DA-],
10, 24, 25, 26, 30, 31, w. ace. and
;

place for sale ; sell^ 33.

Venelli, see Unelli.
Veneti, -orum, m., tribe of Bre-

iiifin.

pass., seem, appear, 11, 16,

18, 28, 33

seem good, seem

best,

20.

tagne, 34.
Vigilia, -ae, r., being aimke;
Venio, 4, veni, ventum [BA-, YA-,
watch, night-watch, 11, 33.
VEN-], come, approach, 2, 3, 5, Vimen, -inis, n. [YI-, YIC-],
etc.
means of binding ; ivilloio, loithe,
Verbum, -i, n. [YER-], that
icicker-work, 33.
spoken; word, discourse, inter- VincS, 3, vici, vTctum [YIC-], con-

aice

[1

VEL-, YER-],

feel

fear, be afraid, 11.

Vergo,

3,

Cf. supero.

quer, dffeat, 28.

cession, 14.

Vereor, 2

[YERG-],

beiid,

Vinea,

YIC-], sheltrr
for vines ; covered shed, movable
-ae,

[YI-,

shelter, 12, 30.

Vinum,

incline, 18.

jf.

-1,

YIC-], wine,

N. [YI-,

15.

Vero, adv. (abl. n. of verus) Vir, viri, m., male, man, 25, 33.
[YER-], in truth, in fact, but, Virtus, -litis, r., manhood; bravery, valor, 4, 8, 15, 21, 24, 27, 31,

hoicever, 2, 27, 31.

VeromanduT, -orum,
tribe in

m.,

modern Ficardy,

Gallic
4, 16,

23.

33.

Vis, vim,

Verso, 1 [YERT-], keep turning ; VitS,

pass., be

about, 24

engaged
;

in, be

occupied

dwell, remain, be,

1,

r.,

strength, power,

1, shun, try to 'escape, avoid,

25.

Vix,

[YIC-],

adv.

with

effort;

barely, scarcely, hardly, 28.

26.

Vesper,

-eri

or

-eris, m.,

evening,

1,

-111,

in old state

-itum [YET-], leave

advise against, for-

-atis,

VSx,

vocis, r.

calls out

-i,

f.

[YOL-],

idll,

[YOG],

n.

[YAG-, YEH-],

military ensign, banner, flag, 20.

keep car-

VexS, 1^[YAG-, YEH-],

rying; harass, overrun, 4.

Victor, -5ris, m. [YIC-], conqueror, victor, 28 in appos. con;

quering, victorious, 24.

gus)

that which

voice, utterance, 13, 30.

VulgS (volgS),

bid, 20.

Vexillum,

Voluntas,

wish, desire, 4.

nightfall, 33.

Vets,

vT,

30.

adv. (abl. of vul-

[YERG-, YALG-], among

thepeople ; generally, commonly,

1.

VulnerS,

[2

YEL-,

YOL-],

ivound, injure, 25.

Vulnus,

-eris, n. [2

YEL-, YOL-],

ivoicnd, hurt, 23, 25, 27.

ETYMOLOGICAL YOOABULARY.
The relation in meaning of some of the words in certain groups to the root is
sometimes obscure or even impossible to be traced with absolute certainty. Sometimes the relation is obscured by the omission in this vocabulary of an interlinking
word, because it does not occur in the text. Let us take an example close at hand, the
root AID- aud the noun aestuarium. The notion *' inlet " seems very remote from
the notion "burn." But aestuarium is formed from aestus (for aedtus), the
first meaning of which is the raging offire, waves or hillows of heat.
As we might
expect, a secondary meaning is, the raging of water, waves, hilloioSy in the proper
sense.
From the force of the suffix -arium, aestuariuixi should mean a seamarsh, ov a tract overflowed at high tide; and from this the notion "inlet," the
place through which the tide rushes, comes naturally enough.
1. AC-, sharp, pierce.
Acies, edge, line of battle.
Prae-acutus, sharpened at the

Acervus, heap.

acervo, heap up.

AC-,

2.

drive to-

Red'igo,
Ager, land.
Agmen, marching column.

drive back, reduce.

fire.

Ex-agito, harass.
12.5

raise.

AL- (ALL),

other, strange.

Alias, at some other time.

gether, compel.

Ignis,

1. AL-, AR-, feed, grow,

Altus, high.

2.

drive.

[for cowago']^

inlet.

Alius, other.

drive, lead.

Co 'go

summer.

Arduus, steep.
Arbor, tree.

Equitatus, cavalry.

AG-,

[for atd-tds']^

Aestuarixiin [for aid't-^^

Altitudo, height.

swift.

Eques, horseman.
Equester, of horsemen.

Ago,

building.

Aestas

point.

Acr-iter, sharply.

Co

AID-, burn.

Aedi ficium [from aedes^ hearth']^

Alienus, another's.
Al'iter, other- wise.

Alter, the other (of two).

AM-, love.
Amicus, friend.
Amicitia, friendship.
In'imicus, unfriendly,

hostile.

ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULARY.

126

AR-,

AN-, breathe.

Animus, spirit.
Ex-animo, make

Onus

breathless.

(as the cause of panting),

fit.

Armo, arm.
Arma, arms.
Armatura, equipment.
In ermis, unarmed.

weight.

ANA-, pronominal stem,

third

person.

ARC-, shut in, keep

Exercitus, army.

Ex

In, in, into.

off.

ercitatus, trained.

Inter, between.

Inter ea, meanwhile.

Inter -im, meanwhile.
Interior [compar. of obs.

AY-, mark,

1.

Audeo,
interus'],

desire, delight.

dare.

Audac'ter,

boldly.

inner.

Intra, within.

Utor

Intro, enter.

Usus, use, experience.

In usitatus, unusual.
In utilis, useless.

?Ille [old form

ollus,

from

o?io/ms],

that one.

[for avior^, use.

Neg otium [for nee

ANT-, before, against.

Ante, before, formerly.
Antiquitus, of

old.

2. AY-, mark,
Audio, hear.

AP-, 0P-, lay hold of work,

a v^i'wm], busi-

ness.

Ex -audio,

notice.

overhear.

help.

(Ops),

aid.

AVG-, grow.

Opus, work.
Opera, exertion, service.
C opia [for com opia^, supply.
Co-epi [for com -ajo/o], begin.
Optimus, best.
*

Omnis

Auctoritas, power.

Auxilium,

aid.

[for apnis'],

all.

OpiniS, impression.

BA-, YA-, VEN-, go.

bitror [for ad 6a ^ro?-], believe.

Ar

Du

bits, doubt, hesitate.

Vadum,

ford.

VeniS, come.

APA-, away, from,

Ab, from, by.
Ap'ud, among.
Ob, against.

Ad-ventus,

arrival.

Circum venio,

outflank.

Con-venio, meet.
De venio, come to.

ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULARY.
Ut

E-ventus, outcome.
In-venio, find.

Ob

venio,

fall

iii

CA-,

Uter-que
Ne-uter,

at.

pronominal

CI-,

stem,

[for qiioter- que]

Coti die,

III

'

Qui, who.

Qui dam, a certain one.

Qui-dem, certainly.
Quin [for qui-nel^ but that.

Qua, where.
Quo, whither.
Quod, because.

this.
ce],

now.

[for SI' ce], so.

CAD-, fall.
Cado, fall.

Ac'cido

(ado-), befall.

In cido, happen.
Cadaver, dead body.
Casus, happening.
Oc" casus (obo-), setting.
Cedo, give way.

who ?
Qui -nam, who, pray
Quis,

Quisquam,

Si-Q

each..

daily.

neither.

[for
ce],
Hi
Nun- c [for num

who.

Ne

[for cuti or quotl], as,

in order that.

with.

Per-venio, arrive

Uti

or

127

any.

qu-T quam, in vain.

Quis quis, whoever.
Quis que, each one.

'

Ac-cedo

(adc-), approach.

Dis cedo, depa^rt.

Dis cessus, departure.
Ex cedo, withdraw from.

Quo -que,

Cum

also.

(quom), when.

Quam,

Inter -cedo, intervene.

than.

Quam -VIS,

Pro cedo, advance.

how-so-ever.

Sue -cedo (subc-), approach.

Sue -cessus (subc-), close ap-

Post -quam, after.

Prius-quam, sooner than.
Quantus, how great.
Que, and.
Ita- que, and so.
Ne*que, and not.

Ar-cess5

Ubi [for quo hi], where.

Undi que [for cunde que], from

Con

proach.
[for ad-cedso],

sum-

mon.

CAL-, CAR-,

1.

call.

cilium, meeting.

Clamor, shouting.

all sides.

CeterT, the others.

Cis, this side

of.

2. CAL-, SCAL-, cover, hide.

Oc'cultus (obc-), hidden.

Galea, helmet.

Citerior, hither.

Domi

Citra, this side

Celo, hide.

of.

cilium, dwelling-place.

ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULARY.

128

CAP-, take, hold.

Ac-cipio (adc-),

receive.

In cipio, begin.

1. CER-, CRE-, make.

Creber, numerous.

Corpus, body.

Inter -cipio, intercept.

Re

De
De

captive.

Oc cupo

(obc-), take into pos-

CER-, CRE-,

2.

cipio, receive.

Captivus,

part.

cerno, decide upon.

cert 6, fight decisively.
Certus, sure.

session.
CI-, rouse.

Caput, head.

In

Prae ceps, headlong.

Prin ceps, leader.

CAR-, SCAR-, hard,

cito, urge on.

SoUi cito

scrape.

Cortex, bark.
Cornu, horn, wing.

(soli-), stir up.

CLI-, lean.

Cle mentia, mildness.

Ad-clivis (ace-), sloping up

ward.

CAV-, watch.

Ad -cli vitas

Causa, cause.
In cuso, accuse.

De

CEL-, CER-, strike, drive.

Gladius [for cladius'] sword.
,

Celeritas, swiftness.

downward.

cli vis, sloping

CRAT-, faith.
Cre do, [for crat do']^ believe.
In ere dibilis [for in crat di

Celer'iter, swiftly.

Pro

bins'],

cul, at a distance.

CVR-, CIR-, curve.

Circum, around.
Circu

Ex

Cruciatus, torture.

cursio, sally.

CEN-, hundred.

Circi ter, about.

1.

itus, circumference.

DA-,

give.

Centum, hundred.

Do,

give.

Centurio, centurion.
centi, two hundred.
Quadrin genti, four hundred.
Quin genti, five hundred.
Sex cent!, six hundred.

De
De

do, give up.

diticius, one

Du

incredible.

Cursus, running.
Con curro, run together.
De curro, run down.
Oc* curro (obc-), meet.

upward

(ace-),

slope.

who has

rendered.

De'ditio, surrender.
E ditus [P. of e do],

rising.

sur-

ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULARY,
Red

do, give back.

Dies, day.

Tra do [for trans c/o], give over.

Ven do [for venuni c/cJ], sell.

129

Coti die, daily.

Postri die [torposterodie'], next

day.

DA-, put.

Tri

d5, hide.

Dum

2.

Ab

Cre do,

In ore

Man

three days' time.

[for dium'], while.

Non dum,

believe.

not yet.
Diu, for a long time.
luvo, [for c?/muo], aid.

dibilis, incredible.

do, commission.

Ad

iuvo,

aid.

DA-, pronominal stem, third

3.

DOM-, build.
Domus, home.

person.

dem, the same.

Qui dam, a certain one.
Qui dem, indeed.
Tot idem, just as many.
I

duum,

Domi

cilium, dwelling-place.

Domesticus,

home.

of

DEC",

ten.

Decern,

ten.

Decimus,

DVA-, DYI-,
Duo, two.

Duo decimus, twelfth.

Duo de viginti, eighteen.

tenth.

Decumanus

(deci-) of the tenth

,

(cohort), in the phrase, porta

decumdna, the main entrance

to a

Un

apart, two.

Roman

Du
Du
Du

bito, doubt, hesitate.

centi, two hundred.

plex, two-fold.

Bellum

camp.

decimus, eleventh.
Duo decimus, twelfth.
Quin decim, fifteen.

[for duellum], war.

DVC-, lead.
Dux, leader.
Duco, lead.

Die-,

DIG-

(DAC-),

show,

DTco,

to.

teach.

lu dico, judge.

(Dicio), control.

Con -dicio,

duco, bring

say.

Doceo,

Ad

Con duco, gather.

De duco, lead off.

point.

condition.

duco, lead out.

In duc5, cover.
Intro duco, lead in.
Ob duc5, extend.
Re duco, lead back.

DIV-, DI-, DIAY-, shine.

Divinus, divine.

Tra duco

across.

[for trans

ducol^ lead

ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULARY.

130
EM-,

Emo,

Ex

De

take.

fensio, defence.

De'fensor, defender.

buy.

imius, excellent.

Su mo

[for sub

iiiw'],

take.

EER-,

1.

bear.

Fero, bear,
ES-, be,

Ad

live.

fero

(aff-)

bring

to.

Sum [for esum]^ be.

Ab sum, be away.

Con fero, bring together.

De fero, carry.

De sum,

Inter sum, be between.

In fero, bring upon.

Of -fero (obf-), carry.

Prae sum, command,

Super sum, survive.

Per fero, endure.

Prae fero, place before,

be lacking.

Re
EAC-, put, make.
Facio, do.
Fio, passive of facio^ become.
Con ficio, accomplish, wear out.

De

out-do.

fero, bring back.

Fertilitas, fertility.

Ferax,

fertile.

Fors, chance.

Fortuna, fortune.
Signi fer, standard-bearer.

ficio, fail.

Ef-fici5, bring about.

Inter

EER-, ERE-,

2.

ficio, kill.

Pate facio, throw open.

Prae ficio, place in command.
Pro ficiscor, put one's self for-

hold,

fix.

Fere, almost.

Con-firmo,

assurance, re-

give

assure.

Fortis

ward, set out.

Pro

fecti5, setting out.

Facilis, easy.

Fort

brave.

EID-, ETD-, bind, trust.

1.

Facile, easily.

Fides,

Aedi ficium, building.

Ampli fico, enlarge.

Con

[f or /orciis],

iter, bravely,

faith.

fido, trust.

Dif

-ficilis (disf-), difficult.

Dif -ficultas (disf-), difficulty.

Facultas, opportunity.

Male -ficium,

outrage.

Signi-fico, announce.

Signi ficatio,

EID-,

2.

split.

Finis \ioT Jidnis]^ limit.

Finitimus, neighboring.
Ad'fTnitas, connection by marriage.

signal.

ELAG-, ELIG-,
EEN-, EEND-,
De fendo, ward

strike.
off,

defend.

Con
Pro

fligo,

strike.

contend with.

flig5, defeat.

ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULARY.
FVG-, FRVG-,

1.

Frumentum

use, enjoy.

[for frug imentum']^

grain.

Frumentarius,

of grain.

2. FVG-, bend,
Fuga, flight.

HAM-, man.
rage, swell.

HTM-,
beget.

(gn-), arise.

nascor, grow

Natus,

homo'],

nobody.

cold.

Hiemo, pass the

Hibernus [for

winter.
hiemernus],

of

winter.

out.

Hibernacula, winter quarters.

birth.

Natio, nation.

Pro gnatus, sprung from.

GER-,
Gero, carry on.
Ag ger (adg-) mound.
carry.

Ad
Ad

AI-, go.

I-,

1.

Natura, nature.

[for ne

GEN-, GN-, GNA-,

Nascor

Homo, man.

Ne mo

Furor, frenzy.
?Frons, front.

flee.

FVR-, FERV-,

HAB-, have.
Habeo, have.
De beo [for de hiheo'] owe to.
Prae beo [iorprae /ii'6eo], furnish.
Pro hibeo, restrain.

flee.

fugi5,

Fugio,

Pro

Pro gredior, advance.

Trans gredior, cross.

flee.

131

eo, approach.

itus, approach.

Cirou itus

[for circum

itus'], cir-

cumference.

Ex

eo, go forth, set out.

In eo, enter upon.

In-itium, beginning.

GNA-, GNO-, know.

Nam,
Navo

for.

Ob

[for gndvo']^

perform with

knowledge and zeal.

Co gnosco, learn.
Nobilitas, high birth.
Nomen, name.
Nominatim, by name.

>

Nomino, mention.
GRAD-, walk.
Ad-gredior (agg-),

Con

gredior, meet.

gredior, go from.

In gredior,

enter.

itus, destruction.

Red-eo,

Sub
Sub

eo, approach closely.

ito, suddenly.

Trans eo,

cross.

Iter, route.

Aetas [for aeyzVas], age.

From iter is the adv., ending -iter
or

attack.

return.

as in aequdl'iter for

-ter,

aequale

iter,

celer

tery

gent

'

al

iter,

(t)er, fort

auddc

iter,

circi
'

in' diligent' {t)er.

iter,

len

dili-

ter,
'

iter,

ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULARY.

132
2.

pronominal

AI-,

I-,

stem,

third person, demonstrative.

Re

icio, hurl back.

icio, hurl.

laceo,

Is, this one.

E5,

Pro

lie.

there.

IC-, AIC-, like.

Inter ea, meanwhile.

Inter -im, meanwhile.

Aequal

Post ea, afterwards.

Propter ea, for the reason (that).
I dem, the same.
[for
idem et
Iden t idem

Ad

iter, evenly.

aequo,

equal.

In iquus, unfavorable.
In iquitas, inequality.

idem']^

I-pse,

again and again.

IV-, IVG-, bind, yoke.

lugum,

Con

self.

ridge.

iungo, join together.

Ibi, there.

Cunctus

Inde, thence.

lus, right.

De-inde, thereupon.

lustitia, justice.

Ita, thus.

Con iuro, conspire.

In-iuria, wrong.

lu dico, judge.
lube 6, order.
luxta [for iugista]

Item, likewise.

?I-doneus,

Una,

iunctus'], all.

suitable.

close by.

[for oenus~\^ one.

LAG-, loose.
Re-languesco,

together.

Uni* versus,

Un

Ita que, therefore.

Unus

[for con

all.

Laxo, widen.

NonnuUus,

De

some.

Non \_ne'oenuj7i (unum)^-)

Non dum, not yet.

i^o^*

lose energy.

Lassitude, exhaustion.

decimus, eleventh.
Ullus [for unulus']^ any.
Nullus [for ne unulus'], none.

1.

Di

LEG-, LIG-, gather.

ligo, choose.

ligen ter [for dis

ligent

In di ligen ter, carelessly.

E-ligo, choose.
Intel lego, understand.

IA-, IAC-, go, send.

lacio, throw.

Ad

icio, hurl.

Circ'um icio, place around.

*

Con icio, hurl.

De icio, throw down

De-iectus,

from.

slope.

Inter icio, place between.

scrupulously.

Legio, legion.
Legionarius, of a legion.
2. LEG-, run, spring.
Levis [for legvis']^ light.

Levitas, lightness.

ter~\

ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULARY.
Maxime, most.
Magnus, great.

Longus, long.
Longe, far.
LEG-,

3.

lie,

be

Magnitudo, greatness.
Maior [for magior']^ greater.

fixed.

Lex, law.
Legatus, envoy.

Magistratus, office.
Moieste, in a troublesome man-

Legatio, embassy.

ner.

LI-, pour, smear.

Mx\L-, crush, grind.

Litter a, written character.

Male

De'leo, destroy.

Mulier, woman.

LIB-, desire.

LIC-, LIQY-,

ficium, outrage.

stay.

iter, generously.

MAN-, MEN-, man, mind,

1.

LTberi, children (the free).

Liberal

133

Moneo,

advise.

De'monstro,
leave.

let,

point out.

Cle mentia, kindness.

Pol liceor

[for joro

liceor^,

prom-

ise.

Re
Re

linquo, leave behind.

iiquus, remaining.

Ad

hand.

Man 'do

[for

manus

'dd~\^

com-

less.

ministro, execute.

MIL-, associate.
Mille, thousand.

mission.

Mani

MI-, small,

Minor, smaller.
Minus, less.
Minime, least.

MA-, MAN-, measure.

1.

Manus,

MAN-,

2.

pulus, handful, maniple.

Man-suetud5, gentleness.
Di metior, measure out.
Mos, custom.

Miles, soldier.
MHitaris, of war.

MA-, MAD-, measure, mod-

2.

MIS-, wretched.
Miser, wretched.
Miseri cordia, pity.

erate.

MIT-, send,
Mitto, send.

Modus, manner.
Modo, only.

Com mode (conm-), easily.

Ad com modo (acconm),

Amitto,
fit.

Com

throv/.

lose.

mitt5 (conm-),

gether.

MAC-, MAG-, big.

Magis [for magius], more.

Di mitto,

mitto,

despatch.
let fly.

join

to-

134

ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULAEY.

Inter mittS, halt.

Intro mitto, send

mitto

[for ob

mitto^ , neglect.

Per mitt5, grant.

Prae mitto, send

NEC-, bind.

2.
in.

Necessitas, necessity.
Necessarius, necessary.

in advance.

Re mitto, send back.

Bub mitto, send as aid.

NV-, now (pronominal stem).

Noster, our.
Nunc [for num ce], now.
Novus, new, fresh.
*

1.
MV-, MOV-, move.
Move5, move.
Com moved, startle.
Per'moveo, rouse.
Pro moveo, move forv^ard.

Nuntius

[for noventius,

noved,

from

from obs.
messen-

novus~\y

ger.

Nuntio,

Re

Mobilitas, nimbleness.
Com mutatio, change.

report.

nuntio, report.

0L-, OR-, grow,

rise.

Orior, arise.

MY-,

2.

Ad

shut, fasten.

Com -munis

(conm-), common.

Moenia, walls.
Munio, fortify.
Circum muni5, blockade.

orior, assault.

Ordo,

order.

PA-, feed.
Pater, father.

Munimentum,
Munitio,

Murus

Patrius, ancestral.
fortification.

Pabulum,

fortification.

[old moerus']^ wall.

PAC-, PAG-, PYG-,

Pax, peace.
Paco, subdue.

NA-, no.

Ne,

fodder.
fix,

peg.

that not, lest.

Ne que, and not.

Ne ve or Neu, and

that not.

Ni
Ni

not.

Op

nothing.

hil,

si [for

7ie

si']

Pugno, fight.
Ex-pugno, storm.

if

N6n [tor ne oenum (ununi)~\^

Non dum, not yet.
'

not.

piigno (obp-) assault.

,

Op'piignatio (obp-),
Pro pugno, defend.

assault.

Quin

[for qui we J, but that.

PAL-, PEL-, PVL-,

drive, scat-

ter.
1.

NEC-, NOC-,

kill,

hurt.

Inter necio, annihilation.

Nox,

night.

Noctu, by

night.

Pello, drive.

Adpello (app-), accost.

Com- pello (conp), drive
gether.

to-

135

ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULARY.
Ex'pello, drive

Impello
Re pello,

Proximus

out.

drive back.

l^roxirae,

PAK-, POR-, PER-, through,

1.

\_superL

of

propior~\^

nearest.

(inp-), incite.

last.

Propinquus,

near.

Propinquitas, proximity.
Ad propinquo (app), approach.
Propter, near, on account of.

far, reach, try.

Par, equal.
Per, through.

Ex

Propter ea, for the reason (that)

perior, test.

1. PAT-, go.
Passus, step.

Periclitor, test.

PerTculum, danger.

Pons,

Porta, gate.
Porto, bear.

Op-portunus (obp-),

bridge.

PAT-, PAD-, spread, open.

Pateo, extend.
2.

suitable.

Paulis per, for a short time.

Pate facio, open.

Pando, extend.

PAR-, POR-,

2.

part, breed.

Paratus, ready.

Com

paro (conp-), get ready.

Pro pero, hasten.

Im-perator (inp-), commander.
Im'pero (inp-), command.
Im-perium (inp-), command.

PAV-, little.
Paucus, few.

Re

pertus [for ab

-partus']^

open.

perio, find.

Parvulus,

slight.

Paulum, a

little.

Paulo, a

little.

Paululum, very

slightly.

Paulatim, gradually.
Paulis per, for a short time.

Pars, portion.

Partim,

PED-,

partly.

O-portet

[ior oh'portet']^ is nec-

essary.

PARC-, PLEC-,

bind,

weave,

Pes,

tread.

foot.

Pedes, foot-soldier.
Pedester, of infantry.
Ex peditus, unemcumbered.
Im pedio (inp-) hinder.

fold.

Du* plex, two- fold.

Sup-plex (subp-),

suppliant.

Sup-plicatio (subp-), thanksgiving.

Prope, near [with metathesis of

r and change of c to p.
Cf.
roots SAC and SCAL].
y^

Im pedimenta

Op pidum [for

(inp-), baggage.
ob-pediim]^

town.

Op-pidanus (obp-), townsman.

PET-, fly.
Peto, seek.

Impetus

(inp-), charge.

ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULARY.

136

Potens, able.
Potestas, power.

PIS-, crush.

Pilum

[for jozs/m?], spear.

Primi pilus,

the

first

centurion of

Potior, gain.

Im

triarii.

petro

PLAT-, spread, flat.

Latus [iox plains']^ side.

De

Planities \ioT platnities]^ plain.

Posco

(conp-),

PREC-,

pray.

precor, petition against.

[for porcsco]

demand.

Postulo, demand.

PLE-, PLO-, PLV-,

Compleo

(inp-), obtain.

fill.

PRO-, PRI-, PRAE-, before.

Pro, before.

fill.

Plerus que, the most

of.

Plus, more.

Prior, preceding.

Plurimum, most.
Com-plures (conp-), many.

Prius quam, sooner than.

Pris tinus [for prius tmus']

Mani

Am

for-

mer.

pulus, maniple.

Primus,

plius, more.

first.

Primum,

Ampli'fico, enlarge.
?Pellis, skin.

in the first place.

Primo, in the first place.

Prin ceps[forprm/ cejos], leader.

Populus, people.
Publicus [for populicus]^ belong-

Primi- pilus,
the

ing to the state.

centurion

first

of

triarii.

Prae, before.

PLV-, PLOV-, wash, flow.

Ex ploro [for ex-plovero'], recon

Ex

RA-,

join, count.

noitre.

Ratio, reason.

plorator, scout.

Res,

RAP-, RVP-,

POS-, behind.
Post,

Di

after.

Post
Post quam,

die^

cliff.

REG-, RIG-,

Por rigo

POT-, master.

can.

stretch, guide.

[for pro

out.

Regio,

Potius, rather.

sally.

next

day.

Pos sum [for potls

snatch, break.

ripio [for dis ripio]^ sack.

Rupes,

after.

Postri die [for postero

B-ruptio,

ea, afterwards.

thing.

sum'],

be able,

Rex,

direction.

ruler.

Regnum,

control.

re^o], stretch

137

ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULAKY.
SA-,

1.

SI-,

Pono [for port

De pono, put

sow, strow,

Pro p5no,

{pro)

sift.

sind~\^

place.

Solli* cito (soli), stir up.

Servo, keep.

Con- servo,

off.

preserve.

display.

SCAD-, CAD-,
SA-, SIM-, together,

2.

like.

Singuli, one at a time.

cover.

Castra, camp.

Castellum, redoubt.

Singularis, extraordinary.

Simul, at the same time.

Con
3.

similis, altogether like.

SA-, pronominal stem.

SI* c [for si-ce],

I pse,

so.

SAC-, SAG-, fasten.

Saepes [with p

for c]

hedge.

SAC-, SEC-, SC1D-, CID-,

split.

Saxum,

spolio, deprive.

?Populor,

Sagittarius, archer.

2.

aster.

De

self.

1.

SCAL-, SCAR- (with p for c,

SPOL-), scrape.
Calamitas, [for scalamitds'], dis-

De

SCAND-,

climb.

A-scendo (adsc-), mount.

A'scensus (adsc-), ascent.
SCARP-, SCALP-,

Con

Sectio, booty.
Inter scindo, cut

Oc

3.

cido,

off.

cut to pieces.

In cido, cut

into.

Signi

signal.

fer,

dictate.

SCV-, CV-, cover, hide.

Scutum,

shield.

Custodia, guard.

kill.

SAC-, show.

Signum,

cut, scratch.

scribo, enroll.

Prae scribo,

Scientia, knowledge.

populor, ravage.

Scribo, write.

rock.

Con-cid5,

standard-bearer.

SEC-, follow.

Sequor,

Con

follow.

sequor, attain.
In sequor, follow up.
Pro sequor, pursue.
Sub sequor, follow closely.

Signi-fioo, announce.

Signi ficatio,

signal.

In signe,

sign.

Secundus,

Con-

Solum,

Copia

only.

favorable.

Secundum,

SAL-, SER-, save.

Salus, safety.
Solus, alone.

according

to.

[for scom-^f with.

Cum,

with.
[tor com' op ia]

supply.

ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULARY.

138
Con'tra,

Con

SOVO-, SVO-, own.

against.

trarius, opposite.

SED-, SID-, sit.

Pos sideo [for pro

Sui, of himself,

Suus,

etc.

his, etc.

Con suesco, be accustomed.

Con suetudo, custom.

sideo]^

own.

In-sidiae, stratagem.

Ob

s6s, hostage.

Prae sidium,
*

Sub

Man

garrison.

Sed,

sidium, assistance.

Super sedeo,

Con-sido,
SEN-,

omit.

1.

De

sensus, agreement.

SER-, SVAR-,

string, bind.

sero, abandon.

especially.

Servitus, slavery.
2.

SER-, SVAL-,

bright.

Sol, sun.
Silvestris, wooded.

SMAR-, MAR-,
Mora, delay.
Moror,

?Stude6, strive after.

?Studium, eagerness.
SPEC-,

Con

see, spy.

spicio, espy.

Per

Re

spicio, look back.

Ex

specto, await.

Con

spicio, ascertain.

spicor, espy.

Con-spectus,

De
think.

sight.

spectus, view downward.

Pro spectus, view forward.

delay.

STA-, stand,

Memoria, remembrance.

Com memoro (conm-)

Con

set.

stanter, uniformly.

In sto, press forward.

Prae'sto, excel, show.

2. SMAR-, MER-,
Meritum, merit.
Mercator, trader.

spero, give up hope.

Species, form.
Speculator, spy.

Silva, forest.

1.

stretch.

space.

Spes, hope.

De

feel.

Prae sertim,

si, if not.

SPA-, PA-, draw,

sentio, agree.

if.

Spatium,

Sententia, opinion.

but.

?Si,

?Ni

Senator, elder, senator.

Senatus, senate.

Con
Con

suetudo, gentleness.

?Si'ne, without.

settle.

old.

SENT-,

mention.

ascribe.

Con sisto, take

De sisto, stop.

position.

In

sisto, take a stand.

139

ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULARY.
Re

Tantulus, so

sisto, resist.

Con*

stituo, determine.

as

many.

Turn, then.
Also the final element in au
au 't^ I' ta, I' ta' que, u t.

Statim, at once.
Static, picket.

Statura, stature.

tern,

'

STER-, STRA-, STLA-,

strow,

spread.

Latus

trifling.

Tamen, still.
Tot idem, just

Statuo, determine.

TAG-, touch, seize.

At- tingo (adt-), touch.

Red

[old, stidtus'], broad.

in tegro, renew.

Latitude, width.

TARC- (TARP-), TREP-,

STRY-,

Ex

spread, heap.

Tormentum,

stnio, erect.

1. TA-, TEN-, stretch.

Pris tinus [for prius tinus'jy

for-

mer.

TEC-, TAX-, weave, arrange.

In texo, weave in.

Telum

tinus, at once.

engine for hurling.

Turpitude, disgrace.
Trabs, beam.

In*stru6, arrange.

Pro

turn,

twist.

(for teclum), spear.

Tener, tender.

Teneo,

Con

TEM-, TAN-,

hold.

Dis'tineo, separate.

Ob

tineo, hold.

Per tineo, extend

Re -tineo,
Sus'tineS

cut.

Con temptus, contempt.

Con tiunelia, insult.

tineo, restrain, keep.

TER-, TREM-, TERS-, shake,

to.

scare.

detain.

De

[for subs'tined']^ sus-

terreo, prevent.

Per terreo, thoroughly

tain.

Sus tento

Terror,
[for subs

tentd']

hold

out.

Tendo,

Con

stretch.

tendo, hasten.

?Tempus,
2.

time.

TA-, pronominal stem, third

person, demonstrative.

Tam,

so.

Tantus, so

TV-, TYM-, TAY-, TO-,

Tumulus, mound.
Tumultus, uproar.

swell.

Totus, whole.

TYR-, harry, crowd.

Per turbo, throw into
Pro turbo, drive off.

great.

frighten.

fright.

?Turris, tower.

confusion.

ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULARY.

140

VAG-, VEH-, move,

Vexillum, flag.

Vexo,

carry.

VET-, VIT-, year, old.

In veterasco, grow old in.
Veto, forbid.

harass.

VEL-, VAL-, VER-,

1.

VL, VIC-,

cover,

twine.

Vinea, covered shed.

guard.

Vinum,
Vimen,

Vallum, rampart.
Inter vallum, distance.
Vereor, fear.

wine.
willow, withe.

VIC-, conquer.

VEL-, VOL-,
Vulnus, wound.
Vulnero, wound.
2.

tear, pluck.

Vinco, conquer.
Victor, victorious.

Pro

vincia, province.

Vix, barely.

VER-,

say.

Verbum,
Vero,

VID-,

word.

see.

Video, see.
In video, envy.

in truth.

Pro video,

procure.

Pru'dentia

[for

VERG-, VRG-, VALG-,

slope,

press.

Vergo,
Urgeo,

pro

videntia'],

wisdom.

incline.

Im'pro-viso

press.

(inp-), unexpect-

edly.

Vulgo (volgo),

generally.

VIR-, man.

VERT-,

turn.

Vir, man.

verto, turn away.

Virtus, valor.

Con-verto, turn around.

Re* verto, return.

Re

vertor, return.

Verso, turn about,

Ad
Di

pass, dwell.

versus, opposite.
versus, turned away.
[for

intrd -versus'],

within.

ursus

[for re

Trans versus,
*

Uni versus,

'

vorsus], again.

at right-angles.

all.

call.

Intr-orsus

VOC-, VAG-,

Con voco, call together.

Re voco, call back.

Vox,

voice.

VOL-, will, wish.

Voluntas, wish.
616 [for ne volo], be unwilling.

'

Quam'vis, howsoever.

ETYMOLOGICAL VOCABULARY.
Proelium,

At, but.
r

At -que,

and.

Proelior,

141

battle.

fight.

lAc,
Superior, higher.

Et, and.

Etiam,

even.

Sununus

[for supimus], highest.

Ad, to.
Ap'ud, among.

Supra, above.
Supero, overcome.

Ex, E, from, out of.

Extremus, furthest.

Tardus, slow.
Tardo, retard.

Locus

[for stlocusly place.

Con -loco

(coll-), place.

Tres, three.
Tri duum, three dpys' time.

Multus, much.
Multitudo, large number.

Tribunus, military tribune.

Tertius, third.

LATIN TEXT-BOOKS.

'I

Hen and Greenough's Latin Gram man

For Schools and Colleges. Founded on comparative grammar, revised
and enlarged by James Bradstreet Greenough assisted by George
L. KiTTREDGE, Frofessors in Harvard University. Copvriolit Edition of
1888.

12mo.

Half leather, xiii -h 488 pages. Mailing Price, $1.30. Foi

Allowance for an old book in exchange, 40 cents.

introduction, ^1.20.

nnO

new

book as this Latin Grammar

book as it stood was giving
excellent satisfaction. The hearty welcome accorded the revision
has shown, however, that a great advance has been made where
improvement was not generally considered possible.
to make the grammar as
The aim was nothing less than this,
The latest conclusions of
perfect as such a book possibly can be.
sound scholarship are presented, and everything is put in the best
form for use.
issue a

was

edition of such a

in a sense venturesome, for the

Some

new

of the features of the

edition are its constant regard

for the needs of the class-room; its combining scientific accuracy

with clearness and simplicity of statement; the

intelligibility

and

quotableness of the rules, secured without concessions to mechanical

ways

of treating

great value

number

grammar

the addition of

the marking of

of illustrative

all

examples

the excellence of the typography

authors,

and

list

long vowels
;

much new matter

;

of

the increase of the

the numerous cross references

and the indexes, glossary, list of

of rules.

In short, " the best has been

made

better."

A FEW REPRESENTATIVE OPINIONS.

Tracy Peck, Prof, of Latin, Yale
University : The steady advances in
Latin scholarship during the last decade, and the more practical exactions
of the class-ioom, seem to me to be
here amply recognized. At several
points I notice that the essential
facts of the language are stated with
greater clearness, and that there is

a richer suggcstiveness as to the rationale of constructions.

The book

will thus be of quicker

service to
younger students, and a better equipment and stimulus to teachers and
more advanced scholars.

John K. Lord. Prof, of Latin, Dartmouth College, Hanover, N.H. : It

LATIN TEXT-BOOKS.

28

a great advance upon the former So far, its superiority to other Latin
Degrees of excellence are grammars for school use seems to me
difficult to estimate, but it is safe to incontestable. I am also struck with
say the grammar is doubled in value. the skill with which a multitude of
It has gained very much that was additions and improvements have
lacking before by way of illustration, been wrought into this edition, withand especially in fulness and clear- out materially affecting the unity or
ness of statement. It represents the symmetry of the original work.
is

edition.

latest results of classical scholarship

Franklin A. Dakin, Teacher of

young Latin, St, Johnsbury Academy, Vt.
students.
During seven years' constant use in
Harold N. Fowler, Instructor in the class-room, I have always reLatiny Phillips Exeter Academy : garded the Allen & Greenough as the
Allen & Greenough's Latin Gram- best of the school grammars. . .
mar has always been the most sci- The improvements make the supeentific Latin grammar published in riority more marked than ever.
the United States.
The new ediD. W. Abercrombie, Prin, of TTorin a

way

that

is intelligible to

been revised in such a cester {Mass.) Academy : In my opinas to retain the excellence of ion, it has no equal among books on
its predecessors and embody the rethe same subject intended for use in
sults of the latest researches. . . . The secondary schools.
new edition is also greatly superior
J. W. Scndder, Teacher of Latin,
to the earlier ones in clearness of exAlbany Academy, N. Y.: The changes
pression and in the arrangement and
will commend themselves to all good
appearance of the printed page. . . .
teachers. The grammar is now scholIn short, the book seems to me admirarly and up to the times. It is by
ably adapted for use in schools and
far the best grammar published in
colleges, containing as it does all that
America for school work.
the college youth needs, expressed in
W. B. Owen, Prof of Latin, Lafaylanguage which the school-boy can

tion has

way

ette College,

understand.

Easton, Pa, : I

am much

They are
John Tetlow, Head Master of Girls' pleased with the changes.
all improvements.
High and Latin Schools^ Boston
George W. Harper, Prin. of WoodThe changes, whether in the direction
of simplification, correction, or addi- ward High School, Cincinnati, O.:
and there are numerous in- I thought Allen & Greenough's Latin
tion

Grammar could hardly be surpassed,

but the revised edition is a decided
proved a book which was already improvement.
excellent.
Lucius Heritage, late Prof of
William C. Collar, Head Master Latin, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison,
of Roxhury Latin School, Boston: Wis. : We have long used the old
Up to the present moment I have edition here the new edition I have
been obliged to limit my examination examined with some care in the form

stances of each kind of change

seem to me distinctly to have im-

of the revised edition of Allen

&

of the

bound volume as well as

in

Greenough's Latin Grammar mainly the proof-sheets. I think it the best

to the Syntax, but for that I have manual grammar for our preparatory
only words of the heartiest praise. schools and colleges.

LATIN TEXT-BOOKS.

30

The Beginner's Latin Book,

Complete with Grammar, Exercises, Selections for Translating, and
Vocabulary.

By William C. Collar, A.M., Head Master Roxbury Latin School, and

M. Grant Daniell, A.M., Principal Chauncy-Hall School, Boston.
Cloth, xii + 283 pages. Mailing price, ^.10
for introduction,
allowance for an old book in exchange, 35 cents.

12mo.
^1.00

IVrOW

that the Beginner's Latin

Book has been before the public

nearly five years, the publishers are able to say without hesitation that

it

has been far more successful than any other introduc-

tory Latin book ever published in this country.

This remarkable
due to a combination of excellences so skilfully blended
that effects are more patent than causes. While the book may be
used as an introduction to Caesar, it is more than this,
it is an
result

is

introduction to Latin as a language.

prepares the student not

It

only to begin the study of Caesar, but, with proper guidance, to

make remarkably

rapid and satisfactory progress in reading and

The skill of the authors as teachers has

enabled them to secure these larger results without deviation from
the main line or increase of difficulties. The fundamental idea was
Understanding Latin.

to combine the utmost practice wath the

minimum

of theory, on

the principle that a thorough acquisition of the elements of Latin

by the young learner must be more a process than a science, more

work of observation, comparison, and imitation than the mechanical following of rules or the exercise of analysis and conscious
inductive reasoning.
There are therefore abundant and varied
exercises on the forms and more important constructions of the
language.
The skilful choice of words has made it possible to

the

provide exercises that are in themselves interesting.

The

colloquia

(simple Latin dialogues), the extracts for translation, introduced

as early as possible, and the

made
is

no

mode

of treatment throughout are

to impart attractiveness, freshness,

sacrifice of rigorous scientific

allowed for Latin the

first

year

is

and

variety,

method.

though there

Even

if

quite limited, teachers

the time

may

still

be able to carry classes through the book by omitting certain detachable portions of the course. Provision has been made for the
practical use of Latin in oral teaching.

Note the testimony of those

who have

used

it.

LATIN TEXT-BOOKS.

34
Allen

&

Greenough's

Seven Books,

I/Iusfrafed,

New

Ccesar,

With six double-page colored maps.

Edited by Prof. W. F. Ali.en, of the University of Wisconsin, J. H.

Allen, of Cambridge, and H. P. Judson, Professor of History, Univer^
sity of Minnesota, with a special Vocabulary by Prof. J. B. Greenough,
of Harvard College. 12mo. xxvi + 543 pages, red edges, bound in half"
morocco. Mailing Price, $1.35; for introduction, $1.25; Allowance for
an old book in exchange, 40 cents.

TTENTIO^

is

invited to these features, which, with othei

merits, have gained this edition an extraordinary success

1.

The

judicious notes,

crisp, idiomatic renderings,

their

grammatical references,

full

scholarly interpretations of difficult

passages, clear treatment of indirect discourse, the helpful maps,

diagrams, and pictures

in particular, the military notes, throw-

ing light on the text, and giving

2.
arly,

The vocabulary,

life

and

convenient,

reality to the narrative.

comprehensive, and schol-

combining the benefits of the full lexicon with the advantages

and every way superior to the ordinary

of the special vocabulary,

vocabulary^
3.

The mechanical

features of the volume,

its

clear type, con-

venient size and shape, superior paper, and attractive binding.

4. In general, this edition represents the combined work
of several specialists in different departments, and so ought

%o excel an edition edited

by any

single scholar.

The Notes on the second book have

them for those who begin Caesar with
cal references

just been rewritten to adapt

this

book.

Full grammati-

have been given.

Tracy Peck, Prof, of Latin, Yale

College: With quite unusual satisfaction I have noticed the beautiful
paper and type ; the carefully edited
text ; the truly helpful notes, which
neither tend to deaden enthusiasm
with superfluous grammar, nor blink
real difficulties; the very valuable
illustrations and remarks on the
Roman military art; and the scholarly and stimulating vocabulary.

copious pictorial illustration, full

explanation of terms and usages belonging to the military art, and ex
cellent vocabulary, combine to make
this edition easily first among the
school editions of Caesar.
G. W. Shurtleff, Prof of Latin,
Oherlin {Ohio) College: I do not
hesitate to pronounce it the best edition I have ever seen.

J. L. Lampson, Teacher of Latin,

John Tetlow, Prin, of Girls* High State Normal College, Nashville^
and Latin Schools, Boston : The Tenn.: It is the best Caesar pub*

clear

type,

judicious

annotation,

lished.

LATIN TEXT-BOOKS.

&

Allen

Greenough's

Thirteen Orations,

New

35

Cicero,

Illustrated.

Kdited by Prof. W. F. Allen, of the University of Wisconsin, J, H.

Allen, of Cambridge, and Prof. J. B. Greenough, of Harvard University.
With a special Vocabulary by Professor Greenough. 12mo. Halfmorocco. xix + 670 pages. Mailing Price, ^1.40; for introduction, $1.25;
Allowance for an old book in exchange, 40 cents.

nnmS

edition includes thirteen orations arranged chronologi-

cally,

and covering the

entire public life of Cicero.

The

intro-

ductions connect the orations, and, with them, supply a complete

historical stady of this

most interesting and eventful period.

The

Life of Cicero, List of his Writings, and Chronological Table will

be found of great value. The orations are Defence of Hosdus,

Impeachment of Yen-es (^The Plunder of Syracuse and Crucifixion
of a Roman Citizen^, The Manilian Law, the four orations against
:

For Archias, For Sestius, For Milo, The Pardon of MarFor Ligarius, and the Fourteenth Philippic.
The notes have been thoroughly rewritten in the light of the
most recent investigations and the best experience of the classroom. Topics of special importance, as, for instance, the AntiquiCatiline,

cellus.

ties,

are given full treatment in brief essays or excursuses, printed

in small type.

References are given to the grammars of Allen

&

Greenough, Gildersleeve, and Harkness.

A. E. Chase, Prin. of High School,
Portland, Me.: I am full better
pleased with it than with the others
of the series, although I thought
those the best of the kind.

have already
spoken sincerely, in almost unqualified terms, of these two books.
this in its praise, for I

John
State

L. Lampson, Prof, of Latin,

Normal College^ Nashville,

Eockwood,

Prof. Latin, Tenn. : The text, in appearance and

Pa. : The work authority, is the best; the notes,
of editing seems to have been done ample, judicious, modern the vocabwith the utmost care. The result is ulary is the best school-book vocaba model text-book.
ulary published.
0. D. Robinson, Prin. of High
L. B. Wharton, Prof. Latin, ColSchool, Albany, N. Y. : I find it a lege of William and Mary : It is the
worthy companion, in every way, of best school edition of Cicero's Oraits two predecessors, the Yirgil and tions that I have ever seen.
The vothe Caesar. I can say no more than cabulary is admirable.
F.

E.

BiicJcnell University,

Allen

&

Greenough's Cicero,

uc

Eight Orations and Notes, with Vocabulary.

introduction, $1.12.

oid Edition,
Mailing price, $1.25

for

36

LATIK.

and Greenough's New

Alle n

Ovid.

Harold

N. Fowler, Instructor in Latin

with a special vocabulary by James B.
Greenough, of Harvard University. 12mo. Half leather. Illustrated.
I. With vocabulary, by mail, $1.65; for introduction, $1.50.
II. Without vocabulary, by mail, $1.25; for introduction, $1.12.
Allowances respectively 40 and 30 cents.

Revised edition. Edited by

in Phillips Exeter Academy

rpHE

poems of Ovid are,

and subject-matter, admirably adapted

editor believes that the

style

introduction to the study of Latin Poetry.

He

as regards

both

to serve as an

has therefore fur-

nished the book with copious notes suited to the needs of young

and an introand works of Ovid, and on mythology.

The selections were chosen with a view to making the study of
Latin interesting. Most of them are from the Metamorphoses, of
which about one-third has been taken. By help of the argument,
which is given in full, the editor has endeavored not merely to
show the connection of the tales and the ingenuity of the transitions,
necessary to comprehend the poem as a whole,
but to
students, supplemented with grammatical references

duction on the

life

put before the reader something like a complete picture of the

Greek mythology, at least of those narratives which have held
their

permanent place in the modern mind and have entered more

or less into every

modern

literature.

Book L have been omitted because

and lack of interest. From the Fasti three selections are given from the Heroides, one from the Amores, three
from the Tristia, five and of the letters from Pontus, one. Special
care has been taken to preserve the more interesting biographical

The

first

eighty-eight lines of

of their difficulty
;

hints of the lesser poems.

Professor Greenough's vocabulary, similar in style and character

to his Csesar, Cicero,

before the
will

fill its

autumn

and Virgil vocabularies, will doubtless be ready

of 1891.
In the meantime Allen's Lexicon

place.

William A. Packard, Prof, of

MaryS. Anthony, Teacher of Latin
Latin, Princeton College : The abun- and
Greek, Bradford Academy^
dant illustrations of mythology,

now

introduced, so specially appropriate

and indeed necessary to the student's hest appreciation of these
poems, make this book peculiarly
attractive and useful.

Mass.: I find that it is admirably

arranged for a comprehensive study
I like, in
of the metamorphoses.
Allen & Greenough
and have introduced them
into my work here in the Academy.
fact, the entire

series,

LATIN TEXT-BOOKS.

37

Greenough's VirgiL
Fully annotated, for School and College Use, by J. B. Grebnough, oI
Harvard University. Supplied in the following editions
:

Mail.

Intro.
Price.

Price.

and Six Books of ^neid, with Vocab.

.

$1.75
and Six Books of ^neid, without Vocab^
1.25
Georgics, and the -^neid complete, with Notes, 1.75
and last Six Books of ^neid, with Notes
.1.25
Vocabulary to Virgil's Complete "Works
i.io
Complete Text of Virgil
85
Bucolics,
Bucolics,
Bucolics,
Georgics,

$1.60

$0.40

1.12

1.60
1.12

/CONTAINING

Allow.

Old Book

i.oo
.75

Life of the Poet, Introductions,

a Synopsis

preceding each Book, and an Index of Plants,

Also

full

from ancient objects of art.

The text follows Ribbeck in the main, variations being noted in
the margin and the references are to Allen & Greenough's, Gildersleeve's, and Harkness's Latin Grammars.
illustrations

Tracy Peck, Prof, of Latin, Yale

Jno. K. Lord, Prof of Latin, DartThe Vocabulary, both in mouth College : The best school ediplan and execution, is superior to tion of the works of Virgil with which
any schoolbook vocabulary known I am acquainted.
to me.
College:

F. E. Lord,

E. P. Crowell, Prof of Latin,

Amherst College : In all respects a
very scholarly and excellent edition.

Allen

and Greenough's

An Elementary

ley College

Prof of Latin,

There

is

Welles-

an admirable

richness and appropriateness to the

notes.

Latin Composition,

Guide to Writing

in Latin.
Part I., Constructions of
Syntax; Part II., Exercises in Translation. 12mo. Cloth. 194 pages.
Mailing price, $1.25; introduction, $1.12; allowance, 35 cents.

rpHE

special feature of the Composition

is,

that

its

instructions

are given throughout from the English point of view.

Allen

&

Greenough's Sallust

With Introduction
of Catiline as related by Sallust.
historical. 12mo. Cloth. 96 pages. Mailintroduction,
60 cents.
ing price, 65 cents for
The Conspiracy

and Notes explanatory and

;

Allen

&

Greenough 's De Senectute.

Cicero's Dialoo:ue on Old A,2:e. With Introduction (on the adoption in

Rome of the Greek philosophy) and Notes. 12mo. Cloth. 67 pages.
Mailing price, 55 cents for introduction, 50 cents.
;

LATIN TEXT-BOOKS.

38

Practical Latin Composition.

By William C. Collar, A.M., Head Master of the Roxbury Latin
School, Boston; Author of The Beginner's Latin Book and Collar's
JEysenbach. 12mo, Cloth. x + 268 pages. Mailing Price, fLlO; Introduction, ^1.00; Allowance, 30 cents.

rpHE

book consists of two classes of exercises, all based on selecfrom the Latin authors usually read in schools.
The first exercise of each group contains easy sentences to be
tions

turned into Latin orally,

sentences

involving the use of words,

and constructions of the Latin text assigned for study in

preparation. The second exercise consists of a short passage of continuous English to be written out in Latin, based on the same Latin
text as the preceding.
The book contains all the selections upon
which the exercises are based. Notes and occasional grammatical references accompany the exercises, and a carefully prepared
idioms,

Tocabulary
J.

is

given at the end.

B. Greenough, Prof, of Latin,

Harvard University
sition is

Latin Compoa subject in which every

:

teacher must make his own textbook, yet for all who cannot do this
and for the rest who are glad of suggestions or material, Mr. Collar's
book is invaluable. It has the right
method carried out in the best

Charles B. Goff Prin. English and

Classical ISchoul, Providence, E.I. :
have used Collar's Latin Compo,

We

sition one year each

with five classes,

results. By the
use of this book, boys study the text
more critically, write more idiomatic
Latin, and seem to enjoy the work
which is usually dull in spirit and
barren of fruit. {February, 1891.)
manner.
Tracy Peck, Prof, of Latin, Yale
P. S. Morrison, Classical InstrucCollege : The method of the book is tor, Hartford High School: I have
certainly sound and in accordance waited for it with impatience, and
with nature, and Mr. Collar has have expected to see the best book
worked it out with great ingenuity for this purpose in the English lanand attractiveness. The editor's ripe guage. I am more than pleased with
scholarship and experience in the it, and my expectations are fully
school-room greatly add to the scien- warranted.
tific and practical value of the work.
J. H. Kirkland, Prof, of Latin,
Harold N. Fowler, Latin Instruc- Vanderhilt University, Nashville,
tor, Phillips Academy, Exeter, N.H.
Tenn. : I am delighted with it. It
The book ought to meet with a hearty forms a fit continuation of Collar and
Daniell's Beginner's Latin Book, and
welcome from teachers of Latin.
J. D. Sewall, Thayer Academy, I feel that this is giving it high
South Braintree, Mass. : Collar has praise. With the introduction of
done a fine thing in his Latin Com- these new text-books I look for a vast
position. We have given it to our improvement in the classical teach*
junior class at once.
ing of our preparatory schools.

and with gratifying

Deacidified using the

Neutralizing agent:

Bookkeeper process.

Magnesium Oxide

Treatment Date: July 2006

Preservationlechnologies
A

WORLD LEADER

IN

PAPER PRESERVATION

1 1 1 Thomson Park Drive

Cranberry Township, PA 16066
(724)779-2111